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ASAC

rbl Shtn n lt Injtn Mldn Mhn

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e uose o is esis is o i e souio o ose oems wic occu uig asic iecio moig ocess Moig cyce oem aaysis is a imoa ie i asic iecio ocess I is ey ecessay o cac e oems uig oeaio eeoe o e asis o eseac oue sooig cieia is eae

Goo quaiy coo is a esseia eaue o iig ay so o au Quaiy coo is associae wi eac a eey se o oeaio o maiai e

equie sae a suace iisig Mos o e moig oems ae soe y ayig e macie coiios a y cagig e esig o e mo u some oems emai ucage eeoe i suc cases ossie souio may e i ou y meas o eamiig

e eie oeaio o y cagig e aiaes eeoe o e asis o is eseac a oue sooig ogam o a ogam soe is eae wic

es o ge e coec souio o e oems OUE SOOIG I ASIC IECIO MOIG MACIES

y fr Kl

A esis Sumie o e acuy o ew esey Isiue o ecoogy i aia uime o e equiemes o e egee o Mase o Sciece

eame o Mauacuig Egieeig

auay 1993

AOA AGE

rbl Shtn n lt njtn

Mldn Mhn

fr Kl

cSSee Koeski esis Aise Assisa oesso a ogam Cooiao o Mauacuig Egieeig ecoogy I

aIS Soi Commiee Meme Associae oesso o Mecaica Egieeig a ieco o Mauacuig Egieeig ogams I

Geski E Commiee Meme Associae oesso o Mecaica Egieeig I IOGAICA SKEC

: aa kama r: Mase o Sciece i Mauacuig Egieeig t: auay 1993

Undrrdt nd Grdt Edtn: - Mase o Sciece i Mauacuig Egieeig ew esey Isiue o ecoogy ewak 1993

- aceo o Sciece i Mecaica Egieeig E Uiesiy o Egieeig a ecoogy Kaaci 19 Mjr: Mauacuig Egieeig is esis is eicae o my aes

ACKOWEGME

I wou ike o ak my aise See Koeski o is guiace a aice i is eseac I aso ak M Moamme awa wiou wose e comeio o is wok wou ae ee iicu

I wou ike o ak my ie Asim ueii o is ki e uig is eseac

Seciay I am gaeu o my cousi Aisa iam wo moay suoe me o iis is egee iay I wou ike o ak my amiy o ei e uesaig a

aiece uig e yeas a I suie

i

AE O COES

Chapter Page

1 OCESSIG O ASIC 1

11 Ioucio 1 1 Eusio 1 13 Iecio Moig 1 eais o e ocess 3 15 Camig sysem 1 Mos 11 iee eaues o Mos 7 1 ues 13 Sues 9

1 eig 9 15 Mo emeaue Coo 1

17 ea Caaciy o e Maeia 1 1 Eea eaig o Iecio Cyie 13

MOIG A IISIG 17

1 Moig Cyce 17

Mo Cooig 3 a Eecio

Mo eease 5

5 Aiies o e asics

Mo Sikage 7 1 os Mo Sikage a Waig 9 7 Quaiy Coo 3

vii

3 CAM SYSEM 3

31 Ioucio 3 3 ess ae 3 33 aig o e Sysem 33 3 Eiciecy o e Cam 3

35 Oeig a Cosig Sysem o Mo 3

SYSEMS O IECIO MOIG MACIE 3 1 yauic Sysem 3 yauic ums 3 1 Oeaig aes a Coo yauic Moos a Cyies

3 yauic uis 1 yauic Accessoies 1 5 e Eecica Sysem 1

Eecica Coos

7 ucioa Coos

5 IECIO MOIG ECIQUES 51 ow Moig

5 Eusio ow Moig 7 53 Iecio ow Moig 9

5 Sec ow Moig 5 55 eacio Iecio Moig 53 5 iqui Iecio Moig 57

57 Sucua oam Iecio Moig 57 5 Sawic Moig

59 emoomig 1 591 acuum omig 1

iii

EE SYSEM 5 1 Ioucio 5 ue 5

1 ue Coss-Secio Sae 3 ue Sie 7 ue ayou 7

1 Sige Imessio Mo 7

wo Imessios Mo 7

3 ee Imessios Mo 7 5 Oe Mui-messio Mos 77

7 ESIG O E GAES 7

71 Ioucio 7 7 ocaio o e Gae 79

73 aace Gaig 7 yes o Gaes 3

71 Sue Gae 3 7 ecagua Ege Gae 73 Gae Sie 7 7 Oea Gae 75 a Gae 9 7 a Gae 91

77 iaam Gae 9 7 ig Gae 9

79 im Gae 95 71 i Gae 95 711 Susuace Gae 9

i

ASIC MOIG MAEIAS 11

1 Ioucio 11

yes o asics 1 3 eiiio o asics 15

Ieiicaio o asic Maeias 1

9 OYEYEE A OYOYEES 113

91 ow esiy oyeyees 113

9 Iecio Moig oyeyee is 113 91 Moig Macies 11 9 Moig Coiios 11 93 Me emeaue 11

9 Mo emeaue 11 95 Cyce ime 117

9 Iecio essue a Iecio See 117 97 So Sie 117 9 Scew See 11 99 Maeias 119 93 oyoyees 119 931 ysica Caaceisics 13 93 Iecio Moig Macies 13

933 Moig i Secios 1 93 Moig ick Secios 1

9 Moig eciques a Coiios Aecig a 17 91 Iecio See 17

9 Iecio essue 1

93 Camig essue 1 9 Me emeaue 19

95 Mo emeaue 19 9 Cyce ime 13

1 COO O OCESS 131

11 Ioucio 131 1 Ceckig o e Maeia 131

13 Comouig a Cooig I-a 13 1 oucio Coo o Quaiy 13 15 Ecoomic Coo o Equime 135 1 Macie Sae Eegy 137 17 asics Sae Eegy 11 1 Macie Saey 13 11 IE OEACES O ASIC MOIG 1 111 Mo Sikage 1

11 Caegoies o Sikage oems 15 1 OUE SOOIG OGAM 19

11 Ioucio 19

1 oue Sooig 19

13 Aoac Sou e Eac 15

1 oem Soig 151

15 Cocusio 15 EEECES

i

IS O AES bl

1 ea equie o emoe i Moig yica esis 11 Cyie-eae Ius a owe equiemes o yica Macie Sie 15 3 Aoimae Cam oces o Iecio So Caaciies 3 yica Seciicaio o a ig Quaiy uie Oi Use as a yauic ui 3 5 ASM ie Ca-Ou 17 Saa Symos a amiy ames 19 7 Ce ae G eai equiemes 11 Sui Symos a equiemes 111

9 eie oyeyee 17 ysica oeies 1 1 eie oyeyee 1 ysica oeies 11

11 eie oyeyee 1 ysica oeies 1

1 eie oyoyee E31 ysica oeies 15

13 Eegy equieme o iee Maeias 1

1 Saa oeaces Ca o a oycaoae 1

15 Saa oeace Ca o eoic 17

i i IS O IGUES

r

1 Cyie Caaciy as a ucio o Me emeaue 1 Iecio Moig Cyce-Me eay o Iecio 19

3 Iecio Moig Cyce-Me eig Iece Iecio Moig Cyce-Me eig asicie 1 5 Iecio Moig Cyce-a Eecio 3

Scemaic iagam o a asic yauic Cam Sysem 35 7 Eusio ow Moig 5 Iecio ow Moig 51 9 iqui Iecio Moig 5 1 Sages i iqui Iecio Moig 11 acuum omig

1 ee Sysem 7 13 Eiciecy o aious ue oies 9

1 Guie o ue iamee o Moig Secio 73 15 Guie o ue iamee o Moig Secio 75

1 aace ue ayous 7

17 osiio o Gae 1 ues ayous Wic ecessiae aace Gaig 1

19 Sue Gae 5 iee Saes o Gaes

1 iee iews o Oea Gae 9

iee iews o a Gae 9 3 iee iews o ig gae 93

iee iews o a gae 93 5 iee iews o iaam Gae 9

iee iews o osiio o Gae 9

7 iee iews o i Gae 99

iee iews o ou Ege Gae 99

i CAE

OCESSIG O ASICS

. Intrdtn Oe o e mos ousaig eaues o e asics is e ease wi wic ey ca e ocesse I some cases semi-iise aices suc as sees o os ae ouce a suseque aicae io sae usig coeioa meos suc as weig o maciig I e maoiy o e cases owee e iise aice wic may e quie come i sae is ouce i a sige oeaio

e ocessig sages o eaig saig a cooig may e coiuous (eg oucio o ie y eusio o a eeae cyce o ees (eg oucio o

eeoe ousig y iecio mouig u i mos cases e ocesses may e auomae a so ae aicuay suiae o mass oucio ee is wie age o ocessig meos wic may e use o asics I mos cases e coice o meo is ase o e sae o e comoe a wee i is emoasic o emoseig ee ae wo icia meos o

ocessig asics 1 Eusio

Iecio moig

.2 Extrn Oe o e mos commo meos o ocessig asics is Eusio usig a scew isie e ae e asic usuay i e om o gaues o owe is

e om e oe o o e scew I is e coeye aog e ae wee i is eae y coucio om e ae eaes a sea ue o is moeme aog e eg o e scew igs e e o e scew cae is euce aog e eg o e scew so as o comac e maeia A e e o e

1 eue e me asses oug a ie o ouce a euae o e esie sae

. Injtn Mldn Oe o e mos commo ocessig meos o asics is iecio mouig owaays wie age o aices ae mae y meas o iecio mouig ese icue suc igs as eecic i casig eeisio ousigs geawees ec e oigia iecio mouig macies ae ase o e essue ie casig eciques o casig meas e is macie is eoe o ae ee aee i e Uie Saes i 17 seciicay o use wi ceuoi is was a imoa ieio u oay eoe is ime ecause i e oowig yeas ey ew eeomes i iecio mouig ocesses wee eoe a i was o ui e 19s i Gemay a a eewe iees was ake i e ocess e is Gema macies wee ey sime ieces o equime a eie oay o maua oeaio I e ae 193s e e mao eeome i iecio mouig ie e ioucio o e yauicay oeae macies ge aaiae owee ese macies si ee o e yis ase o e ie casig ecoogy a e esig o iecio mouig macies o asic was o ake eay seious ui e 195s we a ew geeaio o equime was eeoe asicay iecio mouig is a sime ocess A emoasic i e om o gaues o owe asses om e ee oe io e ae wee i is eae so a i ecomes so I is e oce oug a oe io e eaiey co mou wic is came igy cose We e asic as a suicie ime o ecome soi e mou oes e aice is eece a e cyce is eeae e mao aaages o e ocess icue is esaiiy i 3 mouig a wie age o oucs e ease wi wic auomaio ca e iouce e ossiiiy o ig oucio aes a e mauacue o aices wi cose oeaces e asic iecio mouig coce ca aso e aae o use wi emoseig maeias

.4 tl f th r e eaies iecio mouig macies wee o e uge ye a ee ae si may o ese macies i use oay A e-eemie quaiy o mouig maeia os om e ee oe io e ae e uge e coeys e maeia aog e ae wee i is eae y e coucio om e eea eaes e maeia is e asicise ue essue so a i may e oce oug e oe io e mou caiy I oe o si u e mass o e maeia i e ae a imoe e ea ase a oeo is ie i e ae u ee ae ew isaaages i is ye o macie ie i is iicu o ouce cosise mouigs e mai oems ae 1 ee is ie miig o omogeiaio o e moe asic I is iicu o mee accuaey e so sie Sice meeig is o a oume asis ay aiaio i e esiy o e maeia wi ae e so weig 3 Sice e uge is comessig maeia wic is i a aiey o oms e essue a e oe ca ay quie cosieay om cyce o cyce e esece o e oeo causes a sigiica essue oss 5 e ow oeies o e me ae essue sesiie a sice e essue is eaic is amiies e aiaiiy i mou iig ew o ese isaaages o e uge macie may e oecome y usig a e-asicisig sysem is ye o macie as wo aes aw maeia is e io e is ae wee a eue scew o uge asicises e maeia a ees i oug a o-eu ae io e oe ae A

uge i e seco ae e oces e me oug a oe a io e mou I is sysem ee is muc ee omogeiaio ecause e me as o ass oug e sma oeig coecio e wo aes e so sie ca aso e meee moe accuaey sice e oume o e maeia e io e seco ae ca e cooe y a imi swic o is uge Aoe aaage is a ee is o oge a ee o e oeo o e mai iecio cyie u is ye o macie is seom use ecause i is cosieay moe comicae a moe eesie a ecessay owaays e make is omiae y e eciocaig scew ye o e iecio mouig macie is was a mao eakoug i macie esig a ye e icie is sime A eue ye scew i a eae ae eoms a ua oe O e oe a i oaes i e oma way o aso me a essuie e maeia i e ae U i is aso caae wis oaig o moig owa ike a uge o iec me io e mou ee ae a ume o imoa eaues i eciocaig scew iecio mouig macies a ese wi ow e iscusse ee e scews i ese macies ae asicay e same as ose use i e eusio e comessio aios ae usuay i e age 5 o 1 a e mos commo U aios ae i e age 15 o Some scews ae caae o iecig e asic a essues u o M/m Oe imoa ieece om a eue scew is e esece o a ack-ow ceck ae a e e o e scew e uose o is ae is o so ay ack ow acoss e igs o e scew we i is acig as a uge We maeia is eig coeye owa y e oaio o e scew e ae oes Oe eceio is we iecio mouig ea-sesiie maeias suc as C I suc cases ee is o ceck ae ecause is wou oie sies wee maeia cou ge cogge a wou egae 5

e mos ece eeome i e ioucio o a ee ae o iecio mouig macies I as e mao aaage o emiig maeias o e moue wiou e-yig e eaes ae omay o e eecica esisace ye a ae emosaicay cooe usig emocoues e oe is scewe io e e o e ae a oies e meas y wic e me ca eae e ae a ee e mou I is aso a egio wee e me ca e eae o y icio a coucio om a eae a eoe eeig e eaiey co caes i e mou Coac wi e mou causes ea ase om e oe a i cases wee is is ecessie i is aisae o wiaw e oe om e mou uig e scew-acka o e mouig cyce Oewise e asic may eee o i e oe ee ae seea yes o oe 1 Oe oe e simes is a oe oe is is use weee ossie ecause essue os ca e miimie a ee ae o o u ois wee e me ca sagae a ecomose u i case o ow iscosiy o e me e eakage occus e souio is o use a su-o oe o wic ee ae may yes Eea su-o oe is is e oe wic is su-o y eea meas 3 eee su-o oe is is e oe wi a sig oae eee ae wic oes we e me essue ecees a ceai aue o aeaiey we e oe is esse u agais e mou Mos o e su-o oes ae e isaaage a ey esic e ow o e maeia a oie uesiae sagaio sies o is easo ey sou o e use wi ea sesiie maeias suc as C

15 Clpn St I oe o kee e mou aes igy cose we e me is eig iece ue ig essue i is ecessay o ae a camig sysem Mos commo ye o camig sysems ae 1 yauic Mecaica I e yauic sysems oi ue essue is iouce ei a iso coece o e moig ae o e macie is causes e mou o cose a e cam oce ca e ause so a ee is o eakage o moe asic om e mou I e mecaica sysem e ogge is e mecaica eice use o amiy e oce ogge mecaisms e o e eee o ig see macies a wee e camig oce is eaiey sma e mai aaages o e ogge sysem ae a i is moe ecoomica o u e sma yauic cyie a sice e ogge is se ockig i is o ecessay o maiai e yauic essue ougou e mouig cyce e isaaages o e sysem is a ee is o iicaio o e camig oce a e aiioa moig as icease maieace coss

.6 Mld A iecio mou cosiss o wo aes io wic e imessio o e a o e moue is cu e maig suaces o e mou aes ae accuaey macie so a o eakage o e asic ca occu a si ie I eakage oes occu e as o e mouig is usigy a eesie o emoe I oe o aciiae mouig e mou i e macie a cooig a eecio o e mouig seea aiios ae mae o e asic mou aes 1 ackig aes emi e mou o e oe o o e macie aes 7

Caes ae macie io e mou o aow e mou emeaue o e cooe 3 Eeco is ae icue o a e moue a ca e ee om e mou e mou caiy is oie o e macie oe y meas o e sue e sue aco i e as e uig e sue away om e oe a esuig a e moue a emais o e moig a o e mou we e mou oes o mui-caiy mous e imessios ae oie o e sue y ues Caes cu i oe o o aes o e mou oug wic e asic wi ow wiou esicio A aow cosicio ewee e ue a e caiy aows e mouig o e easiy seaae om e ue a sue is cosicio is cae e gae A oucio iecio mou is a iece o ig ecisio egieeig mauacue o ey cose oeaces y skie casme A yica mou ca e cosiee o cosis o 1 e caiy a coe e emaie o e mou iisig a oisig e mou suaces is aso eemey imoa ecause e me wi e o eouce eey eai o e suace o e mou iay e mou wi ae o e aee o make i sa u o e eame i eceies i seice As a esu o a e ime a eo wic goes io mou mauacue i is someimes ou a a ey come mou coss moe a e mouig macie o wic i is use

.6. ffrnt tr f Mld Gaes e gae is a sma oiice wic coecs e ue o e caiy I as a ume o ucios I oies a coeie weak ik y wic e mouig ca e oke o om e ue sysem I some mous e egaig may e auomaic we e mou oes e gae aso acs ike a ae i a i aows

ltn plt t fll th ld bt bn ll t ll frz ff frt. h vt th ld ff fr th rnnr t hh prvnt trl bn d t f th vt drn rb. Sll t r prfrbl b n fnhn rrd f th ldn prtd lnl fr th rnnr. S fr th ntl trl n ld th t r d ll pbl nd r nl pnd p f thr r ld flln prbl. In ltvt ld t nt l pbl t rrn fr th rnnr lnth t h vt t b th . h n tht vt l t th pr ld b flld l hr vt rt fr th pr rv th lt ltr nd t rdd prr. t rd f th prbl t n t ll t l t th pr nd prrvl nr th dnn f th t frthr ln th rnnr. h h th fft f blnn th fll f th vt. If nl vt ld lttd thn hr n t b bnfl t bln th fl b n vr t z. hr r thr tp f t hh r nl d. . Spr t: h r d hn th pr bh n fd drtl nt th ld vt n f trl ldn h bt. 2. n t: h r prtlrl fl b th hh hr rt hh rd th vt f th plt nd th ld fll r l. . Sd t: It th t n tp f th t nd pl rtnlr tn fdn nt th d f th vt. A prtlr ttrtn f th tp f t tht ld flln n b prvd b nrn th dth f th t bt th frz t nfftd b th dpth nhnd.

.6.2 nnr h rnnr th fl pth b hh th ltn plt trvl fr th pr (.. th ldn hn t th t (.. th vt. prvnt th rnnr 9

eeig o emauey is suace aea sou e sma so as o miimie ea ase o e mou owee e coss secioa aea o e ue sou e age so a i eses ie esisace o e ow o e asic u o so age a e cyce ime ees o e eee o aow e ue o soiiy o eecio A goo iicaio o e eiciecy o a ue is e aio o is coss- secioa aea o is suace aea

.6. Spr e sue is e cae aog wic e moe asic is ees e mou I eies e me om e oe o e ue sysem e sue is icooae i a aee see us wic as a sea esige o oie a goo sea wi e oe Sice i is imoa a e sue is ue ou we e mou oes a ee is a sue uig eice moue iecy oosie e sue ey is ca ake may oms u yicay i wou e a uecu o eese ae o oie a key o e asic o e moig a o e mou Sice e sue ike e ue sysem is eeciey wase i sou o e mae ecessiey og

.6.4 ntn eoe e asic me is iece e caiy i e cose mou coais ai We e me ees e mou i e ai cao escae i ecome comesse A wos is may eec e iig u i ay case e sue comessio o e ai causes eaig is may e suicie o u e asic a e mou suace a e oca o sos o aeiae is oem es ae macie io e maig suaces o e mou o aow e ai o escae 1

.6. Mld prtr Cntrl I we wa o ge eicie mouig we sou coo e mou emeaue a

is is oe y meas o assig ui oug a suiae aageme o cae i e mou e ae a wic e mouig coos aec e oa cyce ime as we as e suace iis oeaces isoio a iea sesses o e moue aice ig mou emeaue imoes e suace goss a e o eimiae ois I e mou emeaue is oo ow e e maeia may eee i e caiy eoe i is ie

. t Cpt f th Mtrl

emoyamics icie ae aso ai o asic maeias wic ae asic o

e cemica sucue o eac I e meig o aious emoasics e quaiy o ea equie e ui weig may ay sigiicay eeig uo e ieeces i e ea caaciy o e aious asics

Eey maeia as a seciic ea wic eesses is aiiy o aso o

eease ea eegy Seciic ea is e aio o ea eee o eeae oe ou o maeia oe egee o a o eaig wae wic as a seciic ea o 1 eesse as e ume o U e ou e egee ue o comeiy i aig seciic ea aa i cacuaio o ea iu a emoa a maemaica eaoaio ea coe may e use isea

e cysaie meig ois o some maeias ca e see y e cage i e soe o e cues makig i oious a a gea quaiy o ea is equie

o cage e asics sae om soi o iqui wi e ie cage i

emeaue e moe cysaie maeias equie a age quaiy o ea e

ea o usio o coe em om soi o iqui yica eames o e oa ea coe o e asics ae aaiae a ay

asic iecio moig ook 11

ae 1 ea equie o emoe i Moig yica esis

oa ea ea o Aeage moig ae o emoe usio, esi emeaue, . uou uou Geea oysyee 00 60 0 oyeyee ow esiy 440 24 6 ig esiy 440 0 04

yo 0 40 6 1

e asiciies came o cyie o e iecio-moig macie is e imay eeme o e macie sice i is esosie o e coiioig o e me io o is iecio e sie o e eaig cyie o a gie iecio-mouig macie is usuay eemie y e esig o e as o e moue Mos maciey suies oe a age o e iecio-ui sies o macie s o seciic cam- oage sies e eemiig cosieaio is e amou o e maeia eee o i e mo wic ca ae a age oece aea wi esec o a weig equiig a age cam oage Cyies ae ae as o ei asiciig ae o iicae ow as e meig sysem ca soe a emoasic maeia o a owae coiio emoasics ay oe om aoe i may o e caaceisics a eemie ei meig aes us o coeiece e asiciig aes o asicaos ae usuay eae o oe ye o maeia as a saa amey geea-uose oysyee We a iecio macies so o ouy eaig caaciy is gie i ouces o ous e eeece o oysyee is oe omie u sou e uesoo o cacuae e coesoig asiciig caaciy o a eaig cyie o oe esis i is ecessay o kow e eaie seciic ea o e maeias e caaciy we usig aoe esi is oaie y iiig is seciic gaiy y a o e oysyee (1 a muiyig y e ae caaciy us o ow esiy oyeyee (9 seciic gaiy a cyie ae a ouces e so wi ae a caaciy o 9/1 = 177 ouces e so e acua asiciig caaciy o a gie eaig cyie ees o a age ee uo e asic o e ocesse e mouig emeaue ema couciiy seciic gaiy a seciic ea o a aious maeias ae iee a a o ese acos ay a imoa oe i e come ocesses o e 13

ea ase a ea geeaig y seaig i e iecio cyie May o e ewe emoasic maeias aicuay ose wi owe ema couciiies a ige meig ois equie a caeu aaysis o e eaig caaiiies o e iecio-mouig eaig cyies We e esiy aoe is cosiee o iee emoasics oe age o ocessig emeaues e asicisig aes ca e oe o e aious esis As oucio ae iceases e quaiy o ea eee o aciee e oe me iscosiy aso iceases e cooig a iicaig isumeaio o mos macie cao eec e acua emeaues wii e ae o sese e ue emeaue wii e asic me e eae as suy ea eegy o e ousie o e cyie u eecie ea iu o e oyme wi e ess Oy a eaie asis ca e assume o e seigs o e isumes sice ee is a ag ewee e iicae yomee eaigs a e acua sock emeaue A iee oymes wi eec a wie o aowe sea wii ese emeaues e oem is ue comicae y ieeces i e cyie esig e e o e emocoues a e coice o e maeia as we as e ae o asiciaio

.8 Extrnl tn f Injtn Clndr A iecio-mouig macies make use o eecica eaes o ai i e asiicaio o e maeia eig ocesse e mos commo sysem uses mica eae as o ig waage Acuay seea o ese eaes ae use e oe o e iecio cyie a eeig uo e sie o e macie e oa waage aaiae o eaig ca e quie susaia Eac oe aog e eg o e ae is iiiuay coo y e emocoue a a yomee e emocoue seses e emeaue eeoe wii e oe a asmi e iomaio o e cooig 1

7 = -c o O.

5 C = o c-

13 a o 7 -cc a 1 1 I 5 5 55 5 emeaue °

r Cyie Caaciy as a ucio o Me emeaue 15

bl 2 Cyie-eae Iu a owe equiemes _ o yica Macie Sie

ltzn Apprxt Sr Sht z pt, lb ht npt, pr npt On pr hr ltt hr pr

. 2.0 2. .

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yomee We e emeaue eaces e se oi o e yomee a siga is geeae wic es e eae coo o cu o e suy o eeciciy o a se o e eae as ikewise we a gie oe is iicae as eig eow e ese emeaue ee a siga caig o a ea is se ack a e owe is agai aie o e eaig as ee ae a ume o suiae isumes commoy use sese emeaue aog e ae e ooioig yomee is equey ou as saa equime o mos moig macies Oe yes wic ae usuay moe eesie ca e icooae as oioa equime we moe accuae coo is ecessay o geeae e oe sigas o e yomee a coo e eaig oes emocoues ae isee io e ae A emocoue woks o e icie o geeaig a sma eecica cue wii a imeaic eeme as e emeaue cages e cue is sese y isumeaio wii e yomee so a a siga is geeae wic ca e caiae o e ea o a scae as a seciic emeaue I is imoa o eaie a e caiaio o ay isume is aece y cages i e isume ise o i e coice o emocoue o i e eg o e coecig wies wi a esuig eec o e accuacy o e eaigs Aso ay amage o e emocoue ise may esu i eoeous eaigs CAE 2

MOIG A IISIG

2. Mldn Cl

e imoa ig o ememe wie cosieig e cyce ime is a oce

e coiios ae se io e cooig isumes o e macie e ieica cyce wi e eeae accuaey o e uaio o e oucio u o ui some eecie cage as ee mae

I a yica cyce acio is sae y cosig e saey gae a e ie aea As i is cose e gae is wo saey imi swices oe o e macie

yauic sysem e oe o e oea eecica sysem om is oi o macie oeaio is auomaic Assumig a e macie is equie wi a yauic cam oi ees a ackam ouse wii e mai am causig e moae ae o aace a ig see u ue ow essue us eoe e mo aes make coac a imi swic is ie causig oi o e iee om e ackam o e mai cyie ae see immeiaey os o u essue iceases As e mo aes make coac essue uis u sese y e essue swic a sigas e iecio ui o egi is cyce

A is oi e eciocaig scew is i is eace osiio ei a

eiousy asicie so Uo ecei o e siga om e essue swic

e suo ae oes a e iecos yauic sysem is acuae is causes e scew o aace as a uge a o iec e so a essue as

ig as si is iiia essue-ig o coue e ciig eec o e mo is cooe y a ausae eie ae o oe ow coo eice

eg o scew soke a eeoe so sie is aso aiae a is cooe

y a ime We e mo caiies ae ie a siga om is ime o a iecio-see cooe euces essue o e scew emiig iecio o

17 1

coiue a a euce ae e uose o maiaiig me essue is o miimie e ossiiiy o ea siks esuig om coacio uig a cooig is ase o e cyce is cae e we ime A e e o e we ime e ime sigas e suo ae o cose a

e scew o esume is oaio asicie me agai aaces o e o o e scew ocig i o eac agais e ack essue ui e so-coo imi swic is coace A is oi e cam is si cose a e moe as ae cooig O e siga om e ime se accoig o e cooig-ime

equiemes e cam oes sowy ue essue Sow moeme maaoy o oec e moe as coiues ui a as-eu imi swic is coace a wic oi e ae see icks u as eacio coiues ui aoe imi swic is coace y a coo o acuae y e ae o euce see o sow smoo eecio o e moe as wic o io a o o wae ak o oo a coeye us e macie cyce a is suoiae iecio ui cyce ae comee I some cases auomaic oeaio o a iecio macie is ieue o maua emoa o as a mig e amage y auomaic eecio e oea moig cyce may e escie as e oa ime equie o ouce oe comee so o oe o moe as eeig uo e ume o caiies i a gie mo e moig cyce is o meey e ime a e maeias emais i e mo u icues e ime ecessay o e mo o cose a cam ay saey o eay ime equie a e sa o e cyce e iecio ime (ime equie o

i e caiy e we o ime equie o coo e moe maeia a e eecio ime Mos moes ee o e sum o ese eemes as e gae-o- gae ime o e oa oea cyce 19

‘ . ,sioesi 1 ,1L10

A. Hydraulic clamp E. Injection nozzle H. Screw drive cylinder F. Heating cylinder and Oil pressure: Movable platen reciprocating screw J. Screw forward B. . C. Mold G. Hopper L. Clamp closing D. Fixed platen N. No pressure igue Iecio Moig Cyce-Me eay o Iecio

A. drl lp E. Injtn nzzl . Sr drv lndr . tn lndr nd Ol prr: . Mvbl pltn rprtn r . Sr frrd C. Mld G. ppr . Clp ln . xd pltn . prr

r Iecio Moig Cyce-Me eig Iece 1

A. drl lp E. Injtn nzzl . Sr drv lndr . ln lndr nd Ol prr: . Mvbl pltn rprtn r I. Sr drv C. Mld G. ppr . Clp ln . xd pltn . prr

r 4 iecio Moig Cyce-Me eig asicie Eecio

Mld Cln I ay cosieaio o e iecio moig ocess e suec o e mo cooig mus o e oeooke Oiousy i o oyme is o se u wii e mo caiy e maeia mus e cooe suiciey o soiiy i a aow e moe a o e emoe om e mo is i essece is e mo-cooig oio o ay cyce a wi ay i ime a emeaue eeig uo e geomey o e a a e coice o emoasic maeia Mo cooig ca e cosiee as akig ace wi e mo a ay emeaue eow e ie emeaue o e asic me Mos commoy e mo suace wi e maiaie a a emeaue agig om 3 o egee uo 1 o 15 egee e successu moe wi sie o aciee as uiom emeaue acoss e ace o e mo as ossie o eeo wii e mo a uiom sikage a eey euce e eecy o a waage We e iecio mo is eig esige a cosuce eiie cosieaio mus e gie o e oe ayou o e ecessay cooig caes i o aes o e oo ememe a oo eomace a e quaiy o e moe a ee agey o e aiiy o ase ea aiy a uiomy I oe o coo sikage a waage i may e ecessay o oeae e mo a a eeae emeaue ee wi a somewa oge cyce We e moe a as a eaiey i wa secio a ig see oucio is a mus e mo may e oeae usig eigeae cooig wae ese ae e eemes; oma moig oeaios wi a ewee ese imis Oiousy e ea ecessay o eeciey me e asic is e same quaiy o ea a mus e emoe eoe e a ca e eece om e mo As e ea coe o e asic iceases a as e me emeaue 3

A . 1111111111‘ 11111. somens11 i1 a • -

A. drl lp . xd pltn . Sr drv. lndr E. Injtn nzzl Ol prr: . Mvbl pltn . tn lndr nd K. Clp pnn C. Mld rprtn r . prr C. ppr

r Iecio Moig Cyce-a Eecio

goes u i ecomes ee moe imoa a e cooig sysem e caae o emoig is geae amou o ea aiy a eiciey e way a mo is cooe is o gea imoace o e iecio moe ecause owe mo emeaues make o icease a siess a seg imoe caiy miimum sikage a susaiay euce cyce imes Mos ae usuay wae cooe u ee is a imi o e ume o cooig caes a ca e icooae io a mo ase ese caes sou e osiioe so a e ea ase om e me is as uiom as ossie o oai aace ea ase geae cooig mus oe e oie aou e icke as o e moe iem Miimum waage cas o ig mo emeaue; i aso equies a e eie iece e cooe a eay e same ae is i u cas o ow emeaue aou e caiy gaes a ess cooig a e mo secios aes om e gae aea o oai as cyce i is imoa a e oes oio o e mo aace o e gaig o sue eceie e mos coceae cooig o miimie e oa ime equie o e a o coo i e mo aig e mo oo co is isky o wo easos I may esu i so sos a may yie moe as wi ui -i sesses wic ca esu i ae sess cackig o as

2. rt Ejtn A ey imoa se i e cosucio o e iecio mo is a eecio I ees uo e geomey o e a a e maeia om wic i may e moe a a ume o oe acos e eecio sysem ca ay i esig a e meo o e oeaio 5

e meo wic is commoy use is kockou i meo wic coac e moe a a is eges o a a aea o o a ae mecaicay oeae we e mo oes o eec e a As e a ecomes moe eaie e may e imie o coacig e ue sysem a o e a ise Someimes is ae aes o a o oie moe coac aea o e a may e ie om e coe y meas o e sie igs Some moe a equies ey iis ouook eeoe ai as is use o emoe e moe a om e caiy o coe secio o e mo I is aso imoa o cosie e ye o mo iis eig use o may e oeae as a assis o oe a eecio os wic ae uig a e ig sees o ig oucio aes may emoy some comiaio o ese aaiae meos a esig mo esig mo iis cyce coiios a mecaica eecio eices may a e icooae wii a gie moig sysem o aow e o o u a e aes seciie a o easoay assue e coiue oeaio o e macie wiou ea o as agig u i e mo Oiousy ay mecaica moeme o acuaig kockou eices mus aso icue a sysem o e eseig o e i ae o eu o e is io o e e so usuay accomise y use o kock-ou-ae eu is ey ae ou is sigy oge a e kockou soke wic coac e mo ase o e cosig io o ay ieeece o e is wi e caiy o coe memes

2.4 Mld l Mo eease is aece y a ume o acos Some moig comous sow ee mo eease a oes u i as ee ou a ese comous equey ae oe isaaages suc as geae sikage a ess goss I is easy o uesa wa goss as o o wi e mo eease esis wic

eeo e gaiy o osy suace wi eease om e mo ee a smoo ig-goss esis owee ee simia maeias may ay i mo eease oeies

is oem may e aeiae y cagig e mo esig o oe o moe o e moig coiios wiou eecig e e oeies o e moe a Mo eease may e aece i e mo is acke oo igy i a eo o euce o coo sikage Aso a moe iece may sick i e iecio ime is oo og a e a as suk o e coe a oem may e aeiae y eucig e iecio ime O e oe a e cyce may e oo so o aow e moe a o sik away om e caiy was eeoe e

ime o e iecio sou e egee

Mo eease agey ee o e egee o e ois o e isie aces o e mo oe suace iises wii a mo o a ee-aw iem wi ecie wee i ca e eece easiy o wi sick o e caiy o coe a o e mo Eoug a mus aways e oie eseciay i ee aw aices eese

a o eaiey saig sie was sou e aoie weee ossie

2. Addtv t th lt

A wie age o aiies may e use io e asic maeia eoe moig o eace is e-use oeies e mos commo a e useu igeie is

igmeaio o e cooig o e asic e ee e coo e ee wi e e sae o e asic i meas saaiiy

ey eaiy o coo e igmes ca e icooae i a ume o ways e geaes egee o igme isesio is accomise oug comouig wic is eome i seaae aciiies a is usuay e mos eesie meo We comoue coos ae seciie ieoy o e 7

asic ecomes a mao coce eseciay we a ume o coos may e icue i e oucio sceue e mos commo a e mos wiey use meo is y cooig a oceue caie ou comeey wii e moes a iey iie aices o igme ae ume wi asic maeia a aee o e suace o e ees oug e saic cage eeoe y mos esis I some isaces a coaig o weig age may e use i coucio wi e y igme suc as e aiio o a sma amou o a oeacie oi o e mi o isue igme aesio o e asic aices y cooig is e mos ecoomica sysem u oes ae some isaaages Sice e igme is oy us aee o e suace o e asic cae mus e eecise i aseig e maeia o e oe Cooig ca ge io e suouig ai a coamiae oe coos wic may e use o oe macies i e so oes coe sou e use o eac ess e egee o isesio wi mos asics maeias is o o e same quaiy as oaie y e oe meos e scew asicao as geay aie i isesio Oe igeies ae oe ae o e asic suc as aioias saiies uicas a e ike I some isaces ese ca e ae i e moig a u e es esus ae aciee we ese igeies ae comoue io e ase esi o io coceaes omay ese igeies ae use i sma ooios a isesig em is mos iicu wi e y-umig ecique

2.6 Mld Shrn Mos oasic maeias sow eaiey sma cages i iea easio a coacio ue e iuece o e emeaue aiaio O e oe a mos asics eiis cosieae imesioa cage ue o eiomea cages eas e mos sigiica cage i e asics imesios occus wi e ase cage causig e geaes coce o mo makes a e mo esiges I aso eeses a mao oem o e iecio moe We goig oug e oma cyce o soi sae o asic me a ack o soi sae asics eii imesioa cages wic ay wiey om oe esi o aoe ee is o acica way o accuaey eicig e eac sikage aowace o ay asic maeia A cocee eo as ee eee uig e as ew yeas aicuay y e aw maeia suies o eeo meaigu a useu aa o e suec o e sikage ASM a se u a seciicaio o eemiig mo sikage (-955 u as wi mos aoaoy eemiaios e ae eeoe as ie o meaig o e moe sice e as e mus ouce aey coom o e imesios o e es as o iscs Aso oe aiaes suc as gaig a geomey aiaios i e wa ickess a e eiciecy o e macie ise ca make is aa o oy meaigess u aso miseaig Mos asics egiees mus ey o ei as eeiece o wi e maeia ue cosieaio a e ye o a ey ae esigig o i oe o cosey aoimae e sikage aowace o e mae o a aicua mo esig A ceai amou o sikage is ieiae i ay ocess a ioes cooig o a maeia om a eeae emeaue Mo sikage mus e ake io accou we a mo is esige y aowig o a cacuae sikage ase o e oeies o e esis e iecio moe ca ee ecessie sikig wic wi make cose oeace imossie y cooig e oeaio coiios suc as moig a 29

e owe iecio emeaues uig a co mo o y ackig e mo ackig ca e aciee y moig a eie moeae me emeaues a ig me essues owee ecessie emeaue o essue may cause a mo o as Aoe meas o eucig mo sikage is oug e use o e ig me essue a eee iecio ime aowig aiioa esi o ow io e mo as e maeia i e mo coos a siks agai ackig e mo as muc as ossie so o causig e mo o as o e a o sick i e caiy

2.6. t Mld Shrn nd Wrpn asicay e sikage i e mo is ue o e ema cages i e asic wie i is i e mo e os-mo sikage ees o e coacio o e soiiie a eece moe a ue iciay o eaaio o moe-i sesses wic is geeay comee wii oe ay ae a eecio Aoug i may iecio-moe as sikage oes o ay oo imoa a oe i ceai aicaios i ca ese a ouesome oem o e moe I cosues a i ieces wic ae o ecome comoes o a assemy oo muc o oo ie sikage ca e a ai cause o e eecio o e a I aiio uee sikage causes waage o e moe iems ouiom sikage o a moe a ae i is eece om e mo is eig o wisig ou o sae aes o oy is imesios u aso is coous a ages Waage occus maiy i age a e a moe aices a oug uesiae i ay moig is aicuay so n suc iems as coaie coes cosues o aioas We a a is eece om e mo i assumes is aua sae y eieig e sesses imose uo i wie eig sae i e mo i e iscous sae e oem o e moe a aso a iicu oe is o miimie 3

e iea sesses wic e a may ae ememe a eiee em we cooig i o oom emeaue e ocke-i sesses ae geeae i e mo y suc oeaig coiios as ecessie moig essues uee mo cooig o oo ow a me emeaue ee is o sige cea-cu emey o e waage e iea sesses se u i e moe a uig i-mo cooig may e euce y ausig mo coiios eesigig e a o e mo swicig o aoe esi o some comiaio o ese ses Geeay e es esisace o waage esus om maimum me emeaue ig mo emeaue miimum iecio essue a so iecio ime Moig a ig me emeaue es o imiis e easic memoy o e esi a us euce e eecy o ceae e sesses a mig cause waig uig a wam mo aows sesses o eiee emsees eoe e me ses o eees a wi aso euce e eecy o waage I aiio uiom mo emeaues ae a mus o ouce wa-ee as a esig a mo esig ae muc o o wi e waig Waage may e icease o isace i e a as geay issimia wa secios i e gae is ocae i a i secio o e a i e sue is ooy ace o i e mo is ui u o ie suaces wi uequa ea issiaio

2. Qlt Cntrl Eac comay as a iee ieeaio o e ee o a egee o quaiy coo eeeess some measue o a useuess mus e mae I oe isace i may e quick isua isecio o e a o aeaace oy wie o e oe a aoaoy esig may e equie o eemie imesioa oeace a oe ysica oeies Ay isecio wi a o e cos o e ia a u is eeiue wi aso isue e useuess o e ouc a is 31 acceace y eues cusome I sou e cosiee as a o e cos o oig usiess Sime isecio a gage esig is oe oe ig a e moig macie makig e oeao iecy esosie o e quaiy o e as e is oucig wee quaiy coo aoaoies o isecio aciiies eis i may e ecessay o o a oucio ui i is aoe y ese aciiies eoe e moe as may e eiee io ieoy o sie ecause o e aue o some emoasics maeias some oeies may o e eeoe o ei maimum o seea ous o ee ays Wee a au is ucoee ae suc a ime ase a cosieae amou o oucio cou e aece I suc cases aoaoies oe eeoe a seey es o a eaoaio ase o e eious aa o eemie e acceace o e oucio owee is aoac ca oy oi o ossie oems wii e moig cyce o eomace o e oeaio ia acceace wou si e ase uo e esus o e comee esig ogam CAE CAM SYSEM

. Intrdtn

e ucio o e cam o e iecio moig macie is woo e ie oe is cae ae a e oe oe is moae suo e wo aes o e iecio mo a oe a cose e mo a e aoiae ime i e moig cyce e cam ui aso akes u e essue aie o e asic eig iece y e iecio ui uig e iecio a o e moig cyce o oose e iecio essue ecessay o eie e igy iscous me

o e mo equies a sigiica amou o oce Wiou aequae oce e mo wou simy oe a is aig ie a aow e moe maeia o escae e esu ca e a eec a o a mess wic wou equie ow ime o cea u a ee moe imoa i cou esu i esoa iuy o e oeao o oe eso i e iciiy

.2 r pltn e aes o a moig ess ae eay see aes o wic e aes o e mo ae aace I mos macie oeaios oe ae is igiy moue a is coesoigy cae e saioay ae e oe is moue so a i ca e moe as e cam mecaism is oee a cose e mos ae aace o ese aes eie y iec oig o oug e use o cams wic ae aace o e aes i a seies o caeuy sace ie a

ae oes is meo oies a gea egee o esaiiy o ay gie sie macie e saioay ae mus oie a ey o e oe o e

asiciig came A egise ig o ocaio eice is oie i is ae o oey aig e mo wi e oe

3 33

e moae ae mus icooae a eice o acuaig e a eecio sysem mos commoy y meas o some mecaica kockou a eesios wic ass oug e ae a coac e kockou ae ui io e mo ase Some macies ae equie wi yauic kockou aagemes wose acuaig cyies ae moue wii e coies o e saioay ae ecause o e emeous oces a may e aie uig e camig a iecio oio o e cyce e mo aes ae uggey ui As e ysica sie o e ess is icease age mos may e accommoae a cosequey e weig a may e susee om e ae ecomes geae I sou aso e ecogie a as e ess sie iceases ee is usuay a sigiica icease i e cam oce a is aaiae e ae e mus o oy e sog eoug o suo e ooig u aso e caae o wisaig e eig o eecio acio cause y e camig oce Ay seious isoio o e ae ca cause e mo o as a ca ea o seee wea a amage o e ess ise

. tn f th St e camig sysem o e iecio-moig macies ae omia aigs i os o cam oce a ca e eee Aoug macies ae ui o ceai saas o oie a gie oce iiiua uis ca ay somewa om ei esig aigs A age oosig oce wi e equie o kee e mo cose a us ouce acceae moe as As e a e ecomes geae a as e wa ickess ecomes ess e oosig cam oce wi ecome geae Aoug e iecio essue i a gie sysem may e i e age o 15 o si 3

bl Aoimae Cam oces o Iecio So Caaciies

Clp fr Sht z tn n

0 2 Upt 2 2 0 4 0 00 2 0 00 0 0 200 4 2 200 20 6 0 20 00 8 40 00 0 0 0 0 400 20 60 400 40 2 0 40 00 0 80 00 600 40 00 600 00 0 20 00 800 60 40 800 00 0 80 00 000 80 200 000 200 00 00 200 00 20 400 00 2000 0 600 2000 4000 200 00 35

A Acuaig uge emoae Sace C Mo Iecio oe E ie ae Moae ae G ie a Cyie ase ae I Camig Cyie

r 6 Scemaic iagam o a asic yauic Cam Sysem 3

essue os i e cyie oug e oe a io e mo cause a

oss i e oa aaiae essue a cosequey e eecie essue wii e caiy o e maeia may e oy 5 o 5 ece o e oigia saig essue Wi scew-ye asicaos iecio essues ae euce

imaiy ecause o e geae egee o omogeiaio o e me

.4 Effn f th Clp

e omia cam-oce aigs ae aoace u aey eace i acua moig macies A aicua ui may e esige o a seciic seg aco

u moe a ikey i wi o ae e eac oce iicae

Sice i e couse o ay esig cacuaio ee ae may a-o acos wic wi iicae e ee o moe cam oce a e eoeica aue ay

oss i eiciecy ca usuay e egece Aso as e macie is use is eiciecy wi coiue o a o om is oigia aig eeoe ay macie

a as ee i oeaio o ay eg o ime sou e cosiee as aig a owe cam oce a we i was ew I cacuaios iicae a e cam

oce o a macie may e ae y a aicua o oe aeues sou e soug o e uig o is o

Oe aoac ca e eesig o e mo o equie ess cam oce y

eucig e oece aea e oe oe mig e e coice o a maeia gae wi a owe ow aig o ess esisace o ow e ia coice may mea coosig a age ess aig a geae aaiae cam oce

. Opnn nd Cln St fr Mld

e ucio o e cam e o a iecio moig macie is oeig a cosig o e mo A e same ime i mus ae a meas o keeig e mo 37

igy cose uig e iecio cyce is ucio is eome y a mecaica o yauic eice o aesig e moae ae o e macie Mecaica eices o moig a ockig e moae ae cosis o ogge sysems wic ca e sige o muie moue ewee e moae ae a e ie aisock o e cam ui Wi e ogge i e oe o oe osiio e moae a saioay aes ae seaae a e mo is oe We e mo is cose e ogge am om a coiuous eam sucue a ca suo e u cam oce o e macie Cam sysems ca e aso e iec yauicay oeae yauic cam cyies ca eeo age cam oces u ey ae sow acig as comae wi ogge mecaisms yauic cam sysems ae usuay ou o e age caaciy macies wee ogge ikages a ca suo comaae camig essue may ecome oo age a cumesome o acica uoses i aiio o e sime mecaica-ogge a yauic sysems may o e ewes macies oe comiaios Sma as-acig ogges ae use o acuae e ae-moig mecaiesm coue wi e yauic cyies wic io ay uig e ia camig a e acua iecio cyce o ay e u cam essue o e macie CAE 4 SYSEMS O IECIO MOIG MACIE

4. drl St e ucio o e yauic sysem i iecio moig macie is o asmi

e owe om eecic moo o e aious moig as o e macie a o coo e owe A eecica coo sysem eguaes e yauic sysem o coo e iecio oce see a sequece o e macie cyce e asic comoes o e yauic sysem ae 1-ui eseoi -ums

3-aes -cyies

5-yauic moos e yauic uis asmis e owe ougou e yauic sysem a

uicaes e ums nd aes It is imoa o oow e ecommeaios o e macie mauacue o e yauic-equime suie i seecig e

ui o e use e yauic ies om assageways i wic e ui om oe comoe

o e oe i e cicui e ies may e seamess see ues oses o e

yauic oi may ow oug ie maios e eseoi is simy a soage ak o e yauic ui I aiio i es o kee e ui cea y aowig coamias o see ou a i aso miimies uuece a issiaes ea

4.2 drl p e um uses e ui oug e ies e ums mos commoy use o iecio-moig macies ae e aace-ae ye e umig ui o

3 39

caige icues a cam ig a soe oo a aes e ewee wi a wea ae a essue ae a e sies ockes ae ome y eac wo aace aes e ig oo a e sie aes As e um oaes e oume o eac ocke ecome age o smae as e coou o e cam ig uses e aes i a ou o e oo sos os i e sie aes coece o e um ie o ami oi io e oaig caige o i e ockes as ey icease i sie Oe os i e sieaes ae coece o e um iscage o a acce oi iscage om e oaig caige we e ocke ecease i oume wo ie os ae iameicay oosie eac oe as ae e wo essue (oue os o oie e yauic aace wic eimiaes a essue-iuce oas esuig i oge um ie a ess maieace e um ca aso e cae oay ui moos sice ey ima oay moio o a oa I geea ey emi a eeme age o see ausmes a ae a goo aio o sie a weig o oseowe ui moos ca e sae ou ue oa wiou amage ae ye ums ca oeae a essue i ecess o si ei maimum see is geeay aou m wi e maimum ouu aig o 15 Eea-su-gea ye ums ae aaiae i a age o sies wi eak oeaig essue o 15 si o see o m a maimum ouu o 5 Iea gea moes ae aaiae wi see caaiiies u o 3 m ey geeay eeo u o 3 a 1 si iso-ye yauic moos ca geeay eeo u o 3 a oi essue o 3 si wi some moes o oeae a essue u o 5 si Coiuous oeaig sees age u o a maimum o 5 m 40

4.2. Oprtn lv nd Cntrl e eie ae imis e maimum essue i e yauic cicui Sice e

um is a osiie isaceme ui i coiuous o us ou oi egaess o e esisace wic e ow ecoues e eie ae is eee o yass ecess oi ack o e ak a oec e yauic sysem a macie agais ecessie essue

A uoaig ae is use o um e ow o oi om oe um wie oig essue wi aoe um is ye o um is geeay use wi a oue um o cosee owe a ea y uoaig e age-oume um wie oig essue wi e sma-oume um A ceck ae emi ow i oe iecio a ees ow i e oe

iecio A ig sig o e oe o is sea We e essue o e

ie o oecome e sig oce e oe is o is sea a ow asses om e ie o e oue o I e eese iecio essue aie o e oue o as o e sig essue oig e oe cose so ee is o eese ow A ow-coo a eie ae eguaes e ae o ow a imis e maimum essue i a yauic ie I is commoy use o coo e see o a yauic moo iig e scew o e iecio-moig macies Soeoi-oeae iecioa aes coo e iecio o e oi ow

ey may e eie soeoi-oeae o soeoi-cooe a io-oeae

4.2.2 drl Mtr nd Clndr yauic moos ae use o coe yauic eegy (essue a ow o

mecaica eegy ei oeaio is eese o a ums We oi is use io oe o a iscage om aoe e moo oaes i oe iecio I e ow is eese e iecio o e oaio is eese Sice o ceiuga oce eiss ui e moo egis o oae sigs ae use ei 1

e aes o o em i ace agais e ig Uike moos cyies ae iea acuaos wic coe yauic eegy io mecaica eegy Oi oce i e oe e o e cyie causes e iso a o o moe i oe iecio I e ow o oi is eese e moeme is eese

4. drl ld I e eaig cyie o e moig macie ca e eae as e ea o e sysem e i oows e yauic-oi ies ae e oo o e ocess e seecio o e oi is ey imoa aco eeoe seious cosieaio sou e ake wie seecig e oi

4.4 drl Ar A moe moig-macie ae equie wi e ecessay ieig sysems a a a o ay goo maieace ogam icues e egua isecio o ese sysems Maiaiig e yauic ui a e oe ak ee makig sue a e iecio macie is oeae a e oe emeaue ees a assuig a e oi is eig ceae a iee ae a-imoa o e coiue oue-ee oeaio o e macie e oe ye o e sysem wic is ey imoa i case o accuacy aceieme is cae a eecica sysem

4.4 h Eltrl St o ee a accuae ucios e iecio-moig macie oows a ogamme sequece o ees o e ecise coo o ea e oe imig o iecio essues a cooig a secia macie sequeces a e ee-omia ee o saey o esoe a equime Mos iecio

a e oeao as e uamea kowege o e macies eecica cicuis

4. Eltrl Cntrl e eecica coo sysem sees as e ee a memoy cee o ogam a sequece e macie cyces Is uose is o sese ogam e esus a cause a acio o ake ace osiio is sese oug e use o e imi swices cage i e ea oug emocoues a cages i essue oug essue swices Ae aayig e icomig sigas a makig a ogamme ecisio e coo sysem asses is ecisio o o e io oeaig eices wic coe e eecica siga io mecaica moios us esuig i e esie acio

ee ae seciic ye o e eices aaiae o e iee ucios

is ee is moo o ime moe a e e sesig eices e coo sysems suc as moo saes eae coacos a eays a iay e uimae oa coos suc as soeois o eae as e eecic moo o moos use i e aeage iecio ess mus ae a ig eakow oque Mos moos oeae o o os a ae cosa-see yes wi e iec ikage o a um o ums Some oeig equime uses ua-see moos aicuay wee a eecic ie is suie o e oaio o e scew Wee eecica eegy is e iec

iig oce o e scew sysem see-eucio geas ae usuay use so a e ige oque ca e geeae a e scew see ca e aie as

eee o seciic maeias a moig aicaios e use o eecica a mecaica eegy is useu o eey sysem a e comiaio is wiey use 3

bl 4 yica Seciicaio o a ig Quaiy uie Oi Use as a yauic ui

OEY l t ndx 8 t t 00 dr 2 fhrnht, S.S.U. r pnt, S.S.U. 6000 St ln 2

trlztn nbr 0.06

4.6 ntnl Cntrl Coo eices ake may oms o i ysica aeaacea i ei

ucioa oeaio e mos wiey use eice is e eay egaess o e aicaio e uose is aways o swic a coo cicui om oe ucio o aoe A eay is comose o a coi a mageic sucue a amaue a a se o coacs We e cue is aie o e coi a coacs cage om ei oma o ei eegie swicig osiio

Coacos ae e eices wic ae simia o eays i geea oeaio

ei uose is o swic cicuis ece a uike eays ey ae esige o cay eaie oas o cues Coacos ae usuay sie accoig o e cue-cayig caaciy o e coacs Oeaioay ee is o ieece

ewee a coaco a a eay Mageic saes ae eices use o coo e saig a e soig o e moos asicay ey ae coacos wi ae eaues

Soeois ae eices use o oai a saig-ie moio ey ae aaiae i us o u yes o may e oue-acig e u o a soeoi mus a a imes ecee e oa i i ess e soeoi acio wi e suggis a may o comee e soke I e case o e soeoi-oeae ae as use i iecio-moig macies suc suggis acio wou mea a e

ae soo wou o comee is soke eey eeig oi om assig oug is oe essue o ak o

Wi auomaic maciey aious yes o siga o eecio eices ae use o cause e coos o oey ogam ei esecie ucios ese eices ae ou i may oms u ei uose is aways o eie siga a cage i oeaio ese a waig o iicae some oe acio ee ae imi swices o sese a eec osiio o essue a acuum swices 5 wic sese ig ow essues o acuum ees oa swices wic eec iqui ees a emeaue eecos o sese ea

imes ae a om o coo use i ocess ogammig o siga ease o eaye ime o a cycic sequece e eecoic ime is usuay use o ecise eeiie accuacy eseciay i e sma sie age Wee ime seig o 3 o 15 secos ae equie aog wi e eea seigs ai eeiie accuacy a wee sime eai a maieace is aowae e sycoous-moo ime is e mos ecoomica I e asic iusy ea ays a imoa oe Aog wi ea ee mus e a goo accuae ye o

e emeaue coo Oe o e mos eicie coo isume is e yomee wic uses a emocoue o miio iu oages geeae y

e emocoue oeae e emeaue-ciae miiomee wic iicaes emeaue a ig io acio aious meas o eomig coo ucios e eecomoie oce geeae a e emocoue i is amiie a acuae e mee eeme o moe a iicao oie acoss e caiae scae I e oie is eow a se oi eecoic acio wii e isume eegies e eay wic oug eea cicuiy causes e eae o eegie We e oie as eace e ese oi e eay eeegies causig e eaes o eeegie I is oug is o-a-o acio a e

yomee coos ea wii aow imis O mos iecio-moig macies e ae-eae as ae geeay mae i wo aes a came o e cyie wi e sa o a cam eice

Eac a eae as is ow seaae -o wiig CAE

IECIO MOIG ECIQUES

. l ldn oow asics oucs suc as a squeee oes mik oes ue aks oys oi coaies cemica aks uiue eecica ousig ae ow moue

iee ocesses ae use u asicay a o em ae simia e asic ocess ioes oucig a asic aiso o eom (ue ie o es ue asic sae acig is eom io a cose wo ae mo iecio o ai io e eae aiso o ow i ou agais e mo caiy cooig o e eae aiso oeig o e mo a emoig e igi ow moe a ow moig ecique asicay iie io ee caegoies amey e eusio ow moig ocess wic iciay uses as usuoe aiso a e iecio ow moig ocess wic uses a eom suoe o a mea coe i e i mao caegoy is cae e sec-ow moig

ocess Sec-ow moig ca e sae wi eie e eusio o iecio ow moig ocess y secig a escie emeaue e oeies o may asics ca e sigiicay imoe oiig cos / eomace aaages ese ocesses oie iee aaages o ouce a ye o oucs; so i is ecessay o eamie e ocess o e use ase o ouc / eomace equiemes maeia eomace a e oucio quaiy As a eame e asic oe oes moe a o e ouc I comies saey ig weig esig eeom aeaig coos a ow eegy usage

Oe acos o e eamie i e ow coaie ca e e esie se ie moisue aie oyge aie o seg ea isoio comaiiiy o

7

asic a ouc o oa eiomea sess cackig caiy equiemes cooig o e asic maeia a cos I eusio ow moig e aaages icue ig ae o oucio

ow ooig cos ow ae wae wie seecio o macie mauacue isaaages ae usuay ig sca ae ecycig o e sca imie wa ickess coo o maeia isiuio e ac a e immig ca e accomise i e mo o ceai ye mo o secoay immig oeaios ae o icue i e oucio ies Wi iecio ow moig e mao aaages icue e ac a o sca o as is moe es wa ickess a maeia isiuio coo es suace iis o e a ow oume oucio quaiies wic ae ecoomicay easie isaaages ae ig ooig cos o ae wae e ac a ase o e cos o ouce age eue ow moe as e iecio ow moe is imie o smae sies Aaages a isaaages ae simia o e sece ow moig e mao aaage is a cos / eomace ca e sigiica o ceai sies o oucs suc as e caoae eeages oe Imoa acos o e cosie we eamie e ow moe ocess o e use usuay sa wi e a sie ume o e mauacue esig / sae a cos imiaios

.2 Extrn l Mldn I eusio ow moig a aiso is ome y a eue e asic ees ae mee y ea wic is asee om e ae a y e seaig acio o e eue scew as ey ass oug e eue e eica igs o e scew cage coiguaio aog is eg om iu o ouu es o esue a uiomy omogeeous me

uig coiuousy e scew ees e me oug e ie ea as a eess aiso o io a accumuao e sie o e a a e amou o e maeia ecessay o ouce e a (so sie icae wee o o a accumuao is equie e o-accumuao macie oes a uieue ow o e asic me Wi e accumuao e ow o e aiso oug e ie is cycic e coecig cae ewee e eue a e accumuao a wii e accumuao ise ae esig eoogicay o ee esicios a mig imee e ow o cause e me o ag u ow a sou ae ow esisace o me ow o aoi acig a uecessay oa o e eue o esue a e eas ea isoy is eeoe uig ocessig e esig o e accumuao sou oie a e is maeia o ee e accumuao is e is o eae we e am emies e came; a e came sou e cose o oay emie o eac soke We e aiso o ue eis e ie a eeo a ese eg a si caiy mo coses aou e aiso a ices oe e Comesse ai iaes e aiso agais e oow ow mo suaces wic coos e iae aiso o e ow mo coiguaio Uo coac wi e coo mo wa e asic coos a se e a sae e mo oes eec e a a coses aou e aiso o eea e cyce aious eciques ae use o iouce ai io e aiso I may e accomise oug e eusio ie mae oug a ow i oe wic e e o e aiso as oe oug ow ea aie o e mo o oug owig eees a iece e aiso e wa isiuio a e ickess o e ow a ae usuay cooe y aiso ogammig ow aio a e a coiguaio 9

e mo camig meos ae yauic a / o ogge acuaio Suicie ayig i e mo ae aea is equie o accommoae aiso sysem uscewig equime Camig sysem ay ase o e a coiguaio asicay ee eis ee yes e "-sae" as e iig ie a a age o 9 egees o e cee ie o e eue e "-sae" as e aig ie iie wi e eue cee ie Mo oeig is eeicua o e macie cee ie e i meo is e gay ye e eue/ie ui is aage ieeey o e camig ui is aageme emis e cam o e osiioe i eie e "" o "" sae wiou eig ie iecy io e eue e asic eusio ow moig macie cosiss o a eue coss- ea ie camig aageme a mo aiaios icue muie eues o co-eusio o wo o moe maeias aiso ogamme o sae e aiso o mac come ow a saes a e muie saio cam sysems o imoe ouu oug e use o e muie mos

. Injtn l Mldn I iecio ow moig a eom is ome y a coeioa iecio moig macie asicao e iecio moig macie ieco oies a oimum asics me wi e uiomy omogeeous me a is eeaae is asic me is iece io e eom caiy omig e eom aou e coe o I oo esig e coe o a e aiso ae ey imoa Eac coaie o e ow moe as is uique aiso a coe o esig 5

ESS AE

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r Parison being extruded

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1 / 1 1 i I

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Blown container being ejected r Eusio ow Moig 51

lvxvl

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. M

l ldn nd jtn r Iecio ow Moig 5

e seco sage cosiss o aseig e iecio moe eom ia eie e coe o o e eck ig io e ow mo A is saio comesse ai ees oug e coe o o sea ig a e eom is ow io e ow mo coiguaio I is e i e co ow mo ui e maeia is se a e e ai is eause a e ow oe eece Macies ae use wi om wo o si saios I e wo-saio macie e iise coaie is eece ae e ow mo oes a e ow saio y ai essue o y mecaica meas I e moe coeioa ee- saio macie e iise coaie says wi e coe i as i is iee o e i saio wee eecio ake ace ou ie a si-saio macies ae aaiae ese aiioa saios ae use o ue ocessig o e coaies suc as ecoaig osiio o e ow as iig ee ae ee seea ye o macies aaiae wi iee meos o asoig e coe o om oe saio o oe ese icue e sue wo-osiio oay aia moeme a oay wi ee o moe saios use i e coeioa iecio moig camig uis

.4 Strth l Mldn e sec-ow ocess ca gie may esis imoe ysica a aie oeies I iaia oieaio oes ae sece egwise y a eea gie o y iea sec o a e sec aiay y ow ai o om e iise coaie agais e mo was is ocess aigs e moecues aog wo aes oiig aiioa seg a ee moe imoa ee aie oeies e ae ossie wiou iaia oieaio Oe aaages icue ee caiy icease 53 imac seg o ougess a euce cee e acua icease is eee o e aio o ow-u i eac iecio Sec ow moig is ossie o emoasic maeias suc as E C oysyee acyoiie oyoyee a aceas e amooous maeia wi e wie age o emoasiciy ae easie o Sec ow a e aiay cysaie yes Wi e aiay cysaie ye i e cysaiig is oo ai e oe is iuay esoye Sec-ow ocessig ca e seaae io wo caegoies i-ie a wo-sage I-ie ocessig is oe o a sige macie wie wo sage ocessig equies a iecio ie o ouce eoms a a eea ow macie o make e iise oes I e i-ie a iecio moe aiso asses oug e coiioig saios a ig i o e oe oieaio emeaue A ae ig emeaue oie is e i e aia iecio o e eom Aaages o e i-ie sysems ae a ea isoy is miimie a e eom ca e ogamme o oima maeia isiuio i i is maiaie ue coiuous coo Wi e wo-sage e ocess uses eue o iecio moe eoms a ae ee cooe a iees em oug a oe a eeas em o e oe oieaio-ow emeaue Aaages o ese ocesses ca e e ac a sca oucio is miimie imoe ea iis ige ouu aes a e caaiiy o sockie eoms

. tn Injtn Mldn is ocess ioes e ig essue imigeme miig o wo o moe eacie iqui comoes a iece io a cose mo a ow essue Wi IM ecoogy cyce ime o miues a ess ae ee aciee i oucio o moig age a ick as icia asic use is 5

emooyueae (U oe maeia s use ae emoasic yo; emose oyese a eoy e aaages o e IM oe iecio moig icue e moig o e as age a 1 ous ey ca e mae o e oucio asis usig ie was ecause o e owe ocessig iscosiies o usig ey ick was ecause cuig is uiom ougou e a ee ae oems associae wi is meo owee e ack o e suiae iea eease as mae e IM ocess ao-iesie u cages ae ow occuig o sigiicay euce o eimiae is oem e moe oyueae aiuy eouces e suace o e mo a es o sick o em Oigiay e aicaio o e mo-eease ages was ecessay wi eac cyce o e IM ecoogy Ae oymeiaio i e mo is o coee wi e mo-eease age e a wi aee o e mo makig i iicu o emoe om e mo I iew o ese occueces e mo maeia sou e igy oisae a aae wi icke is coaig as oe o e e mos eecie i ouc emoa I e ocesses o iecio moig o emoasic iecio moe emose sucua oam moig a eaae oysyee moig we ae eaig wi e maeias wic ae cemicay comee comous eay o coesio io iise a e maeias ae eceie om e suies wi e ceai oeies ase o e es a iomaio a ecoe i maeia ocessig aa sees e ocessos ae eece o coe ese maeias io e oucs wi simia mecaica eecica a eiomea caaceisics as iicae o e aa sees e ocessos aso uise wi e age o moig aamees a sou e oimie o aai e esie oucio oeies I eacio iecio moig e saig oi o e coesio ocess ae iqui cemica comoes ese comoes ae 5 5

trd t n prpr rt, xd, nd njtd nt ld hr th fnhd prdt frd. In rlt, t hl nd ldn prtn bnd nt n t f ldn n hh th r trl nt prprd pnd bt hl nrdnt tht ll fr pnd hn ldd nt fnhd prt. h hl r hhl tlzd t nd xtrl ft rtn rt. h trl tht lnd thlv t th pr r rthn, px, pltr, , nd thr tht n b frltd t t th pr rrnt. h t pd f th flln lnt: . Chl pnnt tht n b bnd t prd th trl f drd phl nd nvrnntl prprt. rll, th frltn nt f t ld hl pnnt tht hv tbl ddtv nd r ppld t th prr b hl pn. 2. A hl prn tp, hh tr, tr, nd x th pnnt rd fr ntrdtn nt th ld. . fltt th ntn prtn, ldn rrnnt ntn f ld, ldrl ppltn t, nd trppn r. h f th prtn ll dpnd n th prr nld f: . h htr f th t pnnt nd h t p th n d rn rdr. 2. t p th hl djnt n prpr fntnn ndtn tht th xtr ntrn th ld ll prd th xptd rlt. . Mld dn ll th ppltn f xlr flt tht ll brn bt f th prdt rvl nd ld fntnn thn rnbl l. IM ldn nr vn prd t th nvntnl njtn ldn. h t ld rthn pnnt r njtd nrll t r tprtr, nd tpl ld tprtr 0 dr. Al, n th trl xpndd ftr njtn, vr l lp prr (00 p r rrd. 5

Sice iea mo essues wou o omay ecees 1 si e camig equiemes o IM ae susaiay owe a a o emoasic ocessig Cacuaios ae ee oe o e a a sow a a cam equieme o 5 o 5 os ecessay o ouce a a om coeioa iecio moe emoasic oyueae ca e euce o ess a 1 os o IM e oucio o oyueae easomes ioes e cooe oymeiaio o a isocyaae a og- cai-ackoe oyo a a soe- cai eue o coss-ike e eacio ae ca e cooe oug e use o e seciic caays comous we kow i e iusy o oie suicie ime o ou o oewise ase e mi a o cue e oyme suiciey o aow aig o e esy emoe a e use o e owig age aows e omaio o e eiie ceua coe as we as a ooous ski oucig a iega sawic-ye coss secio eacio iecio moig ioes ey accuae miig a meeig o wo igy caays iqui ueae comous oyo a isocyaae e oyo comoes coais e oyee ackoe a cai eee o coss-ikig age a a caays A owig age is geeay icue i eie e oyo o isocyaae comoe I oe o aciee e oima i ysica oeies a a aeaace isaaeous a omogeeous miig is ecessay Isuicie miig esus eie i e suace eecs o e a o a e ime o e osue eamiaio o iseig e ueae iqui comoes ae soe a a cosa emeaue i a y ai o ioge eiome ese comoes ae eiee o ig essue meeig ums o cyies a isese e esecie maeias a ig essue a accuae aes o a miig ea e maeia ae mie y e 57 seam imigeme Aiioa miig is geeay ecouage ia a saic mie icooae io e ue sysem o e mo oowig e iecio o e cemicas e owig age eas e maeia o i e mo e eee oue o ig-oume IM mauacuig is muie cams e om a sige meeig umig ui e ogic eig a is is e mos eicie way o uiie e caaciy o e mo iig equime

5 d Injtn Mldn e ocess o iqui iecio moig as ee use oge a IM om e acica iew ese wo meos ae simia ei coce o auomae ow essue ocessig o e iqui emoses i coee iecio macies as cocusiey emosae aaages o ase cyces owes ao aes owe caia iesme eegy saig a sace saigs eaie o e coeioa oig ecasuaio comessio ase ocesses a coeioa iecio moig A mao aicaio o e IM-siicoes coiues o e ecasuaig eecica / eecoics eices e usua IM sysem asicay uses wo o moe ums a moes e comoes o e iqui sysem o a miig ea eoe ey ae oce io e eae mo caiy i oce ee ae sysem i wic scew miig is use simia o coeioa iecio moig

57 Strtrl Injtn Mldn oame emoasic aices ae a ceua coe wi eaiey ese ski e oam eec is aciee y e isesio o e ie gas ougou e moe esi iecy eoe e moig Ioucio o e gas is usuay caie ou y eie e-eig e esi wi e cemica owig age wic eeases gas we eae o y iec iecio o e gas 5

COO O OU COMOE SUYAK CAAYS SUY AK 1-••••••••••••••••■••■••

ESSUE EGUAE ESSUE I ESSUE EQUIE (EEMIES OW AE O MAEIA EQUIE EOYME +i+ i SUY AK +- CAOACAM SUY AK IE CYIE SO•OUME COO (AUSAE ESSUE COO O OUCOMO E AUSAE MEEIG EQUIE ESSUE CAAYS AUSAE EQUIE MEEIG

COO AIO CECK CAAYS AIO CECK -1 EE-WAY AE EE-WAY AE

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EE-WAY AE EE-WAY AE 0, A :t4 IECO SOE AK EOYME AKE EE AE O AIO CECK —MIE CAOACAM AKE OUG MIE O AIO CECK

r iqui Iecio moig 59

We e comesse gas / esi is aiy iece io e mo caiy e gas eas eosiey a oces e maeia io a as o e mo e aaages o ese ye o oam moigs ae 1 o a gie weige ey ae may imes moe igi a a soi moig ey ae amos comeey ee om oieaio eecs a e sikage is uiom 3 ey ick secio ae moe wiou sik maks oame asic aices may e ouce wi goo esus usig oma scew-ye iecio moig macies owee e imiaio o e so sie iecio see a e ae aea imose y e coeioa iecio equime ee e u age-a caaiiies o a sucua oam om eig eaie Seciaie oam moig macies cuey i use ca ouce as weigig i ecess o 5 kg Wa secios i oam moig ae icke a i soi maeia oge cyce imes eeoe e eece ue o o e wa ickess a e ow ema couciiy o e ceua maeia I coas owee e iecio essues i oam moig ae ow we comae wi e coeioa iecio moig is meas a ess camig oce is eee e ui aea o moig a mo coss ae ess ecause owe seg mo maeias may e use A ece eeome i is ie is a ocess o ciess wic a acoym o coo iecio essue I is ocess a gas omay ioge is iece io e asic me as i ees e mo e coiios ue wic is occus mus e ecisey cooe i oe o ouce amia ow e gas oes o mi wi e me u oms e coiues cae wic ecause e suace esio o e asic oes o eak oug o e suace o e mo e gas oows e a o e eas esisace a e cee o e me a e esuig moig cosiss o "o-secio" ie oow secios suoue y a soi ski e ciess ocess ca e use o mo esige o sucua oam moig aoug e es esus ae aciee i mos seciay esige o e ocess As wi sucua oam moig e mo is iece wi a "so so" a i is e essue o e gas wic oces e asic agais e mo a us ee ae o sik maks owee cyces imes ae eoe o e oy aou a o ose o simia sucua oam moigs u i case o saig maeia as we as cos o e ocess aoe meo o moig is ey commo kow as sawic moig

.8 Sndh Mldn is is a iecio moig meo wic emis maeia coss o e euce i age moigs I mos moig i is e oue suace o a aice wic is imoa i em o eomace i seice I a aice as o e ick i oe a i wi ae a aequae eua siess e e maeia wii e coe o e aice is wase ecause is oy ucio is o kee e oue suace aa e iosoy o e sawic moig is a wo iee maeias sou e use o e coe a e ski a is a eesie ig eomace maeia is use o e ski a a ow-cos commoiy o ecyce asic is use o e coe Iiiay e ski maeia is iece u o suicie o i e mo e coe maeia is e iece a i ows amiay io e ieio o e coe iay e oe ae oaes so a e ski maeia is iece io e coe eey ceaig e ae o e coe maeia i eaaio o e e so I a ume o e cases e coe maeia is oame o ouce a sawic secio wi a i soi ski a a ceua coe I is ieesig a i e ece aicaios o sawic moig i is e coe maeia wic is eig egae 1 as e ciica comoe is is o mee esig equiemes o e comues a eecoic equimes asic wi e ig oaig o coucie ie meas a e suace iis is oo a uaacie o oecome is e sawic moig eciques ca e use i a a goo quaiy suace ca e moe usig a iee asic

. hrfrn We e emoasic see is eae i ecomes so a iae a e eciques o saig is see ae kow as emoomig I e eay sages o is meo i is oy imie o ackagig aicaios I ece yeas owee ee ae ee mao aaces i macie esig a maeia aaiaiiy wi e esu a aoug ackagig is si e mao make seco o e ocess a wie age o e oe oucs ae mae y emoomig ese icue aica wiow eeas eigeao ies as swic aes ca umes mooike aiigs e em emoomig icooaes a wie age o ossiiiies o see omig u asicay ee ae wo su-iisios acuum omig a essue omig

.. rn I is ocessig meo a see o emoasic maeia is eae a e sae y eucig e ai essue ewee i a a mo e simes ye o acuum omig is kow as egaie omig a is caae o oiig e e o aw wic is 1/3-1/ o e maimum wi e icie is ey sime

eae os is see • • • • • • •

es

Figure 11 acuum omig

Figure 10 Sages i iqui Iecio Moig 3

acuum is aie o e icke sees i is esseia o ae eaig om o sies I some cases egaie omig wou o e suiae ecause e sae ome wou ae a wa ickess i e coes wic is cosieay ess a a cose o e cam I is was o acceae e e same asic sae cou e ouce y osiie omig I is case e mae mo is use io e eae see eoe e acuum is aie is gies e ee isiuio o e maeia a eee saes ca e ome e o wi aios o 11 ae ossie is meo is aso cae as ae omig Aoe aeaie wou e o ae a emae mo u ae e eaig sage a eoe e acuum is aie a ug comes ow a guies e see io e caiy We e acuum is aie e ase o e moig is suece o ess aw a e esu is e moe uiom ickess o e wa is is cae ug assise omig I e ackagig iusy ski a e ise acuum macies ae use ise acks ae eome ois wic ae seae o igi ackig ca we e goos ae ee isee e eaes use i emoomig ae usuay o e ia e ye wi e yica oaigs o ewee 1 a 3 kW/m omay ea ea is coceae a e came eges o e see o comesae o e aiioa ea osses i is egio e key o successu acuum omig is acieig uiom eaig oe e see Oe o e mao aacio o e acuum omig is a sice oy amoseic essue is use o o e saig e mo o o ae o e ey sog Maeias suc as ase woo a emoseig esis ae a ee use successuy owee i og oucio us mo cooig ecomes esseia i wic case a mea mo is ecessay Maeias wic ca e acuum oame saisacoiy icue oysyee AS C acyic oycaoae oyoyee a ig a ow esiy

oyeyee Co-eue sees o e iee asics a e mui-coo amiaios ae aso wiey use owaays O o e mos ece eeomes is e emoomig o cysaisae E o e ig emeaue aicaios suc as oe ays e E see is mauacue i e amoous om a e uig emoomig i is emie o cysaise e esuig moig is us caae o emaiig si a eeae emeaues CAE 6 EE SYSEM

6. Intrdtn I is ecessay o oie a ow-way i e iecio mo o coec e oe (o e iecio macie o eac imessio is ow way eme e ee sysem omay e ee sysem cosiss o a sue ue a gae ese ems ay equay o e ow-way ise a o e moe maeia wic is emoe om e ow-way i e ocess o eacig e moig A yica ee sysem o a ou-imessio wo ae-ye mo I is see a e maeia asses oug e sue mai ue ac ues a gae eoe eeig e imessio I is esiae o kee e isace a e maeia as o ae ow o e miimum o euce essue a ea osses I is o is easo a caeu cosieaio mus e gie o e imessio ayou

e uose o e co sug we sow oosie e sue is eoeicay

o eceie e maeia a as cie a e o o e oe uig e cooig a e eecio ase eas o e geae imoace is e ac a i oies osiie meas weey e sue ca e ue om e sue us

o eecio uoses e mos imoa aco i is sysem is ue eie sysem is eaiy ees uo e esigig o ue

6.2 nnr

e ue is a cae macie io e mo ae o coec e sue wi e eace o e imessio I e asic wo ae mo e ue is osiioe o e aig suace wie o e moe come esigs e ue may e osiioe eow e aig suace

5

e wa o e ue cae mus e smoo o ee ay esicio o ow Aso as e ue as o e emoe wi e moig ee mus e o emaks e wic wou e o emai e ue i e mo ae o esue a ese ois ae me i is esiae o e mo esige o seciy e ue is oise i ie o aw ee ae some oe cosieaios o e esige o ea i mi (1 e sae o e coss-secio o e ue ( e sie o e ue (3 e ue ayou

6.2. nnr CrStn Shp e coss-secioa sae o e ue use i a mo is usuay oe o e ou oms 1 aeoia uy ou 3 Moiie aeoia eagoa e cieio o eicie ue esig is a e ue sou oies a maimum coss-secio aea om e saoi o e essue ase a a miimum coac o e eiey om e saoi o e ea ase e aio o e coss-secioa aea o eiey wi eeo gie a iec iicaio o e eiciecy o e ue esig e ige e aue e geae e eiciecy aios o aious ye o e ue ae gie i e maua e ou a squae yes o e ue ae e wo mos saisacoy esigs om is saoi weeas e aios eiie y e semicicua a ecagua 7

GAE A

GAE CO SUG

4. 4t1 ■ % OUIG

UE UE IAC UE

(

A

CO SUG WE

SUE UE

UE r 1 Feed System

yes make ei use geeay uesiae uouaey e squae ue is o saisacoy o e oe easo i is iicu o eec I acice ecause o is a age o 1 egees is icooae o e ue wa us moiyig e squae o e aeoia secio e oume o e aeoia ue is aoimaey 5% geae a a o a ou ue wi e coesoig imesios o euce is ieece a si maiai coesoig imesios a moiie aeoia om as ee eeoe i wic e oume is oy 1% geae a is ou couea e eagoa ue is asicay a oue aeoia ue wee e wo aes o e aeium mees auay i e simia coss-secioa aeas ae equie e e aue o e iamee mus e icease accoig o coiio Some oo makes ee a i is easie o mac e wo aes o e eagoa ue comae wi macig e wo aes o a ou ue is oi aies aicuay o e ues wic ae ess a 3 mm (1/ i i wi As e asic me ogesses oug e ue a e mo sysem e me aace o e co mo suace wi aiy ecease i emeaue a soiiy e maeia wic oows wi ass oug e cee o is soiiie maeia a ecause o e ow ema couciiy a mos emoasics osses e soiiie maeia acs as a isuaio a maiais e emeaue o e cea me ow egio Ieay e gae sou eeoe e osiio i ie wi e cee o e ue o eceie wi e uy ou ue a aso wi e eagoa ue e mai oecio o e uy ou ue is a is ue is ome om wo semicicua caes macie oe i eac o e mo aes I is esseia a ese caes ae accuaey mace o ee a uesiae a 69

r • r 7 or xdr, (=W S r. . f . ,,,Ne

OU SQUAE SEMICICUA ECAGUA 0.66

0.2 0 .z 0• d= I• v

AEA AIO EIEY

r 13 Eiciecy o aious ue oies 7 ieicie ue sysem eig eeoe A simia agume aies o e eagoa ue sysem e ac a ese caes mus e accuaey mace meas a e mo cos o a mo coaiig ou o eagoa ues wi e geae a o oe coaiig aeoia ues e coice o e ue secio is aso iuece y e quesio wee osiie eecio o e ue sysem is ossie e case o a wo ae mo i wic a cicua ue as ee macie om o aig suaces I is case as e mo oes e ue is ue om is cae i oe mo a a i is e eece om e oe mo a eie iecy y eeco i o y eyig o is aacme o e moig y e gaes o mui-ae mos owee osiie eecio o e ue sysem is o acicae ee e asic aeoia-ye ue is aways seciie e ue cae eig macie io e iecio a om wic i is ue as e mo oes I is way e ue is ee o a ue gaiy ewee mo aes I e cicua ue a ee seciie e ue sysem cou we aee o is cae a make is emoa iicu Sum u e ois coceig coss-secioa sae we ca say a o a sime wo-ae mo wic as a a aig suace e uy ou o eagoa ue is o e eee e icease mo cos eig eaiey sma o mos wic ae come aig suaces wee i wou e iicu o mac accuaey e semicicua caes o e ou ue o o mui-ae mos e aeoia o moiie aeoia secio sou e use

6. nnr Sz We eciig e sie o e ue e esige mus cosie e oowig acos 1 e wa secio a e oume o e moig 71

2. h dtn f th prn fr th n rnnr r pr . h rnnr ln ndrtn 4. h rn f th ld r ttr vlbl . h plt trl t b d. . h rtnl r f th rnnr t b ffnt t prt th lt t p thrh nd fll th prn bfr th rnnr frz nd fr th pn prr t b ppld fr hrn pntn f rrd. f th, rnnr bl 2 (2 n dtr r ld d nd vn th dtr nrll ltd t brnh rnnr ndr 2 ( n n lnth. 2. h frthr th plt lt h t rn ln th rnnr th rtr th rtn t fl. n th dtn th prn fr th pr h drt brn n th h f th rtnl z f th rnnr. . h rtnl r f th rnnr hld nt b h tht t ntrl th njtn l, lthh th t nvdbl fr vr lht ldn. h lrr th rtnl r f th rnnr th rtr th bl f th trl t ntn nd th lnr th prd t t t l ffntl t nbl th ld t b pnd nd th ldn nd rnnr jtd. r th rn t drbl t th rnnr lrr thn 0 (8n dtr fr t trl. 4. h z hn fr th rnnr hld b n rn ntnt th th ldr nt hvn t rr n t lttd f dffrnt z f ttr. In prt th flln r th t n z: 2 n tp n th tr rn nd 82 n th 6 n tp n th prl nt rn. h plt f dtr vr lnth f th rnnr fr vr ht f th ldn, dptn th tr t f dnnn. h rrpndn plt n th prl dnnn t. 7

eoeicay e coss-secioa aea o e ue sou e equa o o i ecess o e comie coss-secioa aeas o e ac ues a i is eeig is eaiosi is o ai i maimum suggese iamee is eace

6.4 nnr t e ayou o e ue sysem wi ee uo e oowig acos 1 e ume o e imessios e sae o e comoes 3 e ye o e mo e ye o gae e ue eg sou aways e ke o a miimum o euce essue osses a e ue sysem sou e aace ue aacig meas a e isace e asic maeia aes om e sue o e gae sou e e same o eac moig is sysem esue a a e imessios i uiomy a wiou ieuio oiig e gae as a e gae aeas ae ieica I is o aways acicae a o ae a aace ue sysem a is aicuay aies o mos wic icooae a age ume o ieey sae imessios I ese cases aace iig o e imessio ca e aciee y ayig e gae imesio a is y aace gaig

6.4. Snl Iprn Mld Sige imessio mos ae usuay e y a iec sue ee io e imessio a ece o ue sysem is equie I may e esiae o ege gae i wic case a so ue may e use u oe a y gaig a sige imessio i is way e imessio ise mus e ose is is uesiae aicuay wi e age imessio as e iecio essue wi ee a 73

11111 AiMi1 i111 OiM ° MIaimmiw---

aW1111 ■MiII MIMEO 19

37 ii

I I 5 75 13 15 EG O U9 r 4 Guie o ue iamee o Moig Secio 74

uaace oce wic wi es o oe e mo oe sie a may esu i ase moig

6.4.2 Iprn Mld e aious aeaies o eeig wo imessio ae sow i igue 1 e simes case is wee e ue akes e soes a ewee e wo imessios u i is o aways ossie o ao is so ue sysem ecause e mos esiae osiio o e gae may o e e cee-ie o e mo I we cosie e a o a mo o wo ecagua ocks i is see a soey om e iewoi o mo ayou i is esiae o ae a imessios

osiioe as sow wi so ues o e sies o e imessio us eaig e sie o e mo o e ke o a miimum owee ee ae oe cosieaios suc as a o coec gaig a i may e esiae o gae a oe e o e imessio o aciee ese e gaes i is ecessay o ae e esig o e ayou so a eie -sae ue ee eyo e imessios a is e coece o e gaes y so ac ues o e ues i e om o a S swees ou o gae wiou e ecessiy o e ac ues I geea oiig a e imessios ae aoimaey e same sie a sae o iicuy sou e eeiece i esigig aace ue sysems i case o wo imessio mos u someimes i is ey iicu o ay is sysem eeoe oe imessio mo sou e esige o oecome a so o oems

6.4. hr Iprn Mld A aace ue sysem o e ee simia imessios I is case e imessios ae ace o a ic iamee 1 is esseia o e equieme 75

; oi o 0 ' 1:111C0110. eiai 11_aaIIWWWw- IiegiiiM 11111w-- frE 8

, % A EG O UE (i

r Guie o ue iamee o Moig Secios 7

(b (a I IMESSIO 2 IMESSIOS ( 2 IMESSIOS

(d (f 2 IMESSIOS ( IMESSIOS 4 IMESSIOS

( 4 IMESSIOS IMESSIOS 6 IMESSIOS

(j ( I IMESSIOS I IMESSIOS

r 1 aace ue ayous 77

egees aa is esig aows e ues o e ke o a miimum eg u i e case o iee saes a sies o e imessios i is ey iicu o aace e sysem wiou aig a iee sysem o suc cases e age imessio is eig e iecy om e sue ia a so ue wie e smae comoes ae e ia a ac a mai ue sysem

6. Othr MltIprn Mld o ou o moe imessio mos e esig o e ue ayou is simy a eesio o e eious iscussio As e ume o e imessio icease owee e ic cice iamee esig ecomes ogessiey moe imacicae as e ue eg wic is a ucio o e ic cice iamee is aso icease is esus i age iamee ues eig equie wic ogessiey eges e moig cyce a moe sca is ouce We e age ume o imessios ae o e accommoae o wee e imessios ae o e geay issimia sae e aeaie mai a e ac ue sysem is usuay aoe CAE ESIG O E GAES

. Intrdtn

e gae is a cae o oiice coecig e ue wi e imessio I as

e sma coss-secioa aea we comae wi e es o e ee sysem

e esece o is gae is ecessay ecause o seea easos

1 e gae eees soo ae e imessio is ie so a e iecio uge ca e wiaw wiou e oaiiy o oi eig ceae i e moig y suck-ack

I aows o sime egaig a i some mos is egaig ca e auomaic

3 Ae egaig oy a sma wiess mak emais

ee coo o e mui-imessios ca e aciee

5 ackig e imessio wi maeia i ecess o a equie o comesae

o sikage is miimie

e sie o e gae ca e eemie i ems o e gae coss-secioa aea a e gae eg e ae eig kow as e gae a e oimum sie o e gae ees o am ume o acos

1 e ow caaceisics o e maeia o e moe

e wa secio o e moig

3 e oume o e maeia o e iece io e imessio

e emeaue o e me

5 e emeaue o e mo

omay e gae sie is cose o e asis o as eeiece u

ee ae ew acos wic may ecie e imesios o a equie gae

7 79

.2 tn f th Gt e ocaio o e gae is ey imoa a i sou e suc a ee is a ee ow o e me i e imessio so a i is e imessio uiomy a e aacig me o seas ou a eaces e aious imessios eemiies a e same ime I is way wo o moe aacig os wou aey mee o om a we ie wi coseque mecaica weakess a suace emis i e moig

Suc a iea osiio o e gae is ossie i some cases suc as ose wi cicua coss-secios o eame a cu o a coe i wic maeia is e oug e cee o e ase o ae Aoe easo o cea gaig a e ae o e see coe-ike comoes suc as e cas is a sie gaig may cause eecio o e coe is ca aise ecause sie gaig gies ise o a moe ai ow o e maeia ow oe sie o e imessio esuig i e

ieeia essue wic ca moe e coe ou o e osiio is esus i a ie wa secio o oe sie us aig aoe weakess o a o e we ie e osiio o e me o i e ay ie imessio we e aeaie gae osiios ae use o ecagua moigs e iea osiio oes o eis u e cea gaig is cosiee e es u i e case o i-wae ecagua moigs

aicuay we e maeia use ca e eiie ieeia sikage causig isoio o-cee mui-oi gaig o im gaig is aaageous

We e ege gae is use a e maoiy o moigs ae ege gae

o easo o mo ecoomics e gae sou e osiioe so a e me ow immeiaey mees a esicio A eame o icoec gaig o a soi ecagua ock ye o moig e imessio is e i e cee a oe e a e maeia o eeig a ig eociy es a quicky ses eacig e coo mo was Moe maeia e ees a ow

UMME

SUE GAE

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(a) (b IMESSIOS 4 IMESSIOS

(C 0 IMESSIOS

(d 24 IMESSIOS

r 8 ues ayous Wic ecessiae aace Gaig aou e oigia ee maeia e esuig ow ies ae oe isie o iise moig e oue i is aicua case ca e oecome y oea eeig e ow o e maeia issuig om e gae is oce o imige o a oosig ace o e imessio a is causes e maeia o om a aacig o wic ogessiey is e imessio isacig e ai i o o i us omig a moig ee o ow ies e o ye o comoe wic ecessiaes a caiy a coe auomaicay oies oosiio o eig so a e ege gae ee is quie emissie owee some we ies ae o e eece wee e wo ows mee o e oosie sie o e imessio I suc cases aoug ow ies cao e eee ei eecs suc as mecaica weakess a suace emis ca e agey oecome is is accomise y keeig e cooig meium away om e eigooo o we ies e mo emeaue e iceases sigy a ese ois eig e wo os o ki ogee moe easiy

73 lnd Gtn e aace o e gae o mui-imessio mo is ecessay so a i wi esue e iig o e imessios i aace mae a is e imessios i simuaeousy is meo is aoe we e eee aace ue sysem cao e use Cosie e ue sysem e me wi ake e easies a ece oce e ue sysem is ie ose imessio coses o e sue wi e o i is a ose a e geaes isace o i as Someimes immesios may e oeacke wie oes may e sae o maeia o aciee aace iig o ese imessios i is ecessay o cause e geae esicios o e ow o e me o ose imessios coses o e sue a o ogessiey euce e esicio as e isace om e sue 3 iceases y aoig e meo o aacig gaig ee ae wo ways o ayig e esicio 1 y ayig e a eg y ayig e coss-secioa aea o e gae I acice aace gaig is e mae o ia a eo e a eg is omay ke cosa saig wi e sma gae wi e mo is ie ou wi e so iecio soke so a so moigs ae oaie O isecio i wi e oious wic imessio ae iig is e gae wi ca e e ogessiey eage a ause ui aace iig is aciee

.4 p f Gt o e acieeme o e es iig coiios e ye o e gae is mos imoa aco wic sou e cose caeuy

.4. Spr Gt We e moig is iecy e om a sue o secoay sue e ee secio is eme a sue gae e mai isaaage o is ye o gae is a i lv a age gae mak o e moig e sie o is mak ees o 1 e iamee a e sma e o e sue e sue age 3 e sue eg us e gae mak ca e miimie y keeig e imesios o e aoe acos o e miimum oe a e as e sue ey is cooe y e oe ei iamee a as i is uesiae o euce e sue age eow wo egees icusie o wiawig uoses e sue eg is e ogica imesio o e esige o aem o euce A eesio oe ca oe e use o aaage ecause i ees a ecess i e mo a cus ow e oea sue eg Oe asic wo-ae mos e sue gae is use oy o sige-imessio mos I is case e imessio is osiioe i e cee o e mo a e sue is a iec ee io i A moiie om o sue gae is aso use o ueee mos a ueess mos I o e cases ay ume o imessios ca e accommoae a e sue gaes ow eme secoay sues ae e om ue sysems siuae eow e aig suace

.4.2 tnlr Ed Gt is a geea uose gae a is simes om is meey a ecagua cae macie i oe mo ae o coec e ue o e imessio A secio oug e eea as o a yica mo

is gae oes ceai aaages oe may oe om o e gaes

1 e coss-secioa om is sime a e oe cea o macie Cose accuacy i e gae imesios ca e aciee 3 e gae imesio ca e easiy a quicky moiie e iig ae o e imessio ca e cooe eaiey ieeey o e gae sea ime 5 A commo moig maeias ca e moe oug is ye o e gae

Oe isaaage o is ye o e gae is a ae gae emoa a wiess mak is e o a isie suace o e moig is is moe oiceae wi ceai maeias aicuay i e moigs ae simy oke om e gaes o euce e ossiiiy o e gae sae maks o e moig e moiie om o gae sow a ( may e use o ceai oucs suc as se assemy oy kis a oecig gae is es aoie I ese case ao e aeae moiie esig (e 5

Figure 19 Sue Gae

(c (b r 20 iee Saes o Gae 7

.4. Gt Sz

ecause o e ecagua sae e imesios o e gae ae gie y wi (W e ( a aeg( ow e essue o acoss e gae is aoimaey ooioa o e a eg a eeoe is sou e ke as sma as ossie cosise wi e seg o e see wic emais ewee e ue a e imessio I acice a aue o ewee 5 mm (i a 75 mm (3 i is saisacoy e miimum e o e gae coos e ime o wic e gae emais oe is gae oe ime mus e suicie o e maeia o eac e eemiies o e imessio ow oiig a e wa secio o e comoe as ee coecy cose wi esec o e maimum eg o

ow equie i aeas easoae o eec a eaiosi ewee e gae e imesio a e wa secio o e comoe I acice e oowig emiica eaiosi o gae e as ee ou useu

wee = e o gae mm (i = wa secio ickess mm (i = maeia cosa

Wie eoeica i is oae a eac maeia sou ae a iee

aue o "" i acice i is coeie o gou ceai maeias ogee a

o use a gou cosa Gou 1 oyee oysyee Gou oyacea oycaoae oyoyee Gou 3 ceuose aceae oymey meacyae yo Gou C

o gou 1 e aue o = o gou e aue o = 7 o gou 3 e aue o = o gou e aue o = 9 e coss-secioa aea o e gae (W coos e ae a wic e asic maeia ees e imessio I e coce o e gae e wa- secio eaiosi is accee e e gae e is esaise is is meas a e wi o e gae ecomes e cooig imesio o e ow ae e gae wi is eeoe usuay ase uo eeiece gaie we moig comoes o simia sae a sie e emiica eaiosi o is wi is gie y W = (/3 wee W = gae wi (mm o i A = suace aea o caiy (mmmm o ii = maeia cosa

.4.4 Ovrlp Gt is gae ca e cosiee as a aiaio o e asic ecagua ye gae a is use o ee ceai ye o moig om e eious kowege o is ye we ae oe a e me es io a imessio i i oes o coac a ecicio immeiaey eeoe o ock ye moigs e ecagua gae is eace y e oea gae wic y iue o is osiio iec e me ow agais a oosie imessio ace e oea gae wic is o a geea ecagua sae is macie io e ai mo ae i suc a way a i iges e ga ewee e e o e ue a e e wa o e imessio 9

( (

r 1 iee iews o Oea Gae

11 i t I I 'MT (a ( r iee iews o a Gae 9

e gae may e use o a e commo moig maeias aa om igi C e gae eig aace o e moig suace oes equie moe caeu

emoa a iisig a o a ege gaes e sie o e gae ca oow e geea ae suggese o e ecagua gae wi e same imiaios a eg ( isace ewee e e o e ue a e wa o e imessio 1 = 5-75 mm gae wi

W = (/3 A/ gae eig = gae eg

+ W/

.4. n Gt

Uike e ecagua gae wic as e cosa wi a e e coesoig imesios o e a gae ae o cosa e wi iceases wie e e eceases so as o maiai a cosa coss-secioa aea

ougou e eg o e gae e gae a e imessio is eaiey wie a ecause o is a age oume o e maeia ca e iece i a so ime is ye o e gae ca

eeoe e use aaageousy o age aea i wae moigs e a sae aeas o sea e ow o e me as i ees e imessio a a moe uiom iig is oaie wi ewe ow ies a suace emises is gae may e use wi a e coeioa moig maeias aa om e ceai gaes o igi C e eea gae sies wic mus e ecie uo ae e a eg e gae wi a e gae e 91

e a eg ees o e sigy oge a o e ecagua gae a a suggese sie o is is 13 mm (5 i e mai isaaage o is ye is a a age wiess mak is e o e moig wic mus susequey e imme a iise I is eeoe aaageous o esig e gae eaiey aow a wie i oy i ecessay e eig o e gae ca e eemie y is omua = o maiai a cosa coss-secioa aea ecause o e gae om e e o e gae mus e ogessiey icease ack o e ue e e o gae a is oi is gie y W1/ e eecie eg o e gae a ewee e ue a e imessio ogessiey iceases om a miimum a e cee ie o a maimum a e oue gae wa o comesae o e icease e e o e gae a eie sie o oie o moe ee ow oug e gae

.4.6 b Gt is is a aicua gaig ecique o eeig soi ock ye moigs A oecio o a is moe o o e sie o e comoe a a coeioa ecagua ege gae ees is a e sa ig-age u wic e me mus ake ees e uesiae eig wic wou oewise occu e me is eey cause o aace i a smoo seay ow a oiig e sae o e imessio aows i e imessio wi i uiomy us e a gae is e aeaie o e oea ye gae e coice o oe gae esig o e oe wi ee maiy uo wee e wiess mak e y e gae is es om e aeaace oi o e iew o e o o o e sie o gaes eae eaiey age mak o wiess is gae is use aicuay o e 9 acyics u maye use o ay o e commo moig maeias e sie o e gae coeiey iies io wo secios (1 e sie o e ecagua gae a (e sie o e a o a acica uoses e ecagua gae sie ca e cacuae usig e emiica omua o a gae

.4. phr Gt is gae is use o sige imessio uua sae moigs o wo-ae mos I may aso e use i a simia mae o mui-imessio uua sae moigs o ueee a ue-ess mos e sue eas io a cicua ecess sigy smae a e isie iamee o e ue is ecess oms isc o maeia a acs as a ue wic aows maeia o ow aiay om e sue o e gae e gae may e cu eie o e coe (ise(a o i e caiy (ise( I o cases i coecs e isc ue wi e imessio e coice o e gae (a o ( wi ee uo e us o e ue is o e u o I e iea oe is imoa e e gae sou e cu i e caiy us y e sime maciig oeaio o e ace o e moig e oe iamee is o isue Aeaiey i e iea oe is o imoa (a is e ee coice as e gae is moe easiy emoe y e akig oeaio e gae imesio wic mus e cosiee ae o meo (a a eg ( a e e o e gae ( a o e meo ( a eg ( oea eg (1 e 93

AEOIA UE

SUE

IG GAE

AEOIA IG UE

r 2 iee iews o ig Gae

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r 24 iee iews o a Gae 9

o e gae (1 Cosie is e sie ee iaam gae (a e a eg agai sou e a miimum cosise wi e seg o e see e ewee e cicua ue a e imessio A aue o ewee 75 mm (3 i a 1 mm ( i is suggese e e o e iaam gae is omay mae sigy ess a e aues ecommee o e ecagua gae as e coesoig aues o W i is case (e isie suace o e moig is age e oowig eaiosi wi eeece o secio o e ecagua ege gae as ee ou o e suiae i = 7 o e oea ye o iaam gae aue o ca e as aoe e oea eg 1 sou e a eas equa o e e o e gae (1 wic may e comue om 1 = e cee isc is someimes aee om e cee owas e gae o sae maeia a o euce e uk o cooig easos is ye o e gae aows o cosa iig o e moig a miimies e omaio o e we ies I is ecommee o use wi a moig maeias

.4.8 n Gt e ucio o is gae is ieica o iaam gae a e same commes ay is ye o e gae is use o e uua-ye moigs we moe a oe imessio is equie i a sime wo-ae mo e gae oies o a ee a aou e eea eiey o e moig a emis e use o e coeioa ue sysem o coec e imessios e ue i e om o e aeoia auus is macie io e mo ae e aeoia 95

ue is omay use sice is ye o moig wou e eece usig e sie ae e gae is i e om o a coceic im ewee e ue a e imessio e imesios o is gae ae ieica o ose o e iaam gae

.4. l Gt is gae may e cosiee as a og ecagua-ye ege gae a i is use o age i-wae comoes o assis i e oucio o e waage ee oucs e gae omay ees acoss e comee wiou e moig aoug a smae wi may e use iiiay wic i i oes saisacoy wi sae some iisig ime e gae is simia i icie as a o iaam gae a ig gae i a i oies o e age ow aea a esus i a quick i ime ecause o is eaue e gae e may e somewa ess a o a coesoig ecagua gae e same eaiosi as gie i e ig gae is suggese = 7 A ue is oie aae o e sie ace o e imessio o ee e gae eey wi e maeia is meas a e ey see wa o see eiss ewee e ue a e imessio a o ee is om coasig i use a miimum a eg o 13 mm (5 i is suggese o is gae I is oma acice o ee e ue eyo e e o e imessio iesecie o e gae eg e gae is useu o ose maeias wic eii ieeia sikage o wic cea eeig is imacicae

.4.0 n Gt is is a cicua gae use o eeig io e ase o e comoes a ecause i is eaiey smae i e iamee i is oe o e eee o e 9

IAAGM GAE

ISC UE

SAE

r 5 iee iews o iaam Gae

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(

r iee iews o osiio o Gae 97 sue gae wic ecessiaes a iisig oeaio owee e i gae may oy e use i ceai ye o mos a ese ae geeay moe come i esig a e mos i wic sue gaig o sie gaig eciques ae use As a aeaie o eeig io e cee o e comoe is ye o e gae is oe use o sige o-cee eeig is ecique is aicuay esiae o use wi maeias wic eii ieeia sikage caaceisics a i is oe use as a aeaie o im gaig o emi e use o e i gae oe o e oowig mo esig mus e aoe

(1 ee-ae ueee-ye mo A ea ae is ae ei e caiy ae o emi a ue sysem o e icooae eow e caiy o caiies

e i gae coecs e imessio o e ue eie iecy o ia a secoay sue

( o-ue mos A eae isuae ue ock is icooae ei e caiy ae e imessio is coece o e secoay oe agai y a i gae a secoay sue o e aoe esigs may e use o cea o ose sige o mui-oi gaig io oe o moe imessios (3 wo-ae mo wi secia oes A eaiey age ecess is oie ei e caiy o emi a seciay esige oe o oue io e mo (ig 7 e i gae coecs e imessio o e oe usuay ia a o we o asics maeia is is kow as e aecame esig e gae imesio wic mus e cosiee ae e a eg ( a

e gae iamee ( o miimie e essue osses as o a oe gaes e

a eg is ke o a miimum cosise wi e seg o e see use A a eg o ewee 5 mm ( i a 75 mm (3 i is suiae 1 e macig om is moe iicu o macie ecise imesios ae moe iicu o aciee 9

. h flln rt f th prn nnt b ntrlld ndpndntl f th t l t. f th bv ddvnt th t ld d fr th ldn th ll thn bl 4 (0.0 n. h t d, fr thr ll tn. r th tp f ldn rltvl lr t n dvnt t nr tht th t rn pn ffntl ln t ll fllp prr t b ppld t prvnt hrn.

.4. Sbrf Gt h brf t rlr r vl tp t hh br nd fd nt th prn bl th prtn rf f th ld. Whl lr t rnd d t n tht t f lr r nrl lr hp nd th fd nt th d f th prn, t h vrl dvnt vr th rnd t. . h fr, bn n th n ld plt, h n thn prbl nd pr dnn n b hvd. 2. If th r vl fr d th flln rt f th prn n b ntrlld ndpndntl f th t l t. . h t hrd fr th ldn drn t jtn. h ldn nd th fd t r rvd prtl fr th ld nd th n tht prt rnnr jtn dvnt, prtlrl rtn nt f dfrtn f th rnnr nr t rv th ndr rnnr fr th ld. h t dnn hh t b ndrd r lnd lnth hh, b f th fr, nd t b (n . (0.0 n. h th nl btndd btn th ntrln f th rnnr nd th prn ll (2. h nl nrll btn 0 nd 4 dr. h dnn f th t rtn n b ttd fr thr th tn td fr th 99

SECOAY SUE

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r 2 iee iews o i Gae

r 28 iee iews o ou Ege Gae 1

ecagua gae i a oa gae is aoe o e equaio o e i gae i e cicua gae is use

e susuace gae ca e aoe o eeig io e isie suace o a comoe oiig a eas oe o e oowig coiios ae me 1 ee is a suiae meme wic oecs eow e geea aig ie suace a wic is aso ocae eaiey cose o e comoe wa e susuace gae ees iecy io is meme I esig wee i is ossie o icooae a sma iamee eg eaiey cose o e comoe wa e susuace gae ees iecy io e eg a

eey io e imessio e eg is susequey emoe as a os moig oeaio CAE 8 ASIC MOIG MAEIAS

8. Intrdtn asics may e mae a easic uey oug cysa-cea oaque sog si ouoo-weae-esisa eecicay coucie o acicay ayig a is esie eeig o e coice o e saig maeias a e meo o e moig A seciic asic ca e moe usig iee iecio moig macie seigs so a imesioa oeace o a a ca ay ae eac moig o e macie ca e se so a eemey cose oeace ca e me eeaey

asicay ceai iecio moe as ca e e o eemey cose oeace o ess a a ousas o a ic o ow o ece oeace a ca e me ca go om 5 ece o i ick o 1 ece o 5 i o 1/ ece o 1 i o 1/ ece o 5 i

Ecoomica oucio equie a oeace o e seciie ige a ecessay owee ae oucio age is o mo o as ig as ossie o

e moe oiae ecogie a may asics ae moe cage imesio ue o emeaue umiiy a oa ea eame ca sigiicay euces o ee eimiae ese cages o ceai asics imesioa accuacy a ca e me ees o iee acos suc as accuacy o mo a macie eomace oeies o e maeias oeaio o e comee moig cyce wea o amage o macie a mo sae/sie/ickess o e a os sikage a ca eac 3 ece o ceai maeias egee o eeaaiiy i eomace o macie/mo/maeia

11 1

8.2 p f lt emoses ae geeay moe suiae o mee e iges oeace Wi emoasics i ca e moe comicae As is we kow cysaie asics (E geeay ae e iee ae o sikage i e ogiuia a aese iecio o me ow I u ese iecioa sikages ca sigiicay ay ue o cages iecio essue me ea mo ea a e a ickess o sae ese cages ca occu a iee aes i e iee iecios o miimie a coo iee oeace cosie usig e iges me ea kee gae suouig aea wee ig oeace ae equie use macie a equies a eas 7 ece o e so caaciy miimie ime a me is i e ae a uesa comee oeaio o e macie/mo/maeia o esue a oeace eeaaiiy o eey maeia is suiae o moe as equiig ig oeaces o uesa asics oe mus is aeciae a acce e oyme cemiss aiiy o ieay eaage e moecua sucue o e asic o oyme o oie a amos iiie aiey o comosiios a ie i om aeaace oeies a caaceisics Oe mus aso aoac e suec wi a comeey oe mi a wi acce a e coaicios a make i so iicu o i commo aes o e iee amiies o asics o ee o e aious yes wii a sige amiy I e amiy o oyeyee cosumes ae moe awae o e so cae ow- esiy oyeyee wic ae eie maeias mos amiia i ousewaes

oys as ags im oewas a e ike u ee is aoe ye o oyeyee cae ig-esiy oyeyee ca aso e ouce i a eie im om wi oeies quie iee om ow-esiy oyeyee im iay o uy uesa e asics oe mus e awae o e may iee oues a e saig maeias o asics ca ake o e way o cosume o 13

iusy ee we ae cocee wi ose esis a ae suie o e ocesso i e om o e gaues owe ees akes o e iquis a ae asome y im io soi o ceua asics oucs saes im o seeig o coaigs a suaces o aious susaes owee e same saig maeias use o make ese esis ca ake aoe oue a e u a e eie iusy e ai iusy a e aesies iusy May asics eie om e acios o eoeum o gas a ae ecoee uig e eiig ocess o eame eyee moome is eie i a gaseous om om eoeum eiig gas o iquiie eoeum gases o iqui yocaos Aoug e eoeum o gas eiaies ae o e oy asic souce use i makig ee socks o asics ey ae amog e mos oua a ecoomica i use oay Coa is aoe ecee souce i e mauacuig o e eesocks o asics a ee ae oe maeias icuig suc uique ossiiiies as agicuua ois suc as caso oi o ug oi eie om a ie a ae aso aaae om ese asic souce come e eesocks we ca moomes e moomes e suece o a cemica eacio kow as oymeiaio a causes e sma moecues o ik ogee io ee-iceasig oge moecues Cemicay e oymeiaio eacio as ue e moome io oyme e asomaio om e moome o oyme may aso e you uesa wy e ames o so may asics maeia egis wi e ei "oy" us a oyme may e eie as a ig-moecue-weig comous a coais comaaiey sime ecuig uis Ousie o e asics ie moomes ca ake iee oues o ouce a aiey o oe imoa oucs om aieee o eiies Ee wii e asic ie a sige moome ca coiue o e mauacue o e aiey o 1

iee oymes eac wi is ow isicie caaceisics we e suee moome is oymeie i ecomes a syee oyme o ysyee as i is moe amiiay kow i is asic om y a moe iec oue e eyee moome ca e oymeie o ouce eyee oyme o oyeyee aoe oua asic asicay ee is a gea ea o eiiiy i e asic mauacuig ocess o ceaig wie age o maeias e way i wic e sma moecues ik ogee io age moecues a e sucua aageme ey ake is oe eemia o e oeies o e asics e eg o moecues i e oyme cai is a seco e ye o e moecue is a i oymeiig wo o moe iee moomes ogee is a ou A icooae aious cemicas o aiies uig o ae oymeiaio is a i Oe moiyig eciques ae i use a oyme cemiss coiue o come u wi ew oes e oyme o asic esi mus e e eae o use y e ocesso wo wi u i o iise ouc I some isaces i is ossie o use e asic esi as i comes ou o e oymeiaio eacio Moe oe owee i goes oug oe ses a u io a om a ca e moe easiy ae y e ocesso a moe easiy u oug ocessig equime e mos oua soi om o asic esi ae as ees gaues akes o owe I e as o e ocesso ese sois ae geeay suece o ea a essue mee oce io e esie sae e aowe o cue a se io a iise ouc asics esis ae aso aaiae as semi-sois o as iquis o casig iquis ca aso e use o imegae ious maeias wic ca e e aowe o ae io so-cae eioce asics Aoe oio aaiae o ocesso is o use esi icooaig a owig age Suece o e ea o ocessig o e ea om e cemica 15

eacio ese ages ecomose a eease gases a ca u a soi ouc io a oame ouc I is ey imoa o uesa e ow cieia o me asic om asic eesocks o e e-ouc I mos cases e ow wi ocee aog ese ies eesocks kow as moomes ae oymeie y e cemica eacio io oymes e esi ae e mae io oms useu o ocessig someimes cae moig o eusio comous e comou ow goes o e ocesso wo ae a seea eciques aaiae o im o uig e esi io a iise ouc o a io a secoay ouc a goes oug suseque aicaig oeaios o io a coaig o suacig a ca e aie o aious susaes A e ocessig ee asics ca aso e ue io mooiames o use i oe o ouseo sceeig o as ies ey ae use wi maeias suc as ies o see o ae o sees o woo o u ou oucs suc as oa us aeos o aiae wigis

8. fntn fr lt ee is a geeay accee eiiio o asics a goes ikey is ay oe o e age o aie gou o maeia cosisig woy o i aa o comiaios o cao wi oyge yoge ioge a oe ogaic o iogaic eemes a wie soi i e iise sae a some sage i is mauacue is mae iqui a us caae o eig ome io aious saes mos usuay oug e aicaio eie sigy o ogee o ea a essue asics ae amiy o maeias o a sige maeia eac meme o wic as is ow isic a secia aaages Waee ei oeies a om owee mos asics a io oe o wo gous e emoasics a emoses 1

emoasics esis cosis o og moecues eie iea o ace aig sie cais o gou a ae o aace o oe oyme moecues us ey ca e eeaey soee a aee y eaig a cooig Usuay emoasic esis ae ucase as ees o gaues a ae soee y ea ue essue so ey ca e ome e cooe so a ey aee io e ia esie sae o cemica cages geeay ake ace uig omig e aaogy wou e a ock o ice a ca e soee oue io ay sae o caiy e cooe o ecome a soi agai I emoseig esis eacie oio o e moecues om coss-iks ewee e og moecues uig oymeiaio e iea oyme cais ae us oe ogee o om a ee-imesioa ewok eeoe oce oymeie o aee e maeia ca o e soee y eaig wiou egaig some ikages emoses ae usuay ucase as iqui moome-oyme miues o as a aiay oymeie moig comou I is ucue coiio ey ca e ome o e iise sae wi o wiou essue a oymeie wi cemica o ea e aaogy i is case wou e o a a-oie egg wic as ue om a iqui o a soi a cao e coee ack o a iqui

8.4 Idntftn f lt Mtrl A cassiyig asic maeias saa a ca see may o e iusy ees as ee issue y ASM is saa is esigae as a eie "Saa Guie o Ieiicaio o asic Maeia" I oies a easy meas o ieiyig asic maeias use i e aicaio o as Ee sice cassiicaio sysems wee aoe may yeas ago o maeias suc as 13 17

bl ASM ie Ca-Ou

0 . 2 4 6

Grp n % n Sffx rd frnt frnt nr bl tp CE EQUIEME SECIIC

Grp Cl Grd] hl prprt

0 On dt fr xpndd rp r r lttr dntfnth nr fl bd n Abbrvtn 600 2 hr dt dntf th pf hl rp On lttr ndt rnfrnt tp 4 dt ndt prnt f rnfrnt On lttr rfr t ll tbl ltn f phl pftn nd tt thd 6 v dt rfr t th pf phl prtr ltd n th ll tbl Sffx d ndt pl rrnt bd n th ppltn, nd dntf pl tt. 1

see a easomes ee as ee a eo o issue is guie e aoac use oows e see a easome uiie cassiicaio sysems o ASM e guie oies e auae oeies o uie ie a eioce asic maeias suiae o ocessig io as is saa is equie o euce e gowig ume o maeia seciicaios aewok a ma-ous use o esue a as o kow quaiy ae eig ouce om commeciay aaiae maeias e saa wi eimiae e may ceiicaios equie o e same maeia a a ocesso may ae o oai

om seea eos o a cusome o iee cusomes e cassiicaio sysem a suseque ie ca-ou is iee o e a meas o ieiyig asic maeias use i e aicaio o e e iems o as I is o iee o e seecio o maeias Maeia seecio sou e mae y ose aig eeise i e asic ie ae caeu cosieaio o e esig a eomace equie o e a e eiome o wic i wi eose e aicaio ocess o e emoye e iee oeies o e maeia o coee i is ocume a e ecoomic acos is cassiicaio sysem is ase o e emise a asic maeias ca e aage io oa geeic amiies usig asic oeies o aage e maeias io e gous casses a gaes e oma o is sysem was eae o emi e aiio o oey aues o uue asics asic maeia wi e cassiie o e asis o ei oa geeic amiy e geeic amiy is ieiie y ee esigaios ese ees eese e saa aeiaios o asics i accoace wi aeiaios 1 e geeic amiy is ase o e oa cemica makeu o e ase oyme y is esigaio ceai iee oeies ae seciie e geeic amiy is cassiie io gous accoig i geea o e 1

ae Saa Symos a equiemes

SAA ASIC AMIY ASM O SYMO AME SAA AS Arlntrlbtdn trn AMMA Arlntrl/thlth- E rlt AA Arlntrl/trn/ E rlt CA Cll tt 06 CA Clll tt 0 btrt CA Clll tt E prpnt CE Clll plt E nrl C Crl frldhd CMC Crbxthl lll E C Clll ntrt E C Clll prpnt 62 CE Chlrntd plthln F CS Cn CA Clll trtt E CE lnhrtrflr thln A l(dlll phthlt EC Ethl lll E EEA Ethlnthl rlt EMA Ethlnthrl d E Epx, pxd E Ethlnprplndn EM Ethln/prpln plr EE Ethlnttrflrth ln plr EA Ethlnvnl tt E rflr (thlprp ln plr rn frldhd IS Ipt trn M Mln-frldhd H A ld (nln AI ldd G G AA lrl d

11

bl Ce ae G eai equiemes

ESIGAIO OE UME OEY

nl trnth, ASM 68 M, n

CE IMIS

0 2 4 6 8 65Unpfd 40 8 0 60 8

2 lxrl dl, ASM 0, M, n

CE IMIS

Unpfd 600 00 600 0000 000 6000 000 22000

Izd pt, ASM 26, , n

CE IMIS

Unpfd 0 0 20 42 60 0

4 fltn(tprtr, ASM d 648,(820 .C, n

CE IMIS

Unpfd 0 60 200 20 260 00 0 60

b dtrnd

Unpfd ...... 00 MO 00 00 00 111

bl 8 Sui Symos a equiemes

SYMO CAACEISIC

A Clr (nl thr hn b ffx, lr ndrtd t b ntrl Snd lttr A d nt hv t th tndrd t th tndrd hr dt nbr 00 lr nd tndrd nbr n drn 002 lr n drn t nd Mltn pntftnn pnt Snd lttr A ASM 8 ASM 2 t A C ASM 2 t ASM 48 E ASM 26 hr dt nbr n vl d. C. frtn ndr ld Snd lttr A ASM 62, Mthd A ASM 62, Mthd rt dt ttl dfrtn 2 rvr Snd nd thrd dt ftr f 0. (dfrtn % n ftr f (rvr Eltrl nd lttr A dltr trnth (hrtt, ASM 4 hr dt nbrftr f 0.v, n dltr trnth, (tp b tp, ASM 4 thr dt nbrftr f 0.v, n dltr ntnt t Mz, ASM 0, x hr dt nbrftr f 0. vl E dptn ftr t Mz, ASM 0, x hr dt nbrftr f 0.000vl r rtn, ASM 4, n hr dt nbr vl lblt Snd lttr A ASM 6 (brnn rt 000 t b pfd b r ASM 286(xn ndx hr dt nbr vl %, x 11

cemica comosiio ese gous ae ue suiie io casses a gaes e ee esigaio aicae is oowe y a ee igi ume iicaig gou cass a gae e asic oey aes ae ee eeoe o ieiy e commeciay aaiae ueioce asics io gous casses a gaes Wee a saa oes o eis o is cassiicaio sysem e ee esigae o e geeic amiy wi e oowe y ee os a e use o e ce ae a aies o eame 1 wou iicae a oyimie asic (1 wi iicaig o asic oey a oe oeies om e oe ae o aciiae e icooaio o uue maeias o wee e ese amiies equie easio o e asic oey ae a ume eceig e symo o e geeic amiy is issue o iicae a aiioa gous ae ee ae o e ae is igi coue wi e is igi ae e geeic amiy wi iicae e gou o e ou i e asic oey ae eioce esios o e asic maeia ae ieiie y a sige ee a iicaes e eioceme use a wo igis a iicae e quaiy i ece y mass us e ee esigaio G o e gass eioce a 33 o e ece o eioceme G33 seciies a 33 ece gass-ie maeia o aciiae e ieiicaio o ew a eioce maeias wee asic oey aes ae o oie i a maeia seciicaio CAE OYEYEES A OYOYEES

. nt lthln ow-esiy oyeyees (E is eie as oymeie eyee aig a oma esiy o 91 g/cuic cm o 95 g/cuic cm owee meium esiy oyeyee (ME wi a esiy o 9 o 9 g/cuic cm is usuay icue wi E ecause ei ocessig coiios a oeies ae quie simia eeoe e oowig iomaio wi ecomass o ow- a meium-esiy oyeyee uess oewise sae Seciic oyeyee omuaios use o iusaio wi e seece om e mie o e esiy ages coee y E a ME e iecio moig o e age i-wae iems is oe o e mos iicu caeges i iecio moig o E A e same ime oe o e mos commoy ecouee iems o e iece moe E is a i

.2 Injtn Mldn lthln d Iecio moe oyeyee is ae use i a wie aiey o cosue aicaios May oucs suc as magaie ceam ceese wie oig ice ceam a sawic seas ae acke i asic coaies a ae oyeyee is o imay cosue May oe oucs suc as coee eaus a soeig ae acke i e mea cas a ae use ae ey ae oee o soe e uuse oio o e coes Mos o ese cas ae so wi oyeyee oecas a sa io ace a uis goo cosue o e cas ae emoa o e mea os e caaceisics emae i oyeyee is ay wiey Ecoomy is aways imoa a i eay eey aicaio i is esiae a e is e a a a ey coe Some

113 11

aicaios ema some egee o caiy so a ie mae o a mea i ca e ea oug e oeca eoe e ca is so Some equie esisace o eiomea sess cackig so a e maeia a may e i coac wi em wi o cause em o si Some equie si oe caaceisics I aiio e yeyee i usiess as uegoe sigiica ecoogica aaceme i as yeas wi mos o e emases o ocessaiiy o oucio ae Eemey as cycig macies sack mos a age oage esses a ae coiue o a icease i e moes ouciiy Aso moe soisicae macie coos make ese iecio moig macies ey sesiie o ocess a maeia cage a/o aiaio Cosequey moig oyeee is o ei may uses is a eacig ocess a equies goo seecio o moig macie mo esig a esig asic omuaio moig coiios a oe acos suc as aiaios i ocessess

.2. Mldn Mhn Scew ye moig macies ae eee o saig-am macies o moig oyeyee oecas ecause ey ouce moe omogeeous mes a emi e use o soe cyces ey aso emi ee coo o suc aiaes as iecio essue iecio see a me emeaue I is ey iicu o mo a acceae i o e saig-am macies uess i is equie wi a scew easicao I e easicao ui meig o e asic is eome i a sime eue a ums maeia io a secoay cyie coaiig a am a acs as e iecio ui Suc a aageme oes ecee coo o so sie ecause e oume o e so is measue wie e maeia is i e moe sae 115

e sie o e iecio moig macie o e use o mo oecas is iimaey eae o e iamee o e oeca a e ume o e caiies i e mo Geeay mos wi wo o ou caiies ca e use o moig macies wi caaciies o wo o ee ouces a camig oces o 75 o 15 os weeas mos wi si o eig caiies equey equie macies o 5 o 1 ouces aig wi o os o camig oce aaiae ee ae aaages i o age a sma macies I seea sma macies ae use ae a ewe age oes a macie suow o eak o ouie maieace wi ae ess eec o e ouciiy Aso ecause ee ae omay ewe caiies i mos o sma macies a i mos o age macies smae macies emi cose coo o e moig aiaes i e iiiua caiies O e oe a age macies moig may is e so ca ae owe iec moig coss e a ouce ee oug ey equie oge cyces e cyce ime iceases as e ume o caiies i a mo iceases u o ooioaey us a ou-caiy mo mig u wi a 5-seco cyce a a eig caiy mo mig equie a -seco cyce u e age mo a e oge cyce wi ouce moe is e miue o oeaio e camig oce usuay ecessay i e moig macie o oucig a oeca 5 o 3 mis ick is 1 1/ o os e squae ic o oece aea A sige caiy mo o a 5-i i eeoe wou equie o 3 os a ou caiy mo o e same sie i 11 o 15 os e oece aea o e ue i a isuae o o ue mo ee o e cosiee uess is oa oece aea is geae a a o e is I is sou e e case e oece aea o e ue sou e cosiee a a o e is igoe 11

.2.2 Mldn Cndtn We coiio o e moig oyeyee e oecie sou e o iec aiy o maeia io a co mo wie suecig e moe a o as ie sai as ossie is is usuay accomise y usig ige iecio essues o esue quick iig o e mo a y usig ey so uge owa imes

.2. Mlt prtr Usuay ig me emeaues ae use o emi e asics o e iece quicky io e mo wi miimum sai ecause ig me emeaues gies maimum caiy miimum suus a miimum waage i e moe O e oe a i e me emeaue is oo ow moig wi e ey iicu equiig ea ig essues a oge uge-owa imes ue o is iicuy e is ouce ae ey oo i caiy a aig suus a waage e age o e me emeaue geeay aies om 35 o 55 egees eeig o e macie use e mo sie a e cosucio a e asic omuaio age macies wi age ou i e cyie usuay oeaes ewee 35 o 75 egees weeas sma macie wi ie o-u geeay oeaes ewee 5 a 55 egees I a macie oeaig ea is asicaig imis a iicae emeaue o egees may e equie o maiai e me emeaue o 5 egees aeei

.2.4 Mld prtr e oimum mo emeaue o e i oucio seems o e aou o 5 egees emeaues i is age emi so cyces a ouce is wi 117 goo caiy O e oe a i e emeaue is eow egees i ca make mo iig a iicu ask I sou e oe a e ey cea is ca e ouce i e case o ige mo emeaue esus i sow i cooig

.2. Cl e wo mos imoa acos i e i moig cyce ae uge-owa ime a cam ime e uge-owa ime sou e aou 1 3 secos oge a e acua mo iig ime I i is sigiicay oge a is e aea aou e gaes wi e acke a us wi sik ess a e aea aou e oue ege o e is so a waage cou esu e uge-owa ime is geeay eemie y seig a emeaues o moig eceasig e uge-owa ime i sma icemes ui a so so esus a e iceasig e ime aou 1 o 3 seco e cam ime sou e e asoue miimum seig a wic e i wi acceae aess oe-i a sikage ca e ouce e cam ime wic mus e se ae e uge- owa ime is ie mus suiciey ecee e uge-owa ime o aow e moe asic o soiiy i e caiies Sice oe-i is esiae u e waage is o e cam ime mus e se o eac mo o gie e saisacio

.2.6 Injtn rr nd Injtn Spd e iecio essue a e iecio see sou e maimum i oe o i e caiies as aiy as ossie u keeig e oe so-sie coo

.2. Sht Sz e so sie sou e e eac amou o asic eee o i e mo caiies i i is ossie So oe ausme o e so sie is equie O 11 some sma moig macies a ee o some age oes equie wi scew eiasicaos so-sie coo is suiciey ecise o make is ossie Wi ecise so-sie coo e ausme escie o cyce ime iecio essue a iecio see sou e saisacoy O may age macie i is ey iicu o maiai e ig ecisio o so-sie coo Oe so mig e so a e oe oe acke wiou cagig macie seigs I ecessay kee a cusio o e moe asic i e iecio macie o ee coo e im acio u e cusio sou e as sma as ossie Someimes a cusio o moe asic i e macie may cause ecessie ackig o e caiies esuig i e wae is I is siuaio aises e i wi e ecessay o ea om e eiousy escie ausmes o cyce ime iecio essue a e iecio see e oceue is o euce e iecio essue is e i ecessay o euce e iecio see Eey eo sou e mae o kee e ae o e moe asic io e mo as ig as ossie so a o aeciae soiiicaio o e maeia wi occu ui ae e mo is ie

.2.8 Sr Spd I oe o ge i o e eay o cyce maimum scew see is usuay use as scew sees geeae icioa ea i e asic a e o ouce e omogeeous me I emeaue ecomes oo ig a e maeia egaaio esus e scew see sou e euce e ea geeae i e asic y e oaio o e scew is a ucio o e squae o e scew see eeoe a sma eucio i e scew see ca esu i a aeciae eucio i e ea geeae I scew see es owas ig sie e i is ey ageous o esig 119

.2. Mtrl

eie oyeyee 1OA is mos wiey use o e oucio o is is maeia is caaceie y ecee ocessaiiy waage esisace a caiy wie eiiig goo oe-i caaceisics a sess cack esisace A ige me-ie esio o 1OA is 1OA is maeia eiis geae sikage a sigy ee ow caaceisics u oes o eii e oe-i ocessaiiy a e sess cack esisace o 1OA

eie oyeyee 17A eiis eceioa sess cack esisace I oies e maeia wi as cycig caaceisics o e i moe ieese i aicaios equiig ig sess-cack esisace A ee maeias ae ee use eesiey i e i moig iusy i a

aiey o cosue aicaios a oe eae iems

. lprpln oyoyee a oyee cooymes ae emoasic maeias aig e

oowig caaceisics ig weig Aiiy o om a iega ige 1 ea esisace aess 3 ocessaiiy Suace goss 5 Cemica esisace Sai esisace 7 Sess-cack esisace 1

bl eie oyey ee 17 ysica oeies ASM ES YICA OEY UI MEO AUE

Mlt Indx 0 n 28 .0 nt b 0 0.2 Sftnn pnt ntrd 2 4 rttln ntrd 46 <8 prtr hrnht <08 nl trnth p 68 00 t Yld M p I . nl trnth p pn 00 t rtr M .0

Elntn t % 200 rtr

Stffn n 00000 p 4 0. lxr M 24 11

bl 0 eie oyeyee 1 ysica oeies

ASM ES YICA OEY UI MEO AUE

Mlt Indx 0 n 28 20 nt b 0 0.2 Sftnn pnt ntrd 2 2 rttln ntrd 7 - prtr hrnht - nl trnth p 68 60 t Yld M p I 11

nl trnth p pn 00 t rtr M .0

Elntn t 00 rtr 4

Stffn n 00000 p 4 0. lxr M 24 1

bl eie oyeyee 1 ysica oeies

ASM ES YICA OEY UI MEO AUE Mlt Indx 0 n 28 040 nt b 0 0.2 Sftnn pnt ntrd 2 rttln ntrd 46 prtr hrnht nl trnth p 68 60 t Yld M p I .4

nl trnth p pn 00 t rtr M .0

Elntn t % 0 rtr Stffn n 00000 p 4 0. lxr M 24 13

e oeies meioe aoe makes oyoyee a oyee cooymes ecee coices o moig iems suc as ousewaes aiace as auomoie as a accessoies cosues aoaoy wae osia wae oys soig goos a oe iems o ouse a iusy oyoyee is yicay suie i eie cue cu o cyiica 1/-i ees e ees sae eeig uo e i-a ocessig equie o oucig a aicua omuaio e asic is oee i aua coo a i a wie age o comouig coos cusommace o e uses equiemes a accuaey coo o uiomiy ewee os I ca aso e cooe i e uses a wi eie y coos o coo coceaes oyoyee is ige a oyeyee a ooyoei asics a eeoe ouces moe as e ou a ese oe maeias i ay gie mo I aiio e ig siess a ecee ocessaiiy o oyoyee emi e moig o as wi i secios a wou oe e oo eie o umoae wi oe emoasics asic omuaios o oyoyee ae ouce i ow aes agig om ess a 1 o 5 o mee a aiey o ocessig a ouc eomace equiemes

.. hl Chrtrt I aiio o ow esiy a ig siess oyoyee as a ig soeig oi a ecee cemica esisace sess cack esisace eecica oeies a a wie age o ow aes ae omoe is use i a gea aiey o iecio-moig aicaios

..2 Injtn Mldn Mhn oyoyee a cooymes ae we aae o moig i ay o e commeciay aaiae moig macies ese macies ae scew-am a 1

uge-ye macies ese macies ie i e mae i wic e asic ees ae eiee om e ee oe o e oe o e macie e eec a e scew-am macies ae o e asic ae iee om ose o e uge-ye macies Cyie emeaues iecio essues a cam essues equie o successu moig ae omay owe o a scew-am macie a o a uge macie ecause e acio o e scew esus i ee omogeiaio o e maeia a e eeome o icioa ea e icioa ea ae y e wok o e scew is ooioa o e squae o e scew see i e scew see is oue e ea ae is icease y a aco o ou ase moig cyces ae geeay aciee wi e scew-am macies oyoyee a e cooymes ae eaiey as we iecio moe a wi e owe me emeaue ossie wi e scew-am macies e cyce ca e soe e ysica oeies o e iems moe om e oyoyee a e cooymes o a scew-am macies ae ee a ose o ieica iems moe o a uge ye macie Aices moe i e scew-am macie coai ewe sesses ecause e mo caiy ca e ie a a owe iecio essue euce moig sesses esus i as ee imesioa saiiy We oyoyee a cooymes ae moe i coos ess ime is equie o cage om oe coo o oe we a scew-am macie is use oyoyee a cooymes eae i muc e same way i ocessig oeaios e cocusio aw coceig oe maeia geeay ay o e oe as we ece a e cooymes aea o e ee suie a oyoyee o isuae ue moig o a scew-am macie e use o e easicaig ui is o ecessay u i is aaage we oyoyee 15

bl 2 eie oyeyee E31 ysica oeies

ASM ES YICA OEY UI MEO AUE

l rt 0 n 28 4.

nt b 0 0.0 Sftnn pnt ntrd 2 26

fltn ntrd 0 prtr hrnht 648 22

nl trnth p 68 00 t Yld M p I 24. Stffn n 00000 p .2 lxr M 4 82 lxrl Mdl 00000 p .4 f Eltt M 0 6 ll l 6 rdn ftlbn f .0 nth 8 26 Izd Ipt ftlbn br Strnth(t br (t 0 dr ftlbn 26 >2 > 1 a cooymes ae moe i a uge-ye macie y meas o is ui e ig ea equiemes o oyoyee a cooymes ae aiay oie eoe e maeia ees e cyie eeoe e cyie ca e maiaie a a owe emeaue a we i is suyig e eie ea ius a e ossiiiy o o sos is geay euce

.. Mldn hn Stn o e moig o sma as wi wa ickess o 1 i o oyoyee a e cooymes ae es o use ecause o ae ecee moaiiy I geea ese asics sows sa eceases i iscosiy a ei meig i is aow em o ow i e mo caiies moe aiy a o mos oe emoasics

..4 Mldn h Stn e moig o ick secios om e geea uose oyoyee sou e aoi ecause o e omaio o e coase cysaie sucue i e aice cause y sow cooig o e asic Aices wi suc a sucue usuay ae a ow imac seg e ougess o aices moe o imac moiie oyoyee o oyee cooymes is muc ess eee uo ai cooig a ese omuaios may e ee a geea-uose oyoyee o moig ick secios e wa ickess o e a is usuay eemie y e siess equie i e moe iece a e maeia seece o e o ecause o e ig siess o e oyoyee a a o e moe o is asic may e esige wi ie was a oiaiy wou e equie wi oe oyoeis 17

We i is ecessay o mo a a wi ick secio i is imoa o ae e ick secio ea e gae wi ay eucio i ickess eig mae i e iecio o e ow is makes i ossie o maiai eecie essue o e ick secio o e a o a oge ime wiou aig ecess essue o e i secios wic ae away om e gae Gaig io ick secios miimies sik maks a esus i ess eecy o waig a oes gaig io i secios

.4 Mldn hn nd Cndtn Afftn rt Ae e mo is cosuce e oeaig acos a aec e quaiy quaiy a cos o e moe ouc mus e eemie Aoug e quaiy quaiy a e cos o e ouc ae e imaiy eee o e quaiy a e ye o ooig a macie emoye oe moig eciques a e use o e oimum moig coiios ae sigiica iuece e quaiy o e moe a is ee uo ese acos iecio see iecio essue camig essue me essue mo emeaue a cyce ime

.4. Injtn Spd I case o oyoyee a cooymes ig iecio sees ae use ecause as iig see esus i a eaiey uiom emeaue o e maeia as i is e caiy I e iig ae is sow e maeia eeig e caiy may coo muc moe aiy a e suseque maeia esuig i a icomee i amiaio a ossie waage o e a is iig oem is associae wi ay emoasic u i is o e oem i is case wic as a eaiey ig cysaie meig emeaue a soiiies quicky i e caiy 1

I may e ecessay o euce iecio see o coo e uiomiy o e ow a maiai a goo suace iis we as wi ick coss secios ae moe wi sma gaes

.4.2 Injtn rr e iecio essue sou e maiaie a e miimum ee equie o i e mo Moig sikage may e euce a sik maks miimie y iceasig e iecio essue u is esu i ackig e maeia io e mo caiy Suc ackig may cause iicuy i eecig e iece om e mo a waage o i secios e eecio o a is moe imoa e sik maks

.4. Clpn rr Camig essue is e essue eee o o e mo cose agais e oosig essue eee y e moe asic ue oce o e iecio a oig essue e essue asmie o e mo caiy ees imaiy o e ye o iecio ui use o eame iecio moig macies wi ay ye o easicao i wic e sooig am woks agais moe oyme ae ey eicie i asmiig aie essue o e caiy Scew-am macies ae aso ey eicie asmiig u o 9 ece o e aie am essue o e moe oyme i e mo caiy A uge ye iecio ui i wic e uge acs agais umee ees is ess eicie i asmiig aie essue o e mo caiy a ae scew-am macies o macies wi easicaos esicio i e oe ue sysem o gaes ea e ow o moe oyme a imi e asmissio o iecio essue o e caiy A we gae ca e use o goo aaage we moig oyoyee a 19 cooymes ecause i gies e moe eecie aea o asmiig essue a oe gaes a wi si eee o we e ow sos

.4.4 Mlt prtr e ocessig emeaue o e oyoyee ay moe wi e caaceisics o e ocessig equime a is accessoies a ey o wi e omuaio u i ay gie ocessig siuaio e oimum emeaue may ay wi e ow ae o e maeia e es me emeaue o e oyoyee is ages ewee 3 o 5 egees As e me emeaue icease ee is a ecease i e siess a e imac seg o moe oyoyee a cooymes e ecease i e siess cause y e icease i e me emeaue is geaes we e ig iecio essue is use eow ceai me emeaues seee sesses i e moe a ca occu wi a esua oss o imac seg A oma iecio moig emeaues aou 5 o 7 egees ee is o sigiica ieece i e eecio emeaue cause y e cages i me emeaue A eemey ig emeaues aou 5 o 55 egees a icease is oe ig me emeaue wi og esiece ime a me emeaue may esu i icease ow ae a euce ougess I is esiae a e so sie uiie oe-a o moe o e cyie caaciy o imi me esiece ime

.4. Mld prtr Cose coo o mo emeaue is imoa i moig ay emoasic u i as icease sigiicace i e moig o e oyoyee a cooymes ecause o e igy cysaie aue o ese asics Mo emeaue aecs e oeies o cooymes ess a i oes ose o oyoyee a 13 a eaiey oug a ca e moe om eie oyaome cooyme wi oy imie mo cooig Mo emeaue uo 9 egees ae usuay use eie oyaome cooyme cysaies moe sowy a e oyoyee a a oio o e cysaiiy i e moe a oms ae e a is emoe om e mo I is o is easo a e mo emeaue as ess eec o e oeies o oyaome a i oes o e oeies o geea-uose oyoyee I moig oyoyee a cooyme as i is usuay esiae o oai maimum imac seg ae a maimum siess is iicaes a ow mo emeaues sou e use omay i e age o 3

o egees A co mo coos e maeia aiy a causes e omuaio o a ie cysaie sucue I moig aices o eay coss secios wee ig mo emeaues may e ecessay i may e aaageous o coo e aices i a ice wae a immeiaey ae eecig em om e mo is aows e aice o e eece wie si o a us soe e cooig oio o e moig cyce Cooig e as i ice wae aso aciees e quick quecig ecessay o goo imac seg a i aes e suace suiciey o ee sik maks om omig

.4.6 Cl Cyce ime is agey eee o e ickess macie coiios macie eaig caaciy a iecio caaciy e oea cyce ime ca ay om 5 secos o i aices o secos o moe o ick aices CAE 0 COO O OCESS

0. Intrdtn A moig macies wi ie eo ae caae o oiig useu mes a go io mos a oie saae oucs O e aeage a eas a o e coss i asics ocessig ae icue i aw maeias a seices; wages uiiies a caia coss accou o e es us i is imoa o ucase e aw maeias a aoae ices o ae

em eiee ucuay o use as ie as ossie a o esue a ei quaiy emais cosa Saigs may e eece y uicious seecio o e

om i wic maeia ae suie e sysem o oeig maeias ees o e oucio ogam I may

e ase o equiemes socks o agee-uo eaies Coss ca e sae y iig ou e quaiies a ca e suie o e mos aoae ems ecease i e ice eece y ucases age amous mus e

aace agais e ea cos o e soage a e age amou o ie-u caia; a ceai amou mus eese a oimum ucases mus aso aow o eiey imes equey maeias i e aua coo ca e suie

iec om socks e e se ae is ocess is ceckig o e maeia

0.2 Chn f th Mtrl A imoa aco i e oucio o e as is e quaiy o e aw maeias mus aways coom o seciicaio Ceai oeies mus e cecke we e goos ae eceie I iew o e wie aiey o e aicaios o asic aices a esig sceue o geea aiiy cao e sumie ee Eac case mus e eae iiiuay

131 13

Oe e yeas may ous ae ee eoe o esigig meos o esig maeias o eeo aues o ei oeies ese ess couce ue oceues esaise y ogaiaios suc as e Ameica sociey o esig a maeias (ASM ae e meas o eacig asic kowege aou maeias Aoug aw maeias o cosa oeies ae esseia o e ig-quaiy moigs ey o o suice o is uose y emsees I aicua misakes i e ocessig cou aesey eec e oeies I ossie aowace mus e mae o is oeia oem i e esig sceue e is ask i ceckig goos eceie is o make sue a ey coom o ye I oe wos ey mus e cecke o esue a ey agee wi sames o ome eieies is ceck icues eamiaio o coamiaio a is oowe y e seciic ess suc as simy eemiig uk esiy Oe sames ae se i aace o maeias isace i e akcas o age coaies I is case saisica ues mus e osee i akig e aom sames e eimiay ceck mus ocee wiou oss o ime; so ai es wi seciic aims ae equey use Sice iecio moig as ee caug u i e auomaio e i is easie o ceckig e goos eceie o ecome a a ace o e acua oucio ocess owee is eais a ay eiaio om saa mus emai wii aow imis o ecica a ecoomic easos is aaie ocess coo as i is cae is si a og way om eig eaie

0. Cpndn nd Clrn In lnt

Comouig o miig is a imoa sage i e oucio o e aw maeias e way i is eome ca eec iecio moig eseciay i e 133 comou is i e om o a owe a e igeies ae o mie ogee ui soy eoe moig Gea sigiicace as ee aace o aig a kis o maseaces o eame ee ae coo maseaces eiocig ie maseaces ame-eaa a ai saic maseaces a maseaces coaiig oamig ages a oe aiies Sice e imoa as ee ecogie o wa ae kow as asics aoys wic wie e ie o aicaio o emoasics iee ees o owes ae aso mie wi oe aoe A isicio ase o e sie see is aw ewee gaiy mies a sies e eiea eociy i sow sies is 3 /sec (1 o 5 m/s I-a eig o e moig comous oes some aaages I iseses wi some o e aicaio coss a oeia oems ue o ea isoy a geay euces ieoies ucasig oe ye i uk euces e cos o e aw maeias oucio ca e mae ey eie o coe wi e sma amous a secia wises O o e mos imoa asks i e iecio moig acoy is i-a cooig e aaages ae oious saig coss icue y e ige ices o cooe gaes a wie seecio o coos aaaiiy a euce ieoies owee ese aaages ae aace y e esosiiiy o seecig suiae cooas Moeoe e cooas mus o imai e oeies o e moig comou A ay ae e ema imose o e quaiy o e saes a ei eouciiiy om oe macie o aoe a om oe ac o aoe ca ee e so see as ose imose o moig comous sue y e aw maeia mauacue e cyce may ecome oge a e sikage may cage Cosequey e wokes euse wi i-a cooig ae ciey esosie o is quaiy omey mies wee se asie i secia ooms o i-a cooig ey ae ow eig suemee y eice a aow cooig o e iecio moig 13

macie ey ca ooio as may as ee yes o cooas e moig comou i e aua coo a e egi a ae usuay ie wi e mie e cooas ae i e om o e ees gou maseaces ee- owig a o ee-owig igme owes igme isesios a umae iquis Gea aues mus e aace o ei isesiiiy e quaiy o e cooaio oaie wi i-a eciques ees o oy o e ooioig a miig i e eeig eice u aso o e asiicaio i e iecio moig macie equey scew wi e miig aacmes i e meeig secio o wi e saic mies coece i e seies ei e meeig oe ae iisesae I-a eig o e igi asic wi gauae o ecyce asics is imoa o oe coo I o cooe eomace o e a ca e eow equiemes

0.4 rdtn Cntrl f Qlt Quaiy coo is a come ask i iecio moig e quaiy a e seiceaiiy o a moig ee o may acos saig om e aw maeias a emacig e ocessig a aicaio coiios Quaiy coo egis wi e esig o e a esig o e mo a caaiiy o e iecio moig macie e ume o e caiies e ye o e ocaio o e sue e sie o e macie e aowace o e mae o ises emoig iis a e oeaces ai ow ae a acos a ecie e quaiy a goe e ice I e eay mo esig sage e es e aoe o quaiy coo sou aeay e ecie uo a aw u i e om o e ceckis a wi e accee y e cusome cocee e oimum iecio coiios ae eemie i e ia us a oe i a 135

eo e moig us ouce ae ese accoig o e ceckis e acceace ess o e aw maeias ae a a o quaiy coo e ie oucio u is usuay cooe y coiues isua isecios o e moigs a y ceckig ei weig a a ew imesios Measuig e imesios a is sage is oy o a eaie aue ecause ocessig sikage is o aways comee ae e moigs ae cooe is aies aicuay o aiay cysaie moig comous

15 En Cntrl f Epnt I iew o coiuousy isig coss e mai cosieaio i iesig caia mus e e aio o eaig o coss oucio ais ca make a cosieae coiuio o eucig coss e mos imoa ae ose equie o eeig e aw maeia easig egiig a ecycig sca soig e moig om e sues emoig sackig ackig auomaic maciig a oig wi aesies e oy iem a oes o ise i cos is e macie eomace ee ae aways ew macies a wi oie owe cos o me e asics acos o e cosiee i e acquisiio o ew iecio moig macies ae e cieia se u y e iee oucio ogam o e iecio moig o e ackagig e mai acos ae e iecio ae e y cyce ime e asiicaio ae a e ice o e macie As oose o is e quaiy o e me ocess coo asecs a e camig oce ae e acos a eomiae i e oucio o macie ecisio as Oe equiemes a ae imose o a iecio moig macie o ecoomica uig ae aoae saig-u caaceisics cosa oucio caaceisics ease o oeaio ease o e eooig a a og ie Saig ca e aciee i ooig y saaiig e aes e aii o cuaue e 13

iig a e eecica cicui Maciey cos ca e euce y as a o

o equie maieace is aies aicuay o e yauic sysem

acicay ay se ioe i ocessig e asic coiues o cos a ca easiy e eauae wi esec o cos eucio Cosie o eame we you sou eace you macie as we as useam a owseam equime aious meos ca e use o eace o equime I Uie

Saes oay a o o moes ae osig moey wi o equime a ey o

o ee kow i o oy ae e ew macies moe oucie; ey aso ceae ess wase use ess eegy a ae smae quiee a sae

Saigs may aso e ossie i coss o es wae a eues wic

ae icease aiy ee is geeay a soage o wae i a eio o y weae a wae cosumio i e acoies is gowig as a esu o iceasig mecaiaio Cosequey may iecio moig acoies ae

ei ow cooig wae suies e mai yes ae

1 Oe cicui wae cooig sysems wi a eaoaig ye cooig owe

Cose cicui wae cooig sysem wi comessio ye eigeaio macies

3 Comosie sysems

Oe cicui cooig sysems oeaig ecusiey wi cooig owes wee

ey oua i e as u ow os ei eiciecy A a esu o eaoaio a

e sime omaio 15 o 5 ece o e wae cicuae is os a mus e

eeise e emeaue a e umiiy o e amie ai imose imi o

e emeaue a ca e aaie y e cooig wae A mos e

emeaue o e cooig wae ca e euce o a aue o 3 egee ceigae aoe e we u emeaue e comesso ye eigeaig macies i e cose cicui sysems oeae wi e ai cooe coeses 137

eciocaig macies a e uocomesses eomiae e mai eigea is iquiie uooyocao ue essue Comiaio o e oe sysem a e cose sysems aso oeaes wi eaoaio ye cooig owes omay e emeaue o e cooe wae i e cose eigeaig macie cicui is ewee 5 a egee ceigae is wae is use o cooig e mo A seco sysem o ies caies e wae a is cooe y owig oe e cooig owe is wae is use o e coese o e eigeaig macie a o e yauic sysem e wi-cicui sysem saes gea amous o eegy ecause i ca ucio as a sige-cicui sysem i wie wi e eaoaio-ye cooig owe I summe i is eie as a wi-cicui sysem

0.6 Mhn Sv Enr I is imoa o eauae ow muc eegy a macie equies o is oeaio ee ae wo yes o macies ose a equie a gea ea o eegy a ose a equie ess Iecio moig is oe o e mos eegy iesie meos emoye o coeig asics esi o a iise ouc I equies o oy e eegy use y e macie o ie e moo o moos o e yauic owe u e eegy o e eae as o me e esi as we e ee is e oem o emoig e ea a is geeae i e yauic sysem y usig wae i e ea ecage a wae is aso eee o coo e mo o emoe e ea om e asic is wae ca e om e ciy sysem a eeig o e macie sie a mo a e wae emeaue aaiae as muc as o 3 gaos e miue cou e equie us ceaig a siae wae i Mos as ae acquie ei ow wes o cose sysems usig cooig owes cies a e ike ese equie ums 13

nd tr, pl, n th f hllr, prr ll. Mhn rndr r t ftn d, pl trl hndln pnt. In ll lt nr d fr th pr. It ttd tht th t f th nr dbld th nxt fv r. h bn th , th ldr fd th t prbl. rt th t f th n hn, h hld b th t nr ffnt hn vlbl. h ln tr nvtnt, tht th pr ln r n thr nl rn nt jtfd hn th ln tr f nr ndrd. Al, hn tht nt nrffnt b dfflt, f nt pbl, t rll f r ltr. n n t nd rpl ll f h hn th nrffnt n, ttn tht ld t th nd prbl: t, f pbl, rd th nr d n prnt pnt. Enr nptn n th ldn hn drtl rltd t th hdrl prr d. h hhr th prr, th r pr, nd th th r nr ndd. S th b pprh t dtrn h t rd th prr rrd t d th jb. rt f ll, ndr th lp. h r tnn tht rr t l p th ld, th hhr th hdrl prr t b t plh th. Whthr r tln bt hdrl r hn r tl hn, th prbl th . ll r trn t hld th ld ld nt th fr f njtn t prvnt flhn. h frt ndrtn th ld. I th ld b rlvd t nz th r f th ld tht t b lpd t nr th d httff. h rltvl nxpnv djtnt hh ld ll n l lp. lp tnn trnlt nt l nr d, bt l prv rnnn ndtn, th vnt r r fftv. S pnd f dllr n th ld t nr d prtn ndtn. h rtt f th nr r t th njtn nd. hr nr d t prd th lt nd 139

e oce i io e mo e eaes as aw eecica eegy o me e asic aog wi e scew ie wic oies some ea o e asics oug sea uig e asics io e mo equies ig essue a a age um caaciy ee ae quie a ew ways o e euce eegy cos i is aea is cosie e scew ecoey o asicaig oay e mos eicie way o u e scew is wi aou o 7 ece o e ea eig oie y e eae as a e emaiig 3 o ece y sea o accomis is oe ees o kow someig aou e scew a ow i woks i oe o aie a a ea oie suiae o e esi eig ocesse a e ae a wic i is ocesse A saig oi wou e o se e ea oe o ea a aou 5 egees aoe e soeig oi o e esi o e u e cee oe aou 5 egees aeei aoe e o oe a e o oe a e sock emeaue a oe esies o u a Wac e scew ie essue uig e ecoey I sou e a aou 5 o 5 ece o e maimum aaiae I is eow 5 ece o sea ea is eig use a e mi o e me is o ey goo aicuay i cooig is eig use Aoe 5 ece oo muc o e ea is eig u i oug sea a coiio a is o eegy-eicie eae as ae eceie a o o uiciy ecey as a ossie eegy saig souce e as oue as eegy saes ae e ceamic eeme as wi oe-a ic o isuaio oe em e oy cage a we mae was i e ea oie o maiai e age emeaue we we cage eae a coiios We ou a a ea sik oem occus i a e isuaio iecy o e eae a oes o aow o e mouaio o e ea a e suace wic is geae a a e emocoue so is geae ea as o ace o go 1

u ow oug e see o e asic e u coe wi uisuae as oies a oe eec wic eimiaes a coiio e aiaio i e me emeaue o amoous maeia aicuay ca aec moig coiios o e oi o oiig sig o-is o sik o e sig asig ue o iscosiy cage wi e emeaue cage Ou ecommeaio is a uisuae as wi a u coe e use as e mos eegy-eicie aageme wic oies e es coo oe e me esig o e ake oe e coe is o comee u is iea is goo o ai-coiioe oeaio e oce equie o u e asic maeia io e mo cosumes mos eegy Coiuos o is oem ae e iscosiy o e me e sie o e gae e seig o e essues a e see o i as we as e uaio o e oos o eay uoa e iscosiy o e me mus e caeuy coo o ge e es quaiy o e me ossie e sie o e gae is aoe mae Gae sies ae usuay smae a is ecessay ecause i is easie o make i ig as equie Oce e mo is ie i is imossie o cage e sie o e gae A ey sma cage i ousas o a ic ca ae sigiica eaig o e coss-secioa aea o e gae o eame goig om a -i gae o a 5-i gae esus n 5 ece icease i aea a wou ae a ecie eec o e essue equie o i e mo I cou aso mea a eucio i me emeaue wic asaes io ase cyce ue o ee eig ess ea o emoe om e mo So gaig is e sigiica a o e ay i e eegy use 1 o o y o u a oo a is o i goo coiio A ew ue oas se o oo maieace ca sae ousas o oas se o wase eegy 11

o o use moe cam a ecessay 3 ea ow o use e scew o es aaage ak o you suie a ge is ecommeaios Use as ow a iecio essue as ossie o euce e essue equie 5 euce me emeaue i e gae sie wi e you You sae eegy o me eaaio a o emoig i om e mo a imoe cyce ime as we y meas o eucio i me emeaue we ca coo o o oems

0. lt Sv Enr ee ae aways imoemes o e mae i e macies a equime i e a weey eegy saig ca e mae wi e e saigs i e oa oucio coss u someimes equimes ca e mae moe eegy-eicie a a coiio uig moig wi cause a oa icease i cos u i we suy e eaiosi ewee e eegy saigs s e use o e acicay ay oe maeias asics cosee eegy i e sigiica ways Eegy is sae i e seice ie o e asics ouc Eegy is aso sae i siig a maieace sice asics ae igweig a equie ess ue o siig a ae ieey ie o cemicas o miew coosio a osie eiomes Aoe imoa asec o ei use is a as ew makes o asics ae eeoe ew ways o sae e eegy ae ou i a ases o e mauacuig ocess a i eomace O e may uses o e eocemicas e oucio o e asics maeias is e mos igeious e esaiiy o ese og-cai macomoecues o asic eemes comie o make iesiie oucs i esimoy o e imagiaio a aes o e iusy Sice e iecio 1

bl Eegy equieme o iee Maeias

1 — ue

n eesock e

U =

O -a

—I 1 I— 1 o A .0. g 7 )- -9/ e 7 k/ AO/ 1- 4,,t, OA 4 9 S • 11 1 j0 ° (0 j:0

moig ocess is a ig ig essue ig see ocess i is easoae o assume a e macies sou e sae

0.8 Mhn Sft us macie saey is a mus o esue oeao saey ee ae oceues a ouies ow o oeae you macies a oe a oeaios icuig asic soage oceues moig asics aou e a Oeaos o macies sou cosie ses o e ake a wi esue esoa saey A eame is i e oe ockou o e macies eecica cicui oey ockig ou e macies eecica cicui eoe saig eais oecs e maieace wokes om acciea sa-us wic cou cause seee iuy e aioa Saey Couci oes e oowig ses o e oe ockou oceues 1 Su ow a ossie swices a e oi o oeaio e oe e mai iscoec swic Sa you ow ock o e ockig eice A oiay aock ca e use o mos eecica ockous 3 Ceck e ockou eice o esue e swic ca e oeae ace a ame ag o e sak o e ock o iicae a e macie as ee ocke ou 5 oiy e sueiso we e eai wok as ee comee Oy e sou gie e go aea o emoe you ock ake o e ame ag a emoe e ock CAE IE OEACES O ASIC MOIG

. Mld Shrn e imesios o wic a caiy a coe sou e aicae i oe o ouce a a o esie sae a sie is cae sikage o oeace e usua way o ecie e amou o sikage is o cosu e aa suie y e mauacue e suies iomaio is oaie om a es a moe accoig o a ASM saa e es a is moe a seciic essue mo emeaue me emeaue a cue ime e ickess o e es a is omay 1/ i owee moe as ae ey aey ouce ue coiios a sies a ae e same as o ee simia o ose use o es as

o ecisio as wi cose oeace imesios sikage iomaio om e suie is o eoug u i is ey easie as a guie We mus amiia wi e acos a iuece sikage so a we may aie a moe eac

imesios o a seciic a Accoig o comie aa sikage is a ucio o mo emeaue a ickess iecio essue a me emeaue

Sikage is iuece y e caiy essue o a e age egee

eeig o e essue i e caiy aoe e sikage is ay as muc as

1 ece a ickess wi cause a cage i sikage A icke iece wi ae e sikage aue o e ig sie o e aa weeas a i oe wi

ae a owe sikage aue e mo a e me emeaue aso iuece sikage A cooe mo esus i ess sikage weeas a oe me wi cause moe sikage comae o e suies iomaio e oge e a i e caiy e cose e a comes o mo imesios wic

1 15 meas a esseig o sikage Oeigs i e a wi cause aiaio i sikage om secio o secio ecause e coes makig ese oeigs ac as emoay cooig ocks wic ee cage i e imesio wie e a is soiiyig A eaiey age gae emi ige caiy essue uiu wic igs aou a owe sikage

.2 Ctr fr Shrn rbl 1 Amoous maeia wi sikage ae o i/i o ess ae eaiy eicae sikage wic is o iicu o aus wi a moig aamees suc as caiy essue a mo o me emeaue o wi e cyce as mae o cysaie maeias wi ig sikage u wic ae symmeica a suiae o cee gaig wi aso ae a eaiy eicae sikage ausae wi moig aamees 3 as mae o maeias wi a ig sikage ae a ae symmeica u cao e cee-gae may aoimae a cee-gae coiio i muie gaig cose o e cee is ossie I is case e eicio o sikage is somewa moe iicu u si eses a cace o success e mao oem eiss wi maeias a ae a ig sikage ae o aou 15 o 35i/i I mos o ese case e maeia suies eie sow omogas i wic a coiuig acos ae aw a cooiae o suy easoay cose sikage iomaio o ey oi o eames wi acua sikage iomaio a moig aamees so ey ca e use comaaie ieoaio Wi mos ig-sikage cysaie maeias we e maeia is sie-gae a age sikage is occu i e iecio o e ow a e smae oe eeicua o i Oe moe way o esaisig accuae sikage aa is

1

bl 4 Saa oeace Ca o a oycaoae

rn nn l r n n thnd d (Inh f n nh 2 4 6 8 0 2.. 0.000A= (1 0.00 .000 =pth ( 2.000 .000 4.000 C=ht (3 .000 6.000

6.000 t Comm + fn + 2.000 fr h dd tnl nh 3 0.00

=tt Wll (3 3 0.002

E=Sd Wll ( 0.00 0.002

0.000 t 0.2 0.002 0.00 =l 0.2 t 0.20 0.002 0.00 Sz (1 0.20 t 0.00 0.00 0.002 0.00 t vr 0.00 0.002

G=l 0.000 t 0.20 0.002 0.002 Sz (5 0.20 t 0.00 0.00 0.002 0.00 t .000 0.004 3

rft Alln (5 1 1/

0.000 t .000 0.00 0.00 ltn ( .000 t 6.000 0.00 0.004

hrd Intrnl 2 Sz Extrnl lA 2A

Cnntrt (.I. 0.00 0.00 (4

llt,b Crnr (6 0.0 0.0

Srf nh

17

bl Saa oeaces Ca o eoic Drawing Dimensions Plus or n n thousand code (Inches) of an inch 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12..

A=Dia.(1) 0.000 0.500 1.000 B=Depth (2) 2.000 3.000 4.000 C=Height (3) 5.000 6.000

6.000 to Comm.+ fine + 12.000 for each addi- tnl inch. 0.001

D=Bottom Wall (3) 0.005

E=Side Wall (4) 0.005 3

0.000 to 0.125 0.002 0.001 F=Hole 0.125 to 0.250 0.002 0.001 Size (1) 0.250 to 0.500 0.003 0.002 0.500 to over 0.003 0.002

G=Hole 0.000 to 0.250 0.004 0.002 Size (5) 0.250 to 0.500 0.004 0.002 0.500 to 1.000 0.005 0.003

Draft Allowance (5) 1 1/2

0.000 to 3.000 0.010 0.005 Flatness (4) 3.000 to 6.000 0.012 0.010

Thread Internal 1 2 Size External 1 2

Concentricity (T.I.R) 0.005 0.003 (4)

Fillets,Ribs Corners (6) 0.062 31

Surface Finish 148

ooyig I is meo a sige caiy is ui a e ciica imesios ae so cacuae a ey wi aow o coecio ae esig y oiig o mea emoa e es same sou e u o a eas a a ou a ue e same coiios as a oucio u Oy e as a-oe ieces om e u sou e use o imesioig I is es o make e measuemes ae a -ou eio a oom emeaue owee wi cysaie emoasics suc as acea yo emoasic oyese oyeyee a yoyee e uimae sikage may coiue o ays weeks mos o ee a yea e sikage oe 1 ou ae moig may e oy 75 o 95 ece o e oa e easo o os moig sikage is a ee is a moecua eaageme a sess eaaio goig o ui equiiium is aaie a wic oi sikage sos o e moecua aageme a e sesses ae oug aou y moig coiios e coiios a ae mos aoae o eacig e uimae sikage i soes ime ae eaiey ig mo emeaue a a owe ae o eeig o e maeia Eac maeia as is ow ae o osmoig sikage as aucio o ime CAE 2 OUE SOOIG OGAM

2. Intrdtn Moig cyce oem aaysis is a imoa ie i asic iecio moig

ocess I is ey imoa o cac e eac aoac i eimiaig a so o

oems eeoe o e asis o iee suggesio om may comaies a sowae is eae wic eas wi e oue sooig i moig cyce oems I is sowae ossie emeies ae gie agais e oems

2.2 rbl Shtn

ee acica ossie emeies ae ee cassiie accoig o 1 Maeia

Mo

3 Moig cyce

Macie eomace I acice mos o e auy as usuay esu om oems wic ae coece wi ese ee caegoies 1 emoig

Moig 3 osmoig ese icue oems ike coamiaio coo saic us coecio

aiig a acuum meaiig We iscuss oy ose oems wic ae

associae wi moig cyce ie

1 i ime

ackig ime / ae 3 Cooig ime

19 15

Eecio ime 5 Oe ime

Mo ime 7 Sue a ue esig

Gae sie a ocaio 9 Secio ickess 1 eg o ow a

e ee mao eemes i e moig oeaio ae; 1 Iecio moig macie Mo 3 Maeia

e eomace o ese ee mao eemes is iuece y ee mao aiaes ie 1 ime essue

3 emeaue

2. Apprh Shld b Ext Goo quaiy coo is ecessay o iig ay au Quaiy ntrl associae wi eac a eey se o oeaio om aw trl rdrn t siig o e iise goo e cause o e oem may e oious a e oem coece y e ausme i ee mao aiaes I e aea o e iicuy is o aae

e eac se o ausme aiaes mus e eamie a coecios mae wee ecessay We a moe is saig u a ew mo usig a maeia o wic e as ceai aa e uses as eeiece o simia mos a maeias o se u a aoimae cyce I e moigs ae o eec o is 151 cyce e wi y o ay e essue emeaue a e ime sequeces y ausig e macie coiios ui e oais goo esu ie accoig o is eecaios I case i acceae ieces ae o ouce ae ausme o macie coiios e e esig o e mo sou e eamie I is oious a ay cage i e mo esig ca aec e emeaue essue a ime sequeces Mos moig oems ae soe y ayig e macie coiios a y cagig e esig o e mo u some oems emai ucage eeoe i suc a case au a ossie souios may e ou y eamiig oyme aiaes suc as 1ow caaceisics ema oeies 3 Gauaio

1 rbl Slvn o oem soig ee ae some asic ues 1aig Moig coiios 3Cage oe coiio a a ime Aow suicie ime a eac cage 5Kee a accuae og o eac cage Ceck ousekeeig 7 Ge aoac o oem aea ie e ye o oem wee i is eog o e macie mo oeaig coiios maeia a esig o maageme o eame 15

Cage e maeia I e oem emais e same i oay is o e maeia

aom oue is oay a ucio o e macie e emeaue coo

sysem o e eaig as

I e oem aeas i aou e same osiio o a sige-caiy mo i is

oay a ucio o e ow ae a e sysem om e o o e uge oug e oe sue ue a gae I e oem occus i e same caiy o caiies o a mui-caiy mo i is i

e caiy o gae a ue sysem I macie oeaio maucios ceck yauic a eecic cicuis

( Se u a oceue o "eak i" a ew mo Oai sames a moig cyce iomaio i e mo is ew o e so

U as ee u eoe Cea e mo

isuay isec e mo Ceck ou acios o e mo Isa saey eices

Oe e mo a isec i y cyce e mo wiou iecig maeia

eco oeaig iomaio

2. Cnln e key o uesaig oue sooig is o gai as comee as ossie a

kowege aou e macie ie wa i is oig o e asic e aou

asic ie wa e asic is oig o e mo EEECES

1 Ao ioe 1975 "Ioucio o asics" e Iowa Sae Uiesiy ess AMES

ai oa a oa amo 1971 "Iusia asics" Gooea Wico Comay Ic ew Yok 3 ecke Wae 1979 " eacio Iecio Moig" a osa eio Comay ew Yok ow o 1979 "Iecio Moig o asics Comoes" Mc Gaw-i ook Comay 5 iso a ioe Ao 19 "Ioucio o asics" ica Cay Gea iai uis au 197 " asic icies o emoomig" Goo a eac uises Ic ew Yok

7 Cosy Ewa 195 " acica Guie o asics Aicaio" Caess ook iisio o Caess uisig Comay Ic Massacuses

ie waie 1979 " asics Cemisy a ecoogy" a osa eio Comay ew Yok 9 uois ay 197 " asics" eio uisig cooaio ew Yok 1 ym ose 197 " Iecio Moi a Moig" a osa eio Comay ew Yok 11 uess a W 19 " e acice o aig o asics" Cae " Moesey Suey 1 amo oa 197 " asics" eice-a Ic 13 Ka Syia 197 " asics esig a Maeias" Macmia uisig Comay Ic ew Yok 1 ewma ema 197 " asics as esig om" Cio ook Comay ew Yok 15 ye G W 193 " Iecio Mo esig" Gowi uises Ic ew Yok

1 Seymou Wiiam 19 " Moe asics ecoogy" eso uisig Comay Ic igiia 17 Simos ee 195 " A Cocise Guie o asics" eio uisig Cooaio ew Yok 1 Smi W Mayo 19 " Mauacue o asics" eio uisig Cooaio ew Yok 19 Swaso oe 195 " asics ecoogy" McKig a McKig uises Ic I

Sweey Mei 1979 " Ioucio o eacio Iecio Moig" ecomic uisig Comay Ic C

1 Wei Cio 1975 " Ioucio o Iecio Moig" Sociey o asics Egiees Ic Co

Wee uce C 197 " Egieeig Guie o asics a ayou a Macie Seecio" ecomic uisig Comay Ic C