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Geology, Petrochemistry, and Time-Space Evolution of the Cripple Creek District, Colorado

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Geology, Petrochemistry, and Time-Space Evolution of the Cripple Creek District, Colorado The Geological Society of America Field Guide 10 2007 Geology, petrochemistry, and time-space evolution of the Cripple Creek district, Colorado Eric P. Jensen* Mark D. Barton* Center for Mineral Resources, Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA ABSTRACT The Cripple Creek district is renowned for epithermal gold telluride veins which have produced over 22 million ounces of gold from an intensely altered diatreme complex (total production + economic resources of >1000 tons). The district is also renowned for its association with a rare class of alkaline igneous rocks. The volcanism at Cripple Creek was part of a regionally extensive episode of Oligocene magma- tism, including large volumes of calc-alkaline rocks and smaller, but widely distrib- uted alkaline centers. Amongst the mid-Tertiary alkaline intrusive complexes, only Cripple Creek is associated with a giant (>500 ton) gold deposit. Further study of the magmatic and hydrothermal evolution of these systems will be necessary to explain this apparent disparity in gold enrichment. Cripple Creek’s gold mineralization principally occurs as telluride minerals hosted by swarms of narrow veins. Most geological studies over the last century have focused on the high-grade veins and to a lesser degree, adjacent hydrothermal altera- tion, but metasomatism is now shown to be broadly developed and demonstrably accompanied many events throughout the evolution of the igneous complex. Altera- tion types ranged from minor early pyroxene-stable varieties through various biotite- bearing assemblages into voluminous K-feldspar stable types. Hydrolytic (acid) styles of alteration are present but minor. Economic gold mineralization is intimately asso- ciated only with late, voluminous K-feldspar-pyrite alteration which affected >5 km3 of the explored portion (upper 1 km) of the complex. Although similar to other gold deposits related to alkaline magmatism, Cripple Creek differs markedly from other epithermal systems in terms of its large volume of K-feldspar added and paucity of quartz and acid alteration. Keywords: alkaline, epithermal, Cripple-Creek-Colorado, phonolite, metasomatism, hydrothermal-alteration, tellurides, diatreme *Current address, Jensen: Bronco Creek Exploration, Inc., 1815 E. Winsett, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA, [email protected]. E-mail, Barton: [email protected] Jensen, E.P., and Barton, M.D., 2007, Geology, petrochemistry, and time-space evolution of the Cripple Creek district, Colorado, in Raynolds, R.G., ed., Roaming the Rocky Mountains and Environs: Geological Field Trips: Geological Society of America Field Guide 10, p. 63–78, doi: 10.1130/2007.fl d010(04). For permis- sion to copy, contact [email protected]. ©2007 The Geological Society of America. All rights reserved. 63 64 Jensen and Barton INTRODUCTION mid-Tertiary, although the exact timing of the onset of regional extension remains a matter of debate. It is clear from a wide vari- The Cripple Creek gold deposit in central Colorado is hosted ety of evidence that rift-related basaltic magmatism was active by an Oligocene alkaline diatreme complex. Cripple Creek is dis- along the axis of the Rio Grande Rift by 26 Ma. Chapin and tinguished from the majority of epithermal ore deposits in the Seager (1975) bracket the onset of extension in the Rio Grande region by its remarkable production record (~930 t Au produc- Rift between episodes of magmatism at 31 and 28 Ma, and it is tion + economic reserves, geologic resource >> 1000 tons), its recognized that the earliest alluvial basin deposits are possibly association with a rare class of igneous rocks (phonolitic-lam- 3–4 m.y. younger (Christiansen et al., 1992). Kelley and Duncan prophyric magmatism), and its unusual styles of mineralization. (1986) interpret a cluster of fi ssion track ages from 30 to 35 Ma While the association between alkaline rocks and gold mineral- to refl ect disturbance of basement rocks in the Sandia Range and ization has been long recognized (Lindgren, 1933; Mutschler and Sangre de Cristo Mountains of New Mexico, possibly dating the Mooney, 1993, Richards, 1995; Jensen and Barton, 2000), a key incipient phases of extension. Elsewhere in the region, 31 Ma question remains: why do alkaline igneous centers show a dis- olivine basalts were erupted along with rhyolites along the rift proportionate relationship with large (>100 Mt) gold resources? axis, which appears to signal a transition to bimodal rift-related Further insight will be gained from detailed studies of individual volcanism (Chapin and Seager, 1975; Elston, 1984). Collectively, deposits such as Cripple Creek, and these studies will also benefi t these data were interpreted by Christiansen et al. (1992) to refl ect our understanding of the petrogenesis and geodynamic signifi - the onset of regional extension between 35 and 30 Ma, becoming cance of this unusual class of igneous rocks. widely developed by 26 Ma. Although broadly coeval with mag- One hundred years of geologic studies have accompanied the matism at Cripple Creek, this tectonism has no obvious expres- history of mining in the Cripple Creek district, with most activ- sion in the district except perhaps indirectly in the hydrology of ity taking place in the early twentieth century. Recent renewal of the evolving hydrothermal system. mining activity in the district (1994) affords new exposures and a wealth of new information from recent drill programs. New work Tertiary Magmatism coupled with reinterpretation of existing data reveals a complex and dynamic history of magmatic and hydrothermal activity and Following the close of the Laramide Orogeny, signifi cant provides insight into the geologic evolution of central Colorado, magmatism initiated in areas of Laramide uplift in central Col- and how large gold deposits form. orado (Mount Princeton region) and the San Juan Mountains . This paper is divided into several sections. The fi rst dis- At Mount Princeton, large ignimbritic eruptives were generated cusses the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the part of Colorado between 33 and 36 Ma (Lipman, 2007). Beginning at ca. 35 Ma, which hosts the Cripple Creek district, as well as styles of mag- pre-caldera stratovolcanoes in the San Juan Mountains erupted matism that were active in the region; this provides a context for mainly andesitic lavas, followed by later generations of volumi- an appreciation of the styles of magmatism seen at Cripple Creek. nous rhyolitic to quartz latitic ash fl ow units erupted from a series The regional overview is followed by a brief description of the of caldera centers throughout the region (Lipman et al., 1970; alkaline igneous rocks in the Cripple Creek district, and discus- Mutschler et al., 1987; Lipman, 2007). This major magmatic sion and description of the styles of mineralization and alteration. event is referred to as the “ignimbrite fl are-up,” and marked a The paper closes with a time-space synthesis of magmatic and signifi cant period of magma generation and crustal modifi cation hydrothermal activity and a general discussion and summary. in the region. Large volumes of calc-alkaline magmas were pro- duced, with activity focused in four major volcanic fi elds (San REGIONAL GEOLOGY AND OVERVIEW Juan Mountains, Colorado, Mount Princeton, Colorado, Thir- tynine Mile volcanic fi eld, Colorado, Latir volcanic fi eld, New The Late Oligocene Cripple Creek diatreme was emplaced Mexico), and at numerous other calc-alkaline magmatic centers at the junction of several Precambrian units along the margin of (Fig. 1). the Pikes Peak batholith, at a time when both widespread alkalic At the time of the alkaline magmatic activity at Cripple Creek and calc-alkalic magmatism were active throughout the region (ca. 31 Ma), calc alkaline magmatism (ca. 30 Ma) was continu- (Fig. 1). This period of volcanic activity was the product of ing in both the San Juan volcanic fi eld and the nearby Thirtynine dynamic activity in the lower crust and upper mantle (Johnson et Mile volcanic fi eld (Fig. 1). The initial phases of magmatism in al., 1990; Riciputi and Johnson, 1990; Colucci et al., 1991; John- the Guffey area (Thirtynine Mile volcanic fi eld) resembled the son, 1991) which saw widespread production of diverse magma volcanic successions in the San Juan volcanic fi eld in their inter- types. mediate (andesitic) compositions. In contrast to the San Juan Regional mid-Tertiary magmatism (40–25 Ma) in and volcanic fi eld however, the Thirtynine Mile magmas were more around Colorado took place during a time of tectonic reconfi gu- alkaline, and the eruptive centers of the Thirtynine Mile Volcanic ration. Laramide compression had largely waned by ca. 40 Ma fi eld did not evolve to produce the large volumes of ignimbritic (Coney, 1976, 1978), and was followed by periods of tectonic eruptives seen in the San Juan volcanic fi eld. Although small vol- “quiescence” or relaxation. Regional extension began in the umes of silicic eruptives are associated with some of the centers, Geology of the Cripple Creek district 65 Figure 1. Generalized map showing the distribution of Oligocene magmatic centers in the greater Colorado area. later stage shoshonitic basaltic to trachytic magmatism distin- Interpretation guishes the Thirtynine Mile fi eld. In the case of the San Juan volcanic fi eld, calculations by In addition to the Cripple Creek area, alkaline magmatism Colucci et al. (1991) show that signifi cant volumes of mantle- was also widespread in the region, and is manifested as relatively produced
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