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Freedomways Magazine, Black Leftists, and Continuities in the Freedom Movement
Bearing the Seeds of Struggle: Freedomways Magazine, Black Leftists, and Continuities in the Freedom Movement Ian Rocksborough-Smith BA, Simon Fraser University, 2003 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS In the Department of History O Ian Rocksborough-Smith 2005 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Summer 2005 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Ian Rocksborough-Smith Degree: Masters of Arts Title of Thesis: Bearing the Seeds of Struggle: Freedomways Magazine, Black Leftists, and Continuities in the Freedom Movement Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. John Stubbs ProfessorIDepartment of History Dr. Karen Ferguson Senior Supervisor Associate ProfessorIDepartment of History Dr. Mark Leier Supervisor Associate ProfessorIDepartment of History Dr. David Chariandy External ExaminerISimon Fraser University Assistant ProfessorIDepartment of English Date DefendedlApproved: Z.7; E0oS SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENCE The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. The author has further granted permission to Simon Fraser University to keep or make a digital copy for use in its circulating collection. The author has further agreed that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by either the author or the Dean of Graduate Studies. -
Lf%J I Freedomways Reader
lf%J i Freedomways Reader Prophets in Country i edited by Esther Cooper Jackson K1NSSO ConStanCe PM> I Assistant Editor f^S^l ^ v^r II ^-^S A Member of the Perseus Books Group -\ ' Contents List of Photos xv Foreword, Julian Bond xvii Introduction, Esther Cooper Jackson xix Part I Origins of Freedomways J. H. O'Dell, 1 1 Behold the Land, No. 1, 1964, W.E.B. Du Bois 6 2 The Battleground Is Here, No. 1, 1971, Paul Robeson 12 3 Southern Youth's Proud Heritage, No. 1, 1964, Augusta Strong 16 4 Memoirs of a Birmingham Coal Miner, No. 1, 1964, Henry O. May field 21 5 "Not New Ground, but Rights Once Dearly Won," No. 1, 1962, Louis E. Burnham 26 6 Honoring Dr. Du Bois, No. 2, 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. 31 7 Ode to Paul Robeson, No. 1, 1976, Pablo Neruda 40 CONTENTS Part 2, Reports from the Front Lines: Segregation in the South /. H. O'Dell, 47 8 The United States and the Negro, No. 1, 1961, W.E.B. Du Bois 50 9 A Freedom Rider Speaks His Mind, No. 2, 1961, Jimmy McDonald 59 10 What Price Prejudice? On the Economics of Discrimination, No. 3, 1962, Whitney M. Young Jr. 65 11 The Southern Youth Movement, No. 3, 1962, Julian Bond 69 12 Nonviolence: An Interpretation, No. 2, 1963, Julian Bond 71 13 Lorraine Hansberry at the Summit, No. 4, 1979, James Baldwin 77 14 "We're Moving!" No. 1, 1971, Paul Robeson 82 15 Birmingham Shall Be Free Some Day, No. -
A Pre-Election Assessment Report June 1, 1992
A V InternationalFoundation for Electoral Systems 1620 I STREET, N.W. *SUITE6, ,vWASHINGTON, D.C. 20006. (202)828-8507 - FAX (202)452-0804 (202) 785-1672 GHANA: A PRE-ELECTION ASSESSMENT REPORT JUNE 1, 1992 Laurie A. Cooper Fred M. Hayward Anthony W.J. Lee This report was made possible by a grant from the U.S. Agency for International Development. This material is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission; citation of IFES as the source would be - appreciated. BOARD OF F.Clifton White Patricia Hutar James M. Cannon David Jones Randa Teague DIRECTORS Chairman C. Secretary Counsel Richard M. Scammon Joseph Napolitan Charles Manatt John C.White Richard W.Soudriette Vice Chairman Treasurer Robert C.Walker Director TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................... 1 I. INTRODUCTION ........................................ 3 II. BACKGROUND TO THE DEMOCRATIZATION PROCESS .............. 5 Economic and Infrastructural Background ......................... 5 Political Background ...................................... 6 The New Constitution ..................................... 9 National Commission for Democracy .......................... 9 Committee of Experts ................................... 10 National Consultative Assembly .............................. 10 The Constitution ....................................... 11 Civil Liberties .... .................................... 12 III. ELECTION POLICIES AND PROCEDURES ...................... 14 Referendum Observations .................................. -
Initial Measures of New Regime. President Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, While on a Visit to Communist China, Was Deposed on Feb
Keesing's Record of World Events (formerly Keesing's Contemporary Archives), Volume 12, March, 1966 Ghana, Page 21273 © 1931-2006 Keesing's Worldwide, LLC - All Rights Reserved. Initial Measures of New Regime. President Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, while on a visit to Communist China, was deposed on Feb. 24 as the result of swift action in an Army coup which established in power a National Liberation Council led by Major-General Joseph A. Ankrah, the former Chief of Defence Staff of the Army. In the early hours of Feb. 24 units of the Ghanaian Army occupied key installations in Accra and the other principal towns and attacked President Nkrumah's presidential guard of about 200 men at Flagstaff House, the President's strongly fortified palace in Accra; many of the guard surrendered by 11 a.m. and were arrested, but others continued to resist until the following day. One of the coup leaders, Brigadier A. K. Ocran [see below], said on March 7 that the action had been carried out by two brigades totalling 3,000 men, and that no more than 27 persons had lost their lives, including seven members of the Army and between 10 and 20 presidential guards at Flagstaff House. Among those killed was Major-General Charles M. Barwah, the Deputy Chief of Staff. The leader of the military action, Colonel Emmanuel Kwashie Kotoka (the commander of the 2nd Army Brigade stationed in Kumasi) announced in a broadcast on Feb. 24: “The myth surrounding Kwame Nkrumah has been broken.” President Nkrumah and all his Ministers, Colonel Kotoka stated, had been dismissed, his Convention People's Party (C.P.P.) declared illegal, and Parliament dissolved. -
THE POLITICAL THOUGHT of the THIRD WORLD LEFT in POST-WAR AMERICA a Dissertation Submitted
LIBERATION FROM THE AFFLUENT SOCIETY: THE POLITICAL THOUGHT OF THE THIRD WORLD LEFT IN POST-WAR AMERICA A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History By Benjamin Feldman, M.A. Washington, DC August 6, 2020 Copyright 2020 by Benjamin Feldman All Rights Reserved ii LIBERATION FROM THE AFFLUENT SOCIETY: THE POLITICAL THOUGHT OF THE THIRD WORLD LEFT IN POST-WAR AMERICA Benjamin Feldman, M.A. Thesis Advisor: Michael Kazin, Ph.D. ABSTRACT This dissertation traces the full intellectual history of the Third World Turn: when theorists and activists in the United States began to look to liberation movements within the colonized and formerly colonized nations of the ‘Third World’ in search of models for political, social, and cultural transformation. I argue that, understood as a critique of the limits of New Deal liberalism rather than just as an offshoot of New Left radicalism, Third Worldism must be placed at the center of the history of the post-war American Left. Rooting the Third World Turn in the work of theorists active in the 1940s, including the economists Paul Sweezy and Paul Baran, the writer Harold Cruse, and the Detroit organizers James and Grace Lee Boggs, my work moves beyond simple binaries of violence vs. non-violence, revolution vs. reform, and utopianism vs. realism, while throwing the political development of groups like the Black Panthers, the Young Lords, the League of Revolutionary Black Workers, and the Third World Women’s Alliance into sharper relief. -
“A Dream Deferred”: the Southern Negro Youth Congress, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and the Politics of Historical Memory
“A DREAM DEFERRED”: THE SOUTHERN NEGRO YOUTH CONGRESS, THE STUDENT NONVIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE, AND THE POLITICS OF HISTORICAL MEMORY “WHAT HAPPENS TO A DREAM DEFERRED?” —LANGSTON HUGHES When the inimitable W. E. B. Du Bois stepped to the podium in Columbia, South Carolina’s Township Auditorium late that Saturday afternoon, October 20,1946, he proudly peered out over an enthusiastic crowd. A loud speaker carried his long-awaited message to those eager to hear him yet unable to get in; the overflow had gladly assembled on the lawn outside the auditorium. On the occasion of its Seventh Annual Southern Youth Legislature, the Southern Negro Youth Congress (SNYC) was delighted to be honoring Du Bois: “the senior statesman of the American Negro’s liberation struggle, the noble and peerless patriarch of our steady climb out of slavery’s darkness into the light of full freedom.”1 Before an audience of over 2,000, Du Bois spoke prophetically of a future black freedom movement coming out of the South led by the region’s black youth, a movement that he hoped would transform the South, the nation, indeed the world. “The future of American Negroes is in the South,” Du Bois proclaimed. “I trust then that an organization like yours is going to regard the South as the battle-ground of a great crusade…. This is the firing line not simply for the emancipation of the African Negro and the Negroes of the West Indies; for the emancipation of the colored races ….” Du Bois’ stirring message ignited applause from the audience, which took his message to heart. -
Left of Karl Marx : the Political Life of Black Communist Claudia Jones / Carole Boyce Davies
T H E POLI T I C A L L I F E O F B L A C K C OMMUNIS T LEFT O F K A R L M A R X C L A U D I A JONES Carole Boyce Davies LEFT OF KARL MARX THE POLITICAL LIFE OF BLACK LEFT OF KARL MARX COMMUNIST CLAUDIA JONES Carole Boyce Davies Duke University Press Durham and London 2007 ∫ 2008 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper $ Designed by Heather Hensley Typeset in Adobe Janson by Keystone Typesetting, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data appear on the last printed page of this book. CONTENTS Acknowledgments vii Preface xiii Chronology xxiii Introduction. Recovering the Radical Black Female Subject: Anti-Imperialism, Feminism, and Activism 1 1. Women’s Rights/Workers’ Rights/Anti-Imperialism: Challenging the Superexploitation of Black Working-Class Women 29 2. From ‘‘Half the World’’ to the Whole World: Journalism as Black Transnational Political Practice 69 3. Prison Blues: Literary Activism and a Poetry of Resistance 99 4. Deportation: The Other Politics of Diaspora, or ‘‘What is an ocean between us? We know how to build bridges.’’ 131 5. Carnival and Diaspora: Caribbean Community, Happiness, and Activism 167 6. Piece Work/Peace Work: Self-Construction versus State Repression 191 Notes 239 Bibliography 275 Index 295 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS his project owes everything to the spiritual guidance of Claudia Jones Therself with signs too many to identify. At every step of the way, she made her presence felt in ways so remarkable that only conversations with friends who understand the blurring that exists between the worlds which we inhabit could appreciate. -
AUC International Conference on Research in African Challenges (ICRAC) Track P: Poverty, Social Policy and Governance in Africa
AUC International Conference on Research in African Challenges (ICRAC) Track P: Poverty, Social policy and Governance in Africa SUB-TRACK P3: THE ROLE OF MEDIA IN ADDRESSING ISSUES OF POVERTY AND INEQUALITY Chair: Dr. Firas Al-Atrqchi Co-Chair: Dr. Gamal Gorekeh Nkrumah There has been a “silent” revolution in social policies around the world, with countries in the South pioneering new models of interventions including conditional cash transfers; cash for work; and guaranteed employment programs. This track will seek to advances understandings of poverty, social policy and governance in Africa. As part of this track, we invite scholarly and policy-oriented articles to provide an analysis of the evolution and changes in social protection policies in the continent. Issues of cross-learning and south-to-south knowledge exchange are relevant to this discussion. Biographies International organizations recognize that the media has a transformative role to play in poverty eradication. Over the years, the media has modified its coverage of poverty issues from raising public awareness to one of strategy and action. However, these issues remain under-reported and it is generally understood that the media's potential as a force promoting action and change is never fully realized. How can the media in its various iterations and platforms combine the strength of its stakeholders - journalists, editors, agenda-setters - to mobilize the powerful medium to shape opinion and policy which ultimately leads to persistent action contributing to poverty eradication? Biographies Firas Al-Atrqchi is a Canadian journalist and editor who has covered the Middle East and North America since 1992. -
MIAMI UNIVERSITY Doctor of Philosophy
MIAMI UNIVERSITY The Graduate School Certificate for Approving the Dissertation We hereby approve the Dissertation of Rhonda Gilliam-Smith Candidate for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy _________________________________ Chair Dennis Carlson _________________________________ Reader Kate Rousmaniere __________________________________ Reader Denise Taliaferro Baszile __________________________________ Reader Lisa Weems __________________________________ Graduate School Representative Mary Jane Berman ABSTRACT FREEDOM ACTS: A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE STUDENT NON-VIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THEATRE OF THE OPPRESSED by Rhonda Gilliam-Smith There are two tensions in critical pedagogy. One is between the universalistic and the particularistic critical pedagogy models. The other tension exists between the community and the schools. Critical pedagogy as universalistic is good, but we need to know how critical pedagogy can be used more specifically on American soil by African Americans. Secondly, we also need to reclaim education as a community project. Understanding SNCC’s social dramas through the lens of Theatre of the Oppressed as reflected in Critical Pedagogical practice helps educators understand how they can best engage the community in reclaiming the task of educating its youth. This dissertation is a social history of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and its relationship to Augusto Boal’s, Theatre of the Oppressed. Theatre of the Oppressed (Boal, 1979) was developed out a community based educational program that uses theatre as a tool for social and cultural transformation. I focused on SNCC’s several freedom acts of the early 1960’s: The Sit-Ins, Freedom Summer, Freedom Schools, and the Free Southern Theatre. SNCC, a student lead social movement, was established February 1, 1960 with the first sit-in and is considered by many historians as the catalyst for social change during the civil rights movement that increased voting registration, civic engagement, collective and individual transformation. -
Democracy Watch 6 & 7
Democracy Watch Vol. 2, No. 2&3 April-September 2001 1 A Quarterly Newsletter of the Ghana Center for Democratic Development 6&7 DemocracyWatch 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789 statements. The openness to the media Volume 2, No. 2&3 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789 was underscored by President Kufuors April-September 2001 The Media in the news conference to mark his first 100 Post Rawlings Era days in office, an event never witnessed ISSN: 0855-417X during the 19 years ex-President Rawlings was in power. A new era of positive government- In this issue media relations? In an early gesture of acknowledging the contribution of the media to Ghanaian Among the media, media watchers, democratic development, the NPP and observers of Ghanaian politics, government decided to abort ongoing EThe Media in the Post Rawlings Era there is a well-justified feeling of relief state prosecutions against journalists for .................Page 1 and euphoria over the demise of a criminal and or seditious libel. Most media unfriendly-regime. Indeed, it significantly, it has made good on its promise to repeal the obnoxious criminal E The New Challenges in Intra-media was expected that the relationship Relations ............. -
African Liberation and Unity in Nkrumah's Ghana
Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/36074 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Grilli, Matteo Title: African liberation and unity in Nkrumah's Ghana : a study of the role of "Pan- African Institutions" in the making of Ghana's foreign policy, 1957 - 1966 Issue Date: 2015-11-03 Introduction Almost sixty years after its fall - occurred in a coup d'état on 24 February 1966 - Nkrumah‟s government in Ghana is still unanimously considered as one of the most influential but also controversial political experiences in the history of modern Africa. Its importance lies undoubtedly in the peculiarities of its internal policies and in the influence it exerted in Africa during the crucial years of the first wave of independence. Several aspects of Nkrumah‟s policy led this small West African country - without any visible strategic relevance – to act as a political giant becoming the torchbearer of Pan-Africanism and socialism in the continent. Between 1957 and 1966, Nkrumah transformed Ghana into a political laboratory where he could actualize his vision, known since 1960 as “Nkrumahism”.i This vision can be summarized as the achievement of three goals: national unity, economic transformation (towards socialism) and Africa‟s total liberation and unity.ii The latter point of Nkrumah‟s political agenda coincided with the actualization of Pan- Africanism and will be defined in this thesis as Ghana‟s Pan-African policy.iii In line with the indications of the 1945 Manchester Pan-African Congress, Nkrumah considered the independence of his country only as the first step towards the liberation and unification of the whole continent. -
History of Ghana Advisory Board
THE HISTORY OF GHANA ADVISORY BOARD John T. Alexander Professor of History and Russian and European Studies, University of Kansas Robert A. Divine George W. Littlefield Professor in American History Emeritus, University of Texas at Austin John V. Lombardi Professor of History, University of Florida THE HISTORY OF GHANA Roger S. Gocking The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations Frank W. Thackeray and John E. Findiing, Series Editors Greenwood Press Westport, Connecticut • London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cocking, Roger. The history of Ghana / Roger S. Gocking. p. cm. — (The Greenwood histories of the modern nations, ISSN 1096-2905) Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-313-31894-8 (alk. paper) 1. Ghana—History. I. Title. II. Series. DT510.5.G63 2005 966.7—dc22 2004028236 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2005 by Roger S. Gocking All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2004028236 ISBN: 0-313-31894-8 ISSN: 1096-2905 First published in 2005 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48-1984). 10 987654321 Contents Series Foreword vii Frank W. Thackeray and John