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Introduction Notes Introduction 1. Michael Edwardes, A Season in Hell: The Defense of the Lucknow Residency (New York, 1973), p. 249. 2. T. Henry Kavanagh, How I Won the Victoria Cross (London, 1860), p. 22. 3. Kavanagh, Victoria Cross, pp. 81, 82. 4. At the time, the Victoria Cross was a relatively new honor, established toward the end of the Crimean War to reward exceptional individual acts of heroism. 5. Joany Hichberger, ‘Democraticising Glory? The Victoria Cross Paintings of Louis Desanges,’ Oxford Art Journal 7: 2 (1984), pp. 42–51. 6. S.O. Beeton, Our Soldiers and the Victoria Cross (London, 1867), pp. 221–35. 7. Times, 25 April 1905. 8. Kavanagh, Victoria Cross, p. 219. 9. Times, 29 September 1859. 10. A.L. Haydon, The Book of the V.C. (London, 1906), p. 111; and Philip A. Wilkins, The History of the Victoria Cross (London, 1904), p. 390. 11. Kavanagh, Victoria Cross, pp. 17, 219. 12. Ibid., p. 64. 13. Edwardes, Season in Hell, p. 249. 14. No. 80 of 1858, 9 June 1858, GOI Home (Public) No. 46, NA India. 15. Richard Doherty and David Truesdale, Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross (Dublin, 2000), p. 55. 16. Kavanagh, Victoria Cross, p. 219. 17. Thomas Henry Kavanagh, Guilty or Not Guilty of Conduct Unbecoming an Officer and a Gentleman (Lucknow, 1876), p. 11. 18. R.F. Foster, ‘Marginal Men and Micks on the Make: The Uses of Irish Exile, c. 1840–1922,’ in his Paddy and Mr. Punch: Connections in Irish and English History (London, 1993), pp. 281–305. Kavanagh was far from modest; he became known as ‘Lucknow Kavanagh’ partly because he was so inclined to boast about his feats. Doherty and Truesdale, Victoria Cross, p. 55. 19. Kavanagh, Victoria Cross, np; and George MacDonald Fraser, Flashman in the Great Game (1975; London, 2006), pp. 276, 280. 20. One exception is Scott B. Cook’s unpublished dissertation, which combines anal- ysis of Irish imperial service with Irish–Indian nationalist relationships. Scott B. Cook, ‘The Example of Ireland: Political and Administrative Aspects of the Imperial Relationship with British India, 1855–1922,’ Ph.d. diss., Rutgers Uni- versity, 1987. The essays in Tadhg Foley and Maureen O’Connor, eds, Ireland and India: Colonies, Culture and Empire (Dublin, 2006) also give emphasis to both aspects, as well as the diversity of Irish–Indian interactions and comparisons. Nini Rodgers’ analysis of Irish involvement with the slave trade and abolition also illus- trates the diversity of Irish imperial relationships. Ireland, Slavery and Anti-Slavery: 1612–1865 (Houndmills, Basingstoke, 2007). 21. Joe Cleary, ‘Amongst Empires: A Short History of Ireland and Empire Studies in International Context,’ Éire-Ireland 42: 1 and 2 (2007), p. 45. 215 216 Notes 22. Simon J. Potter, ‘Empire, Culture and Identities in Nineteenth- and Twentieth- Century Britain,’ History Compass 5: 1 (2007), pp. 51–71; and Andrew Thompson, The Empire Strikes Back? The Impact of Imperialism on Britain from the Mid-Nineteenth Century (London, 2005). 23. Joseph Lennon, Irish Orientalism: A Literary and Intellectual History (Syracuse, NY, 2004), p. xxxi. 24. David Harkness, ‘Ireland,’ in Robin W. Winks, ed., The Oxford History of the British Empire. Volume V: Historiography (Oxford, 1999), p. 115; Kevin Kenny, ‘Ireland and the British Empire: An Introduction,’ in Kevin Kenny, ed., Ireland and the British Empire (Oxford, 2004), p. 3; Mike Cronin and Daryl Adair, The Wearing of the Green: A History of St. Patrick’s Day (London and New York: Routledge, 2002), p. xxvi; and Seán Ryder, ‘Ireland, India and Popular Nationalism in the Early Nineteenth Century,’ in Foley and O’Connor, Ireland and India, p. 12. As Kevin Kenny observes, ‘Ambiguous, anomalous, complex, exceptional, unique, or even paradoxical: these are the words most commonly used to describe Ireland’s his- torical relationship with the British Empire. Yet the past is often ambiguous and always complex. Categories of this sort cannot take us very far in historical inquiry.’ 25. Sean T. O’Ceallaigh, India and Ireland (New York, 1925), p. 9. 26. For example of the latter, see Barry Crosbie’s forthcoming analysis of the career of an outspoken Irish imperial servant of nationalist views, C.J. O’Donnell. Barry Crosbie, ‘ “L’enfant terrible of the ICS”: C.J. O’Donnell and the British adminis- tration of Bengal, 1872–1882,’ in Robert Blythe and Keith Jeffery, eds, The British Empire and Its Contested Pasts (Dublin, 2009) pp. 115–35. For the shift from impe- rial service to anti-imperialism, see also the essays on Roger Casement and Erskine Childers in Eóin Flannery and Angus Mitchell, eds, Enemies of Empire: New Per- spectives on Imperialism, Literature and Historiography (Dublin, 2007) and Séamas Ó Síocháin, Roger Casement: Imperialist, Rebel, Revolutionary (Dublin, 2007). 27. T.G. Fraser, ‘Ireland and India,’ in Keith Jeffery, ed., An Irish Empire? Aspects of Ireland and the British Empire (Manchester, 1996), p. 77. 28. Tony Ballantyne, ‘The Sinews of Empire: Ireland, India and the Construction of British Colonial Knowledge,’ in Terrence McDonough, ed., Was Ireland a Colony? Economics, Politics and Culture in Nineteenth-century Ireland (Dublin, 2005), pp. 145–61. David Fitzpatrick notes that the Union masked ‘a hybrid adminis- tration with manifest colonial elements,’ and that ‘Ireland’s rulers, whether grim or benevolent, tended to regard the Irish as a separate and subject native pop- ulation rather than an integral element of a united people.’ David Fitzpatrick, ‘Ireland and the Empire,’ in Andrew Porter, ed., The Oxford History of the British Empire. Volume III: The Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 1999), pp. 494–521 (quota- tions on pp. 494, 498). For the role of Irish precedents and Irish imperial servants in shaping land legislation in late nineteenth-century India, see S.B. Cook, Impe- rial Affinities: Nineteenth Century Analogies and Exchanges between India and Ireland (New Delhi, Newbury Park, CA and London, 1993), pp. 81–107. 29. Piers Brendon, The Decline and Fall of the British Empire 1781–1997 (New York, 2008), p. 316. 30. The literature on this topic will be discussed in Chapter 1. 31. On the transnational nature of the British Empire, see Durba Ghosh and Dane Kennedy, eds, Decentring Empire: Britain, India and the Transcolonial World (Delhi, 2006); and Kevin Grant, Philippa Levine and Frank Trentmann, eds, Beyond Sovereignty: Britain, Empire and Transnationalism, c. 1880–1950 (Houndmills, Basingstoke, 2007). Notes 217 32. Rudyard Kipling, ‘The Mutiny of the Mavericks,’ in Life’s Handicap (1891; Oxford and New York, 1987), pp. 159–77; and A. Conan Doyle, ‘The Green Flag,’ in The Green Flag and Other Stories (New York, 1900), pp. 21, 23. For an analy- sis of the ‘fiction of counter-insurgency’ which Doyle’s writings represent, see Yumna Siddiqi, Anxieties of Empire and the Fiction of Intrigue (New York, 2008), pp. 86–121. 33. John Buchan, The Three Hostages (Boston, 1924), p. 169. 34. John Masters, Nightrunners of Bengal (London, 1951), pp. 324–25. A similar theme is presented in the novel by former British Army officer Tom Gibson, A Soldier of India (London, 1982), in which an Irish officer, Martin Lalor, who sympathizes with the struggle of the Rani of Jhansi against the British, is accused of giving aid and comfort to the enemy and is court-martialed for conduct unbecoming an officer. 35. Pamela Clayton, ‘Two Kinds of Colony: “Rebel Ireland” and the “Imperial Province”,’ in McDonough, ed., Was Ireland a Colony?, pp. 235–46. 36. W.H. Fitchett, The Tale of the Great Mutiny (London, 1901), pp. 97–98. 37. Jennifer Ridden, ‘Britishness as an Imperial and Diasporic Identity: Irish Elite Perspectives, c. 1820–70s,’ in Peter Gray, ed., Victoria’s Ireland? Irishness and Britishness, 1837–1901 (Dublin, 2004), pp. 88–105. 38. Terence Denman, ‘Ethnic Soldiers Pure and Simple? The Irish in the Late Victorian Army,’ War in History 3 (1996), pp. 253–73 (quotation on p. 273). 39. Thomas Bartlett, ‘The Irish Soldier in India, 1750–1947,’ in Michael Holmes and Denis Holmes, eds, Ireland and India: Connections, Comparisons, Contrasts (Dublin, 1997), pp. 12–28; and Scott B. Cook, ‘The Irish Raj: Social Origins and Careers of Irishmen in the Indian Civil Service, 1855–1914,’ Journal of Social History 20: 3 (1987), pp. 507–29. 40. Ryder, ‘Ireland, India and Popular Nationalism,’ pp. 12–25. 41. The poem was reprinted in the Ballymena Observer, 3 October 1857. 42. Elizabeth Buettner, ‘Haggis in the Raj: Private and Public Celebrations of Scot- tishness in Late Imperial India,’ Scottish Historical Review LXXXI: 2 (2002), pp. 212–39. 43. Cook, ‘The Irish Raj,’ p. 509. 44. Cronin and Adair, Wearing of the Green, pp. 77–93, 110–32, 138–46. 45. Irish Times, 23 April 1869. 46. See the Irish Times for 20 April 1907, 8 April 1908 and 7 April 1913. 47. Irish Times, 10 April 1924. 48. Of 106 Irish members of the ICS, only three retired prematurely as a result of the Anglo-Irish War or the Irish Civil War. Cook, ‘The Example of Ireland,’ p. 182. 49. J.W. Dulanty to the Sec., Dept. of External Affairs, Dublin, 20 August 1940, DFA A6,NAI. 50. Joe Cleary, ‘Postcolonial Ireland,’ in Kenny, ed., Ireland and the British Empire, p. 256. 51. V.V. Giri, My Life and Times, Vol. I (Delhi, 1976), p. 14. 52. Irish Times, 16 December 1946. 53. Kate O’Malley, Ireland, India and Empire: Indo-Irish Radical Connections, 1919–1964 (Manchester, 2008), pp. 64–65. The IRA also delivered a message to Gandhi via his son ‘wishing him success and warning him to be careful “not to repeat errors made by Michael Collins, Arthur Griffith and Co.” ’ in settling for less than com- plete independence from the British Empire.
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