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A History of Salt Lake County, Utah Centennial County History Series

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A History of Salt Lake County, Utah Centennial County History Series A HISTORY OF ,.- -8 ,,-. >' ,PC- ;: ;,;. -'*; "! . -, ,,+- .-- if; ;;.ti .,.I--.-= : - ..,., :--: ;. J ,-.- -.. -1; -:.; :7: . - '-.P..,717 . ' L 8 r, ' ;JC -. 2. 8 . 1. JJ{...i, . ''.,;<-, ,! ,., 8 :, .$P.. , i Linda Sillitoe t Lake County' ry is as unique as its striking landscape of towering mountains, a fertile but semi-arid valley, and a north- running river that empties into a lake saltier than the ocean. For centuries it provided a natural crossroads for a variety of ancient native peoples as well as several modern tribes. Settled in 1847 by Mormon pioneers, the county's role as crossroadsmagnified its grow- I1 ing importance as a religious, commercial, g~kmkentd,and cultural center. For nearly half a century, the valley became the focal point of an economic and political struggle between Mormons determined to create a practical thewracy (made more herable 1 I by the practice of polygamy) and resident non-Mormons whose more typical Ameri- can values were backed by federal power. By the time statehood came in 1896, rail- roads, miningp and industry had drawn a broad spectrum of navcomers from abroad. In fact, the county reached its peak of reli- gious, ethnic, and racial diversity during the early lively decades of the twentieth century. I1 Now vigorously aligned with the greater United States, Salt Lake County continues to expand its population as well as business, cultural, and recreational opportunities, in- cluding the 2002 Winter Olympic Games. ISBN: 0-913738-04-2 I A HISTORY OF suk ace County A HISTORY OF Salt Lake county Linda Sillitoe 1996 Utah State Historical Society Salt Lake County Commission Copyright O 1996 by Salt Lake County Commission All rights reserved ISBN 0-9 13738-04-2 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 96-60168 Map by Automated Geographic Reference Center-State of Utah Printed in the United States of America Utah State Historical Society 300 Rio Grande Salt Lake City, Utah 84101- 1182 Contents vii CHAPTER1 "The World Is Welcome Here," Pre-History to 1847 ..................... CHAPTER2 The Contested Kingdom. 1847-1860 ....... CHAPTER3 The World Moves In. 1860-1 880 .......... CHAPTER4 The Kingdom of God Wants Statehood. 1880-1900 ............................. CHAPTER5 New Century. New Status. 1900-1930 ...... CHAPTER6 Souplines and Survival. 1930-1950 ........ CHAPTER7 Claiming the Crossroads. 1950-1970 ....... CHAPTER8 Coming of Age. 1970-1980 ............... CHAPTER9 "...And Now. in Salt Lake County." 1980-1990 ............................. CHAPTER10 Welcoming the World. 1990-1995 ......... Preface Unique is a word so overused that its meaning has nearly van- ished. Yet it is the appropriate word to describe Salt Lake County especially since white settlement in 1847. At that point, its natural role as a crossroads broadened to embrace a center-a gathering point-and soon afterwards a state and regional capital. This uniqueness holds true despite the fact that at certain times, and in certain ways, Utah's capital county has aligned itself with and even led national trends, for better and worse. In supporting the nation's wars, in suffering during the Great Depression, in welcom- ing military industry, in experiencing a high post-war birthrate, and in moving from an agricultural to an industrial economy and from urban to suburban living, for instance, Salt Lake County has reflected the national posture. What other landscape, however, combines towering mountains with a north-running river that empties into a lake saltier than the ocean? What other county became known nationwide and overseas as a church-state, combining political and religious leadership, edu- cation, and enterprise with a marital custom that provoked the wrath vii .. vlll PREFACE of the federal government? Salt Lake County's ongoing battles between air pollution versus industry and transportation depend on an understanding of its unique topography. And an understanding of how formal and informal governance and lifeways work here is just as intrinsically linked with the great battle between Mormonism and Americanism focused within the Salt Lake Valley. Perhaps a historic view may decipher some of the puzzles of con- temporary times. Events within Salt Lake County within the last three decades have inspired numerous books, worldwide media coverage, and even television dramas, unmatched in number and intensity by any county not harboring a giant metropolis. Some of these involved crimes that spread tragedy afar but were situations in which Salt Lake County played a crucial role or suffered crucial losses. Others involved the deranged and crafty return of disowned or disavowed portions of early Mormon history, in new and dangerous forms. Long before European and American explorers and settlers came to the Salt Lake Valley, bands of Utes, Paiutes, Goshutes, and Shoshones, and-before them-Fremont and Promontory peoples gathered to tell and hear the stories that explained their world. History has turned the myths endowed with spirituality toward the objective and documented text, yet it still performs the same func- tion. Through history, we tell ourselves how what is came to be. From the outset, the sesquicentennial history of Salt Lake County was conceived by the commissioners, staff, and historians who shaped the project as a work that would be accessible to readers of virtually all ages and backgrounds. In addition, it would highlight the contributions of peoples traditionally under-represented in such works. As a result, I have relied not only on the classic histories provided by the state's great historians of past and present, but also on smaller, self-published community histories, on several excellent ethnohisto- ries, and on a few unpublished theses and essays. I have also depended upon that trusty and sometimes abused workhorse, the print media. These contributions-lively and meticulous-all proved valuable. Many are cited in the chapter notes and the bibliography for the sake of readers who would like to search further. Thanks espe- cially to the Deseret News library, which provided many of the photo- graphs, showing great public spirit as well as superior organization. This history is further indebted to the Utah State Historical Society, the Salt Lake County Commission and its Centennial Committee, and the Department of Community Support Services staff, as well as to three hardworking and influential project consul- tants: John R. Sillito, historian and archivist; Dr. DeAnn Evans, pro- fessor of communications; and William W. Slaughter, photograph expert and archivist. Each played an invaluable role. Many thanks, also, to Dr. John S. McCormick, Dr. Stan Layton, and Dr. Michael E. Christensen for close and helpful readings of the manuscript, and to historians George Henry and Dr. Kathryn L. MacKay who, along with Dr. McCormick, participated on the origi- nal history committee. Their comments, as well as the ongoing assis- tance and encouragement of Dr. Allan Kent Powell, Dr. Craig Fuller, and Miriam Murphy of the Utah State Historical Society, were immensely helpful and are greatly appreciated. General Introduction WhenUtah was granted statehood on 4 January 1896, twenty- seven counties comprised the nation's new forty-fifth state. Subsequently two counties, Duchesne in 19 14 and Daggett in 1917, were created. These twenty-nine counties have been the stage on which much of the history of Utah has been played. Recognizing the importance of Utah's counties, the Utah State Legislature established in 1991 a Centennial History Project to write and publish county histories as part of Utah's statehood centennial commemoration. The Division of State History was given the assign- ment to administer the project. The county commissioners, or their designees, were responsible for selecting the author or authors for their individual histories, and funds were provided by the state legis- lature to cover most research and writing costs as well as to provide each public school and library with a copy of each history. Writers worked under general guidelines provided by the Division of State History and in cooperation with county history committees. The counties also established a Utah Centennial County History Council xii GENERALINTRODUCTION to help develop policies for distribution of state-appropriated funds and plans for publication. Each volume in the series reflects the scholarship and interpreta- tion of the individual author. The general guidelines provided by the Utah State Legislature included coverage of five broad themes encompassing the economic, religious, educational, social, and polit- ical history of the county. Authors were encouraged to cover a vast period of time stretching from geologic and prehistoric times to the present. Since Utah's statehood centennial celebration falls just four years before the arrival of the twenty-first century, authors were encouraged to give particular attention to the history of their respec- tive counties during the twentieth century. Still, each history is at best a brief synopsis of what has transpired within the political boundaries of each county. No history can do jus- tice to every theme or event or individual that is part of an area's past. Readers are asked to consider these volumes as an introduction to the history of the county, for it is expected that other researchers and writers will extend beyond the limits of time, space, and detail imposed on this volume to add to the wealth of knowledge about the county and its people. In understanding the history of our counties, we come to understand better the history of our state, our nation, our world, and ourselves. In addition to the authors, local history committee members, and county commissioners, who deserve praise for their outstanding efforts and important contributions, special recognition is given to Joseph Francis, chairman of the Morgan County Historical Society, for his role in conceiving the idea of the centennial county history project and for his energetic efforts in working with the Utah State Legislature and State of Utah officials to make the project a reality. Mr. Francis is proof that one person does make a difference.
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