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The Manyika and the Portuguese 1575 - 1863

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The Manyika and the Portuguese 1575 - 1863 THE MANYIKA AND THE PORTUGUESE 1575 - 1863. by HOYINI H. K. BHILA THESIS PRESENTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SEPTEMBER,1971: UNIVERSITY OF LONDON, LONDON. ProQuest Number: 11010394 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010394 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT The causes of the diminished volume of Portuguese-African trade in the interior of the kingdoms of Manyika, Butua and Makaranga at the beginning of the 16th century are to be sought in Portuguese commercial methods. The Portuguese were not adequately prepared to compete with the Arab traders whom they found there. They learned from the Arabs, but very slowly. However, i Arab trading methods and institutions provided a basis for Portuguese mercantile activities in Manyika in the following centuries. The Portuguese started at a disadvantage because the Manyika used subtle methods to resist Portuguese penetration into the interior. However the Portuguese achieved their aim, for during the 17th Century they established themselves firmly at various points within the kingdom of Manyika. The situation changed considerably during the 18th Century. The Manyika successfully defied both Changaraire who claimed suzerainty over the kingdom of Manyika, and the Portuguese who wanted to trade anywhere they liked within the kingdom. Ultimately, Manyika compelled the Portuguese to concentrate their trading activities north of the Zambezi. Other factors, of course, such as the resistance of Barwe, and the profitable nature of the ivory trade also accounted for this shift in trade. During the 18th Century the feira of Masekesa (trading post) became a very important place. Manyika princes fought over it and this made it easier for the Portuguese to intervene in Manyika political activities. Portuguese intervention came to an end when the Landins appeared in Manyika in the late 1820’s and early 1830's. The Landins were interested mainly in raiding cattle at the feiras. But the devastating blows which destroyed the feiras were dealt by the Barwists and Quitevans who, like the Manyika, resented Portuguese aggression on their soil* The Landin attacks, Portuguese administrative inefficiency, confusion of weights and currency and clandestine commercial competition rendered Portuguese trade at the feira of Masekesa unprofitable* The Landin attacks compelled the Portuguese to re-examine their administrative machinery, and to make belated attempts to reform it. They failed. The Landins drove them out of the feira in 1835. In spite of their expulsion, the Portuguese maintained trade links with the Manyika at an unofficial level. ’ The period 1835-1854 was taken up by the question of the re-establishment of the feira at Masekesa0 i I In the wake of Landin invasions followed another wave of 'intruders’ - the Amatshangana of Manukuse. Unlike the Landins, the Amatshangana exercised some sovereignty over the kingdom of Manyika. The relations between the Amatshangana and the Manyika were cordial. Some Amatshangana settled in Manyika and identified themselves with the local inhabitants. Portuguese political eclipse partially came to an end in 1854 when both Chikanga, King of Manyika, and the Governor of Rios de Sena agreed to have a capitao-mor re-established at the feira of Masekesa. This arrangement failed to wor.; because the basic defects of the institution of capitao-mor had not been considered. Many of the men appointed lived far away and often did not know the language etc. The appointment of Manuel Antonio de Souza in 1863 as capitao-mor of the feiras of Quiteve and Manyika ushered in a new era of Portuguese reassertion of their former authority at the feira of Masekesa. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. For a very long time a study of the history of South East Central Africa was confined to the European activities in this region. Very little was known about the political and economic activities of the native societies which inhabited the area earlier. This thesis is but one of the several attempts that are currently being made to describe in detail the political and social structures of these African societies. I am deeply indebted to my tutor Dr. J.R. Gray to whom I owe a growing interest in the subject of African pre-history,especially that of South East Central Africa. His generous support and encouragement in the course!of my research have been inspiring. ! A number of friends have helped in a variety of ways and I offer them my grateful acknowledgements for I am aware of how much I owe to them. I have been especially indebted, however, to Dr. G. Liesegang and Dr. M.D.D. Newitt who helped me with German sources and Dr. Birmingham who took res­ ponsibility for my work when my supervisor was on leave. My thanks also go to the Association of Commonwealth Universities .whose scholarship for three years enabled me to carry out this research in both England and Portugal. ABBREVIATIONS. A.C.U. Annaes do Conselho Ultramarino partenao-official A.H.U. Arquivo Historico Ultramarino. Ajuda Biblioteca Publica>da A.P.O. Arquivo Portuguez Oriental £>ol> £"• L/ip i 3 ole.~bl m d q i/lir*rcirv\£kx't porfug ue.&q. B.N.L. Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa Bol.S.G.L. Boletim da Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa Bol.Soc.Estud Moc. Boletim da Sociedade de Estudos de Mocambique. B.Mus. Add. MSS. British Museum Additional Manuscripts. Cod Codice Cxa Caixa G.G. Governor General J.A.H. Journal of African History J.R.G.S. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society. i Moc. Mo9ambique Occ.Pap. Occasional papers, Rhodes Livingstone Museum. PRSA Proceedings of the Rhodesia Scientific Association. PRO Public Record Office RSEA Records of South East Africa S.A. Arch. Bulletin South African Archaelogical Bulletin S •A.A*A*Sex. South African Association for the Advancement of Science. T.T. Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo Trans. R.S.A. Transactions of the Rhodesia Scientific Association. U.S.P.G. United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, v. 1. CONTENTS. PAGE. Title i Abstract ii Acknowledgement iv Abreviations v Contents 1 INTRODUCTION; 2 CHAPTER I : Early Portuguese contacts with the Kingdom of Manyika 1506-1575 8 CHAPTER II: The Era of Portuguese Aggression 1575-1895 25 CHAPTER III: The Period of Defiant Chikangas 1695-1795 Part 1 - Chikanga-Changamire Relations ^9 Part 2 - Manyika Portuguese Relations 75 CHAPTE& IV: Manyika-Portuguese Relations 1795-1822 - The Era of the Civil Wars and increased Portuguese intervention; 1 . The Reign of Inhacompunza 1795-1796 121 2. The Reign of Inharugue •1796-1807 130 5. The Reign of Inhagope 1808-1813 l*fl k. The Reign of Inhamutota. 1813-1818 1^6 5. Inharugue*s second reign 1818-1822 1^9 CHAPTER V : ^ Manyika-Portuguese Relations 1853^1835 158 CHAPTER VI: Part 1. Manyika Portuguese Relations 1855-1863 197 Part 2. Manyika Amatshanga Relations 1835-1863 216 Part 3« The End of the Vatua Incursions and the Reassertions of Portuguese Authority in the Hinterland of Manyika. 228 CHAPTER VII. Epilogue 2^2 Appendix (Tables) 2^8 Glossary 255 Bibliography 258 Maps. 2 INTRODUCTION. The proper name of what the Portuguese, and later the English, called Manica was Manyika; but, either due to a corruption of Chimanyika or to an attempt at stylistic elegance, the Kingdom ccsme to be known as Manica, a name by which it is known to date. The Kingdom of Manyika could be cfelineated in the following manner during its first three and a half centuries of contact with the Portuguese. It was bounded to the North by Maungwe, to the East by Quiteve and Barwe, to the South by Quiteve and Vumba and to the West by the Odzi River. The land extended obliquely from the East to the North, and, measured in walking days, which was the fashion among the Portuguese travellers of the 16th to the l8th Centuries, it was four days in width. The country was traversed by plenty of perennial streams. The main rivers, the Mutari, Nyamukwarara, Budzi, Revue, and Ruenya, descended from a series of metamorphic rocks, consisting of quartzites and schists, which are crossed over by numerous veins of auriferous quartz. A description, even a short one, of the river system can be significant when it is realised that panning for gold constituted an important aspect of the Manyika economy during the late 19th Century, as well as during the period under review. Manyika1s outside contact with foreigners did not begin with the Portuguese. The accounts of the Arab writers of the 10th and 11th Centuries, which deal with the export of gold and ivory from Sofala, clearly demonstrate the existence of commerce between traders from the area of the Manyika Kingdom and elsewhere in the interior with the Swahili traders at the Coast. The paucity of sources on the organisation of this early trade leaves us with little but the information provided by early Portuguese observes at Sofala 5. and, in particular, Antonio Fernandes during his journeys into the interior of Manyika, Makaranga and Butua between 1^1^ and'1515* From these sources it would appear that the Swahili traders conducted their commercial activities in the auriferous areas of present- day Penhalonga, the Revue and Piingwe Rivers, and in the vicinity of Masekesa, They operated bazaars (markets), which provided a means of trading, using gold as a medium of exchange.
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