Two Nations Divided by the Same Language (And Different Language Ideologies)
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Language in the USA
This page intentionally left blank Language in the USA This textbook provides a comprehensive survey of current language issues in the USA. Through a series of specially commissioned chapters by lead- ing scholars, it explores the nature of language variation in the United States and its social, historical, and political significance. Part 1, “American English,” explores the history and distinctiveness of American English, as well as looking at regional and social varieties, African American Vernacular English, and the Dictionary of American Regional English. Part 2, “Other language varieties,” looks at Creole and Native American languages, Spanish, American Sign Language, Asian American varieties, multilingualism, linguistic diversity, and English acquisition. Part 3, “The sociolinguistic situation,” includes chapters on attitudes to language, ideology and prejudice, language and education, adolescent language, slang, Hip Hop Nation Language, the language of cyberspace, doctor–patient communication, language and identity in liter- ature, and how language relates to gender and sexuality. It also explores recent issues such as the Ebonics controversy, the Bilingual Education debate, and the English-Only movement. Clear, accessible, and broad in its coverage, Language in the USA will be welcomed by students across the disciplines of English, Linguistics, Communication Studies, American Studies and Popular Culture, as well as anyone interested more generally in language and related issues. edward finegan is Professor of Linguistics and Law at the Uni- versity of Southern California. He has published articles in a variety of journals, and his previous books include Attitudes toward English Usage (1980), Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Register (co-edited with Douglas Biber, 1994), and Language: Its Structure and Use, 4th edn. -
Fear and Threat in Illegal America: Latinas/Os, Immigration, and Progressive Representation in Colorblind Times by Hannah Kathr
Fear and Threat in Illegal America: Latinas/os, Immigration, and Progressive Representation in Colorblind Times by Hannah Kathryn Noel A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (American Culture) in the University of Michigan 2014 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Evelyn A. Alsultany, Co-chair Associate Professor María E. Cotera, Co-chair Associate Professor María Elena Cepeda, Williams College Associate Professor Anthony P. Mora © Hannah Kathryn Noel DEDICATION for Mom & Dad ii ACKNOWLEGEMENTS I could not have accomplished this dissertation without the guidance of my co-chairs, and graduate and undergraduate mentors: Evelyn Alsultany, María Cotera, María Elena Cepeda, Mérida Rúa, Larry La Fountain-Stokes, Carmen Whalen, Ondine Chavoya, Amy Carroll, and Anthony Mora. Evelyn, thank you for the countless phone calls, comments on every page of my dissertation (and more), advice, guidance, kind gestures, and most of all your sensibilities. You truly went above and beyond in commenting and helping me grow as a teacher, scholar, and human. María, thank you for standing by my side in both turbulent, and joyous times; your insight and flair with words (and style) are beyond parallel. Maria Elena, thank you for your constant guidance and keen constructive criticism that has forced me to grow as an intellectual and teacher. I will never forget celebrating with you when I found out I got into Michigan, I am beyond honored and feel sincere privilege that I have been able to work and grow under your mentorship. Mérida, I would have never found my way to my life’s work if I had not walked into your class. -
CHAPTER 2 Registers of Language
Duranti / Companion to Linguistic Anthropology Final 12.11.2003 1:28pm page 23 Registers of CHAPTER 2 Language Asif Agha 1INTRODUCTION Language users often employ labels like ‘‘polite language,’’ ‘‘informal speech,’’ ‘‘upper-class speech,’’ ‘‘women’s speech,’’ ‘‘literary usage,’’ ‘‘scientific term,’’ ‘‘reli- gious language,’’ ‘‘slang,’’ and others, to describe differences among speech forms. Metalinguistic labels of this kind link speech repertoires to enactable pragmatic effects, including images of the person speaking (woman, upper-class person), the relationship of speaker to interlocutor (formality, politeness), the conduct of social practices (religious, literary, or scientific activity); they hint at the existence of cultural models of speech – a metapragmatic classification of discourse types – linking speech repertoires to typifications of actor, relationship, and conduct. This is the space of register variation conceived in intuitive terms. Writers on language – linguists, anthropologists, literary critics – have long been interested in cultural models of this kind simply because they are of common concern to language users. Speakers of any language can intuitively assign speech differences to a space of classifications of the above kind and, correspondingly, can respond to others’ speech in ways sensitive to such distinctions. Competence in such models is an indispensable resource in social interaction. Yet many features of such models – their socially distributed existence, their ideological character, the way in which they motivate tropes of personhood and identity – have tended to puzzle writers on the subject of registers. I will be arguing below that a clarification of these issues – indeed the very study of registers – requires attention to reflexive social processes whereby such models are formulated and disseminated in social life and become available for use in interaction by individuals. -
Expert Opinion Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Plaintiff
Expert Opinion Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Plaintiff, vs. Southwest Incentives, Inc., Defendant Report submitted by Rosina Lippi Green, PhD Table of Contents Preface 3 Professional Qualifications 3 Opinions: Summary 3 Opinions: Discussion 4 1. Everyone has an accent 4 2. Accent is immutable 6 3. Akaninyene Etuk is a fully competent native speaker of English 11 Bibliography 12 Materials Reviewed 16 Page 2 of 16 Rosina Lippi Green PREFACE This report contains advisory opinions, which are based on a review of currently available and/or provided documents, information, interviews, and multimedia materials as outlined below. The attorneys for the EEOC have advised me that not all discovery has been completed, including depositions of key personnel, critical document requests and witnesses which may bear on the opinions stated here. Accordingly, the opinions and analyses contained herein may be modified, supplemented, altered or changed by the receipt and analysis of additional documents, information and/or materials. PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS The attached curriculum vitae provides details of my education, research, publication and employment history. I am a former univerisity professor of linguistics, with specialization in the subfields sociolinguistics, language variation and change, language and discrimination, language ideology and critical discourse analysis. My areas of expertise all have to do with the role of language in social relations of power and ideology, and how opinions about language not based in fact serve as pretext for discriminatory intent. English with an Accent: Language, Ideology and Discrimination in the United States is my most cited work. In the process of writing and researching that book, I interviewed employers and educators from across the country. -
The Invisibility of Children's Bilingualism and Te
Journal of Pragmatics 43 (2011) 588–601 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Pragmatics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pragma ‘‘She is a very good child but she doesn’t speak’’: The invisibility of children’s bilingualism and teacher ideology Anastasia Gkaintartzi *, Roula Tsokalidou 1 School of Early Childhood Education, Faculty of Education, University Campus, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: This paper discusses the micro-level ideologies of four teachers in mainstream Greek schools Received 8 November 2009 concerning linguistic diversity, bilingualism, second language learning and minority Received in revised form 31 May 2010 language maintenance. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews with the Accepted 7 September 2010 teachers and observations in the school context which focused on their views and attitudes concerning the presence of Albanian background children in their classrooms and the way Keywords: the Greek school responds to the children’s bilingualism and to linguistic diversity. Thus, we Bilingualism Language ideologies attempt to bring to the surface aspects of the broader language ideologies which underlie Albanian minority children their school practices. Teachers’ responses could be placed on a continuum ranging from Greek teachers awareness of the importance of bilingualism and minority language maintenance to the absolute rejection of the minority language and the subtraction of bilingualism. ß 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Teacher attitudes towards bilingualism and language diversity are part of the language ideologies which underlie their language practices. Their assumptions about second language teaching, bilingualism, the relative value of languages and the way schools respond to diversity are central to their language policy making and to the shaping of their everyday teaching practices (Skilton-Sylvester, 2003). -
Nature and Society: Anthropological Perspectives
Nature and Society Nature and Society looks critically at the nature/society dichotomy—one of the central dogmas of western scholarship— and its place in human ecology and social theory. Rethinking the dualism means rethinking ecological anthropology and its notion of the relation between person and environment. The deeply entrenched biological and anthropological traditions which insist upon separating the two are challenged on both empirical and theoretical grounds. By focusing on a variety of perspectives, the contributors draw upon developments in social theory, biology, ethnobiology and sociology of science. They present an array of ethnographic case studies—from Amazonia, the Solomon Islands, Malaysia, the Moluccan Islands, rural communities in Japan and north-west Europe, urban Greece and laboratories of molecular biology and high-energy physics. The key focus of Nature and Society is the issue of the environment and its relations to humans. By inviting concern for sustainability, ethics, indigenous knowledge and the social context of science, this book will appeal to students of anthropology, human ecology and sociology. Philippe Descola is Directeur d’Etudes, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, and member of the Laboratoire d’Anthropologie Sociale at the Collège de France. Gísli Pálsson is Professor of Anthropology at the University of Iceland, Reykjavik, and (formerly) Research Fellow at the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study in the Social Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. European Association of Social Anthropologists The European Association of Social Anthropologists (EASA) was inaugurated in January 1989, in response to a widely felt need for a professional association which would represent social anthropologists in Europe and foster co-operation and interchange in teaching and research. -
Accent, Standard Language Ideology, and Discriminatory Pretext in the Courts Author(S): Rosina Lippi-Green Source: Language in Society, Vol
Accent, Standard Language Ideology, and Discriminatory Pretext in the Courts Author(s): Rosina Lippi-Green Source: Language in Society, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Jun., 1994), pp. 163-198 Published by: Cambridge University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4168513 Accessed: 06/10/2009 10:10 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=cup. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Cambridge University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Language in Society. http://www.jstor.org Language in Society 23, 163-198. Printed in the United States of America Accent, standardlanguage ideology, and discriminatorypretext in the courts ROSINA LIPPI-GREEN Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1275 ABSTRACT Title VII of the U.S. -
Human Rights and Dignity: in Between Morality and Culture by Zinaida
Human Rights and Dignity: In between Morality and Culture By Zinaida Besirevic A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Education in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Elliot Turiel, Chair Professor Sarah W. Freedman Professor Samera Esmeir Fall 2018 Copyrighted 1 Abstract Human Rights and Dignity: In-between Morality and Culture Zinaida Besirevic Doctor of Philosophy in Education University of California, Berkeley Professor Elliot Turiel, Chair This study explored how adolescents (aged 13 to 17) and young adults (aged 18 to 25) reason about the concepts of human rights and human dignity in the abstract, how they judge and justify different types of human rights violations in real-life contexts, and what systems of satisfaction of justice they endorse. Two countries were compared: Turkey and Bosnia, both secular, liberal democracies, but also the only European countries with a Muslim majority population, and both divided by conflict. Based on the data from 98 in-depth clinical interviews with randomly selected participants, 44 in each country, four dimensions of comparison were analyzed: 1) differences between reasoning in the abstract versus reasoning about specific contexts; 2) differences in reasoning related to age; 3) differences in reasoning related to country; 4) differences in reasoning about different types of rights violations. Participants were first asked straightforward questions about their conceptualization of human rights, and the principles thereof, as well as the relationship of rights to human dignity. Next, they were asked to provide judgment and the underlying reasoning about four real-life situations of human rights violations, including: torture prisoners suspected of terrorism; discrimination of women who wear a headscarf; an unprotected labor of undocumented workers; and the segregation of the Roma ethnic minorities. -
Urban Planning in Vernacular Governance
The London School of Economics and Political Science Urban Planning in Vernacular Governance --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Land use planning and violations in Bangalore Jayaraj Sundaresan A thesis submitted to the Department of Geography and Environment of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, December 2013 1 of 3 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 102,973 words. I can confirm that my thesis was copy edited for conventions of language, spelling and grammar by Amit Desai and Dieter Kursietis at various stages. 2 of 3 Abstract Using a relational state-society framework, this research examines the relationship between land use violations and the urban planning process. This thesis seeks to answer how and why land use violations in the non-poor neighbourhoods of Bangalore are produced, sustained and contested in spite of the elaborate planning, implementation and enforcement mechanisms present in Bangalore. -
Religious Affiliation and Conceptions of the Moral Domain
Social Cognition, Vol. 39, No. 1, 2021, pp. 139–165 RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION AND CONCEPTIONS OF THE MORAL DOMAIN Sydney Levine Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Harvard University Joshua Rottman Franklin & Marshall College Taylor Davis Purdue University Elizabeth O’Neill Eindhoven University of Technology Stephen Stich Rutgers University Edourard Machaery University of Pittsburgh What is the relationship between religious affiliation and conceptions of the moral domain? Putting aside the question of whether people from different religions agree about how to answer moral questions, here we investigate a more fundamental question: How much disagreement is there across religions about which issues count as moral in the first place? That is, do people from different religions conceptualize the scope of morality dif- ferently? Using a new methodology to map out how individuals conceive of the moral domain, we find dramatic differences among adherents of dif- ferent religions. Mormon and Muslim participants moralized their religious norms, while Jewish participants did not. Hindu participants in our sample did not seem to make a moral/non-moral distinction of the same kind. These results suggest a profound relationship between religious affiliation and conceptions of the scope of the moral domain. Keywords: morality, religion, moral domain Data is available at https://github.com/sydneylevine/moral-domain. Supported by Cultural Evolution of Religion Research Consortium seed funding grant. This research was conducted with government support under and awarded by DoD, Air Force Office of Scientific Research, National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate (NDSEG) Fellowship, 32 CFR 168a. Address correspondence to Sydney Levine, William James Hall, Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA 02138. -
The Evolutionary Basis and Function of Religion
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Supervised Undergraduate Student Research Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects and Creative Work Spring 5-2005 The Evolutionary Basis and Function of Religion Max Andrew Taylor University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_chanhonoproj Recommended Citation Taylor, Max Andrew, "The Evolutionary Basis and Function of Religion" (2005). Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_chanhonoproj/921 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Supervised Undergraduate Student Research and Creative Work at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EVOLUTIONARY BASIS AND FUNCTION OF RELIGION A Senior Honors Project In Partial Fulfillment of Bachelor of Arts with University Honors in Anthropology The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Max Andrew Taylor May 2005 Faculty Mentor: Dr. Hector Qirko, Ph.D. Anthropology Abstract In this paper, I offer a possible evolutionary explanation for the existence of religion and for its ubiquity. I suggest that religion evolved in modern humans through the conflation of two essential characteristics of Homo sapiens sapiens. The first, social hierarchy, is observed in all social primates-indeed, in all socially-living animals. The second, cognitive fluidity, appears to be unique to our species. Religion resulted from cognitively-fluid modern humans' attempt to relate to the ecological environment using strategies derived from the social environment: humans viewed environmental stressors and forces as humanlike, and attempted to relate to them in humanlike ways. -
The Constitution of Christian Communal Boundaries and Spheres in Jordan Geraldine Chatelard
The Constitution of Christian Communal Boundaries and Spheres in Jordan Geraldine Chatelard To cite this version: Geraldine Chatelard. The Constitution of Christian Communal Boundaries and Spheres in Jordan. Journal of Church and State, Oxford University Press (OUP), 2010, pp.1-17. 10.1093/jcs/csq079. halshs-00511949 HAL Id: halshs-00511949 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00511949 Submitted on 26 Aug 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The Constitution of Christian Communal Boundaries and Spheres in Jordan Géraldine Chatelard Published in Journal of Church and State 2010; doi: 10.1093/jcs/csq079 When the Emirate of Transjordan was established in 1921, the British mandatory authorities estimated the population of this newly created Sunni Muslim-majority country at 230,000 persons out of which a little less than 10 percent were Christians.1 According to Ottoman statistics for the year 1914, Christians were present in the northern and central districts (Ajlun, Salt, and Karak) east of the Jordan River in villages and towns.