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Rethinking Their Wisdom in the Light of Ancient Stoicism and Studies on Ancient Economy

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Rethinking Their Wisdom in the Light of Ancient Stoicism and Studies on Ancient Economy ABSTRACT The Wise Man among the Corinthians: Rethinking Their Wisdom in the Light of Ancient Stoicism and Studies on Ancient Economy Timothy A. Brookins, Ph.D. Mentor: Bruce W. Longenecker, Ph.D. Against recent trends, this dissertation argues that the divisive “wisdom” addressed in 1 Corinthians can be characterized most nearly as a Christian development of Stoic philosophy, espoused mainly by a few individuals among the church’s wealthier and more educated members. Though Stoic connections with the Corinthians’ wisdom have long been noted, in considering the possibility of philosophical training in the church no study to date has had recourse to the refined socio-economic data that has emerged over the last ten years. Still less has anyone attempted to cull the full breadth of evidence for the Stoic thesis from across the whole of the letter. The present dissertation attempts to draw all of this data together for the first time. The dissertation unfolds in six chapters. The first chapter offers a general introduction and a history of Corinthians scholarship on “wisdom.” Chapter 2 argues that the regnant, rhetorical thesis (to which the Stoic thesis is offered as an alternative) owes more to its account of the eminence of rhetoric in Corinth’s broader social milieu and to the methodological trends in current Corinthians scholarship than it does to careful analysis of exegetical, lexicographical, and historical details. Chapter 3 addresses the question of methodology. It is argued that reconstruction should begin, not with a mirror- reading of Paul’s denials (e.g., 1:17; 2:1, 4, 13), but rather with the full gamut of Corinthian language quoted and of Corinthian problems narrated throughout the letter. Chapter 4 attempts to construct a profile of the church’s social world, paying especial attention to the socio-economic status of church members and the question whether any may have received some formal philosophical training. Chapter 5 brings the study to its culmination. Treating the full spectrum of Corinthian language and problems seen in the letter, it is argued that an essentially Stoic perspective provides a unifying explanation for all the letter’s dominating topics, and is the only single perspective that can satisfactorily do so. Chapter 6 provides a concluding summary and reflections on why the Stoic thesis has not yet been widely accepted. The Wise Man among the Corinthians: Rethinking Their Wisdom in the Light of Ancient Stoicism and Studies on Ancient Economy by Timothy A. Brookins, B.S., M.Div. A Dissertation Approved by the Department of Religion ___________________________________ William H. Bellinger, Jr., Ph.D., Chairperson Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Baylor University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Approved by the Dissertation Committee ___________________________________ Bruce W. Longenecker, Ph.D., Chairperson ___________________________________ Mikeal C. Parsons, Ph.D. ___________________________________ Jeffrey B. Fish, Ph.D. Accepted by the Graduate School May 2012 ___________________________________ J. Larry Lyon, Ph.D., Dean Copyright © 2012 by Timothy A. Brookins All rights reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures viii List of Tables ix List of Abbreviations x Acknowledgments xi Dedication xii Chapter One 1 Introduction 1 Chapter Two 9 Rhetoric versus Philosophy in 1 Corinthians 9 1 Corinthians in Recent Scholarship 15 Assessment of Recent Scholarship 21 Rhetoric and Philosophy in the First Century 21 Separation in theory? 24 Union in theory and in practice 27 Rhetoric and Philosophy in Recent Scholarship 33 Λόγος and Σοφία 36 Supporting Internal Evidence 52 The Popularity of Rhetoric in the First Century 57 Methodological Approach 61 The Scope of the Rhetorical Thesis 64 iv The Said Alternatives 68 Conclusion 70 Chapter Three 75 Methodology 75 Studies in Epistolary Reconstruction 77 Context and Function 77 Mirror-Reading 79 Reconstructing Paul’s “Opponents” 83 Corinthian Language 87 Social History 89 Synthesis 96 Reconstructing 1 Corinthians 99 Specific Problems Addressed 99 Corinthian Slogans Quoted 101 Other Corinthian Language Quoted 115 Conclusions on Corinthian Language 122 Recurring Topics 125 Conclusion 127 Chapter Four 129 The Corinthian Social World 129 Socio-Economic Considerations 130 Social Stratification 130 Socio-Economic Profiling 134 v Wealthy Corinthians? 134 Economy scales 150 Religio-Cultural Considerations 156 Jewish or Gentile Church? 156 “Greek” or “Roman” Corinth? 157 An Educated “Elite”? 167 Literate Education 167 The Conduits of Philosophy 169 Gymnasium Education 173 Development of the gymnasium 173 The gymnasium and 1 Corinthians 178 Social status and gymnasium education 180 Church Relations 186 Relations with Outsiders 186 The Corinthian Assembly 188 Conclusions 191 Chapter Five 194 The “Wise Man” among the Corinthians 194 Stoicism 195 History of the School 195 Sources 198 1 Corinthians and Stoicism 199 Addressees 199 vi Analysis 201 Wisdom and the wise man 201 Status distinctions 208 Freedom and indifferents 218 “Dualism” 235 Litigation (6:1-11) 249 The Question of Apollos 251 The Role of Paul 254 The Divisions and 2 Corinthians 260 Alternative Theses 263 Over-Realized Eschatology 263 Hellenistic Judaism 265 Other Philosophies 267 Socio-Economic Perspectives 274 Rhetoric 274 Conclusion 275 Chapter Six 280 Conclusion 280 Bibliography 286 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Conversion dynamics in the Corinthian church 187 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Occurences of the σοφ-/sapient- root in contemporary literature 43 Table 2. Occurences of σοφός/sapiens as a substantive in contemporary literature 46 Table 3. Reference and reliability according to Sumney 86 Table 4. Corinthian slogans according to commentators up to 1965 112 Table 5. Corinthian slogans according to commentators from 1965 to the present 113 Table 6. Friesen’s (2004) poverty scale 151 Table 7. Elite and middling group percentages 152 Table 8. Corinthian church members of the middling group 155 Table 9. The Athenian ephebate, 119 B.C.- A.D. 200 182 ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS D. L. Diogenes Laertius LS Long, A. A. and D. N. Sedley, eds. The Hellenistic Philosophers. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. All other abbreviations follow the Society of Biblical Literature Handbook of Style. x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It would be impossible to estimate how deeply indebted this dissertation is to the astute minds of teachers, colleagues, scholars, and friends who have engaged with me over the many years of its completion. Immense thanks are due professors Bruce Longenecker and Mikeal Parsons, who have read or heard presented, in several stages of their production, each and every chapter of the dissertation. Throughout my time at Baylor they have been, along with Charles Talbert, Lidija Novakovic, and the rest of the Religion faculty, the refining fire of all my academic work. From the Baylor Classics department, Jeffrey Fish was involved from the earliest stages of the project, and proved to be both a ready resource and a profound source of encouragement along the way. I also owe a debt of gratitude to professor David Armstrong from the University of Texas- Austin, who invested an exceedingly generous share of his time musing over earlier drafts of my thesis. Thanks must go to the Journal of Theological Studies and Neotestamentica for allowing me to incorporate reworked material from my earlier articles. And countless others at Baylor and Houston Baptist University, both friends and colleagues—to one and all, sincere thanks. xi DEDICATION To Mary Mac, who has shown me daily the superiority of love to human wisdom Omnia vincit amor xii CHAPTER ONE Introduction On this much interpreters have agreed: in 1 Corinthians the divisions plaguing the church had chiefly to do with their understanding of “wisdom.”1 When it has come to profiling this wisdom, however, the landscape of Corinthians scholarship over the last 200 years has shown a stiflingly uneven topography. Amid the shifting terrain, several peaks have stood out. (1) In 1831, F. C. Baur published his programmatic essay arguing that the church’s four apparent “parties” (1:10-12) could be reduced to two: Paul’s Hellenistic-Jewish faction, which valorized grace, and Peter’s Palestinian Jewish faction, which valorized the Law and human wisdom.2 (2) From the early to mid twentieth century, wisdom came to be understood in terms of Greek Gnosticism, whereby a contingent of the church was thought to have demeaned the material realm and to have boasted in the spiritual salvation they had achieved through baptism.3 (3) Beginning in 1 This has been the common judgment from one generation of scholars to the next: e.g., Archibald Robertson and Alfred Plummer, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the First Epistle of St. Paul to the Corinthians (ICC; Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1914), 15; Frederik Grosheide, Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1954), 42; C. K. Barrett, A Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians (London: Adam and Charles Black, 1971), 275-6; J. C. Hurd, The Origin of 1 Corinthians (New York: Seabury, 1965), 76, 77; Robert Funk, “Word and Word in 1 Cor 2:6-16,” in Language, Hermeneutic, and Word of God (New York: Harper & Row, 1966), 277; Gordon Fee, 1 Corinthians (NICNT; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987), 64; Stephen M. Pogoloff, Logos and Sophia: The Rhetorical Situation of 1 Corinthians (SBLDS 134; Atlanta: Scholars, 1992), 105; Roy E. Ciampa and Brian
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