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falola nasongo 00 f2 11/6/15 11:19 AM Page i Gendering African Social Spaces falola nasongo 00 f2 11/6/15 11:19 AM Page ii Recent Titles in the Carolina Academic Press African World Series Toyin Falola, Series Editor Africa, Empire and Globalization: Essays in Honor of A. G. Hopkins Edited by Toyin Falola and Emily Brownell An African Music and Dance Curriculum Model: Performing Arts in Education Modesto Amegago Authority Stealing: Anti-Corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria Wale Adebanwi The Bukusu of Kenya: Folktales, Culture and Social Identities Namulundah Florence Contemporary African Literature: New Approaches Tanure Ojaide Contesting Islam in Africa Abdulai Iddrisu Converging Identities: Blackness in the Modern African Diaspora Edited by Julius O. Adekunle and Hettie V. Williams Democracy in Africa Edited by Saliba Sarsar and Julius O. Adekunle Diaspora and Imagined Nationality Koleade Odutola Ès.ù: Yoruba God, Power, and the Imaginative Frontiers Edited by Toyin Falola Ethnicities, Nationalities, and Cross-Cultural Representations in Africa and the Diaspora Edited by Gloria Chuku Gendering African Social Spaces: Women, Power, and Cultural Expressions Toyin Falola and Wanjala S. Nasong’o Ghana During the First World War: The Colonial Administration of Sir Hugh Clifford Elizabeth Wrangham Globalization and the African Experience Edited by Emmanuel M. Mbah and Steven J. Salm Globalization: The Politics of Global Economic Relations and International Business N. Oluwafemi Mimiko A History of Class Formation in the Plateau Province of Nigeria, 1902 –1960 Monday Yakiban Mangvwat falola nasongo 00 f2 11/6/15 11:19 AM Page iii Horror in Paradise Edited by Christopher LaMonica and J. Shola Omotola Ifá in Yorùbá Thought System Omotade Adegbindin Imperialism, Economic Development and Social Change in West Africa Raymond Dumett In Search of African Diasporas: Testimonies and Encounters Paul Tiyambe Zeleza Intercourse and Crosscurrents in the Atlantic World: Calabar-British Experience David Lishilinimle Imbua Julius Nyerere, Africa’s Titan on a Global Stage: Perspectives from Arusha to Obama Edited by Ali A. Mazrui and Lindah L. Mhando Life Not Worth Living Chima J. Korieh Local Government in South Africa Since 1994 Alexius Amtaika The Muse of Anomy: Essays on Literature and the Humanities in Nigeria Femi Osofisan Narratives of Struggle John Ayotunde Bewaji Pan-Africanism in Ghana: African Socialism, Neoliberalism, and Globalization Justin Williams Perspectives on Feminism in Africa Edited by ‘Lai Olurode Satires of Power in Yoruba Visual Culture Yomi Ola The United States’ Foreign Policy in Africa in the 21st Century Edited by Adebayo Oyebade The Vile Trade: Slavery and the Slave Trade in Africa Edited by Abi Alabo Derefaka, Wole Ogundele, Akin Alao, and Augustus Babajide The Women’s War of 1929: A History of Anti-Colonial Resistance in Eastern Nigeria Edited by Toyin Falola and Adam Paddock The Yoruba Frontier Aribidesi Usman Women, Gender, and Sexualities in Africa Edited by Toyin Falola and Nana Akua Amponsah falola nasongo 00 f2 11/6/15 11:19 AM Page iv falola nasongo 00 f2 11/6/15 11:19 AM Page v Gendering African Social Spaces Women, Power, and Cultural Expressions Edited by Toyin Falola Wanjala S. Nasong’o Carolina Academic Press Durham, North Carolina falola nasongo 00 f2 11/6/15 11:19 AM Page vi Copyright © 2016 Carolina Academic Press All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gendering African social spaces : women, power, and cultural expressions / edited by: Toyin Falola and Wanjala S. Nasong'o. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61163-741-0 (alk. paper) 1. Women--Africa--Social conditions. 2. Women--Africa--Economic condi - tions. 3. Women's rights--Africa. 4. Sex role--Africa. I. Falola, Toyin, editor. II. Nasong'o, Shadrack Wanjala, editor. HQ1787.G455 2015 305.4096--dc23 2015032391 Carolina Academic Press 700 Kent Street Durham, North Carolina 27701 Telephone (919) 489-7486 Fax (919) 493-5668 www.cap-press.com Printed in the United States of America falola nasongo 00 f2 11/6/15 11:19 AM Page vii To Dr. Bridget Teboh of the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth falola nasongo 00 f2 11/6/15 11:19 AM Page viii falola nasongo 00 f2 11/6/15 11:19 AM Page ix Contents Series Editor’s Foreword xvii Preface xix About the Authors xxi Chapter 1 · Gendering African Social Spaces: Introduction 3 Toyin Falola & Wanjala S. Nasong’o The Politics of Women’s Empowerment 4 Women’s Marginalization, Victimization, and Violence 6 Gender and Artistic Expressions 9 Women and Church Leadership 12 Endnotes 14 Part I The Politics of Women’s Empowerment Chapter 2 · Gendering the Political Space in Nigeria: The Contradictions between Theory and Reality 17 Folasade O. Ifamose Introduction 17 Conceptual Discourse 18 The International Environment 21 Nigerian Women and Democratization 26 The Discourse 32 Endnotes 34 Chapter 3 · The Nwanne Paradigm as Liberative Panacea to the Patriarchal Nigerian Igbo Society 37 Nneka Ifeoma Okafor & Felix Munyaradzi Murove Introduction 37 The Nwanne and Ubuntu Paradigms as Liberative Panacea to the Master-Slave Reality in Patriarchal Igbo Societies 40 ix falola nasongo 00 f2 11/6/15 11:19 AM Page x x CONTENTS The Liberative Qualities of the Ubuntu Ethic 41 The Nwanne Ethic as the Key of Liberation from a Master-Slave Mentality 44 Understanding the Nwanne Ethic in the Igbo Socio-Cultural Setting 45 The Balance of Patrifocality and Matrifocality in the Igbo Cultural Worldview as Presented by the Nwanne Concept 46 The Genderless Nature of the Nwanne Concept 47 Nwanne Reflects Strong Relational Bond that Calls for Solidarity 48 The Quality of Universal Brotherhood/Sisterhood of all in the Nwanne Ethic 49 The Quality of Solidarity and Hospitality as Found in the Nwanne Ethic 51 Conclusion 53 Endnotes 54 Chapter 4 · The Politics of Gender Mainstreaming and Affirmative Action in Nigeria 57 Ronke Iyabowale Ako-Nai Introduction 57 Gender Empowerment: The Problem and the Concepts 58 The United Nations and Women’s Emancipation 60 International Concern for Women and Its Influence on the Nigerian State 61 The Impact of Gender Policies on Women in Nigeria 64 Call for Affirmative Action 68 Conclusion 69 Endnotes 69 Chapter 5 · Challenges of Bakassi Women in the Post- ICJ Verdict on the Bakassi Peninsula 71 Ronke Iyabowale Ako-Nai Introduction 71 Nigeria and Its Neighbors 73 Conclusion: The Way Forward 76 Endnotes 77 falola nasongo 00 f2 11/6/15 11:19 AM Page xi CONTENTS xi Chapter 6 · Women’s Political Empowerment in Nigeria: A Reading of Akachi Ezeigb o’s The Last of the Strong Ones 79 Itang Ede Egbung Introduction 79 A Theoretical Conceptualization 80 Political Empowerment of Women in the Precolonial Period 81 Women in the Colonial Period 84 Political Empowerment of Women in the Post- Independence Period 85 Women’s Political Empowerment in The Last of the Strong Ones 86 Conclusion 90 Endnotes 91 Part II Marginalization, Victimization, and Violence Chapter 7 · The Three Bodies: Theoretical Insights into the Albino Body in Tanzania 95 Jane Saffitz Introduction 95 Background: The Albino Body in East Africa 96 The “Individual Body- Self” 97 The “Social Body” 99 The Body Politic 101 Conclusion 104 Endnotes 104 Chapter 8 · Disabilities, Violence and Abuse in Nigeria 107 Emmanuel O. Adeniyi & Christianah O. Dada Introduction 107 The Nature of the Problem 109 Research Questions 110 Research Design 110 Data Analysis 111 Results 111 Discussion of the Findings 113 Conclusion 114 Endnotes 115 falola nasongo 00 f2 11/6/15 11:19 AM Page xii xii CONTENTS Chapter 9 · Violence and Victimization of People with Mental Disabilities in the Northwest Region of Cameroon 117 Consoler Teboh Introduction 117 Literature Review: Lack of Services 118 Lack of Medical Services 119 Lack of Social Services 120 Violence and Mental Illness 121 Physical Violence 121 Sexual Violence 122 Mental Illness and Victimization 122 Theoretical Framework 123 Method 124 Data Analysis 124 Violence 125 Victimizations 126 Discussion and Conclusion 128 Endnotes 129 Chapter 10 · Marginalization of Women in John Pepper Clark’s The Wives’ Revolt 133 Gloria Eme Worugji Introduction 133 Theoretical Framework 134 Marginalization of Women in John Pepper Clark’s The Wives’ Revolt 135 Passing an Unjust Decree: Marginalization of Women in the Domestic Space 136 Marginalization of Women in Education 138 Wife Battering in the Play 139 False Accusation 139 Conclusion 141 Endnotes 141 Chapter 11 · Crisis of Safe Motherhood: Information Awareness, Use, and Social Neglect among Rural Women in Ogun State, Nigeria 143 Rachael Folashade Aina Introduction 143 The Problem and Focus 147 Hypothesis 148 falola nasongo 00 f2 11/6/15 11:19 AM Page xiii CONTENTS xiii Methodology 148 Results and Discussions 149 Crisis of Safe Motherhood and Social Neglect Among Rural Women in Ogun State, Nigeria 155 Conclusion 158 Endnotes 158 Part III Gender and Artistic Expressions Chapter 12 · Whiteness on Blackness: European Gazes on Black Male Bodies 163 Mona Hamedani Introduction 163 The History of European Exploration of Africa 164 European Constructions of the African Body 165 Fred Holland Day 168 Tony Butcher 168 Robert Mapplethorpe 171 Rotimi Fani- Kayode 176 Conclusion 177 Endnotes 178 Chapter 13 · Gender and Architecture: The Contributions of Nigerian Female Architects to the Built Environment 181 Abimbola O. Asojo Introduction 181 Nigerian Architecture: Early Twentieth Century to Independence from Colonial Rule 181 Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew 182 Oluwole Olumuyiwa (1929–2000) 183 Alan Vaughan- Richards 185 Female Voices in Nigerian Architecture 185 Jane Drew, DBE, FRIBA 185 Gillian Hopwood, FNIA 187 Fola Olumide, FNIA 188 Cordelia Osasona, NIA 189 Rear Admiral Itunu Hotonu, NIA 191 Some Other Nigerian Female Architects 191 Conclusion 192 Endnotes 192 falola nasongo 00 f2 11/6/15 11:19 AM Page xiv xiv CONTENTS Chapter 14 · Influence of Indigenous Forms and Symbols on Religious Architecture: A Case Study of the Catholic Church in Nigeria 195 Theresa Asojo & Abimbola O.