DOCSLIB.ORG

Open Architecture Communications Policy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Open Architecture Communications Policy OPEN ARCHITECTURE AS COMMUNICATIONS POLICY EDITED BY MARK N. COOPER CONTRIBUTORS: PRESERVING JOHN W. BUTLER INTERNET VINTON G. CERF FREEDOM EARL W. COMSTOCK IN THE MARK N. COOPER BROADBAND MICHAEL J. COPPS ROBERT E. KAHN ERA MARK A. LEMLEY LAWRENCE LESSIG RICHARD S. WHITT TIMOTHY WU CENTER FOR INTERNET AND SOCIETY STANFORD LAW SCHOOL OPEN ARCHITECTURE AS COMMUNICATIONS POLICY OPEN ARCHITECTURE AS COMMUNICATIONS POLICY PRESERVING INTERNET FREEDOM IN THE BROADBAND ERA MARK N. COOPER EDITOR CENTER FOR INTERNET AND SOCIETY STANFORD LAW SCHOOL Editorial Note: The papers collected in this volume were published in different Journals that use different footnoting conventions. The original footnotes are preserved. Because there are many citations common to the articles, however, one bibliography was compiled. The Bibliography accepts the shortened law review style that predominated in the articles. To ensure ease of identification and location of sources, the bibliography uses an alphabetical rule -- Author’s last name, then first name followed by the Title. Occasionally, a single article was cited using different footnoting conventions. Each citation is included in the bibliography. cc 2004 Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike License. To view a copy of this license, visit http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/1.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ISBN 0-9727460-8-0 Acknowledgments The following publications have graciously granted permission to reprint excerpts from previously published works: Earl W. Comstock and John W. Butler, Access Denied: The FCC’s Failure to Implement Open Access as Required by the Communications Act, 8 JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATIONS LAW AND POLICY, Winter: 2000. Mark N. Cooper, Open Communications Platforms: Cornerstone Of Innovation And Democratic Discourse In The Internet Age, 2 JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND HIGH TECHNOLOGY LAW, 1: 2003. Mark A. Lemley and Lawrence Lessig, The End of End-to-End: Preserving the Architecture of the Internet in the Broadband Era, 48 UCLA LAW. REVIEW, April: 2001. Timothy Wu, Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination, 2 JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND HIGH TECHNOLOGY LAW, 1: 2003. Timothy Wu, Broadband Policy: A User’s Guide, JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND HIGH TECHNOLOGY LAW, forthcoming. Contents I. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................1 THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET IN THE BROADBAND AGE .....................1 Mark N. Cooper OPENING REMARKS ..............................................................................5 Michael J. Copps MODERATOR’S REMARKS .....................................................................9 Mark N. Cooper PART I: THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TECHNOLOGY AND POLICY IN THE CREATION OF THE INTERNET II. WHAT IS THE INTERNET?.......................................................17 Robert E. Kahn and Vinton G. Cerf III. THE END OF END-TO-END .....................................................41 Mark A. Lemley and Lawrence Lessig PART II: EMPIRICAL STUDIES, THE ROLE OF OPEN ARCHITECTURE IN STIMULATING INNOVATION IV. MAKING THE NETWORK CONNECTION ...........................95 Mark N. Cooper V. ANTICOMPETITIVE PROBLEMS OF CLOSED COMMUNICATIONS FACILITIES..........................................155 Mark N. Cooper VI. NETWORK NEUTRALITY, BROADBAND DISCRIMINATION ...................................................................197 Timothy Wu PART III: POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR PRESERVING OPEN ARCHITECTURE VII. BROADBAND POLICY ..........................................................233 BROADBAND POLICY, A USER’S GUIDE .............................................233 Timothy Wu EX PARTE SUBMISSION IN CS DOCKET NO. 02-52...........................258 Timothy Wu and Lawrence Lessig VIII. ACCESS DENIED ..................................................................283 Earl W. Comstock and John W. Butler IX. A HORIZONTAL LEAP FORWARD ......................................345 LETTER TO EVANS AND POWELL .......................................................345 Vinton G. Cerf FORMULATING A NEW PUBLIC POLICY FRAMEWORK BASED ON THE NETWORK LAYERS MODEL ........................................353 Richard S. Whitt BIBLIOGRAPHY..............................................................................415 MARK N. COOPER 1 I. INTRODUCTION THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET IN THE BROADBAND AGE The papers in this volume are collected from speakers at a forum held on Capitol Hill entitled Broadband Technology Forum: The Future Of The Internet In The Broadband Age.1 All of the speakers are active in the public policy debates, regulatory proceedings and court cases that have been defining the contours of the next generation of the Internet. The purpose of the forum was to engage staffers from Congressional offices and federal agencies in a dialogue over the importance of preserving the vibrant nature of the Internet. With that purpose in mind, this volume blends new papers and comments with several that are half a decade old (ancient by Internet standards). Taken together they seek to provide a comprehensive basis for understanding the interaction of technology and public policy in the development of the Internet. Written at different times and for different purposes over the past five years, the papers are powerful testimony to the proposition that open architecture is critical to the success of the Internet. The end-to-end principle of the Internet and the open communications networks in which it was incubated are critical building blocks of a dynamic, innovative information economy. The papers address three aspects of the environment in which the Internet was created and flourished – technology, economy and law – three of the critical modalities of regulation, as Lawrence Lessig called them in CODE AND OTHER LAWS OF CYBERSPACE.2 PART I: TECHNOLOGY AND POLICY IN THE CREATION OF THE INTERNET Chapter II is a paper by Robert E. Kahn and Vinton G. Cerf, What Is the Internet (and What Makes It Work)?, INTERNET POLICY INSTITUTE (1999, revised 2004). It provides a brief discussion of the architecture of the Internet through the chronology of the development of its fundamental 2 INTRODUCTION technologies. Both of the authors were at the center of the creation of the seminal technologies. They are keenly aware of the role of institutions and public policies in the creation of the Internet. Chapter III is a paper by Mark A. Lemley and Lawrence Lessig, The End of End-to-End: Preserving the Architecture of the Internet in the Broadband Era, 48 UCLA LAW REVIEW (April: 2001). The paper presents a discussion of the design principle of the Internet. Not only does it explain how the design principle operates to promote innovation, but it directly refutes many of the economic arguments made by those who would abandon, or allow the network facility owners to abandon, the end-to-end principle and open communications networks. PART II: EMPIRICAL STUDIES: THE ROLE OF OPEN ARCHITECTURE IN STIMULATING INNOVATION Part II presents empirical studies of the dynamic environment created by open architecture in digital networks and the negative impact on innovation of closure and discrimination in communications networks. Chapter IV presents a paper prepared for the forum by Mark N. Cooper that takes a broad view of the impact of the Internet. It attempts to use network theory and recent analyses of technological change to reinforce the long-standing claim that the open architecture of the Internet represents a fundamental change and improvement in the innovation environment. It concludes with an examination of the role of Internet Service Providers in the spread of the Internet. Chapter V is excerpted from a paper by Mark N. Cooper, Open Communications Platforms: Cornerstone Of Innovation And Democratic Discourse In The Internet Age,” 2 JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND HIGH TECHNOLOGY LAW (1: 2003). It demonstrates the increased possibility of anticompetitive practices by firms that dominate key points of the digital communications platform. It links the potential harm back to the network theory by presenting a case study of the elimination of Internet Service Providers. Chapter VI is excerpted from a paper by Timothy Wu, Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination,” 2 JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND HIGH TECHNOLOGY LAW (1: 2003). It attempts to precisely define the characteristics of the Internet that should be preserved. In contrast to chapters IV and V, which emphasize the commercial relationships between MARK N. COOPER 3 network owners and Internet Service Providers (ISPs), Wu provides a detailed study of the customer contract provisions that threaten or infringe on the freedom for consumers to use the Internet and applications. PART III: POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR PRESERVING OPEN ARCHITECTURE Part III maps out the current terrain of law and regulatory policy. The papers share the objective of preserving open architecture. They would travel somewhat different routes to achieve that goal. Chapter VII is composed of two papers. It opens with a paper by Timothy Wu, Broadband Policy: A User’s Guide, Journal OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND HIGH TECHNOLOGY LAW, forthcoming. It reviews several aspects of the current policy debate and offers a recommendation of nondiscrimination. The chapter then presents a formal proposal for network neutrality that was presented to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in an ex parte filed
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2016 Ncta Intx May 16Th & 17Th
    A Center for Law, 2016 NCTA INTX Technology, and Entrepreneurship ACADEMIC WORKSHOP at the University Silicon of Colorado MAY 16TH & 17TH latirons WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS Workshop Locations Yochai Benkler, Professor of Law, Harvard University Babette E. Boliek, Associate Professor, Pepperdine University School of Law Monday, May 16, 2016 Adam Candeub, Professor, Michigan State University College of Law Samberg Conference Center - MIT David Clark, Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 6th Floor, Dining Room 5 & 6 Stacey Dogan, Professor, Boston University School of Law MIT Chang Building (E52) Carolyn Gideon, Assistant Professor of International Communication and Technology 50 Memorial Drive Policy and Director of Hitachi Center for Technology and International Affairs, The Cambridge, MA 02139 Fletcher School, Tufts University Ray Gifford, Senior Fellow, Silicon Flatirons, University of Colorado Shane Greenstein, Professor, Harvard Business School Tuesday, May 17, 2016 Christiaan Hogendorn, Associate Professor of Economics, Wesleyan University Boston Convention and John B. Horrigan, Senior Researcher, Pew Research Center Expo Center Gus Hurwitz, Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska College of Law 415 Summer Street Roslyn Layton, PhD Fellow, Aalborg University Boston, MA 02210 William Lehr, Research Scientist/CSAIL, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Directions & Parking Daniel Lyons, Associate Professor, Boston College Law School Information John Mayo, Professor of Economics, Business and Public Policy, Georgetown University
    [Show full text]
  • The Interplanetary Internet a New Way of Thinking About Deep Space Communications"
    ”The InterPlaNetary Internet a new way of thinking about deep space communications" Scott Burleigh Ed Greenberg Adrian J. Hooke InterPlanetary Network and Information Systems Directorate DESCANSO Seminar, JPL, Pasadena 19 July, 2001 May 1974 In the beginning…. 1970 1980 1990 2000 NASA Telemetry Standardization “Packet” Spacecraft Telemetry and Telecommand NASA/ESA Working Group Basic Space/Ground Communications Standards for Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) Space Missions } Extension of International Standards for Space More Complex Station Space Missions } Extension of the Terrestrial Internet Evolution of space standards into Space Evolution of the terrestrial Internet Model of Space/Ground Communications User Applications A1 A2 An A1 A2 An Constrained Weight, power, Applications volume: Your • CPU Father’s • Storage Space Ground Internet Terrestrial • Reliability Onboard Ground • Cost to qualify Constrained Networks NetworkingHighly NetworksInternet Resource Constrained Environment • Delay Telemetry • Noise • Asymmetry Radio Constrained Radio Links Links Links Telecommand Current Standardization Options Space Constrained Task Applications Force IPNRG Constrained Networking Constrained Links The Consultative Committee for Member Agencies Space Data Systems (CCSDS) is an Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI)/Italy. British National Space Centre (BNSC)/United Kingdom. international voluntary consensus Canadian Space Agency (CSA)/Canada. organization of space agencies and Central Research Institute of Machine Building industrial associates interested in (TsNIIMash)/Russian Federation. Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/France. mutually developing standard data Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR)/Germany. handling techniques to support space European Space Agency (ESA)/Europe. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)/Brazil. research, including space science and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA HQ)/USA.
    [Show full text]
  • ILCL-ILSL MONTHLY Economy and Market Review
    April 2014 ILCL-ILSL MONTHLY Economy and Market Review YOUR MONEY MANAGER www.il-capital.com www.ilslbd.com IL Capital Limited and International Leasing Securities Limited are subsidiaries of International Leasing and Financial Services Limited Addressing Your Financial Concerns In today’s competitive world, each of you is looking for growth opportunities. While some of you are considering expansion of your existing business, others are looking for expansion in a new field. Some may feel that working capital management is the priority while others need to focus on financial efficiency. Many have suffered from high interest burden in the past while others are looking for scope to minimize tax burden to safeguard a substantial profit. Few need hands-on assistance to explore business opportunities with major industry players while others require a strategic plan to make an acquisition successful. Yes, we are talking about financial restructuring and investment alternatives. And a lot of questions come and wait in mind. Which type of financing is the best solution? Is it going to fit the long term strategy of the organization? Is it sustain- able? Are you ready for this? Faced with such dilemmas, what you need is an expert who can offer a wide array of financial services and benefits with comparative analyses of feasible alternatives. Yes. IL Capital can do this for you. We oer – • Issue Management & Underwriting • Loan Syndication & Private Equity • Merger & Acquisition • Advisory Services for any other Financial Restructuring requirement that our clients may have Realizing Your Investment Dream We are offering investment management solutions to both individuals and corporate entities.
    [Show full text]
  • Claimant's Memorial on Merits and Damages
    Public Version INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR ICSID Case No. ARB/16/16 SETTLEMENT OF INVESTMENT DISPUTES BETWEEN GLOBAL TELECOM HOLDING S.A.E. Claimant and GOVERNMENT OF CANADA Respondent CLAIMANT’S MEMORIAL ON THE MERITS AND DAMAGES 29 September 2017 GIBSON, DUNN & CRUTCHER LLP Telephone House 2-4 Temple Avenue London EC4Y 0HB United Kingdom GIBSON, DUNN & CRUTCHER LLP 200 Park Avenue New York, NY 10166 United States of America Public Version TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 II. Executive Summary ............................................................................................................... 3 III. Canada’s Wireless Telecommunications Market And Framework For The 2008 AWS Auction................................................................................................................................. 17 A. Overview Of Canada’s Wireless Telecommunications Market Leading Up To The 2008 AWS Auction.............................................................................................. 17 1. Introduction to Wireless Telecommunications .................................................. 17 2. Canada’s Wireless Telecommunications Market At The Time Of The 2008 AWS Auction ............................................................................................ 20 B. The 2008 AWS Auction Framework And Its Key Conditions ................................... 23 1. The Terms Of The AWS Auction Consultation
    [Show full text]
  • Current Affairs 2013- January International
    Current Affairs 2013- January International The Fourth Meeting of ASEAN and India Tourism Minister was held in Vientiane, Lao PDR on 21 January, in conjunction with the ASEAN Tourism Forum 2013. The Meeting was jointly co-chaired by Union Tourism Minister K.Chiranjeevi and Prof. Dr. Bosengkham Vongdara, Minister of Information, Culture and Tourism, Lao PDR. Both the Ministers signed the Protocol to amend the Memorandum of Understanding between ASEAN and India on Strengthening Tourism Cooperation, which would further strengthen the tourism collaboration between ASEAN and Indian national tourism organisations. The main objective of this Protocol is to amend the MoU to protect and safeguard the rights and interests of the parties with respect to national security, national and public interest or public order, protection of intellectual property rights, confidentiality and secrecy of documents, information and data. Both the Ministers welcomed the adoption of the Vision Statement of the ASEAN-India Commemorative Summit held on 20 December 2012 in New Delhi, India, particularly on enhancing the ASEAN Connectivity through supporting the implementation of the Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity. The Ministers also supported the close collaboration of ASEAN and India to enhance air, sea and land connectivity within ASEAN and between ASEAN and India through ASEAN-India connectivity project. In further promoting tourism exchange between ASEAN and India, the Ministers agreed to launch the ASEAN-India tourism website (www.indiaasean.org) as a platform to jointly promote tourism destinations, sharing basic information about ASEAN Member States and India and a visitor guide. The Russian Navy on 20 January, has begun its biggest war games in the high seas in decades that will include manoeuvres off the shores of Syria.
    [Show full text]
  • EFFICIENT ROUTING PROTOCOL in DELAY TOLERANT NETWORKS (Dtns)
    Degree Programme in Communication Engineering MORTEZA KARIMZADEH EFFICIENT ROUTING PROTOCOL IN DELAY TOLERANT NETWORKS (DTNs) MASTER OF SCIENCE THESIS Examiners: Prof. Yevgeni Koucheryavy Dr. Dmitri Moltchanov Examiners and topic approved in the Computing and Electrical Engineering Faculty Council meeting on 6th April, 2011 II Abstract TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Master’s Degree Programme in Information Technology, Department of Communication Engineering Karimzadeh, Morteza: Efficient Routing Protocol in Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) Master of Science Thesis, 47 pages May 2011 Major: Communication Engineering Examiners: Professor Yevgeni Koucheryavy and Dr. Dmitri Moltchanov Keywords: Delay Tolerant Networks, Opportunistic networking, Forwarding mechanism, Routing protocol, Epidemic routing, Network coding Modern Internet protocols demonstrate inefficient performance in those networks where the connectivity between end nodes has intermittent property due to dynamic topology or resource constraints. Network environments where the nodes are characterized by opportunistic connectivity are referred to as Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs). Highly usable in numerous practical applications such as low-density mobile ad hoc networks, command/response military networks and wireless sensor networks, DTNs have been one of the growing topics of interest characterized by significant amount of research efforts invested in this area over the past decade. Routing is one of the major components significantly affecting the overall performance of DTN networks in terms of resource consumption, data delivery and latency. Over the past few years a number of routing protocols have been proposed. The focus of this thesis is on description, classification and comparison of these protocols. We discuss the state-of- the-art routing schemes and methods in opportunistic networks and classify them into two main deterministic and stochastic routing categories.
    [Show full text]
  • THE FUTURE of IDEAS This Work Is Licensed Under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial License (US/V3.0)
    less_0375505784_4p_fm_r1.qxd 9/21/01 13:49 Page i THE FUTURE OF IDEAS This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial License (US/v3.0). Noncommercial uses are thus permitted without any further permission from the copyright owner. Permissions beyond the scope of this license are administered by Random House. Information on how to request permission may be found at: http://www.randomhouse.com/about/ permissions.html The book maybe downloaded in electronic form (freely) at: http://the-future-of-ideas.com For more permission about Creative Commons licenses, go to: http://creativecommons.org less_0375505784_4p_fm_r1.qxd 9/21/01 13:49 Page iii the future of ideas THE FATE OF THE COMMONS IN A CONNECTED WORLD /// Lawrence Lessig f RANDOM HOUSE New York less_0375505784_4p_fm_r1.qxd 9/21/01 13:49 Page iv Copyright © 2001 Lawrence Lessig All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Random House, Inc., New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. Random House and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc. library of congress cataloging-in-publication data Lessig, Lawrence. The future of ideas : the fate of the commons in a connected world / Lawrence Lessig. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-375-50578-4 1. Intellectual property. 2. Copyright and electronic data processing. 3. Internet—Law and legislation. 4. Information society. I. Title. K1401 .L47 2001 346.04'8'0285—dc21 2001031968 Random House website address: www.atrandom.com Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 24689753 First Edition Book design by Jo Anne Metsch less_0375505784_4p_fm_r1.qxd 9/21/01 13:49 Page v To Bettina, my teacher of the most important lesson.
    [Show full text]
  • Before the FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Washington, D.C
    Before the FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20554 In the Matter of ) ) Unlicensed Use of the 6 GHz Band ) ET Docket No. 18-295 ) Expanding Flexible Use in Mid-Band ) GN Docket No. 17-183 Spectrum Between 3.7 and 24 GHz ) OPPOSITION OF NCTA – THE INTERNET & TELEVISION ASSOCIATION TO PETITIONS FOR RECONSIDERATION Rick Chessen Neal Goldberg Danielle J. Piñeres NCTA – The Internet & Television Association 25 Massachusetts Avenue, NW – Suite 100 Washington, DC 20001-1431 (202) 222-2445 July 29, 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY ......................................................................................... 2 I. THE COMMISSION BASED ITS DECISION TO PERMIT UNLICENSED USE IN THE 6 GHZ BAND ON THOROUGH CONSIDERATION OF THE RECORD AND SOUND TECHNICAL ANALYSIS AND ACCORDINGLY ADOPTED APPROPRIATE PROTECTION MEASURES ........................................ 4 A. The Commission Should Reject FWCC’s Claims that It Failed to Take Sufficient Action to Protect Incumbents Against Harmful Interference ..................... 5 B. FWCC Proposes Burdensome Measures to Address Its Harmful Interference Concerns that the Commission Already Considered and Properly Rejected and that Are neither Necessary nor in the Public Interest ................................................. 10 i. The Commission Correctly Decided Not to Codify an Unnecessary Activity Limit for LPI Devices ........................................................................... 11 ii. The Commission Considered and Declined to Mandate Testing Before
    [Show full text]
  • David D. Clark
    Designs for an Internet David D. Clark Dra Version 3.0 of Jan 1, 2017 David D. Clark Designs for an Internet Status is version of the book is a pre-release intended to get feedback and comments from members of the network research community and other interested readers. Readers should assume that the book will receive substantial revision. e chapters on economics, management and meeting the needs of society are preliminary, and comments are particularly solicited on these chapters. Suggestions as to how to improve the descriptions of the various architectures I have discussed are particularly solicited, as are suggestions about additional citations to relevant material. For those with a technical background, note that the appendix contains a further review of relevant architectural work, beyond what is in Chapter 5. I am particularly interesting in learning which parts of the book non-technical readers nd hard to follow. Revision history Version 1.1 rst pre-release May 9 2016. Version 2.0 October 2016. Addition of appendix with further review of related work. Addition of a ”Chapter zero”, which provides an introduction to the Internet for non-technical readers. Substantial revision to several chapters. Version 3.0 Jan 2017 Addition of discussion of Active Nets Still missing–discussion of SDN in management chapter. ii 178 David D. Clark Designs for an Internet A note on the cover e picture I used on the cover is not strictly “architecture”. It is a picture of the Memorial to the Mur- dered Jews of Europe, in Berlin, which I photographed in 2006.
    [Show full text]
  • Paul Baran, Network Theory, and the Past, Present, and Future of the Internet
    PAUL BARAN, NETWORK THEORY, AND THE PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE OF THE INTERNET CHRISTOPHER S. YOO* Paul Baran’s seminal 1964 article “On Distributed Communications Networks” that first proposed packet switching also advanced an underappreciated vision of network architecture: a lattice-like, distributed network, in which each node of the Internet would be homogeneous and equal in status to all other nodes. Scholars who have embraced the concept of a flat network have largely overlooked the extent to which it is inconsistent with network theory, which emphasizes the importance of short cuts and hubs in enabling networks to scale. The flat network is also inconsistent with the actual way the Internet was deployed, which relied on a three- tiered, hierarchical architecture resembling what Baran called a decentralized network. However, empirical studies reveal that the Internet’s architecture is changing; as large content providers build extensive wide area networks and undersea cables to connect directly to last-mile networks, it is in the process of becoming flatter and less hierarchical. This change is making the network become more centralized rather than more distributed. As a result, this article suggests that the standard reference model that places backbones at the center of the architecture may need to be replaced with a radically different vision: a stack of centralized star networks, each centered on one of the leading content providers. INTRODUCTION................................................................................. 162 I. BARAN’S UNREALIZED VISION OF A DISTRIBUTED NETWORKS 164 A. Baran’s Vision of a Distributed Network ........................ 164 B. The Partial Reception of Baran’s Vision ......................... 167 II. NETWORK SCIENCE’S INSIGHTS INTO THE BENEFITS OF NETWORKS ............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Vimpelcom Ltd
    UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 20-F Registration Statement Pursuant to Section 12(b) or (g) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 OR ⌧ Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012 OR Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 OR Shell Company Report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Commission File Number: 1-34694 VIMPELCOM LTD. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Bermuda (Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) Claude Debussylaan 88, 1082 MD, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (Address of principal executive offices) Jeffrey D. McGhie Group General Counsel & Chief Corporate Affairs Officer Claude Debussylaan 88, 1082 MD, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Tel: +31 20 797 7200 Fax: +31 20 797 7201 (Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person) Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered American Depositary Shares, or ADSs, each representing one common share New York Stock Exchange Common shares, US$ 0.001 nominal value New York Stock Exchange* * Listed, not for trading or quotation purposes, but only in connection with the registration of ADSs pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission. Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report: 1,628,199,135 common shares, US$ 0.001 nominal value.
    [Show full text]
  • Marconi Society - Wikipedia
    9/23/2019 Marconi Society - Wikipedia Marconi Society The Guglielmo Marconi International Fellowship Foundation, briefly called Marconi Foundation and currently known as The Marconi Society, was established by Gioia Marconi Braga in 1974[1] to commemorate the centennial of the birth (April 24, 1874) of her father Guglielmo Marconi. The Marconi International Fellowship Council was established to honor significant contributions in science and technology, awarding the Marconi Prize and an annual $100,000 grant to a living scientist who has made advances in communication technology that benefits mankind. The Marconi Fellows are Sir Eric A. Ash (1984), Paul Baran (1991), Sir Tim Berners-Lee (2002), Claude Berrou (2005), Sergey Brin (2004), Francesco Carassa (1983), Vinton G. Cerf (1998), Andrew Chraplyvy (2009), Colin Cherry (1978), John Cioffi (2006), Arthur C. Clarke (1982), Martin Cooper (2013), Whitfield Diffie (2000), Federico Faggin (1988), James Flanagan (1992), David Forney, Jr. (1997), Robert G. Gallager (2003), Robert N. Hall (1989), Izuo Hayashi (1993), Martin Hellman (2000), Hiroshi Inose (1976), Irwin M. Jacobs (2011), Robert E. Kahn (1994) Sir Charles Kao (1985), James R. Killian (1975), Leonard Kleinrock (1986), Herwig Kogelnik (2001), Robert W. Lucky (1987), James L. Massey (1999), Robert Metcalfe (2003), Lawrence Page (2004), Yash Pal (1980), Seymour Papert (1981), Arogyaswami Paulraj (2014), David N. Payne (2008), John R. Pierce (1979), Ronald L. Rivest (2007), Arthur L. Schawlow (1977), Allan Snyder (2001), Robert Tkach (2009), Gottfried Ungerboeck (1996), Andrew Viterbi (1990), Jack Keil Wolf (2011), Jacob Ziv (1995). In 2015, the prize went to Peter T. Kirstein for bringing the internet to Europe. Since 2008, Marconi has also issued the Paul Baran Marconi Society Young Scholar Awards.
    [Show full text]