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A Alienation, 8, 14, 15, 17, 18, 54, 87, Abolition 88, 125, 127–129, 181, 182, of all classes, 34, 62 202, 222, 236 of bourgeois social reality, 52, 217 Althusserianism, 172–175 of philosophy, 50, 217 Althusserian materialism, 172 of the state, 33, 50, 159, 220 Althusser, Louis, 5, 7, 84, 125–127, Academic ideology, 175 130, 132, 134–137, 172–174, Actuality of communism, 10, 236, 176, 177, 180–187, 202, 205, 237, 239 223, 226, 227, 235 Adorno, Theodor, 47 American Marxism, 150, 154 Aesthetic, 198, 237 American Western, 187 Aesthetic revolution, 237 Anarchism, 38, 135 Agency of the proletariat, 196 Anarchists, 31 Agents of democracy, 201, 244 Anarcho-syndicalism, 135 Agrarian revolution, 76 Anti-communist law, 78, 90 Ahmadzadeh, Massoud, 142, 159 Anti-humanistic, 172 Al-e Ahmad, Jalal, 152, 163 Anti-imperialist, 2, 7, 62, 68, 70, 72, Aleatory materialism, 185, 226, 227 87, 95, 98, 99, 101, 103, 110, Algerian War, 172, 173, 175 126, 143, 146, 148, 150, 153, Alienated, 17, 88, 91, 127, 128, 131, 194, 218–220, 225, 230, 245 150, 158, 236 Antithesis, 186

1 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

Anti-utopianism, 205 Bourgeoisie, 5, 8, 13, 14, 17, 20–23, Arab communists, 5, 6 33–37, 48, 53, 56, 62, 63, 67, Arani, Taqi, 89–94, 219, 220 69, 71, 75, 77, 92, 98, 117, 118, Arbitrary as necessity, 199 130, 135, 137, 150–152, 154, Archeological knowledge, 130, 131 162, 176, 177, 196, 197, 215, Armed struggle, 121, 143–145, 148, 218, 219, 224, 233, 241 149, 151, 156, 158, 160, 162, Bourgeois freedom, 17, 108, 109 164, 165, 223–225 Bourgeois humanism, 173 Aron, Raymond, 185 Bourgeois religion, 51 The art of happiness, 199 Bourgeois revolutions, 13, 14, 40, 41, Autonomous political agents, 243 48, 50, 134 Autonomy of the communist Bourgeois socialists, 23 parties, 155 Bourgeois society, 13, 14, 21–23, 33, Avanesian, Ardeshir, 95 38, 39, 41, 42, 67, 109, 215–217 Axelos, Juan, 83 Bourgeois state, 2, 8, 33, 34, 51, 53, 116, 137, 162, 182, 197–199, 216, 217 B Bourgeois state apparatus, 173 Babeuf, 178 Bourgeois system of education, 51 Badiou, Alain, 206–211 British Empire, 68, 73, 74 Bakunin, Mikhail, 116, 204, 221 British imperialism, 70, 71, 75–77, 89, Balibar, Etienne, 173, 202–206 99, 110, 150, 219 Baudelaire, Charles, 198 Bruckner, Pascal, 193, 210, 230, Bebel, August, 204 231, 233 Benjamin, Walter, 4, 47 Bucharin, Nikolai, 90 Bentham, Jeremy, 109 Bureaucracy, 15, 34, 42, 72, 230, 235 Bernstein, Eduard, 27, 35–37, 177 Bureaucratic materialism, 15 Blanqui, Loius Auguste, 2, 178, Burgat, Francois, 246n1 201, 243 Bloch, Ernst, 133, 134 Blum, Léon, 85 C Boissy d’ Anglas, 209, 210 Capitalism, 2, 8, 9, 13, 14, 17–23, 27, Bolsheviks, 9, 47, 66, 68, 73, 28, 32–38, 40, 41, 48, 49, 137, 159 54–57, 62–64, 67–71, 73, 74, 76, Bolshevism, 38, 68, 69, 85 77, 85, 86, 98, 107–109, 112, Bolshevization, 84 114, 116, 118, 119, 126, 134, Bonaparte, Louis, 197 145, 150, 156–158, 160–162, Bourgeois democracy, 16, 35, 38, 164, 165, 179, 181, 183, 184, 43, 47, 54, 62, 89, 109, 110, 198, 203–205, 216–219, 221, 216, 221 225, 226, 231–233, 237, Bourgeois-democratic revolutions, 241, 246 74, 76, 77 Capitalist democracy, 54, 217 INDEX 257

Capitalist exploitation, 37, 41, 67, 154–156, 158, 163, 166, 69, 216 176, 178, 181, 193–211, 215, Capitalist order, 116, 165 216, 219–221, 225–227, Care of the self, 127, 179, 180 235–239, 243 Cartesian thinking subject, 125 Communist Chakrabarti, Dipesh, 240n12 consciousness, 19, 215 Chinese–Soviet conflict, 173 intellectuals, 84, 163, 173, 174, 219 Civil society, 15–17, 21, 55–57, 137, mode of production, 204 203, 218 movement, 4–6, 9, 22, 23, 28, 31, Clash of two cultures, 152 35, 47, 49, 53–55, 61, 66, 113, Class 116, 143, 145–147, 151, 154, antagonisms, 23, 33, 34, 38, 241 159, 160, 166, 171, 180, 181, categories, 163 195, 196, 216, 220, 221, 224, consciousness, 8, 29–30, 40, 47–57, 226, 227, 229 74, 78, 154, 157, 158, 160, narrative, 227 163, 164 politics, 207 domination, 28, 38, 182, 241 principles, 149, 224 struggles, 8, 21, 28–30, 34, 40, 41, totalitarianism, 193 51, 67, 92, 116, 119, 125, Communist International, 49, 61, 62, 135, 137, 148, 172–177, 181, 64, 66, 74, 84, 165, 226 182, 186, 188, 197, 206, 215, Communist League, 178 216, 235, 241 The Communist Manifesto, 13, 14, 21, Classless society, 21, 23, 157, 181 22, 41, 86, 111, 158, 180, 217, Collective intelligence, 237 237, 241 Collective will, 57 Complete democracy, 33, 216 Collectivization, 176 Complexity of history, 172, 246 Colletti, Lucio, 136 Comprador bourgeoisie, 69, 71, 75, Colonial 77, 150–152, 224 appropriations, 71 Conceptual knowledge, 131 policies, 66, 96 Conformist Communism, 114 questions, 61, 62, 74, 218 Consciousness, 8, 16, 18, 19, 29, 30, Colonization, 63 40, 48, 52, 87, 128, 129, 144, Colonized countries, 62–64, 68, 87, 158, 163, 164, 181, 187, 152, 161, 218, 219, 226 215–217, 220, 222, 223, 232, 233 Colonized nations, 62 Consensual realism, 3, 199 Colonized people, 67–69, 210, 219 Constitutional government, 15, 68 Comintern, 49, 54, 66, 79 Contemporary racism, 205 Commodity, 17, 93, 179, 203, Contingent transcendentality, 185 204, 231 Contradictions, 16, 28, 32, 35–37, 49, Communism, 3, 5–10, 13–24, 28, 33, 55, 68, 79, 120, 127–129, 137, 61–79, 86–90, 94, 95, 97, 102, 150, 154, 156–158, 181, 188, 113–119, 133, 149, 150, 198, 205, 222, 225, 242 258 INDEX

Cornu, Auguste, 84 Democratic consensus, 202 Crisis Democratic illusion, 37, 86 of democracy, 243 Democratic practices, 110 of governmentality, 222 Democratic revolutions, 15, 71, 149 of Marxism, 5, 6, 8, 9, 47–57, Democratic socialism, 108, 110–116, 180–188, 196, 223, 226 141, 220 Critical subjectivity, 53 Democratic state, 14, 215 Critical subjects, 52–57 Democratic way of life, 202, 243 Criticism, 6, 49, 51, 52, 154, 155, 217 Democratization processes, 194 Critique Democritus, 127, 185 of communism, 156, 225 Demos, 199, 238 of ideology, 55 Dependent societies, 161, 226 Cultural front, 55 Desanti, Jean-Toussaint, 205 Cultural order, 234, 235 Dialectical materialism, 48, 50, 90, 91, Cultural provincialism, 136 93, 160, 184, 220 Cultural revolution, 156, 175–177, 207 Dialectical return, 51, 217 Culture Dialectical theory of knowledge, 93 of the masses, 152 Dialectic of becoming, 87 of maximum consumption, 152 Dictatorship of obedience, 152 of the masses, 116 of resistance, 152 of the proletariat, 8, 27–43, 47, 51, 85, 86, 157, 181–183, 198, 204, 216, 217, 221 D Discourse Dead labor, 22 of order, 178 De-alienated, 88, 125, 131, 133 of power, 178 Death of philosophy, 136 of subversion, 178 Debray, Régis, 160, 177 Discursive struggles, 177 Decline of capitalism, 35 Dissensus, 237, 242 Decomposed Marxism, 5, 227, Distribution of space, 172 230, 231 Dominant ideas, 23, 52, 217, 220 Decomposition of Marxism, 5, 231 Dominant ideologies, 52, 55, 93, 127, Defeated revolution, 74, 157 144, 171, 172, 184, 188, 203, Della Volpe, 136 218, 227, 229, 241, 242, 245 Democracy, 1–4, 8–10, 13–24, 28–33, Dominated classes, 52, 55, 92, 93, 98, 35–43, 47, 54, 62, 64, 69, 77, 217, 218, 242 89, 90, 95, 99, 101, 103, 108–110, 112–116, 141, 147, 153, 157, 183, 193–211, E 215–239, 241–246 Economic democracy, 37 Democratic centralism, 86, 102, 103, Economic exploitation, 27 120, 155, 165 Economic relations, 38 INDEX 259

Economic struggle, 39, 216 European sensitivity, 230, 233 Educational process of democracy, 228 Existence, 2, 8, 14–20, 22, 23, 32, Educative, 56 34, 78, 87, 98, 126, 128, 130, Eftekhari, Yusef, 94, 95 136, 156, 174, 179, 183, Egalitarian logic, 200, 201, 243 185, 188, 196, 200, 215, Elitist ideology, 198 222, 236 Emami, Seyyed Baqer, 117–120 Existentialist Marxism, 83, 107, 221 Emancipation, 6, 7, 14, 16–18, 20, Existential-Psychology, 127–129 23, 27, 34, 62, 91, 92, 102, 126, Expropriated labour-force, 184 128, 129, 133, 145, 156, 158, External contradictions, 156, 225 164, 193, 198, 199, 202–205, 207, 220, 225, 227 Emancipatory politics, 127, 207, 211 F End of philosophy, 136, 183 Fadaiyan-e-Khalq, 159, 165, 166, Engels, Friedrich, 2, 5, 13, 14, 21, 194, 225, 226 29, 32, 33, 48, 51, 52, 65, 86, Fanon, Frantz, 126 91, 135, 158, 161, 164, 178, Fascism, 3, 4, 84, 113–115, 146 184, 185 Fascist violence, 113, 126, 222 English working class, 197 Ferqeh-ye Demokrat, 99, 100 Enlightenment, 52, 186, 217 Fetishism, 87, 203, 204, 229, 230 Enterprise society, 179 Feuerbach, Ludwig A., 14, 18, 19, Epicurean tradition, 127 172, 176, 186, 202, 215 Epicurean world, 183 Feuerbach’s anthropology, 129, 222 Epicurus, 127, 183, 185 Fictions of universality, 205 Epistemological, 131, 174 Finkielkraut, Alain, 193 Epistemological arrangement, Formal democracy, 14, 30, 43, 127, 130 62, 109 Epistemological break, 127, 135, 136 Formalization of democracy, 108 Epistemological field, 130 Forms of domination, 133, 183, 208 Epistemological placeholder, 126 Foucauldian discourse, 193 Epistemological transformation, 179 Foucault, Michel, 6, 125–134, Equality of intelligence, 237 177–180, 184, 194, 222, 223, 233 Eskandari, Iraj, 64, 65, 96–101 Frankfurt School, 107 Eskandari, Soleiman Mirza, 75, 89, 95 Freedom of criticism, 28 Essence, 14, 15, 18–20, 87, 88, 107, Freedom of expression, 1, 8, 29, 41, 126, 150, 156, 157, 177, 183, 54, 75, 77, 78, 90, 92, 100, 108, 201, 215, 223, 230 113, 114, 157, 217, 225 Eurocentric intellectuals, 161 French colonialism, 4, 205 European, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 13, 20, 21, French Communist Party (PCF), 4, 9, 47, 61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 89, 108, 83–85, 88, 173, 205, 206 113–116, 133, 137, 145, 150, French Imperialism, 99 161, 202, 206, 216–219, 221, French Marxist intellectuals, 83, 223 227–231, 233–236, 244, 245 French Marxists, 6, 83, 84 260 INDEX

French Revolution, 3, 4, 6, 13, 40, 52, Halliday, Fred, 239n5 55, 57, 65, 130, 178, 203, 206, Haqiqat, 75 207, 217, 237, 238 Hegel, G.W. Friedrich, 14, 48, 50, 86, Freudian Marxism, 107 87, 120, 136, 185, 203, 231 Fukuyama, Francis, 3 Hegelianization, 88 Furet, Francois, 3, 4, 207 Hegemony, 52–57, 94, 95, 112, 152, Futility of theory, 160 163, 186, 188, 196, 204, 218, Futurists, 53 224, 232, 234, 235, 241, 242 Heidegger, Martin, 126, 185 Historical knowledge, 97, 130 G Historical materialism, 90 General interests, 19, 20, 182, 203, 233 Historical necessity, 3, 8, 27–28, 36, General strike, 38, 57, 112, 162 65, 204 The German Ideology, 14, 18, 231 Historical time of non- Global bourgeoisie, 67 contemporaneity, 204 Global capitalism, 62, 67–69, 76 Historic compromise, 233–235 Globalizing perspectives, 206 Historic necessity, 36 Global police order, 229 Historiography, 180, 185, 226 Global revolution, 132–134 History of madness, 130 Global revolutionary movement, 108, Horkheimer, Max, 47 149, 157, 221 Human capital, 2, 179, 198, 231, 235 Glucksmann, André, 193, 230 Humanist Marxism, 132, 223 Goldman, Lucien, 47 Humanitarian assistance, 2, 202 Gouges, Olympe de, 238 Human labor, 179 Governmentality, 134, 178–180, 222 Human rights, 1, 193, 202, 210, 228, Governmentalization, 178, 180–188 232, 242, 243, 245 Gramsci, Antonio, 5, 9, 47, 48, ideology, 230 52–57, 79, 101, 126, 135, 184, Hungarian uprising, 102 185, 205, 217, 218, 234, 235 Hussein, Saddam, 195 Guatemala, 99 Hyppolite, Jean, 48, 125 Guerrilla movement, 142 Guerrilla warfare, 141, 143, 224 Guevara, Che, 144 I Guha, Ranajit, 232, 233 Idealism, 48, 90, 183, 186 Guilty conscience, 231 Ideological and cultural hegemony, 57 Guterman, Norbert, 84 Ideological and political hegemony, 95, 112 Ideological domination, 175, 203 H Ideological education, 163 Hakim-e Iranshahri, 92 Ideological formation, 9, 83–103, 187 Al-Halaj, Mansur, 92 Ideological inversion, 202 Hall, Stuart, 2, 233–236, 238 Ideological revisionism, 165 INDEX 261

Ideological struggle, 56, 160 Interpellation, 184, 187 Ideological subject, 184, 187, 188 Iranian Communism, 9, 75–76, Ideology, 9, 23, 30, 47–57, 76, 93, 102, 196, 239 103, 107, 108, 114, 115, 117, 119, Iranian communists, 61, 72–74, 125–137, 144, 147, 148, 151, 152, 76, 78, 94, 95, 110, 111, 158, 163, 164, 173–175, 178, 184, 118, 146, 151, 152, 171, 186–188, 194, 202, 204, 207, 217, 195, 196, 218–221, 223, 222, 223, 227–230, 232–234, 239, 224, 246 241, 242, 246 Iranian Marxism, 6, 8, 110, 195, Imaginary Marxism, 185 196, 227 Immanent self-education, 208 Iranian nationalism, 110 Imperialism, 7, 9, 10, 27, 43, 62–64, Iranian revolution, 5, 6, 8, 70, 111, 67–71, 75–77, 85, 89, 98, 99, 132–134, 161, 166, 194, 196, 101, 103, 108–110, 112, 117, 222, 223, 230 118, 126, 143, 145, 147, 148, Iranian Social-Democratic Party, 66 150, 152, 160–162, 165, 195, Iran’s Communist Party, 61, 62, 219, 222, 226–229, 244–246 64–66, 73, 76–78, 89–90, 94, Imperialist core, 234 95, 97, 98, 111, 118, 119, Imperialist domination, 165, 226 146, 154 Imperialist ideology, 160 Iran’s Constitutional Revolution, 64, Imperialist relations, 148 66, 74, 89 Inactuality of communism, 237 Iran’s Socialist Party, 75, 89, 95, 119 Intellectual Iskra, 31 accuracy, 220 Islamist ideology, 196 authority, 174 Islamist leftists, 166, 194, 195 commodities, 231 Islamists, 2, 4, 6, 194, 196, 242, 244, equality, 199 245, 246n1 illumination, 42 immaturity, 54 maturity, 54 J and moral reform, 57 Jacobine, 209 poverty, 42 Jazani, Bizhan, 144–154, 159, 166, racism, 236 171, 224, 226 Intellectually dependent, 241 Juridical ideology, 186 Intempestive communism, 243 communists, 239, 243 K Internal contradictions, 36, 68, 156, Kautsky, Karl, 5, 29, 31, 42, 135, 157, 205, 225 174, 181 Internal social forces, 160 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 152, 195 Internationalism, 13, 28–29, 62, Kianouri, Noureddin, 97, 111 98–100, 107, 110, 113, 116, Know yourself, 127, 179 119, 157, 161, 205–206, 226 Korsch, Karl, 5, 9, 47–52, 217, 228 262 INDEX

Koselleck, Reinhart, 6 Marxist Kruzhoks, 116, 141, 220, Kruzhokists, 121 221, 223 Kuchik Khan, Mirza, 72, 73 Marxist-Leninist, 87, 88, 97, 117, 120, 143, 144, 150, 154, 155, 161, 166, 194, 225 L Marxist philosophy, 83, 135, 205 Labor of criticism, 217 Marxist theory, 5, 9, 28, 47, 49, 85, Lacan, Jacques, 174 100–101, 111, 117, 127, 132, Land reform, 71 134–136, 141, 159, 181, 184, Lazarus, Sylvain, 207, 208 196, 217, 221, 223, 226, 229 Lefebvre, Henri, 84, 87, 88, 125–127, Marxist utopia, 3, 199 173, 235 Marx, Karl, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 13–24, 28, Leftist intellectuals, 5, 10, 141, 236 29, 33, 34, 48, 49, 51, 52, 65, Leftist opportunism, 108, 221 84–88, 109, 116, 125, 127, 130, Lenin, V.I., 5, 6, 8, 27–35, 41–43, 47, 131, 135–137, 156, 158, 161, 48, 51, 53, 65, 72–74, 84, 86, 164, 172, 174, 176, 178, 179, 92, 97, 100, 109, 127, 134–136, 181–185, 197, 202–205, 207, 156–159, 161, 162, 165, 176, 215, 217, 225, 227, 231, 237, 243 181, 182, 185, 206, 207, Marx’s theory of alienation, 129 216–218, 225, 226 Mass strike, 38–40, 134, 216 Lévy, Bernard Henri, 193 Materialism Liberalism, 28, 37, 109 of contingency, 183, 185, 226 Liberal racist, 228 of encounter, 183, 185, 226 Liebknecht, Karl, 204 in Iran, 92 Lukács, Georg, 47, 48 of necessity, 9, 183, 185, 226, Lumpenproletariat, 197 227, 237 Luxemburg, Rosa, 5, 6, 8, 35–43, 47, Materialist conception of history, 134, 135, 216, 222 19, 28, 51 Lyotard, Francoise, 125 Materialist philosopher, 187 Materiality of ideology, 184 Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 48, 83, 126, M 127, 172, 205, 221, 222 Maleki, Khalil, 108, 111–116, 118, Method of governance, 241 147, 150, 155, 160, 221 The Middle East, 4, 98, 111, 194, Man’s finitude, 131 228, 229, 236, 243–245, 246n1 Maoism, 108 Middle Eastern, 66, 193, 228, Mao Tse-Tung, 115 232, 242 Marchais, Georges, 176 Militant communist, 149 Marxian materialism, 183 Militant Marxism, 32 Marxism-Leninism, 143, 147, 150, Militant neoconservative, 229 163, 166 Military apparatus, 160 Marxism of rupture, 185 Mill, John Stuart, 109 INDEX 263

Mobile Guards, 197 Neoliberal art of government, 179–188, Mode 230, 232, 233, 239, 242 of distribution, 37 Neo-Marxism, 107 of domination, 184, 204, 229 New American Century, 194 of production, 2, 8, 33, 37, 48, 64, New communist international, 64, 66, 71, 74, 91, 150, 162, 183, 165, 226 184, 203, 204, 216 New communist movement, 143, 145, of subjectification, 201, 208, 244 151, 154, 160, 166, 224 Moderate neoconservatives, 229 New Philosophers, 202, 210, 211, 233 Molana Jalaudin-e (Rumi), 120 New racism, 202, 236 Momeni, Hamid, 144, 145, 159–166, New Right, 233, 234 171, 225, 226 New theory of revolution, 154–155 Moment Non-intellectual, 57 of crisis of command, 57 Non-people, 235, 236 of hegemony, 55, 218 Non-state, 182, 185 Monopolistic foreign capital, 103 Moral categories, 163 Moral consciousness, 186 O Mosaddeq, Mohammad, 96, 97, 99, Objectification, 14, 17 110, 112–115, 147, 148, Objects of democratic education, 150–152, 220 227, 236 Mosaddeq’s ideology, 147 October Revolution, 6, 32, 33, 51, Mounier, Emanuelle, 83 64, 71, 76, 77, 84, 96, 97, 158, Muslims, 1, 2, 95, 119, 193, 194, 159, 165, 195, 217 201, 202, 227–229, 232, 233, Official Marxism, 4, 126, 133, 204 235, 236, 244 Oil-nationalization, 98, 99, 147, 148 Mystical shell, 120 Old materialism, 172 Opportunism, 41, 107, 143, 144, 149 Opportunist, 165, 226, 232 N Organic intellectuals, 57, 218 National bourgeoisie, 62, 67, 69, 71, Oriental despotism, 39 98, 151, 152, 154, 162 Original disorder, 183 National culture, 152 Overdetermination, 205 National liberation movements, 161, Overexploitation, 161, 226 162, 165, 218, 226, 230 Overney, Pierre, 176 National questions, 155 National revolution, 72, 219 National sovereignty, 69, 116 P Negative equilibrium, 99 Pahlavi regime, 68, 77 Neoconservative ideology, 9, 194, Paris Commune, 35, 50, 55, 84, 85, 227–229, 232, 233, 239, 165, 178 242, 246 Parliamentarian, 39, 40, 54 264 INDEX

Particularistic, 126, 222 Political practice, 5, 83, 117, 173, Partisan philosophy, 174 174, 186, 209 Passive activity, 57 Political reforms, 3, 5, 16, 77 Peaceful coexistence, 156, 174, 225 Political revolution, 17, 133 People’s Mojahedin, 166, 194, 195 Political spirituality, 133 Periphery, 40, 234 Political struggle, 29, 39, 41, 98, 102, Permanent revolution, 161 141, 143, 147, 150, 151, 153, Persian Social Democracy, 61 154, 178, 216, 223, 234 Persuasive bourgeoisie, 233 Political subject, 186, 196, 201, 232 Petite bourgeoisie, 21, 178 Political subordination, 27 Peykar, 76, 78, 166, 194, 195, 211n5 Political vanguardism, 86 Philosopher of order, 177 Politics as dissensus, 242 Philosophical existence, 185 Politzer, Georges, 84, 87 Philosophical hegemony, 186 Popular Front, 112, 113, 115, 151 Philosophical ideology, 136 Positive sciences, 51 Philosophical imposture, 209 Post-communist, 201 Philosophical war, 186 Post-democracy, 201 Pisarev, Dmitry, 31 Post-Marxism, 193, 195, 223, 227, Plekhanov, Georgi, 135 230, 232, 233, 246 Poiêsis, 203 Post-Marxist, 1, 3, 5, 10, 206, Police, 30, 34, 70, 90, 110, 145, 153, 227, 231, 232, 236, 242, 175, 176, 200, 208, 238 244–246, 246n1 Police logic, 200, 243 Post-revolutionary Iran, 194 Policeman state, 56 Pouyan, Amir-Parviz, 142, 145 Police order, 200, 201, 227, 229, Power and domination, 145, 234 243–245 Pravda, 75 Policing of concepts, 174 Praxis, 48, 126, 203, 205 Political agency, 24 Prescriptive conception of politics, 208 Political authority, 40, 173, 234 Primacy of practice, 186 Political backwardness, 216 Principle of recuperation, 171, 244, 245 Political culture, 232, 233 Private interests, 17, 19–20 Political education, 141, 148, 171, 246 Privatization of politics, 10, 237 Political educators, 197 Production Political equality, 13, 91 of consent, 218 Political event, 120, 207, 210 of knowledge, 87, 88, 135, 223 Political global forum, 206 of the proletariat, 13, 21, 184 Political instrumentalization, 205 Professional communists, 163 Political militant, 209 Professional revolutionaries, 30, 120, Political modes of enunciation, 202 145, 177, 181 Political power, 8, 21–23, 33–36, 43, Progressive nationalism, 110 53, 64, 97, 98, 113, 134, 156, Progressive nationalist, 219 157, 162, 197, 203, 216, 221, Proletarian characters, 163 234, 244 Proletarian civilization, 53, 217 INDEX 265

Proletarian class, 18–20, 30, 40, 42, Rahimi, Mostafa, 163 63, 136, 201, 218 Rancière, Jacques, 3, 171–178, Proletarian internationalism, 62, 119, 196–201, 208, 209, 211, 211n1, 157, 161, 226 227, 236, 243, 244 Proletarianization, 28, 163 Rational kernel, 120 Proletarian life, 158, 163 Razi, Mohammad Zakaria, 92 Proletarian masses, 39, 40, 72, 74, Reactionary nationalism, 110 196, 197, 219 Reading Capital, 173, 205 Proletarian nations, 69, 219 Realization of philosophy, 202 Proletariat, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 18–24, Reconfiguration of the material 27–43, 47–54, 56, 57, 62–64, 66, world, 237 67, 74, 76, 85–87, 89, 90, 97, Red Army, 72, 73, 95–97, 119, 159 126, 129, 133, 141, 142, 150, Reformist majority, 36 154, 157–159, 161, 163, 176, Reification, 48 178, 181–184, 196–198, Relations of production, 13, 75, 137, 201–203, 207, 208, 211, 178, 182, 187, 198 215–219, 221–223, 225, 226, Relativism in philosophy, 93 233, 234, 236, 241, 243 Religious eschatology, 133 Property relations, 13, 18, 21, 37 Religious mentalities, 231 Proudhon, Pierre Joseph, 2, 20, 21, Representation, 129, 131, 178, 204, 30, 116, 221 209, 225 Psychological and social Reproduction, 22, 184, 187, emancipation, 129 203, 216 Public consciousness, 207, 208 Republican virtues, 209 Public consensus, 208 Republic of Azerbaijan, 100 Public disagreement, 238 Revisionism, 37, 49, 107, 108, 143, Public discourses, 1, 10, 133, 193, 165, 173, 177, 221 201, 229, 230 Revisionist, 23, 36, 38, 160, 172, Public power, 32 173, 175 Public sphere, 227, 233 Revisionist ideology, 175 Pure philosophy, 186 Revolutionary age, 3, 199 Revolutionary class, 21, 48, 49, 77, 135, 143, 163, 197 R Revolutionary passion, 150 Racial theories, 90, 220 Revolutionary process, 51, 163 Racism, 1, 10, 126, 193, 199, 202, Revolutionary Republic of Iran (RRI), 205, 222, 227–229, 236, 245 89, 92 Racism from above, 236 Revolutionary state, 33, 73, 157, Radical education, 229 158, 182 Radical left, 229, 231 Revolutionary subject, 7, 65, 188 Radical petty-bourgeoisie ideology, Revolutionary theory, 27, 28, 181 151, 224 Revolutionary vanguard, 27, 85, 97, Radical philosophy, 229 142–144, 149, 152, 158 266 INDEX

Revolutionary violence, 153, 156, Sequence of politics, 207 173, 224 Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Rightist opportunism, 108, 221 68–71, 73, 74, 76, 78, 89, 90, Right-wing European socialism, 150 94, 97, 103, 108, 141, 142, 144, Robespierre, 207, 209 148, 149, 153, 166, 194, 219, Rosenberg, Alfred, 90, 91 224, 225 Roy, Manabendra Nath, 63, 64, 219 Shoaiyan, Mostafa, 145, 150, Rupture, 6, 23, 131, 174, 185, 154–163, 225, 226 199, 208 Simplicity of nature, 172, 246 Russian Marxism, 79 Simulacra, 179 Russian Revolution, 5, 9, 27, 38–41, Social alienation, 54, 127–129, 222 43, 47, 48, 56, 61, 64, 65, Social and mental emancipation, 128 84–86, 134, 136, 137, 144, 161, Social compromise, 161, 226 162, 210, 222 Social contract, 181, 186 Russian revolutionary elite, 137 Social contradictions, 32, 79, 127, 128, 188, 222, 242 Social control, 35, 37 S Social democracy, 13, 29, 32, 36, Safaiy Farahani, Ali-Akbar, 166n6 38–41, 61, 64–66, 89, 108, Said, Edvard, 193 113–115, 221, 234 Saint-Just, 207–209 Social imperialism, 165 Sartre, Jean Paul, 10, 48, 83, Socialism, 4–6, 9, 13, 27–29, 35–37, 125–127, 130, 132, 172, 197, 42, 43, 51, 65, 73, 75, 76, 78, 198, 205, 221, 222, 235 97, 103, 108–116, 135, 141, Schelling, F.W.J., 86, 87 147, 150, 156–158, 161, 162, Science of history, 127, 130, 135 165, 166, 173, 174, 176, 181, Science of man, 131 194, 196, 218, 221, 226, 234, Scientific authoritarianism, 174 238, 243, 246 Scientific discourse, 127, 129, 132, 199 Socialist consciousness, 29, 30, Scientific socialism, 29, 36, 51, 103 181, 220 Secessionist insurgency, 100 Socialist countries, 5, 7, 97, 100, 133, Secessionist movement, 97, 100, 149, 165, 195, 204, 209, 226 146, 147 Socialist ideas, 65, 110 Second international, 27, 47, 49–51, Socialist intellectuals, 234–236, 241 61, 64, 66, 75, 84, 85, 89, 95 Socialist international, 113, 114 Secularist, 244, 245 Socialist mode of production, 37, 204 Self-conscious activity, 17 Socialist movement, 29, 32, 37, 38, 41, Self-criticism, 88, 163 50, 64, 65, 95, 119, 206, 230, 234 Self-determination, 101 Socialist Republic of Iran, 72, 73, 219 Self-emancipation, 177 Socialist revolution, 29, 33, 35, 36, Self-organization, 36 52, 54, 72–75, 78, 84, 117, Semi-colonized, 62, 66–69, 74, 99, 161 119, 157, 162–164, 195, 216, Semiological, 174 217, 219 INDEX 267

Socialists, 3, 5–7, 9, 18, 20, 21, 23, Stalin, Josef, 9, 78, 88, 95, 102, 111, 28–30, 32, 33, 35–38, 41–43, 50, 143, 144, 146, 176 52–54, 64, 65, 72–76, 78, 84, State apparatus, 110, 112, 134, 85, 89, 93, 95, 97, 100, 101, 157–159, 173, 176, 224, 235 103, 108–111, 113–117, 119, State of the situation, 208 133, 134, 137, 144, 149, 150, State’s ideological apparatus, 127 156, 157, 159, 162, 164, 165, Stato carabiniere, 56 181, 194, 195, 204, 206, 209, Subaltern, 55, 218, 232 216–221, 225, 226, 230, 232, Subaltern sphere, 232 234–236, 241, 243 Subjectification, 201, 202, 208, 244 Socialist standpoint, 109 Subjective figure of politics, 209 Socialist state, 65, 73, 156, 159, 204 Subjective universality, 210 Social peace, 1–3, 165 Subject of communism, 203 Social reproduction, 187 Subject of politics, 243 Social struggles, 39, 112, 113, 121 Subjects of democracy, 201, 227, 228 The society of consumption, 153 Sultanzade, Avetis, 9, 61, 64, 66–74, Socio-cultural and political 78, 79, 80n13, 146, 218, 219 oppression, 153 Supplementary subjects, 208 Socio-historical alienation, 128 Surplus value, 69 Sociological demystification, 199 Suslov, Mikail, 107 Sovereign states, 243 Symbolic rupture, 199 Soviet Communism, 113, 114, Systematic sociology, 51 116, 221 Soviet Communist Party, 9, 49, 54, 78, 83, 107, 147, 155, 159, 172, T 220, 223 Tabari, Ehsan, 96, 107–110 The Soviet Union, 6, 7, 9, 62, 69–71, Taheri, Jafar, 150 75–79, 85, 86, 94–97, 99–102, Technicians of practical knowledge, 107, 108, 110–116, 118, 119, 10, 126, 222 141, 143, 144, 146–149, 151, Thatcherism, 233 155, 156, 159, 161, 176, 195, Theist Socialists, 150 205, 219–221, 224, 225, 235, Theoretical and social practices, 132 243, 246 Theoretical consciousness, 18 Soviet Union’s foreign policy, 99, 119, Theoretical contestation, 173 141, 219 Theoretical domain, 135 Spectacle, 179 Theoretical maturity, 136 Spiritual transformation, 42 Theoretical perspective, 160 Spontaneity, 30, 38–41 Theoretical practice, 5, 135, 174, 223 Spontaneous consent, 57 Theoretical process, 135, 223 Stalinism, 9, 78, 102, 107–121, 141, Theoretical vacuum, 136 143, 180, 184 Theory of domination, 193, 198 Stalinist Communism, 113 Theory of fetishism, 203, 204, 230 Stalinist ideology, 102 Theory of history, 185 268 INDEX

Theory of ideology, 132, 203, 229, 230 U Theory of political history, 186 Unconditional equality, 238 Theory of political practice, 185 Underdeveloped culture, 198 Theory of social revolution, 50, 51, Unevenness, 28 65, 217 Unhappy consciousness, 87 Theory of the market, 204 Universal, 4, 13, 15–17, 23, 40, 53, 76, Theory of the state, 204 78, 98, 99, 108, 126, 129, 133, Thermidorean, 209, 210 203, 205, 222, 229, 234, 238 Thermidorean subjectivity, 210 Universal history, 205 Thesis, 6, 62, 63, 100, 136, 144, 172, Universalist, 126, 222 174, 175, 186, 220, 225 Universality, 10, 13, 15, 16, 18, 41, Third International, 47, 49, 61, 62, 65, 110, 126, 160, 163, 187, 64–66, 84, 85, 118, 218 196, 203, 205, 209, 210, 222, Third world, 7, 108, 133, 165, 184, 229, 233, 236, 238 210, 221 Universality of the working class, 160 Titoism, 114 Universalization, 3, 16, 202, 232 Toiling classes, 63, 64, 89, 115, 219 Universal rights of man, 17 Toiling masses, 62, 63 Universal truth, 129 Toligatti, Palmiro, 101 Utopian socialism, 42, 135 Totalitarian ideology, 207 Totalitarianism, 1, 4, 7, 108, 193, 202, 210, 235, 242 V Totalitarian socialism, 114 Vanguard intellectuals, 172 Totality, 48, 50, 52, 68, 88, 142, 152 Totalizing discourse, 177 Trade unionism, 36, 135 W Transnational, 205–206 Wage labour, 177 Traverso, Enzo, 5, 6, 11n14 War Trotskyism, 161, 225, 226 of ideas, 231 Trotsky, Leon, 43, 161, 225 of position, 55, 56 True community, 237 The weakest link, 27, 136, 137, True democracy, 10, 13–24, 165, 226 173, 239n1 Weitling, Wilhelm, 30, 37 True democratic state, 14, 215 Welfare state, 2, 161, 226, 233–235 True universality, 222 Western civilization, 193 Truth of madness, 130 Western democracy, 3, 202, 210, 230 Tudeh Party, 9, 64, 89, 94–103, Western Marxism, 9, 83 107, 108, 110–119, 141, 143, Worker’s consciousness, 163 146–150, 153–155, 159, Worker’s democracy, 54 160, 166, 194, 195, 220, Workers’ councils, 86 221, 224, 225 Working class, 14, 21–23, 28–33, 35, Tunisian experience, 133 37, 38, 40–43, 47, 56, 61–63, INDEX 269

76, 77, 79, 84, 96–98, 100–103, World Social Forum, 206, 227 108, 115–120, 135, 137, World War I, 63, 84, 137 142–144, 148–166, 171, 174, World War II, 95, 96, 113, 146 182, 197–199, 201, 211n5, 221, 224–226, 234, 241 Working class culture, 199 Z Working-class aristocracy, 108, 221 Zhdanovist theory of philosophy, 205 World revolution, 86, 161 Zinoviev, Grigory, 49