2 1 * Corresponding author’s email:[email protected] * Corresponding author’s Farideh Azimi County) in Rural Areas of Tehran ProvinceExpected (Case EconomicStudy of ImpactsPakdasht of Agro-Tourism Development et Rrl economy, Rural tourism Rural develop- ment, Rural impacts, Economic Agro-tourism, Keywords: Accepted: 13 December 2015 Received: 29 October 2015, Armenian StateUniversity, HeadofEconomicsResearchCenter, Armenia Jahad-e-Agriculture Organization ofTehran Province,Iran 1* and Samvel Avetisyan ISSN:2159-5860 (Online) ISSN: 2159-5852(Print) Available onlineon:www.ijamad.iaurasht.ac.ir International Journalof Agricultural ManagementandDevelopment(IJAMAD)
Abstract 2 fields ofruraltourism. T more agro-tourism revenue in rural areas as compared to other increase in agro-tourist arrivals to the rural regions,the the increaseinclude Province Tehran in development agro-tourism of impacts economic expected important most the results, the on more much earn benefit on agro-tourists their purchasing as compared that to rural tourists. Based and tourists, rural other than purchases their for money more spend as will agro-tourists trips, rural foods buy in that goods, to other processed and handicrafts willing to homemade compared more and are products trips rural agricultural their in tourists that be can job one that created revealed in exchange for the arrival of nearly 133 was Agro-tourists, It region. the in tourism programs have been implemented for the development of agro- cultural tourist attractions, but no comprehensive and coherent agri- have counties all attractions. Almost natural to due only was areas rural the to arrival Tehranof tourist areas Province, rural in attractions tourist different despite that out found was field and method research research based on questionnaires and face-to-face interview. It documental used we research, this In it. on development agro-tourism of impacts economic in job creation, the improvement of rural economy and much and economy rural of improvement the creation, job in agro-tourism in Tehran Province as well as the expected the as well as and Province Tehran tourism in agro-tourism rural of situation the determined study his 377 International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 6(3): 377-385, September, 2016. 3 7
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s n n o o n i a r e n c n e p n o a o v e e h i t e i a c e g a w a s i s s i i r l d d n o n g n n d n e ” s s s s s - - - - - f ------. t l l t , . , , , (Ecotour, 2007). portunity to work in the fields with real farmers ilar forms of nature travel. Visitors have the op- sustainable development brought about by sim- ties as rural people have realized the benefits of communi- small from support strong gathering is agro-tourism life; agricultural experience to visitors encourages which ecotourism, of sion in agricultural activities miliar with the culture and traditions,ruraling a lifestyle and forsomeengaging days, becoming fa- gions (HallandPage,2002). re- rural in situation economic weak a in tion it can cause the income generation and distribu- ily a magic solution in rural regions, but at least Clark believe that rural tourism is not necessar- and unique landscapes and cultures. Buttler and of nutritional products quality, unused buildings, nomic sustainability, raising the economic value identity, assisting social, environmental and eco- places rural and resources, natural symbols, its portunities for re-evaluation of the heritage and op- producing interactions, of social new making possibility a creating sectors, service and extra income along with agricultural, industrial, and services. In addition, it provides a venue a provides it addition, In services. and sumers regarding preferences for farm products con- from feedback receive to opportunity the farmers affords and and markets and diversify lines product to land farmers enables It (e.g. periods. long assets farm equipment) that may be underutilized or idle for from come tourism allows farmers to generate additional in- state’s agrarian heritage, food production, and production, food heritage, agrarian state’s for educating children (and adults) about the about adults) (and children educating for try, agro- tourism is perceived to be a means of ment policies. develop- economic and retention farm for port resource stewardship. It strengthens public sup- According to to According The concept of agro-tourism is a direct expan- Agro-tourism refers to resting in rural areas, liv- Icesn te ogtr ssanblt of sustainability long-term the Increasing • • Improvingfarmrevenue streams, • Expandingfarmoperations, Also basedon From the perspective of the agricultural indus- Expected EconomicImpactsof Agro-Tourism Development/ Azimi and Avetisyan Schilling Schilling Bernardo etal. (United Nations,2008). t al et (2007) . (2004): agro- , Shemiran, Tehran, Pishva, Eslamshahr,Ghods,Tehran,Shemiran,Pishva, Rey,andlevel good very a at be to foundwere VaraminShahriarPakdasht,Damavand, and in good or very good levels. Agro-tourism attractions rural examined tourist arrivalstoeachcounty(Table 1). also We townships studied The map of Tehran province to differentiate the counties. all in items three these of status the studied we Therefore, reign. the in velopment de- tourism rural for items important most the are attractions agro-tourist and cultural torical, Un- doubtedly, attractions. three items consisting of tourist natural, his- of terms in Province Tehran Weexplored arrivals. tourist rural and attractions tourist in Province Tehran of status short trip to rural areas of Pakdasht County. The and Damavand a had whotourists 45 Shemiran, andcountiesFiroozkooh of areas rural to lation included 246 tourists who had a short trip popu- The used. were averaging statistical and frequencies of number the data, the collecting After tourists. the of groups two on based are interview. The statistical methods of the survey research based on questionnaire as well as a face-to-face field and method research mentary attraction. tourist by income their increases and ulation sify the economy and business of the rural pop- economy and services, local businesses, tive, agro-tourism is viewed as an opportunity for work off thefarm. to have otherwise might who members family products, and farm businesses, Almost in all counties, one or two items were at docu- on based conducted was research This Agro-tourism makes the possibility to diver- to possibility the makes Agro-tourism local the stabilize and diversify Helping • facilities local of upgrade the Stimulating • for revenue direct additional Generating • perspec- region and community rural a From to streams revenue on-farm new • Creating agricultural local of awareness Increasing • MATERIALS AND METHODS 379 International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 6(3): 377-385, September, 2016. 3 8
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s percentage their and purchased items of Types group each (1000 IRR) for cost average The (1000 IRR) The averagecostforpurchase (1000 IRR) The averagespendingonfood (1000 IRR) transportation for cost average The Total numberoftourists=45 counties. The resultsarepresentedin Table 3. questionnaires in the top three tourist accepting field study was carried out among tourists using a first, At surveyed. were Pakdasht in tourists touristy areas in Tehran Province and then, 45 then, and Province Tehran in areas touristy short trip to rural areas in Tehran province? o mc de sed tuit uig a during tourist a spend does much How of accessingthisimportantasset. the region. Rural tourism is one of the best ways in source economic rich a access to is opment Undoubtedly, the first step to attain rural devel- tourism and rural development will be attained. rural of degree higher county,a this in creased in- are arrivals tourist rural If level. low very a tourist arrivalsinthecounty Expected economic impacts of increasing the a goodnumberoftouriststodotheirshopping. good facilities for rural tourism, it would attract vating in their home gardens. If this county had culti- for flowers of kinds different buy people urban of many spring the near Besides, people. urban for attractions of arenas many with ment develop- agro-tourism for potential, propriate flowers are annually produced. It has a very ap- root of amount large and flowers cut of pieces billion 1 almost county, this In products. tural producing cut flowers, root flowers and agricul- for greenhouses have villages its all but tions, o hs n, 4 tuit wr sree in surveyed were tourists 246 end, this To Currently, tourist arrivals in this county are at Expected EconomicImpactsof Agro-Tourism Development/ Azimi and Avetisyan Table 4: Tourists’ spendinginashorttriptoruralareasof PakdashtCounty personal car Flowers and products 74 agricultural 35 people Travel by 1970 1360 290 320 o 0. t s ery wc a get s tourist as great as spending inotherareas. twice nearly is It 50$. to equal approximately is It left. be will IRR sand (because it is spent in departure city), 1690 subtracted thou- is cost transportation of 50% the If spending of all categories is 1850 thousand IRR.total average The products. agricultural come other than wel- tourists that concluded higher be can It tourists. is Pakdasht in shopping on spending tourists’ addition, In accessories. greenhouse agricultural products and gardening mostly purchased are cut flowers, root-flowers, items, The county. this in active less much or inactive are tours tourist that implying tours no Province. Based on Table 4, it is destination for Tehranin counties accepting tourist lowest the results areshownin Table 4. questionnaire in three trips to the county whose 45 tourists were interviewed and asked to fill the tourists, of number low the to due but County household productsandsmallhandicrafts. mately correspondingto$25. approxi- left be will IRR thousand 832.5 city), departure in spent is it (because subtracted is 1,032,000 IRR. If the 50% of transportation cost 3, the average total spending of all categories is their natural attractions. According to the Table of because arrivals tourist highest the have ties According to the findings, Pakdasht is one of one is Pakdasht findings, the to According Pakdasht in study similar a did we Then, are tourists by purchased mostly items, The Based on previous findings, these three coun- Travel bypub- lic transport accessories Gardening 10 people 1500 830 320 350 4 Homemade with tours processed foods 9 Travel 0 0 0 0 0 all categories Average total spending of Other 1850 1240 290 320 3 383 International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 6(3): 377-385, September, 2016. 384 International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 6(3): 377-385, September, 2016. Average profit–per-tourist in other counties Average profit–per-touristinPakdasht other counties Profit –pertouristin Pakdasht Profit –pertouristin rural area ference incityand centage ofthepricedif- The approximateper- counties by touristsinother centage ofpurchases The amountandper- by touristsinPakdasht centage ofpurchases The amountandper- purchased Types ofitems the prices of goods purchased by tourists in rural tourist in his/her trip. Therefore, we collected we Therefore, trip. his/her in tourist the cost of Agro-touristic trip is 1850 – 622.5 = is much more than rural tourists’ income. In fact, sults aspresentedin Table 5. areas and in the cities and then computed the re- age benefit obtained by each rural and agro- and rural each by obtained benefit age aver-the compute to tried we So, prices. urban r ua aes ae infcn dfeecs in differences significant have areas rural or tourists. Usually, the prices of goods at the farm for favorable more much be will it fun, beside Earned incomeofruraland Agro tourists in a county with a population of about 240,000. year. Thisissignificanta amount ofjob creation year,perUS$createcan itabout 7500a jobsin 2012) agriculture job in Iran is nearly $6667 job creation. The cost of creating a service and an which isasignificantincome. this countyupto1,000,000peryearitwillbe Accordingly, average income for Agro-tourists If a tourist trip is along with economic benefits Increasingtheincome regionina canresult in US$ 50m or 50,000,000 = 50 × 1000000 If we increase the number of tourist arrivals to . Consequently, if this county gains 50m gains county this Consequently,if . Expected EconomicImpactsof Agro-Tourism Development/ Azimi and Avetisyan (1000 IRR) (1000 IRR) flowers & flowers Table 5: Rural and Agro-tourists’ profit in a short trip 64% 64% root 794 Cut 508 - - (Mehrnews, vegetables) Agricultural (1000 IRR) (1000 IRR) (1000 IRR) (1000 IRR) products (fruit & 10% 35% 43.4 124 3% 9.9 3.5 275 10 IR ad h cs o te rural the touristic trip of is 1032 – 70.4 = cost 961.6 (1000 IRR). the and IRR) (1000 1227.5 increase the tourism-related jobs automatically. develop theagricultural tourism. with a coherent and comprehensive plan, we can ing the rural tourist arrivals in rural areas. Only cultural tourism. we suggest to focus on the development of agri- areas, such In tourism. for ideal are they ture, other types of tourism attractions, but in agricul- rich sources of natural, historical and cultural or rivals andothertypesoftourismattractions. not any positive correlations between tourist ar- are there and areas rural in attractions natural existing and arrival tourist between correlation tions in Tehran Province, only there is a positive one of the best ways to improve rural economy. ing the income and job creation in rural areas and 70.4 (1000IRR)(approximately$2) 622.5 (1000IRR)(approximately$19) Gardening (1000 IRR) (1000 IRR) (1000 IRR) In many countries, tourism acts as an engine an as acts tourism countries, many In Increased income for the tourism in a region will Agro- tourism can be a good way for increas- Some counties in Tehran Province do not have Among the different factors for tourism attrac- Rural tourism can be the best way for increas- acces- sories 34% 49.6 16.9 4% 0 - processed (1000 IRR) (1000 IRR) (1000 IRR) (1000 IRR) CONCLUSIONS Home- foods made 235.6 177.7 19% 54% 23% 40.9 54.2 (1000 IRR) (1000 IRR) handi- crafts Small 118.4 36% 22% 26 - - (1000 IRR) (1000 IRR) Other 37.2 3% 7% 23 0 0 - support in this manuscript. manuscript. this in support ain f ern rvne o hs technical his for Province Tehran of zation Organi- Agriculture e- Jehad- Extension, ture Mr. and of Agricul- Department from suggestions YousefHashemi critical his for versity Uni- Tehran geography, of faculty from vani -Amga, . 20) Te blte o Rural of Kho- in TourismDevelopment Economic Socio- in Abilities The (2008). S. 1- Armaghan, much moreincomeontheirpurchasing. rural other than tourists will. purchase their for money other goods. and in handicrafts to compared as trips rural their foods processed homemade and products rural economyimprovement. processing industry of agricultural products and handicrafts, different kinds of services, domestic fect the different sectors such as transportation, velopment on Tehran Province can indirectly af- rural regions.in improvement agricultural the cause rectly di- can it regions, rural in creation job on fits one jobcanbecreatedin Tehran Province. can be concluded that: services agro-tourism development other in Pakdasht County, it and 2010) (UNWTO, transport agriculture, as handicrafts, such sectors of range wide a benefit can tourists by Spending employment. exchange indirect and direct of creation the and foreign earnings through development for The authors thank, Dr. Mohammadreza Rez- Dr. Mohammadreza thank, authors The - Agro tourists compared to rural tourists earn - On rural trips, Agro-tourists will spend more - Tourists are more willing to buy agricultural de- agro-tourism of impacts economic - The bene- agro-tourism of impact the - Beside - With the arrival of nearly 133 Agro-tourists, Management andDevelopment, 6(3), 377-385. of areas rural Tehran County). of study (case Pakdasht Province Azimi, F., & Avetisyan, S. (2016). Expected economic impacts of agro-tourism development in development agro-tourism of impacts economic Expected F.,Azimi, & (2016). S. Avetisyan, URL: How tocitethisarticle: Expected EconomicImpactsof Agro-Tourism Development/ Azimi and Avetisyan http://ijamad.iaurasht.ac.ir/article_524444_a889a5505640af3145af6c2fdf457b84.pdf ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES ae o te eut about results the on Based . prto ad eeomn. eree from 10- Rezvani, A. (1993). Retrieved Development. http://www.oecd.org/investment/investmentpolicy/ and operation Co- Economic for (1994).Organization 9- OECD. www.mehrnews.com/news/1600472 8- Mehrnews, (2012, May 15) Retrieved fromhttp:// dia.ir/Attraction http://iranpe- from Retrieved (2015). 7- Iranpedia ties.ir/showcity.aspx?code=258& code2=16 6- Irancities, (2015). Retrieved from06 Sep2002; http:// www.iranci- date Publication Bookdepository.com. at available Tourism (2002). Page,S.J. C.M., 5- Hall, for Tourism, 2(1-2),51–60. development transition. in economic economies community rural in factor a as tourism Rural (1994). A. 4- Gannon, tourism.htm trieved from http://www.ecotourdirectory.comRe- /agro- Defenition. Agro-tourism (2007). 3- Ecotour, ager.info/events/risk_profit/2004/Bernardo.pdf www.agman- from Retrieved 2004. 15-16, August KS, Manhattan, University, State Kansas ference, J. Leatherman, (2004). If We L.,& Build It, Will They Valentin, Come? Profit Con- 2- Bernardo,D., University, ScienceandResearchBranch,87-95. Azad Islamic Thesis, Unpublished Province. rasan /tourism-and-poverty-alleviation-1 http://step.unwto.org/content from Retrieved ation. Poverty Allevi- .Tourismand (2010) 14- UNWTO. mendation for Tourism Statistics.27-29. Recom- International (2008). Nations. 13- United Resource Economics. and Food Agricultural, of Department University, assessment 2006 a Jersey: (2007). The economic impact of agritourism in New 12- Schilling, B. J., Sullivan, K. P., & Marxen, L. J. pageid=2365 anet.ir/index.aspx?siteid=3&fkeyid=siteid=3& http://roost- from Retrieved 11- Roostanet,(2015). dustry. International Journal of Agricultural Payam Noor University publication, Tehran. Pasn dcto’ oln bookshop. online Education’s Pearson . Geography and Tourism In- ora o Sustainable of Journal (No. 151895). Rutgers 151895). (No. Managing Urban Managing . 385 International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 6(3): 377-385, September, 2016.