2658 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - . HOUSE February 15, 1965

The Democrats moved to cut off debate to I supported this motion, but Presidential RADIO "REPORTS FROM WASHINGTON" deny the Republicans an opportunity to offer pressure was apparently sufficient to switch My weekly radio reports on the work of their proposed changes. The only vote that a number of votes, and, regrettably, the final the Congress are back on the air. Programs was taken was on the previous question; vote was yeas 165, nays 241. And so closes thus far this year have included discussions namely, whether or not to cut off debate. the book on another year of U.S. aid to Nas­ of the various proposals for health care for I voted "no." The vote was yeas 224, nays ser of millions of your tax dollars. One the aged, the question of the seating of the 201. Yet this vote was reported as being would think that if so many Memb~rs so Mississippi delegation, the House rules for or against the rule changes. readily recognize the impact of Presidential changes, and a visit with Bruce Ladd, a resi­ The fact is that a majority of the Repub­ pressures on them that they would switch dent of Arlington Heights who is in Wash­ licans planned to support a majority of the their votes, that they would also recognize ington, D.C., with the highly regarded con­ changes being offered by the Democrats, but the distinct possibility that similar admin­ gressional fellowship program sponsored by did not have an opportunity to vote on istration pressures on Nasser might have the American Political Science Association. them because of the steamroller tactics. The an equally significant impact. These weekly reports on topics of current early days of this session have given many OF SPECIAL INTEREST TO THE 13TH DISTRICT interest are broadcast as a public service by cause to recall Alexis de Tocqueville's warn­ A fine American and dedicated public the following Illinois stations: ing about the dangers of a "tyranny of the servant recently returned to private life, WEAW-AM, Evanston (1330 kilocycles): majority." and, with his departure the veterans of this Fridays at 2:45p.m. U.S. AID TO NASSER Nation lost the services of an able and ef­ WEAW-FM, Evanston (105 megacycles): For some years, the United States has been fective friend. Mr. John S. Gleason, Jr., Fridays at 8:45p.m. giving aid and assistance of various types to of Winnetka, was appointed in 1961 by the WNWG-FM, Arlington Heights (92.7 mega­ the United Arab Republic. Last year I spoke late President John F. Kennedy, to serve cycles): Fridays at 6:45 p.m. and voted against continued assistance to as Administrator of the Veterans' Adminis­ WNTH-FM, Winnetka (88.1 megacycles): Nasser under Public Law 480, the food-for­ tration. He has spent the past 4 years in Wednesdays at 5:15 p.m. peace program, because of my conviction his Nation's service demonstrating the wis­ In addition, Congressman ROBERT McCLORY, that our aid was enabling and, in fact, en­ dom of that appointment. We regret his of Lake County, Til., and I participate in a couraging Nasser to reallocate his resources, departure from Washington, but welcome weekly public service broadcast by WEEF, conduct a trade agreement with the U.S.S.R. him back to the 13th District. of Highland Park (AM 1430 kilocycles and to build up a modern war machine, continue Our 13th District, possibly for the first FM 103.1 megacycles). the Yemen war, and create unrest in the time in recent history, is now represented A PERSONAL NOTE Middle East in direct opposition to an­ in the official U.S. Marine Corps Band. Sgt. Two years ago last month, as I began nounced U.S. foreign policy goals: At that John "B. Richardson, of Wilmette, Ill., a my serVice as your Representative in Con­ time, we lost, and aid to Nasser was con­ skilled musician, was selected to join this gress, I took the oath of otnce and assumed tinued. top unit late last year, and since coming to the responsibilities of this high post. As I This year I again spoke out, in early Jan­ Washington, D.C., has performed at nu­ repeated those words last man th, I reaffirmed uary, urging termination of our aid to Nasser merous ofilcial functions, including the re­ my pledge to represent every resident of our under Public Law 480. If anything, the cent inauguration ceremonies. 13th District, and our Nation, energetically, arguments against continuing such aid are I am gratified to report that the GOP responsibly, with dedication, and to the even stronger today when one considers Members of Congress elected in 1962 have fullest of my capabilities. As the Congress Nasser's continued aggressions and his assist­ selected me to serve as chairman of the 88th considers the major national and interna­ ance to the rebels in the Congo. President club here in Washington. There is a great tional issues, your counsel is invited. I, in Johnson, however, seems determined to con­ deal that our Republican minority, although turn, shall continue to endeavor to keep you tinue this aid and in requesting "Presidential small in numbers, can do to help assure that informed through periodic newsletters, radio discretion" to deal with the matter, asked Government truly serves the people, and we reports, frequent visits back to Tilinois, and for additional funds for the Commodity look forward to a· challenging year ahead. personal correspondence. I'll look forward Credit Corporation to finance thUi_ aid. In Competitive nominations for appointments to hearing from you. an attempt to assure passage of the measure, to West Point, Annapolis, the Air Force Acad­ the bill was called up with great haste, and, emy, and the Merchant Marine Academy OATH OF OFFICE OF MEMBER OF CONGRESS regrettably, I was away from Washington were announced by my office last month. "I do solemnly swear that I will support participating in a series of seminars. How­ Final selections are now being made by the and defend the Constitution of the United ever, to the shock of the administration, an respective academies and should be an­ States against all enemies, foreign and do­ amendment to the appropriation bill was nounced late in April. My selections were mestic; that I will bear true faith and alle­ passed denying further aid to Nasser. In the based solely on merit and the keen compe­ giance to the same; that I take this obliga­ Senate, a similar amendment was rejected, tition for the openings available resulted tion freely, without any mental reservation thus forcing the bill to a House-Senate con­ in an unusually high caliber of nominee. or purpose of evasion; and that I will well ference. Applications for appointments to the U.S. and faithfully discharge the duties of the On February 8, a motion was offered to service academies' classes commencing in the oftlce on which I am about to enter. So help instruct the House conferees to uphold the summer of 1966 are now being received in me God." House ban on Public Law 480 aid to Nasser. my Washington office. DoNALD RUMSFELD.

faith in Thee as we confront perilous municated to the House by Mr. Ratch­ HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES conditions and circumstances which are ford, one of his secretaries. far beyond our finite wisdom and MoNDAY, FEBRUARY 15, 1965 strength. The House met at 12 o'clock noon. In all our struggles with the adversary MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE The Chaplain, Rev. Bernard Braskamp, may our President, our Speaker, and the D.D., quoted these words from Hebrews Members of Congress be guided and sus­ A message from the Senate by Mr. 4: 16: Let us therefore come boldly to tained by a glorious faith which will en­ Arrington, one of its clerks, announced the throne ot grace that we may find able them to carry on in confidence and that the Senate had passed without grace in time of need. power. amendment a concurrent resolution of Let us pray. Hear us in the name of the Prince of the House of the following title: Peace. Amen. H. Con. Res. 282. A concurrent resolution Almighty God, whose divine laws are expressing the sense of the Congress with re­ the only foundation stones for a better spect to the viewing of the U.S. Information world, give us a vital and vivid sense of THE JOURNAL Agency film entitled "Years of Lightning, these laws in our personal and national Day of Drums" at the dedication of the new life. The Journal of the proceedings of Civic War Memorial Auditorium in Boston, Inspire us during these days of crises Thursday, February 11, 1965, was read Mass. with a clearer understanding of Thy su­ and approved. preme sovereignty which alone can sup­ plant those moods of anxiety and doubt COMMITI'EE ON RULES which so frequently mar our peace. of SUNDRY MESSAGES FROM THE Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask mind. PRESIDENT unanimous consent that the Committee Grant that we may go forth in the Sundry messages in writing from the on Rules may have until midnight to­ days of this week with a new accent of President of the United States were com- night to file certain privileged reports. February 15, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE 2659 The SPEAKER. Is there objection to To all this, Lady Bird Johnson says, have their individual charm, and it would be "Let's stop this absurdity. America, the a gray day if we set one standard for the the request of the gentleman from Okla­ whole Nation, don't you think? homa? beautiful must not be alone a song. It Question. Do you feel, Mrs. Johnson, that There was no objection. must be a reality." beauty has a real, tangible value? I, therefore, consider it a great honor Answer. What is tangible and what is in­ to place in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD her tangible? A quick answer would be, "Yes, COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY interview, "Ways To Beautify America," it's tangible," when you realize that tourism Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask appearing in the February 22 issue of is the third largest industry in the United U.S. News & World Report: States. And what makes tourism? People unanimous consent, on behalf of the go to see a beautiful area; this is a large gentleman from New York [Mr. CELLER], WAYS To BEAUTIFY AMERICA-ExcLUSIVE IN­ factor in it. So you can say there is a dollars­ that the Committee on the Judiciary may TERVIEW WITH THE FIRST LADY and-cents element involved. Americans be permitted to sit during general debate (A developing drive to beautifY. America spend $27 billion a year traveling in their on February 16-17. I am advised that has a strong ally in Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson. own country. this has been cleared with the gentle­ The First Lady feels keenly the time is here But there is more. You know, when you man from Ohio [Mr. McCuLLOCH]. to eradicate ugliness from cities and country­ get past 50 you may get to reminiscing about side. Her own first goal: to make the Na­ what you have done, what you remember, The SPEAKER. Is there objection to tion's Capital a showcase and model. Her what was really worthwhile. the request of the gentleman from Okla­ committee on Washington held its first meet­ What surfaces with me? What do I re­ homa? ing February 11. What are Mrs. Johnson's member? Little pictures like this, a beauti­ There was no objection. ideas for lifting the face of America? Is ful oasis in my life: 3 or 4 days in a sum­ there a role for individuals, families, organi­ mer that my husband and our two chil­ zations, as well as government? You'll find dren spent with another couple and their PATMAN PAYS TRIBUTE TO LADY her answers to these and many other ques­ four children on a sandy, rather quiet beach, tions in th•is interview with members of the walking along with the sand coming up be­ BIRD JOHNSON FOR HER INSPIR­ staff of "U.S. News & World Report." The tween your toes, watching the wind in the ING AND IDSTORICALLY IMPOR­ interview took place in the White House.) reeds among the sand dunes. Just sitting TANT INTERVIEW WITH U.S. NEWS Question. Mrs. · Johnson, is beauty in a with the glorious rhythm of the waves com­ & WORLD REPORT-SUBJECT: nation necessarily expensive? Do you have ing in can be the most relaxing thing in the in mind some simple things that can help world, or watching the children build sand "WAYS TO BEAUTIFY AMERICA" beautify a community or a countryside? castles, and the excitement of finding rare Mr. PATMAN. Mr. Speaker, I ask Answer. Of course, beauty in this sense seashells, or, once, a green glass ball from unanimous consent to extend my remarks covers a great range-all the way from tear­ some fisherman's net an ocean away. at this point in the RE:coRD and include ing out and replanning the core of a city, Those were days that are worth very much such as they've done so magnificently in to me, but I suppose it is perhaps in an in­ an interview of Mrs. L. B. Johnson ap­ Hartford, Conn., to the s~naller things that tangible way. pearing in the U.S. News & World help. I'm referring to undertakings by And then there was a period during the war Report. garden clubs, or Girl Scout groups, or citi­ when I raised a quite remarkable garden, The SPEAKER. Is there objection zens' associations in a community. about 30 by 30, in the backyard of my little to the request of the gentleman from My mail is just gloriously full these days house here in Washington. I had tomatoes, of these undertakings-of people who write English peas, black-eyed peas, and so on. Texas? to tell what they are doing in their own And then around the edges I always had There was no objection. neighborhoods or areas. easy-growing flowers like zinnias and peonies. Mr. PATMAN. Mr. Speaker, Patman's A lady from Wenatchee, Wash., for ex­ There is something remarkably more beauti­ Switch was the tiny community in Cass ample, wrote to tell me how her garden club ful about flowers that you yourself have County, Tex., where I was born. About of 75 members has transformed a bank of planted, and divided, and cared for, than any 25 miles away, near Karnack, Tex., on weeds at the edge of town into a background other flowers. It reminds one that the crea­ the same little railroad a long generation of greenery, with bright flowers and picnic tion of beauty is a happy experience. I loved tables--it is a place, as she put it, that now that time. later, in the beautiful piney woods of "bids the traveler 'stop.'" In summary, the things worth remember­ east Texas one of America's great women Question. Is there a lot of that sort of ing in a lifetime are often, with me, associ­ was born. thing? ated with beauty. I am speaking of a beautiful woman, Answer. Judging by my mail, there is. Question. Do you feel that creating beauty in thought as well as appearance, Lady There is a great interest in beautifying the is something that each individual American Bird Johnson, who comes from the con­ landscape. It seems to me to represent a family can do? basic hunger, or yearning, that has spread Answer. I surely do. And it adds to one's gressional district that I have been proud throughout the whole country. sense of self-respect and joy. to represent for 36 years. People write to tell what they are doing­ This gets back to your question of whether Showing great wisdom, the editors of like that converted weed bank I mentioned. it must be expensive. In this area, it need U.S. News & World Report chose to in­ Another letter tells how the town was not be. terview Lady Bird Johnson on a subject struck by elm blight that was destroying I think of my own yard at the ranch. The of vital interest to this and coming gen­ elms around the town square. So they got wisteria I got as a cutting :from Mrs. Bailey, erations of Americans. She is head of a tree-planting program going which con­ who sold us eggs. The chrysanthemum came sisted of the chamber of commerce paying from Mrs. Weinheimer, who runs the store. a committee designed to figure out ways for half a tree and a citizen paying for the She also gave me the lovely coral vine. And and means of eradicating the ugliness of other half. a local builder's wife gave me the start of the our cities and our countryside. . They bought trees at a lower price because white daisies . Who can deny that the task is any­ they were planted by the high school agri­ The simple, neighborly trading of cuttings thing other than a gigantic one, for in culture classes rather than nurseries. They and bedding plants and seeds is not to be our haste to build this great Nation, we replaced 47 trees. And by the time they were discounted for its value to a community. have not always shown the need for or­ replaced, at least 80 people had worked Question. We were talking about indi­ earnestly on the program, and you know this vidual families. Is it possible for such ac­ derly and artistic progress. We have de­ is going to be a matter of pride, a feeling tivity to be transferred to a community­ meaned the bounty and beauty of na­ that "this is our square, these are our trees, that beauti:flcation projects can be catching? ture all too often. We have made of some our project, and we want to keep it up." Answer. You've just used a phrase that I of our cities somber concentrations of Question. So beautifying America doesn't find repeated in letter after letter: "Garden­ dirt and untidiness, and of ramshackle necessarily have to be a high-cost undertak­ ing is catching," or, "Fixing up the neighbor­ structures. , ing-- hood is catching." People say such things In the countryside, we have cemeteries Answer. Not all of it. I think it is a mat­ over and over. I think there's nothing like for old cars that are also cemeteries for ter of harnessing the taste, the desire, and to a showcase. It says, "Look what can be done. the hopes of many who have wanted a get going on it. Look what has been done." And people re­ Question. Do you think all these activities spond. beautiful countryside instead. And should be coordinated in some way? Question. Is there an antipoverty element whole sections of our cities have build­ Answer. Well, certainly, encouraged and here in making the slmns less ugly places to ings that look as though they were put made aware that they are appreciated. I live? together by architects whose design don't know about coordination. I think Answer. I would say so. And one of the called for old piano boxes and tin cans there is a lot of strength in the fact that it is very interesting avenues of approach is the only. an ind"tvidual, local, grassroots feeling. Areas fact that a large part of today's unemployed 2660 CONGRESSIQNAL RECORD- HO.USE February 15, 1965 are youths with low levels of skills. Main­ country. You cannot miss the revived in­ Question. Can you give us some more ex­ tenance of parks and streets and simple gar­ terest in the protection of forests, the plant­ amples of simple things that can be done dening-these things do not require tre­ ing .of grasses, the general conservation of to help restore the Nation's beauty? mendous training or skill. So, certainly, a soil. In these things you see the hopes, the Answer. Many suggestions have been made good combination is to offer employment to possibility of success in the future. on things that can be done to parking lots young people in the maintenance of parks Question. The President has suggested to make them more attractive. One is the and on town projects. · that the national highway program be used planting of a few well-spaced trees, thereby Question. Is the implication here that, per­ to encourage the planting of wildflowers. adding some shade and greenery and losing haps, if some of these youngsters worked at Were you responsible fQr that suggestion? only a few parking spaces. And there are making pai"kS beautiful by day, they wouldn't Answer. I expect that my great love of get­ proposals to screen parking lots with hedges be so busy making them unsafe at night? ting home in April to see the wildflowers or perforated cement walls. Answer. That's an excellent point. You along the Texas highways-! suppose, just Garden clubs· have done things along come across interesting observations along by osmosis, some of that got through to him. this line-not in just one town, but 'in many. this line. You know, driving for pleasure is the No. 1 I think of an example in which the city I told you about replanting the trees in American recreation. We are a nation of operated a municipal p~rking lot. And the <>ne town square. The man who talked about people who use automobiles. And so, to local garden club went to the city officials that said that the fact people had helped make the highways more beautiful would and said, "All right, we will plant the park­ plant those trees and helped pay for them certainly add a lot to our pleasure in living. ing lot if the city will maintain it." 'That gave them such a spirit of love and owner­ I am particularly proud of the Texas high­ has been done; These people are . proving ship that the community, obviously, was go­ ways, perhaps because I know more about that a parking lot doesn't · :pecessarily have ing to take good care of them. them than I do other States. For about 30 to be an eyesore. Question. Do you feel then, Mrs. John­ years, we have had a wildflower-seed-plant­ There are other things that can be done. son, .that there is more to the beautification ing program there which has really made it I especially like an episode that took place program than beauty for beauty's sake? a glorious experience to drive across the State back in Texas. This concerned Mrs. Herbert · Answer. Yes. You see, ugliness is so grim. between about the middle of March and Marcus, a woman who had contributed to A little beauty, something that is lovely, I June. The roadsides are a carpet of color every cultural and artistic facet of her city think, can help create harmony which will if there has been rain. for more than seven decades. On her 80th lessen tensions. Some of our problems of The seattering of wildflower seeds along birthday, the community wanted to honor crime and juvenile delinquency and mental the highways, the rights-of-way, is some­ her with a dinner of appreciation-one of health are fed by ugliness. thing on which the Highway Department of these affairs where they usually present the And then there is a story I came across Texas has done a great job. The best-kno·wn honored person with a silver service, or a about an area in Baltimore-a slum area­ kinds, I suppose, are the bluebonnets and portrait, or something. where they tore out the old buildings and the Indian. paintbrush, the Indian blanket-­ Well, instead of that, her children and put in some open-space park, plus housing. then there is wild verbena, the wild phlox, some of .her good friends gave her 1 mile Very wisely, and looking to the future, the and all sorts of wild, prickly poppies. of flowering crabapple trees-1,500 of schools in the area launched an education BILLBOARD VERSUS BEAUT~ them-along a much-used freeway. It is program in trees and shrubs. The children a great honor to her, and it is a thing of were taught their names, how to tend them, Question. Should there be a national law ·beauty for everyone who. travels that way. that would control billboards, so people could and what they could mean. For weeks be­ After I came across that instance, I found fore the trees were planted, the lower grades see all these flowers? Answer. Well, it's a big industry. It's pri­ it was not alone by any means. I keep drew pictures of trees. That brought about a on hearing of people who have given public change in the feeling in the community, vate enterprise. I do think, though, that public feeling is going to bring about regula­ trees in honor of a dear one, or as a token with the result that there has been no of esteem and appreciation to a schoolteach­ vandalism at all involving the trees and flow­ tion, so that you don't have a solid diet of billboards on all the roads. · er or city official with a long record of service. ers. The people are very proud of them. A classic example, to me, is Mrs. Albert Not one act of vandalism occurred. Question. What about these so-called "neon jungles" along highways? Lasker in New York, and the things she Question. Do you feel the schools, then, Answer. I think the pressure of public ap­ has done. have a role in teaching children of the beau­ proval-or disapproval-and examples of Question. In what way? ty and the love of nature? good taste will be the major thing in the re­ Answer. She is one of those daring people, Answer. I certainly think so, because duction of those. in the gentlest sort of way. In about 1943 I just think I am more alive if I know that Question. Are . you saying tha·t good taste she started making great donations of the gnarled old tree I see, with so much can be good business? chrysanthemums to the city of New York in character, is a live oak, probably 300 years Answer. Oh, indeed so. You've noticed in memory of her mother, the city to plant them old, and that the one with the lovely crim­ traveling about the country, I'm sure, how in a place of its own choosing. son color in the fall is a Spanish oak, and many cities now are either planting trees But after about 10 years she became con­ that one with the feathery foliage is mes­ along business streets or putting small 'trees vinced that masses of flowers ought to be quite. in tubs, with ivy and hardy flowers around planted where masses of people would see In the land that I live in, I like to know the base. them. And so she gave 20 blocks of tulips what's what. Question. Returning to highways for a and daffodils to be planted in the center of Question. Mrs. Johnson, in your travels is moment: Is there anything that can be done Park Avenue. It has since been taken over it your impression that countries in Europe, about the auto graveyards, the heaps of old as a city project. say, are more or· less beautiful than America? cars that one sees almost everywhere? She met a lot of disbelievers at first who Answer. My travels in Europe have been Answer. One of the things that's most fre­ didn't think thos~ tulips could survive the more people-seeing than landscape-seeing, so quently mentioned-and certainly seems to air pollution. But they have. Now she says I honestly can't say I know a great deal about be the quickest answer-is to shield them the taxi drivers are among her best friends, it. I do believe I sense in many places a with trees and shrubs. because they get so many fares driving people greater reverence for the land because they An9ther thing is the "Prolerizing" plants around to see the tulips. have less of it. that squash those old cars fiat as a pancake. I always try to get on Park Avenue to see As a country, we've always had the feeling But there are only 4 of those plants in the change of the seasons of flowers there. the whole.Nation, and there are about 5 mil­ that we could just go on farther west and NEW ENGLAND IN AUTUMN open up new areas. But we've come to the lion automobiles being junked each year· now. end of that now. Still another suggestion is a sort of "burial Question. What other things of beauty tax" that you would pay when you bought have caught your eye as you travel about WASTING NATURAL ASSETS a new car. It would be used to dispose of America? Question. Is it likely that Americans, in an old car. · ' Answer. An unforgettable thing is to go to their eagerness to develop econom~cally, have But the screening and planting seems to be New England in the autumn and to fiy over squandered some of the beauty assets of the the quickest answer-that and the enforce­ those gold and crimson and scarlet hills and country? ment of existing zoning regulations. valleys, dotted with lakes and enough green Answer. Oh, I'm sure we have. Forests are Question. Is that something for the States in it to serve as a foil. The trees reach like an outstanding example. And I think of cer­ or the Federal Government to do? torches to the sky. I love driving through tain industrial practices that do violence to Answer. I'm not wise enough to know what New England. It is breathtaking. the landscape, such as strip mining, and the modus operandi should be. But I do And we already mentioned Hartford-the stone quarries, and dumping of industrial know that there is enough public interest way they took the core of the city and de­ waste into rivers. But, of course, the land in the matter so that we are on the way to molished ugliness and replaced it with simple must serve the people. The question is: getting something started. There's been a .beauty. That's a thing of beauty of a very Could we, by planning, avoid the ravaging considerable manifestation of interest til my urban and very modern type. of the lands around us? mail from people who operate these auto­ Then, a lovely piece of preservation of the And I must remember the change within mobile-wrecking yards-they are coming up old city is in Dover, Del.-its wonderful vil­ my own lifetime. Soil conservation is so with their own ideas, and many of them want lage green, a lovely expanse of grass with its magnificently evident when you fiy over this to be helpful. tree-shaded streets and old houses. You al- February 15, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 2661 most feel as though Thomas Jefferson might ton. Can you tell us some of the things · over the.brow of a hill, you look down on the come strolling past. that can be done here? city with its pink granite capitol-you just You know, it was- Thomas Jefferson who Answer. In Washington, you start with a glow with pride. said, "Communities should be planned with gorgeous city-L'Enfant [Pierre !'Enfant, But entrances to cities are likely to be an eye to the effect made upon the human original planner of Washington] gave us drab and gray-or gaudy. A city often turns spirit by being continuously surrounded with about 200 years of lead time. We have so its worst face to the public. I think this is a a maximum of beauty." much beauty here. field where there is room for marked im­ Question. Are these things best -done as Look at the Mall, for example, that provement, but it takes a lot of leadtime in community projects? stretches from the Capitol to the Lincoln planning. . Answer. They can be community proj- Memorial. It's impressive--surrounded by Question. Do you expect the country to be ects-or a group such as a garden club, serv- marble buildings and monuments-but its prettier in 10 years? ice club, or youth organization. heart lies empty. It could have more life Answer. I surely think it can be. I think Last summer I went to the little town of in it, more color. There could be benches conservation of beautiful views, of lovely Eastport, Maine. The quickest look shows . to make it more attractive to people-a place stands of trees, and an accent on not only you that this is a town with serious problems of beauty to rest in, and to admire--a great protecting what you have but bringing back of unemployment---'-boarded-up stores along place where people gather, in the sense of something that has been· vandalized and de­ the main streets, a sort of gray appearance Europe's great places, such as the Place de la stroyed in part-1 think that can be achieved. to the area. And then, suddenly, you come Concorde in Paris, the Spanish Steps in You asked earlier whether there are any upon a miniature mall-a splash of brilliant Rome·, the Piazza San Marco in Venice. · tangible benefits of beauty. I think you can yellow calendulas around a flagpole rfght in washington has a good deal of good, green certainly prove that there. are. But I don't the heart of the town. . planting, but masses of color would be a joy. think we shoul.d forget the intangible ones. Well, this had been undertaken by the·local Question. Is ·it your ide·a to make Wash- In a country· founded, in part, by a mim Girl Scout troop. It was their project and ington the · center of your beautification who was daring enough to say that we were · they were all lined up there to meet us, just activities? devoted to life, liberty, and the. pursuit of as proud as punch-and well they could be, Answer. If you are · interested in some~ happiness-he ranked the pursuit of happi­ because they had lifted a brilliant flag of thing, you've got to choose a spot in which to ness right up there at the top. And beauty defiance in the face of decay. try to express your interest. For the citizen and happiness are certainly inextricably tied And I recall another example of what an who wants to help, what better pl~ce to begin together. individual can do. We were in Akron, Ohio, than where you live? Washington is dear to I am proud that this administration has passing several blocks of sad, paint-peeled the heart of all America. What could be accepted the commitment to make our cities ·houses that were destined to be torn down more appropriate than the National Capital? and co.untry more beautiful for all the people. to make way for an industrial park. At the This city belongs to everybody. The President's conservation message got end of the block there was one house--no Question. What are some of the things such a tremendous response that you just better than the others-where the lady had that can be done? know this is a yearning of people, and it is simply a mass of bright orange and red and Answer. I believe the Federal Government something that they think they can do, and yellow zinnias in the front yard. I felt like could do more to set an example. Uncle want to do. going in and taking off my hat to her. Sam ovtns so much of the real estate in Question. Do you think this may be one Also, of course, there are things that cities Washington. And I think more could · be of those instances where the American pub­ can do--and do on their own. Take the wis- done by the various departments and agen­ lic has been ahead of its leaders-has been dom of Portland, Oreg., which is the City of cies to respond to the need for beauty. If waiting for some leadership to get things Roses. In the parks and areas administered the planners of many Federal buildings set started? by the city, when they prune their roses and aside a small portion of their budget for Answer. I do think that is so. I think the camell1as they let the public know that the additional planting anQ. upkeep, it equid time is ripe-the time is now-to take ad­ cuttings are available, free. As a result, lift the tenor of the town. vantage of this yeasty, bubbling desire to many, many yards bloom with those lovely On the community level, as you drive beautify our cities and our countryside; l roses and camell19.E!, and it is a matter of about Washington, I'm sure you've noticed hope an Americans will join in this effort. civic pride. . - the city is dotted with little squares and tri- Along this line, 1 think of the example that angles caused by the layout of the streets. has been set by Governor Connally in my Many of them are almost bare, clean of any own state. · · shred of life. They are quite drab. TELEPHONE INSTALLATIONS IN THE Question. What is that? There is an evident desire and interest RAYBURN BUILDING Answer. 1 found out about it when 1 stood on the part of neighborhoods to just take in line with him one time .. About the 30th over these areas and care for . them. Of Mr. HARDY. Mr. Speaker, I ask time somebody looked up at him smilingly course, they may belong ·to the National unanimous consent to address the House and said, "I got your bluebonnet seeds." Park Service, or some other branch of the for 1 minute. 1 said, "John, what are they talking about?" Government, so there may be red-tape hur- The SPEAKER. Is there objection Well, it turned out that he sends out a dies to cross. There is a need for some­ to mailing of 50,000 seeds each year to people, body who can say "Yes" or "No" to such cit­ the request of the gentleman from with a message on the back of it, a picture izen desires-and say it quickly, while en­ Virginia? , of himself and of a field of bluebonnets, and thusiasm is high. There was no objection. instructions for planting the seeds. 1 think Question. Do you feel there is a need for a Mr. HARDY. Mr. Speaker, before long it is gpod to make people aware of something Department of Beauty in the Federal Gov- some of us are going to begin moving into that makes Texas beautiful. ernment? the new building, and it looks as though You were asking me earlier what an indi- Answer. I don't think so. I would just vidual can do about beautifying the country. hope that every single branch of Govern- we may have some problems in connec­ tal t bi l'ttl ment---'-every branch that buys or plants- tion with the telephone systems that will Well, he can be a ca ys ' on a g or 1 e would insist on the best design possible and scale. Mrs. Lasker has been a catalyst on be available or installed. In my new a big scale. Mrs. Marcus certainly caused would keep in mind natural beauty. office there will be needed a different type things to happen on a sizable scale. Question. Mrs. Johnson, if you had a of installation from that which i have in But we have had a lot of communication priority list of ugly things you would want my office now. So, in order to try to America to be rid of, what would it be? with the wife of a policeman who lives in an Answer. I think that we could make auto- find out what was available, I had my area where, I would say, the incomes are probably in the $5,000 or $6,000 bracket. She mobile graveyards less of an ugly blotch on secretary contact the telephone company has worked just in her block on a paint-up, the landscape. That could be done by plant­ to see what system might be installed. clean-up, plant-a-windowbox campaign. ing and screening, and by the regulation of He was advised that the Clerk of the Her . achievement is not be overlooked. their location. · House, Mr. Roberts, had ordered the Then, too, cities have turned their backs She had literally gone around her neighbor- on their rivers, and the waterfronts have be- room which contains the equipment hood and. said, "Let's all get out on Satur- come rundown, decaying areas. Riverfronts available to be locked up. Accordingly day. Can you bring a shovel? Can you con- are a great potential source of beauty, and I ·tried to get Mr. Roberts on the phone tribute a 'bag of cement?" Many of them could become more of a focal center for this morning to inquire where I might could contribute nothing but their time. scenic attraction. Recently, many cities have · determine what is available. I talked to At first it was just a cleanup. 1'hen it ad,uated to planting-the yards. And it be- started renovating and beautifying their Mr. Guthrie. Mr. Guthrie said that Mr. gr riverfronts. Roberts was not in and he would not be came contagious: You know, you feel a bit Third on the list, would hope to see at- ashamed if your neighbor has raked his 1 on the floor when the House convened. leaves and you haven't raked your own. This tention put on the entrances to cities. It 1s So 1 asked him when I might be able to is a thing that caught on through that a glorious experience to drive into Washing­ see him, and he said, "I do not know, but woman's effort and determination. ton along the George Washington Memorial Parkway. That is a noble entrance to a noble I will have to ask him when he can be PLANS FOR WASHINGTON city. contacted." Question. Mrs. Johnson, you have orga- There is a similar entrance into my city Mr. Speaker, I think we ought to know nized a committee on be;iutifying Washing- of Austin. As you come in fro~ the west what telephone service is available to the 2662 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE February 15, 1965 Members when we move into the new It is the avowed purpose of H.R. 4862 Mr. Speaker, although I have referred building. The Clerk ought to advise us­ to clarify the legitimate role that this to the speech concerning this Christmas not try to conceal this information. He system plays in our economy. card advice with some levity, I assure ought to be a helpful employee of the my colleagues that I consider this a very House, and the employees of his office serious situation. Farm labor problems ought to be helpful too. And when Mr. GOLD RESERVE BILL are now plaguing practically all States Roberts cannot be on the job, he ought Mr. BROWN of Ohio. Mr. Speaker, I which are major producers of perishable to see that someone is in charge who is ask unanimous consent to address the crops. Quite naturally this was the main competent, not arrogant, and who wants House for 1 minute. subject of discussion at the 58th Annual to be helpful-not an obstructionist. The SPEAKER. Is there objection Convention of the National Canners to the request of the gentleman from Association which took place the first of Ohio? this month, February, in San Francisco. EXCLUSIVE TERRlTORIAL FRAN­ There was no objection. Several hundred of the Nation's leading CHISES THAT DO NOT VIOLATE Mr. BROWN of Ohio. Mr. Speaker, producers and processors attended this · ANTITRUST LAWS in view of the remarks I made on the convention, all of them seriously con­ Mr. ROGERS of Colorado. Mr. floor of the House on last Tuesday, Feb­ cerned about the situation and quite nat­ Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to ruary 9, in discussing the so-called gold urally expec.ting all speakers at their extend my remarks at this point in the reserve bill, H.R. 3818, I would like to convention to comment on it with rea­ RECORD. quote the following paragraph which ap- · sonable understanding and intelligence. The SPEAKER. Is there objection peared on the front page of the Wall Following the meeting a constituent of to the request of the gentleman from Street Journal of Friday, February 12, mine sent me a copy of the Produce News Colorado? as follows: which carried an article written by a There was no objection. Monetary gold stocks of the United States man who had covered the convention Mr. ROGERS of Colorado. Mr. Speak­ fell $150 m1llion in the week ended Wednes­ and heard the speeches. Here is a quote er, I have this day introduced H.R. 4862, day. This brought the Nation's gold reserve from that article: a bill to provide that exclusive terri­ down to $14,938 million, lowest since March W1lliam J. Haltigan, Chief of Research and 8, 1939. Compared with a total drain of Wage Activities, Farm Labor Service, U.S. torial franchises do not violate our anti­ $450,300,000 so far this year, there was a trust laws under certain limited circum­ decline of only $125 million in all 1964. Department of Labor, Washington, told the stances. Canners: "The days of the bracero program What is the meaning of a territorial are gone and the days of other foreign work­ franchise? To insure the availability of LABOR DEPARTMENT URGES er programs are numbered." He said the labor needs of U.S. agricul­ a brand or product so that it is always CHRISTMAS CARDS TO BAIT DO­ ture must be met through employment of within easy access to the preponderant MESTIC FARM HELP domestic workers. . majority of potential consumers, the Shock and disbelief ran through the manufacturers of a brand or product Mrs. MAY. Mr. Speaker, I ask unan­ audience of several hundred of the Nation's designate a distributor within a specified imous consent to address the House for 1 food processors when the representative of territory-region, State, trading area or minute and to revise and extend my the Department of Labor answered a ques­ any other geographical subdivision­ remarks. tion as to how domestic workers might be upon whom the responsibility rests to The SPEAKER. Is there objection attracted to farm jobs with the comment fortify the market potential of the prod­ ·to the request of the gentlewoman from that employers must induce workers who are uct. It has been demonstrated that such Washington? chronically unemployed to accept farm jobs There was no objection. by "making them feel wanted." Asked how maximum exposure virtually assures this might be achieved, he suggested that greater consumer acceptance. Mrs. MAY. Mr. Speaker, I wonder if employers might try to send such workers Such a method of operation has long the Members of this body are informed Christmas cards and do other little things been a feature of the American market­ that the Department of Labor has come to establish identification with the workers. ing and merchandising system. As mass up with an answer to a perplexing prob­ lem brought about by the ·expiration of You can be sure that there was shock production gained momentum and mod­ and disbelief on my part, too, when I read ern technology became instrumental in Public Law 78. The problem is how will the producers the above quote from this publication's producing prodigious quantities of prod­ report of what was said at the conven­ ucts, the need arose for a corollary serv­ of our Nation's food secure domestic help willing to do the crop harvesting work tion by a representative of our Govern­ ice-mass distribution. Indeed, if an ment in a high level position. The prob­ adequate, nationwide mass distribution formerly performed by Mexicans and other foreign workers. lem of obtaining sufficient agricultural system did not exist, our efficient mass labor to harvest 1965 crops is not a production system would become clogged. The answer given by the Department of Labor is that our farmers might send partisan question. I am sure that many It has been shown that notwithstand­ of my colleagues in the majority party ing the enormous annual expenditures prospective domestic workers Christmas cards, to make them feel wanted. become just as worried as I do when on advertising, this huge investment spokesmen for this administration speak yields tangible benefits only when the This, Mr. Speaker, is the advice of no irresponsibly and thereby contribute to a advertised products are assured the max­ less a personage than the Chief of Re­ lack of faith among our American cit­ imum number of outlets provided by the search and Wage Activities, Farm Labor izens that Government agencies charged unexcelled American distribution sys­ Service, U.S. Department of Labor. with important responsibilities have little tem. Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, will the or no understanding of the problem that Our Nation's distribution system is, of gentlewoman yield? we are earnestly trying to solve. course, second to none. Contributing to Mrs. MAY. I am glad to yield to the I know that American farmers have this accomplishment is the franchise sys­ gentleman from Iowa. always voiced suspicion that the Depart­ tem under which a distributor, having Mr. GROSS. Does the gentlewoman ment of Labor did not really understand a stake in the success of the brand or suppose, in view ·of the emergency that their agricultural labor problem-but product entrusted to him, accelerates exists, that it would be helpful if the its movement and thereby substantially farmers were to send out St. Patrick's this is the first time in my recollection increases its sale. Day greetings? that a representative of the Department This vehicle of distribution is of par­ Mrs. MAY. I think that they had bet­ deliberately set out to prove that their ticular benefit and urgency to the less ter send St. Patrick's Day greetings, be­ suspicions were well founded. atlluent manufacturer whose financial cause the harvest season is coming up Also appearing on the program with resources do not permit the luxury of soon, and if they do not get this domestic Mr. Haltigan were spokesmen from var­ unlimited appropriations for advertising labor they will never be able to get the ious areas of agricultural interest in the purposes. He, to a much greater ex­ crops picked and processed. In this United States. They stressed the serious tent than his more favorably circum­ event the farmers would not be able to consequences that will follow if present stanced competitor, is in need of the buy Christmas cards for themselves much policies of the U.S. Department of Labor proven services of his franchised dis­ less for prospective farm laborers come are not reversed. I certainly hope Mr. tributor. next Christmas. Haltigan stayed around to listen to these February 15, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 2663 speeches and here are some quotes from According to the results of an investigation cial security law so that persons who them as reported in The Produce News: conducted by the State employment agency, wish to remarry after age 62 will not lose personnel in the agency's local offices that their present social security benefits. Max D. Reeder, general manager of opera­ were investigated had greatly exaggerated tions for H. J. Heinz Co., said: "The sub­ the numbers of workers supposedly placed in The Family Service Association, Inc., of stitution of machines for people poses a mul­ farm jobs. In one instance alone, Mr. Tie­ Tampa, Fla., has been conducting a 3- titude of problems. The degree of mechani­ burg admitted that the phony placements y.ear study, under the Ford Foundation, zation varies with the crop, and crops most detected by the investigating team ran to o:q. "Services to the Aging." Their study easily mechanized have already been mech­ 50 single-spaced typewritten pages. Other has revealed the plight of many older anized. The mechanization of fruits and employment service offices are being investi­ persons who, because they were both vegetables in most cases will require a change gated as a result of the agency's findings. in plant or tree type as well as modern en­ lonely and compatible, wanted to marry, gineering design. Thus, most fruit and vege­ LED TO WRONG CONCLUSION but could not afford to do so if they lost table mechanizations are long-term projects." California State Senator Vernon Stur­ some of their social security benefits. G. C. Henry, representing California Pack­ geon, from San Luis Obispo, charged that the The Family Service Association, from ing Corp., pointed out that the policy of the falsified job placement records had led some their firsthand knowledge of the situa­ U.S. Department of Labor to oppose the use officials to an improper conclusion as to tion facing many in my area, has urged of supplemental foreign workers in agricul­ whether adequate workers were available to that corrective legislation be enacted. ture in the face of chronic labor shortages replace Mexican workers that were recently throughout the United States is entirely dif­ ordered out of the United States by Secretary Under present law for example, a wid­ ferent from the attitude of government lead­ of Labor W. Willard Wirtz. ow now receives 82¥2 percent of her hus­ ers in Europe, where the exchange of labor It was stated that the U.S. Bureau of Em­ band's earned social security benefits, between nations has been encouraged to per­ ployment Security gave the California Em­ but if she remarries, she would lose those mit the expansion of agricultural industries ployment Agency $47 Inillion in 1963-64 and benefits, and she might not become en­ to meet consumer food requirements. raised this to $52,600,000 in 1964-65, partly on titled to new ones. If she does become the basis of its supposed placement achieve­ DON'T WANT FARM JOBS ments. entitled to social security benefits due to He noted that the Labor Department's esti­ her second marriage, they might be con­ mate that nearly 4 mlllion people are unem­ siderably smaller than the former bene­ ployed in the United States does not justify ITEM VETO WOULD CUT EXPENSES fits. any presumption that these people wm be Mr. BENNETT. Mr. Speaker,. I ask I have spoken with an official of the willing to work in farm jobs. Breaking down am the labor agency's own figures relating to unanimous consent to extend my remarks Social Security Administration and unemployed, Mr. Henry explained that less at this point in ·the RECORD. told that the cost factor would be neg­ than one-half of 1 percent of the labor force The SPEAKER. Is there objection ligible to put this amendment to the might conceivably be available for agricul­ to the request of the gentleman from social security law into effect. This is tural work. However, he further pointed out Florida? because social security actuarial figures that these temporarily unemployed indus­ There was no objection. are based on the assumption that a wid­ trial workers are unlikely to join the migrant ow over 62 will remain a widow until labor stream and thus rural farming areas Mr. BENNET!'. Mr. Speaker, now is can expect no success in attracting unem­ the time in the expanding economy and her death, and so the calculation of cost ployed industrial workers from metropolitan prosperity in the land, that we should cut for her benefits is made on that basis areas. out waste and inefficiency in Government and the sum provided at present to con­ Speaking for Florida agricultural interests and find positive ways toward eliminat­ tinue those payments for life. was W. H. Anderson, Jr., assistant general ing the chronic deficit the country is It is a pleasure to join with other col­ manager of the Florida Fruit & Vegetable running. leagues who have introduced similar leg­ Association. He said: "Growers in much of It is no wonder that fiscal experts, islation, urging that the social secu­ the Nation will soon be faced with a decision rity law be changed so that persons past to plant as much seed as they did a year ago, along with France's General de Gaulle, to cut back their planting operations or to question the strength of our dollar, with 62 who wish to remarry will not be pen­ not plant at all." the United States building on its $318 alized, but will be able to retain social billion debt, which will jump in fiscal security benefits to which they are en­ MADE ON INDIVIDUAL BASIS titled. He said grow rs' decisions on these ques­ 1966 because of the planned $5 billion tions will be made· on an individual basis deficit by the Government. and will be based "upon their respective We need to go slow on spending, and THE 145TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE judgments as to how this Government will as one Congressman, I plan to cut ex­ BffiTH OF SUSAN B. ANTHONY respond to their plea for fair and reasonable penses where possible until concrete treatment." plans are developed to reduce the na­ Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, I ask "The lack of any encouragement from the tional debt. One way to cut unneces­ unanimous consent that the gentleman Secretary of Labor or from the White House," sary· expenditures would be to adopt from Massachusetts [Mr. CoNTE'] may he said, "or assurance by our Government my proposed constitutional amendment, extend his remarks at this point in the that it will indeed be sympathetic and re­ House Joint Resolution 35, to provide RECORD ·and include extraneous matter. sponsive to the needs of our industry wm no The SPEAKER. Is there objection doubt be the determining factor as each in­ the President with the power for an item­ by-item veto of appropriations bills. to the request of the gentleman from dividual producer decides his future role as Io~? · a food producer in this Nation." Another way to help our fiscal policy Mr. Anderson pointed out that the Nation is to demand that foreign nations pay There was no objection. "never has as much as a weeks supply of their debts to the United States. A ma­ Mr. CONTE. Mr. Speaker, 145 years fresh fruits and vegetables en route from the jor debtor is France. General de Gaulle ago in the town of Adams, Mass., Susan producer to the market and available to the should be required to pay the $6.5 billion B. Anthony was born. I sincerely doubt consumer." debt owed for World War I and the $800 that anyone who may have noted the He said: "Growers' decisions as to their billion owed for World War II loans be­ event thought that the newly born baby future operations will be reflected 1n a very was destined one day, not only to be short time in every .grocery store across the fore we allow him to further drain our gold supply. added to the rollcall of American greats, Nation. The responsibility will rest 1n the but was destined to change the very Con­ hands of a few. officials in Washington." The labor question aired before the can­ stitution itself. ners convention came on the heels of a scan­ SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITS TO To her, above all others, the women of dal that broke in California last week, when THOSE WHO REMARRY AFTER America owe the political rights they the director of the California State Depart­ AGE62 possess. It was through her efforts that today they can exercise the most precious ment of Employment fired three managers of I the employment service offices, demoted a Mr. GIBBONS. Mr. Speaker, ask right that any citizen of a republic can fourth and suspended 10 other employees on unanimous consent to extend my remarks possess-the right to vote. Yet she was charges that they had falsified placement at this point in the RECORD. more than a campaigner for women suf­ records relating to their success in filling The SPEAKER. Is there objection ferage. Ida Harper wrote: farm labor jobs in California. to the request of the gentleman from Every girl who now enjoys a college edu­ Albert B. Tieburg, agency director, said Florida? cation; every woman who has a chance of the expose of fictitious placements means There was no objection. earning an honest living in whatever sphere that he "could never base a decision on the Mr. GIBBONS. Mr. Speaker, I am to­ she chooseS: every wife who is protected by historical records of these offices." day introducing a bill to change the so- any law in the possession of her person and 2664 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE February 15, 1965 property; every mother who is blessed with Household tasks, arduous enough in days The memory of this great man will al­ the custody and control of her own children; of manual labor, were doubly hard on a owes these sacred privileges to Susan B. An­ woman whose husband was away all day ways be present in our Nation, especially thony. We do not underestimate the splen­ tinkering with his . mill. She cooked and when one stands before the Lincoln Me­ did services of other pioneers or their suc­ baked, washed and ironed, spun, wove and morial here iri the Nation's Capital. It cessors, but it is Susan B. Anthony's name dyed, made and mended clothing, preserved serves to continually remind us of the that stands, . and always wUl stand as the fruits and vegetables, cured meat, pressed many virtues he possessed. More im­ everlasting symbol of women's emancipation. cheese, boiled soap, dipped candles; in short portantly, it reminds us that he was the Mr. Speaker, not only do we Americans in a hundred ways kept house. · Meanwhile preserver of this great Union and in his she boarded as many as 11 of her husband's own words: owe her our gratitude, but peoples every­ millhands at one time. A large amount of where are in her debt. Her cause did not the outdoor farm work fell upon her also, I would save the Union. l would save it die with her. The battles she fought so and it was she who carried water to the house the shortest way under the Constitution. valiantly-and so often alone-are still from a spring at the foot of the pasture. If there be those who would not save the Susan remembered her slavery. Not until Union unless they could at the same time being fought: in the Middle East, in save slavery, I do not agree with them. the Far East, in Africa, and even in these the year the family moved away could they afford the luxury of the services of a 13- We could all take a page out of Lin­ United States. They shall continue to be year-old girl in the house. fought until peoples everywhere enjoy As soon as they could use their hands, coln's book .in these times of peril and equal rights and opportunities regardless the three oldest Anthony girls learned that re:fiect for a moment upon those words. of their caste or position in life, the color a woman was virtually a slave. Precious few The Lincoln Memorial, the shrine of of their skins, or their sex. were the moments of playing in the attic our American heritage, was designed and Mr. Speaker, the principles that Susan with rag dolls while rain thrummed on the sculptured by Daniel Chester French, B. Anthony stood for are still being ad­ roof, invariably they would be called to the who lived and worked in Stockbridge, kitchen for some fragrant task like cutting Mass., which I am proud to represent in vanced and battled for today in these and stringing apple rings to dry. Sometimes very Halls. On this the anniversary of they stole sunny moments on the front steps, the Congress. His studio is located in her birth let us each here and through­ spelling the words that "Uncle Sam Bowen" an area which is rich in culture, being out this land rededicate ourselves to those shouted across the Savoy Road from his tav­ the former home of such great literary principles-and ask, as she did, ''not · ern porch. The precocious Susan, who giants as Nathaniel Hawthorne; Herman praise, but justice." learned to read at three, could never remem­ Melville; Henry Wadsworth Longfellow I should like at this point, Mr. Speaker, ber whether whisky had an "e," nor could she and Edith Wharton, to mention only ~ to insert in the RECORD an article by Mr. forget the woe in the word women. Her few. In addition, it is the present home life became a bequest from one silent, slav­ of the noted illustrator, Norman Rock­ Bulkeley which appeared in the Berk­ ing mother, but it was to be dedicated to shire Eagle on August 26, 1964, entitled all the American women of the future. well; the summer home of the Boston "A Little Girl Who Remembered": The causes she advanced were many; Al­ Symphony, Tanglewood, and other forms A LITTLE GIRL WHO REMEMBERED ways in some way they involved the eman­ of art too numerous to mention. cipat~on of women. She worked for a New The studio of Daniel Chester French (By Morgan Bulkeley) York State Temperance Society, for woman is still open to the public during the MoUNT WASIDNGTON.-Susan B. Anthony suffrage, for the anti-slavery movement, for summer months, and in it is the model often recalled her Berkshire girlhood, though coeducation of the sexes, and fpr legal and of the Lincoln statue. Mrs. William it was only the first 6 years of her 86. economic independence for women. ·Many years after moving to New York State On November 5, 1872, at 7 a.m., she became Penn Cresson, daughter of Mr. French she wrote of the family burial of her moth­ the first American woman to vote in a presi­ maintains this studio. ' er's fourth child: "I can remember walking dential election. Later she was arrested for · Mr. Speaker, I commend your attention across a stubble field with grandfather, bare­ it. Nevertheless the vote counted, probably to the article which appeared in the foot; grandfather's lifting me up and carry­ more than any single vote before or since; Washington Sunday Star on February 7 ing me, so that I saw the little box put into for it started a national avalanche. 1965, which was written by one of m~ the ground." This happened in the valley At her death in 1906, women's franchise east of old Saddleback when Susan was less was still controversial. Finally in 1920, the constituents, Mr. John G. W. Mahanna, than 3 years old. susan B. Anthony amendment was ratified, formerly a writer with the Berkshire There, in South Adams at Bowen's Cor­ and 26 million women of voting age were Eagle and now associated with the Office ners on the Savoy Road, Daniel Anthony, franchised. In 1956, 50 years ago after her of Civil and Defense Mol5ilization. Mr. of six generations of Quaker stock, built a death, women for the first time voted in Mahanna is a noted authority on the two-story, twin-chimney, clapboard · house equal numbers with men. It all started at wo~ks of Daniel Chester French. His for his Baptist bride, Lucy Read. In 1820 Bowen's Corners in Berkshire. article follows: in that house, which still stands as four­ square as the 13th, 14th, and 15th and 19th THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL: How IT CAME amendments, Susan Brownell Anthony was THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL: HOW IT ABOUT born. CAME ABOUT (By John G. W. Mahanna) Two years later, pioneering on a new fron­ Strength, power, and tension of the Great tier that became the industrial revolution in Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, I ask Emancipator all are reflected in the statue New England, Daniel Anthony built the first unanimous consent that the gentleman of the seated Abraham Lincoln in the me­ cotton textile mill in North Berkshire. By from Massachusetts [Mr. CONTE] may morial here, but few know that his right formal contract with his father-in-law, he extend his remarks at this point in the hand is a replica of the hand of the sculptor agreed to use only as·much water from Top­ RECORD and include extraneous matter. Daniel Chester French. bet Brook "as will run through a hole 6 Although Lincoln lived in a period when inches in diameter." Without capital but The SPEAKER. Is there objection photography was coming into lts · own, Mr. with skillful hands and Yankee ingenuityJ to the request of the gentleman from French was not satisfied with what he found he parlayed the power from that almost dry Iowa? in his research among the original collection brook into a career and a modest fortune. There was no objection. of Brady and Gardner photographs. For Susan vividly remembered his log mill that Mr. CONTE. Mr. Speaker, Friday, weeks the sculptor studied Lincoln's physiog­ the neighbors at first laughed at. It was February 12, 1965, marked the birthday nomy in the photographs. He examined 30 by 40 feet, 3 Y2 stories high, with a mar­ of our 16th President of this great Na­ Douglas Volk's life casts of Lincoln's hands velous overshot waterwheel reaching to the in the Smithsonian Institution. These of­ third floor. Inside, 26 looms hummed as tion-Lincdln, the railsplitter; Lincoln fered no solution. one under th~ guidance of Vermont farm girls the man; Lincoln the emancipator; Lin­ Mr. French was determined to put into the lured to Adams. by the unheard-of wages of coln the judge; and Lincoln the Presi­ whole figure a relaxed character, but at the $3 a week for wqrking 6 days from 6 to 6. dent. · same time he wanted to portray Lincoln as a But if those hours were long in those days, Abraham Lincoln, father of the Re­ mighty and fearless man. Lincoln's hands, hours at home could be longer. Susan never publican Party :-,nd defender of the op­ Mr. French felt, held the answer. forgot her mother's daily drudgery, inter­ pressed will be revered forever in the Dissatisfied with all he had found in his rupted only by the bearing of eight children. research, the sculptor decided his own right Her mother danced for the last time on her hearts and minds of all Americans. He hand might solve the problem. He went into wedding night while Quaker Daniel watched. was noted for his understanding, his his casting room in his studio in Stockbridge, Henceforth it was soft cradle songs for this humble manner, his wit, and his deep Mass., anointed his own hand with oil and woman who had longed to go into an open concern for all humanity. In the heart had one of his workmen cast it in plaster. field at the foot of Greylock apd sing at the of Abraham Lincoln, there were no prej­ The next day he had a plaster replica of this top of her lovely voice. Susan l'emembered udices-only love and a deep s~nse of hand in exactly the position he needed for her silence. dedication to his fellow man. the statue. The right hand was to hang over February 15, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE . 2665 the arm of the curule chair and the cast was Huge photographic prints were made of coin Memorial, is in line with the main axis made in that position. the Lincoln statue. One was 18 feet in of the L'Enfant plan of the District of Colum­ MANY PORTRAYED LINCOLN height and another 20 feet high. Mounted bia. on beaverboard, the two large pictures looked It says: Mr. French spent 8 years working on the real. Mr. French took them to Washing­ statue of Lincoln in his western Massachu­ ton, where backed by 2- by 4-inch joists, they "And when he fell in whirlwind, he went setts studio. He spent many sleepless nights were set in the memorial. Workmen shifted down trying to figure out how best to portray them around in various locations-far back As when a lordly cedar, green with boughs, Lincoln. Practically every American sculptor against the wan, pulled out 15 feet from Goes down with a great shout upon the of prominence had tried his hand at the job. the wall. They were viewed from the en- hills, Some had failed. Many had produced capa­ trance, from between the columns, and from And leaves a lonesome place against the ble works. A very few had excelled. the steps. Finally it was decided to make • sky." Lincoln had been depicted in every pos­ the statue 19 feet in height with an 11-foot sible and impossible pose-on foot, on horse­ pedestal. back, seated, and enthroned, dying, and dead. Entrusted with the task of cutting the ·FEBRUARY 12 ALSO 219TH BIRTH- He had been represented as praying, speaking, marble for the seated Lincoln were the DAY. OF TADEUSZ KOSCIUSZKO thinking, pleading, and as Lincoln the rail­ Piccirilli brothers, Italian artisans in Ne.w splitter, Lincoln the man, Lit;1coln the eman­ York. The Piccirillis and Mr. French held Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, I ask cipator, Lincoln the judge, Lincoln the Presi­ many conferences before they started cut­ unanimous consent that the gentleman dent. He had been shown in majestic soli­ ting the figure from 28 separate blocks of from Illinois [Mr. DERWINSKI] may ex­ tude, in forlorn loneliness, with his Cabinet, Georgia marble. No such blocks of marble tend his remarks at this point in the with his generals, with his friend the Negro. could be found without imperfections. RECORD and include extraneous matter. He had been visualized as the hungry boy Then, too, there was the problem of trans­ thirsting for knowledge, stretched out on a porting them. The sections, some with The SPEAKER. Is there objeCtion cabin fioor with shingle and charcoal. He curved surfaces, would not be fitted until to the request of the gentleman from had been seen as the country storekeeper, the they were put in place at the memorial. Iowa? itinerant attorney, but in so many of these The work was done so well that unless one There was no objection. capacities Lincoln was only laying the foun­ know where to look, he would hardly be Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, Fri­ dation of his unique career. able to find the seams. Mr. French was seeing him as Lincoln the day, February 12, the birthday of Lincoln, President, the statesman and the preserver. CRITIC WROTE INSCRIPTION was also the 219th anniversary of the of the Union. The statue, Mr. French felt, The idea of an inscription over the statue birth of Tadeusz Kosciuszko, the great should have the calm of the best Greeks of Lincoln was at first put aside because Polish hero who made such an outstand­ and still retain the intense personality of the there were some who thought there should ing contribution to the American revolu­ subject. be no words except Lincoln's in the memo­ tion. As an American of Polish descent, rial. The idea of a memorial to Lincoln had I take particular pride in briefly recall­ first been projected in 1867 but it was not After the statue was put in place, the revived very seriously until 1911 when Con­ space above Lincoln's head called for some­ ing to the Members of the House the gress appropriated nearly $3 millions for thing to be inscribed. The architect, Mr. highlights of his unusual career in the a building, a statue, and a site to place Bacon, called upon his close friend, Royall cause of freedom both here in America them on. Cortissoz, art critic of the New York Herald and in his native Poland. DECIDED ON CHAIR Tribune, to write an inscription. Inspired by a strong love of liberty, He wrote these words : John Hay, Lincoln's secretary and later "In this temple as .in the hearts of the Kosciuszko came to America from Secretary of State, voiced his hope that the people for whom he saved the Union the Europe on borrowed money in order to memorial to Lincoln should stand in line memory of Abraham·· Lincoln is enshrined help in our struggle for independence. with the Washington Monument and the His brilliant work in the planning and Capitol-the main axis of the L'Enfant plan forever." of Washington. Mr. Cortissoz' words were cut into the construction of fortifications for the wall over Lincoln's head. On the side walls, Delaware River, Fort Defiance, and West The Fine Arts Commission finally decided behind the columns, were cut Jules Guerin's that the memorial should be built in Po­ Point, as well as his courageous service murals and Lincoln's two great speeches­ in a number of battles earned him the tomac Park and chose Henry Bacon to be­ the Second Inaugural and the Gettysburg come the architect and Mr. French to de­ Address. rank of brigadier general in the Ameri­ sign the statue of Lincoln. A crowd estimated at 200,000 gathered for can Revolutionary Army. Mr. Bacon and Mr. French were both in the dedication · of the Lincoln Memorial on Following our war for independence, agreement that the site demanded a seated Memorial Day, 1922. Chief Justice Taft had Kosciuszko returned to Poland and figure, largely because of the many verti­ decreed that the ceremonies be kept simple. cal notes of the columns of the memorial. served in his homeland as a leader in the They were. He gave a brief account of the unsuccessful insurrection against the Another vertical note, they felt, would be labors of the Fine Arts Commission. lost by repetition. Russian invaders. He came back to the In keeping with a classic. building, the HARDING QUOTED LINCOLN United States after being released from armchair of the 1860's was out of the ques­ President Harding, in accepting the memo­ a Russian prison and received land and tion and the curule chair was decided upon. rial for the people, . laid particular stress money which had been awarded to him The pose in such a chair, Mr. French felt, upon Lincoln's steadfastness under criti­ by the Congress in appreciation for his cism, declaring: would bring out the largeness and breadth services to our country. Kosciuszko of Lincoln. The figure and the chair would "No leader ever was more unsparingly criti­ become a spacious and integrated whole. cized or more bitterly assailed. He was lashed again returned to Poland in 1798 but It would have, at the same time, relaxation by angry tongues and ridiculed in press and never saw his own country regain its and soliqity. speech until he drank from as bitter a cup independence. · as was ever put to human lips, but his faith The memory of Kosciuszko's brilliant SCULPTOR RECEIVED $88,000 was unshaken and his patience never ex­ Mr. Frehch, who was paid $88,000 for his and heroic career will continue to be an hausted." inspiration to freedom-loving people seated statue of Lincoln, returned to his Quoting Lincoln, President Harding re­ Stockbridge studio after many conferences called these words when the storm of criti­ everywhere. But the U.S. debt to him with Bacon and began working on his fig­ cism against him was at its height: will never be repaid until we can develop ure of Lincoln, making clay sketch after "If I were trying to read, much less an­ a foreign policy which will help restore clay sketch. When he finally became satis­ swer, all the attacks made on me, this shop freedom to Poland, one of the countries fied with a model, he made a sketch 7 to 8 might as well be closed for any other busi­ betrayed at the infamous Yalta Con­ inches in height, then another 3 to 4 feet ness. I do the best I know how, the very ference in 1945. In fact, the freedom of high and finally the third which rose to 8 best I can; and I mean td keep on doing feet. These original casts are now part enslaved peoples everywhere must be our it to the end. If the end brings me out goal not only for their sake, but because 10f the collection of Mr. French's works all right, that which is said against me will on display in his studio, which now is not amount to anything. If the end brings our own freedom will not be secure so maintained by his daughter, Mrs. W1lliam me out all wrong, 10 angels swearing I was long as Communist tyranny prevails in Penn Cresson. right would make no difference." the world. Eight years after he began working on As the program drew to a close, Edwin the statue, Mr. French took the 8-foot plas­ Markham read his poem to Lincoln. Its ter model to Washington to be tried out concluding stanza which dramatically de­ LEGISLATION FOR RELIEF OF OLD in the memorial. The small figure looked scribed Lincoln's death is also appropriate ORDER AMISH like a pygmy against its background of In­ today to President Kennedy, whose grave diana limestone, so the sculptor returned beneath the shadow of the Lee Mansion in Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, I ask home and continued his experiments. Arlington National Cemetery, like the Lin- unanimous consent that the gentleman 2666 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE February 15, 1965 from Illinois [Mr. DERWINSKI] may ex­ Joseph Stalin. It will go down in history to be the citadel of international justice tend his remarks at this point in the as one fateful word: "Yalta." and morality-became copartner to one of the most cynical and perverse diplomatic RECORD and include extraneous matter. The evil ghost of Yalta hovers over the .deals in recent memory. The SPEAKER. Is there objection haunted world. The authors of Yalta Yalta is symbolic of the ultimate irre­ to the request of the gentleman from placed Poland, Czechoslovakia, the Bal­ sponsibility of power politics when the Iowa? ti'c, Balkan nations, Bulgaria, Rumania, rights of smaller nations are overlooked by There was no objection. Hungary, Yugoslavia, Albania, and the great powers in their reckless pursuit Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, on China with North Korea in Red bondage. of higher worldwide objectives. January 18 I reintroduced my bill to The sins of Yalta have brought upon us Yalta is the most profane blot upon Amer­ amend the Social Security Act and the the threat of world war Ill. ican diplomacy and honor yet encountered in its history. Internal Revenue Code of 1954 to pro-· Soviet Russia is the menace to world And what has Western civilization reaped? vide an exemption from coverage under peace as a direct result of the great The false policies pursued during and fol­ the old-age, survivors, and disability in­ sellout in Crimea on February 11, 1945. lowing World War II--of which Yalta 1s surance system for individuals who are Mr. Speaker, as part of my remarks, I but one instance-have yielded a most poi­ opposed to participation in such system include in the REcoRD at this point an sonous harvest-the cold war-as well as the on grounds of religious belief. article which appeared in the February 6 ghastly specter of a possible war of uni­ This legislation, H.R. 2963, is directed edition of the Polish American of Chi­ versal annihilation. All of which should particularly for the relief of the Old Or­ cago, Ill., by Colwqnist Harry E. Demb­ surprise no one. For the price of perfidy der Amish, who find participation in the kowski. is always high. social security system in conflict with YALTA REVISITED However, Mr. Speaker, it is not my their belief in the providence and care of (By Harry E. Dembkowski) intention to rehash the tragic past but to God to meet future needs and their be­ A health resort in the Russian Crimea, call attention at this time to the an­ lief in their duty to provide for the care located on the shores of the Black Sea, Yalta niversary of Yalta in order to forewarn of their aged and needy members them­ was the scene of a conference of the big the administration not to enter into selves. Members of this faith live in 19 three Allied Powers in February of 1945, dur­ any new agreements with the Soviet States but number fewer than 20,000 ing World War II. This month marks the Union during the forthcoming exchange 20th anniversary of that conference. But in adults. Washington, D.C., among our omcials in the of visits between President Johnson and In accordance with the American tra­ mighty councils of Government, it is a silent whoever is the Soviet dictator at that dition of respecting the rights of reli­ anniversary. Scarcely is a murmur being time. gious minorities, there should be no ob­ heard of it. Where are the parades, speeches, The tragic lessons of the past should jection to this legislation. Under pres­ and fanfare? The anniversary is being prepare us well. May I especially point ent law, the Old Order Amish are subject ignored. The U.S. Government-which has out that over the years responsible Mem­ to seizure of their property by the Fed­ sought to forget about Yalta almost since its bers of the Congress have been con­ occurrence--does not Wish to be reminded eral Government to obtain funds for of it. But the reasons which cause our Gov­ tinually critical of the after effects of their social security payments. ernment to forget, are the very same reasons the Yalta Conference and have repeated­ Furthermore, the principle under which cry out for its reexamination-lest we ly called it to the attention of the State which American citizens are exempted forget. Department so as to avoid future Yaltas. from military induction when they ob­ At Yalta-the second of the Roosevelt­ The aftermath of the Yalta agree­ ject on religious grounds should certainly Churchill-Stalin meetings the first being at ment is seen today in many areas. Mil­ apply to this instance of exemption from Teheran, a year before-many problems were lions of Americans believe that the Yalta discussed, mainly in regard to Winning the taxation for religious reasons. The war. The Polish question was but one of agreement should be denounced and de­ Treasury Department has stated that it many items on the agenda. Roosevelt and, clared not valid. All unilateral actions does not see any constitutional objec­ to a lesser extent, Churchill, were still con­ undertaken by Stalin under the cloak tion to such an exemption from the so­ vinced that, if they would only be agreeable of that most unfortunate result of per­ cial security tax, citing the free exercise and make concessions to Stalin, the Soviet sonal diplomacy should be declared il­ clause of the first amendment to the Union would be peaceful and cooperative in legal. Only a complete and unhesitat­ Constitution as the basis for this deter­ the postwar world. Roosevelt was particu­ ing renunciation of the Yalta agreement larly eager to have Russian participation in mination. the United Nations. by the Congress and the executive Mr. Speaker, I urge that this non­ As a result Roosevelt and Churchill were branch of our Government could restore partisan legislation be given the con­ willing to sacrifice the interests of Poland­ American prestige in Europe and Asia. sideration ·it deserves as soon as possible along with many other interests-for the in this session of Congress so that this possible cooperation of a totalitarian, com­ religious group may be allowed freedom munistic regime, which already had a record DEDUCTIONS FOR HIGHER from participation in a program which of broken treaties and agreements. EDUCATION violates their religious beliefs. I know Specifically, Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to yet another partition of Poland Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, I ask that all Americans would approve of the in which, without the consent of either unanimous consent that the gentleman fairness and justice of such an action the Polish Government or the people, nearly from Minnesota [Mr. LANGEN] may ex­ by the Congress. one-half of the country was given to Rus­ tend his remarks at this point in the sia. This agreement was objectionable on RECORD and include extraneous matter. many grounds. THE 20TH ANNIVERSARY OF YALTA The SPEAKER. Is there objection It was illegal: A violation of the 1921 to the request of the gentleman from Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, I ask Treaty of Riga in which Russia had recog­ nized her borders with Poland. Iowa? unanimous consent that the gentleman It was immoral: a violation of the prin­ There was no objection. from Illinois [Mr. DERWINSKI] may ex­ ciples of democracy and self-determina­ Mr. LANGEN. Mr. Speaker, higher tend his remarks at this point in the tion-as embodied, for instance, in the much education certainly is recognized as the RECORD and include extraneous matter. heralded Atlantic Charter of 1941. key to the future. I am sure all agree The SPEAKER. Is there objection It is true, of course, that some German that our young people must be encour­ to the request of the gentleman from territory was given to Poland in partial com­ aged to prepare for tomorrow, and their Iowa? pensation for the Russia theft--but it is also true that this compensation has never parents must be given additional consid­ There was no objection. been officially recognized by the United eration in their efforts to provide for the Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, today States, although the Russian acquisition of further training of their children. That marks the 20th anniversary of the sign­ eastern Poland was almost immediately is why I am today introducing a bill to ing of the infamous Yalta Pact, which recognized. allow taxpayers to deduct some expenses gave so many concessions to Communist "Yalta" is more than a town or a con­ for higher education on their personal in­ Russia and enabled Stalin to enslave ference or a simple event in history. Of come tax forms. millions of people of central and eastern all which has happened in this century, it is perhaps-with the exception of the Ger­ My bill would allow deductions for tui­ Europe and Asia. man invasion and occupation-most highly tion, fees and books, and would be avail­ Twenty years ago-February 11, symbolic of that bitter gall which the Poles able to either the parents or the student 1945-an agreement was signed by Presi­ have been forced to taste. For it was at himself if he pays or contributes to his dent Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Yalta that the United State&-once believed own education at a college or other in- February 15, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE 2667 stitution of higher learning. This bill This unwise practice has constantly profit entry on his operating statement. would provide tax relief where it does .depressed the market and the traditional There just isn't enough left to make a dent the most good, on the local level. A dol­ concept of support prices has been de­ in his debts. In case after case, depreciation transfers lar's worth of tax reduction buys a full stroyed. What originally was intended are completely used up in paying operating dollar's worth of education without ex­ was a floor below which farm prices expenses or providing food, clothing, and periencing the shrinking effect of travel­ would not fall. But under the practice other bare essentials for the farm family. ing here to Washington and back to the of CCC, the floor has become the ceiling, Rural bankers believe we have been build­ local community. driving farm net income to its lowest ing our economic future on a weak founda­ My tax deduction bill is not intended level since depression years. The parity tion. Our facade of prosperity has been as a substitute for any other form of ratio of farm income now stands at achieved at the expense of the producers of 74 percent. agricultural raw materials. aid to higher education. Current loan We have not constructed true economic and scholarship programs, particularly Giant corporate farm operators have wealth at all, but a will-o'-the-wisp pros­ those to help families in greatest finan­ been able to buy CCC feed stocks at be­ perity in which some segments of the econ­ cial need, must be continued. My pro­ low cost of production, setting up poul­ omy have been fattened by feeding upon an­ posal is intended to help the millions of try, beef producing factories, and so other. Since the land represents the be­ families with limited incomes who cannot forth, in competition with the livestock ginning point of our country's wealth, such stand the staggering burden of educat­ farm, existing on fixed high costs. prosperity can only be temporary. It will ing their children at costs that run as I request the inclusion of the IBA posi­ eventually fall of its own weight. In the absence of adequate profits in agri­ high as $3,000 per student each year. tion paper at this point in my remarks: culture, essential to reduction of ever-in­ They deserve a deduction on their in­ IBA POSITION ON THE DEPRESSED RURAL creasing debt, the time approaches when come tax forms just as much as a tax­ ECONOMY banks will have to terminate credit ava11- payer who claims medical expenses or A specter is haunting the rural banks of ab1lity to thousands of farmers in rural casualty losses. the United States. America. This will force Uquidation of nu­ My bill also contains a sliding income It 1s the ghost of the 1930's, when more merous farm units and subsequently the de­ scale, whereby the families with lower than 10,000 banks collapsed, most of them. struction of thousands of rural businesses in rural areas. that serve farmers. incomes will rece1ve increased benefits in If the disaster of the thirties seems remote One result wlll be the loss of a market the form of deductions for the expenses in these soaring sixties, remember that the for an important portion of our total out­ paid toward higher education than those lengthening shadow of the great depression put of goods and services. This indicates a with the highest incomes. went unnoticed as America danced its way cutback in industrial production and an Parents in America know the value of through the roaring twenties. Then the big increase in unemployment. Whatever gains an education and sincerely want to ade­ credit bubble burst and gaiety turned to de­ can be made through the adin1nistration's quately prepare their children for the spair on an October Friday in 1929. antipoverty program wlll be more than can­ future. We must explore every avenue Depressions have always had their begin­ celed out by the inab1lity of the rural popu­ rung at a peak of prosperity, and they always lation to earn a living. in an effort to make sure that no student are farm led and farm fed. And remember-som.e 30 percent of the misses out because of financial consid­ It is now apparent that the In1stakes of the U.S. population lives in rural communities erations. My bill will be an important twenties are being repeated. Commercial of 2,500 and under, and on the farms sur­ step in that direction. banks are loaned up to historically high rounding them. It is hoped that the Congress will seri­ levels in ratio to available deposits. The Because net farm income has declined ously consider and pass some form of tax easy money of the sixties has made us a while the income of other segments of the deduction or credit for higher education seemingly affiuent society and we are now economy has soared to record levels, the reaching for the Great Society. farmer has been caught in a cost-price during this session of the 89th Congress. But those who see a bright future for squeeze. The result has been a drop of America apparently are not aware of a new more than 3 million in agricultural em­ shadow that has crept over the horizon. The ployment since 1949. This would seem to THE DEPRESSED RURAL ECONOMY most significant feature of the American have been the source of a large percentage Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, I ask economy today is this: rural banks cannot of the total unemployment today. It is unanimous consent that the gentleman much longer continue to .supply the credit now contributing more to the poverty of the needs of rural America. Since 1951, farmers Nation than any other single factor. from Minnesota [Mr. NELSEN] may ex­ have been using credit as a substitute for In the face of this, the prevautng economic tend his remarks at this point in the earned income because of depressed agricul­ philosophy calls for the elimination of 2¥2 RECORD and include extraneous matter. tural raw material prices. In1111on additional farmers. These would ·The SPEAKER. Is there objection With the inception of its agricultural re­ not just be the "little inefficient farmers." to the request of the gentleman from search program 3¥2 years ago, the Independ­ They would be a broad category of farmers­ Iowa? ent Bankers Association has warned repeat­ large and small alike. There was no objection. edly that such credit could not continue We have apparently overlooked the most Mr. NELSEN. Mr. Speaker, the Ag­ indefinitely. The association has urged that obvious answer to the unemployment prob­ action be taken to revive the economy of lem. An expanded rural economy would ricultural Committee of the Independent rqral America before the point of no return slow down the outin1gration of farmers. It Bankers Association, meeting recently was reached, but the downward drift has would create an expanded rural labor force, in Washington, has issued a frightening been allowed to continue. both on the farm and in the rural com­ position paper on the depressed rural The association now finds it necessary to munities. economy, and it should be made manda­ caution its member banks to be concerned Government figures show that the largest tory reading in the Great Society. with the quallty of their loanable assets. pocket of poverty in America today is in the The committee finds that "country Country bank loans to farmers are danger­ rural areas. ously close to deterioration. The farmer is in a state of econoin1c de­ bank -loans to farmers are dangerously The rnA is not alone in its concern. pression because he is not getting a fair close to deterioration." The committee At the recent convention of the American price for his production. That is, farm raw warns that "the time approaches when Bankers Association, the ABA urged a re­ material prices are not in balance with the banks will have to terminate credit avail­ treat from easy credit. In a convention res­ prices of other segm~ts of the economy. ability to thousands of farmers in rural olution the ABA said "It is difficult to find The situation has occurred not because of America. This will force liquidation of justification for the degree of ease which now any inexorable laws of econoin1cs, but be­ numerous farm units and subsequently prevails in credit markets." cause important political and business inter­ Insurance companies and large as well as ests have served to .gain from maintaining the destruction of thousands of rural small lenders are voicing the same caution. farm raw material prices at depressed levels. businesses that serve farmers." Similar experiences are being reported 'by the Our profit-starved rural economy has been The committee points out that some Production Credit Associations and by the dependent on ·massive doses of credit every 30 percent of the U.S. population lives Farmers Home Administration. It has been year since 1953. This credit wm one day in rural communities of 2,500 and under said that unless corrective action is taken have to be repaid. When we do this we will and on surrounding farms. soon, the FHA will one day be known as the deprive the market in some future years of This report confirms, of course, what graveyard for bankiupt farm loans. the income necessary to consume our annual many of us have been trying desperately Firsthand experience of bankers through­ production at a profitable price level. out rural America shows farmers holding as­ The farmer has been using credit to keep to get across to a sleepy, unaware public sets of uncertain value which appear to sup­ his head above water. His borrowing always in the hope of obtaining corrective ac­ port bank loans as collateral. The farm is in anticipation of future profits, but the tion-such as a halt of the disastrous borrower continues to demonstrate excellent sad fact remains that repayment often is practice of Commodity Credit Corpora­ integrity. But his house falls in when his made from llquidation of assets accumulated tion feed-grain dumping. integrity and assets are measured against the in prior years. 2668 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - ·HOUSE February 15, 1965 There is a limit to the amount of credit At its source much of our optimism For the purposeful and useful explora­ that is available in the United States. Ex­ flows from the confidence which both tion of the seas around us and the space panded credit cannot much longer serve as the advance. and application of scientific above us. a substitute for adequate earnings in agri­ And, most especially, for the guidance culture. knowledge permits. As science has pro­ Ten thousand banks collapsed between vided us with new insights into man's that will permit us to proceed with 1931 and 1934 because of the necessity for antecedents, so science also has unlocked greater security and greater confidence rural, bankers to withdraw loanable funds for us new visions of man's possibilities. toward our goals of peace and justice in from agriculture. The reason the bankers Science has given us new knowledge of · a free world. were compelled to collect farm loans at an matter and of living things, a better As no other force has contributed accelerated pace was severe underpayment understanding of natural processes, new more materially to our effective pursuit for agricultural raw material production. of happiness in America, so it is true that To prevent a repetition of this catastrophe, and unexpected glimpses into what we we recommend that the Federal Government can achieve in the {uture. The power no other force is now requiring of us the give the same attention to farm prices that over nature which science is giving our more careful examination and reexam­ it has given to civil rights, the war ,on generation permits us to look forward ination of the workings, values, and as­ poverty, tax reduction and other ·priority with hope toward the solution of many pirations of our society. Science is measures. · age-old problems, if we apply results of changing many of the very premises on If farm prices are restored to relative bal­ the scientific advance well and wisely. which o:Ur greatly successful American ance with the rest of. the economy, we ~n In the gains and change of these post­ society has been built over the past two achieve a huge bonus of output and income centuries. If we are to strive toward our by ma.king full use of all of our resources war years, American science has played a and raw material, human and financial. We central role. Science has flourished in society's continuing success and further can provide full employment, full plant ca­ America as never before. While human greatness, we must not merely commit pacity, balance the budget and commence knowledge has never known.:_and must ourselves to its support-we must involve retirement of the national debt. never know-national boundaries, it is ourselves in seeking to understand the a fact that our Nation's resources, sta­ profound changes which it promises. bility; and political purposes have per­ For all that has been wrought in this ANNUAL REPORT COVERING U.S. mitted American science to benefit the land, we must understand that these are PARTICIPATION IN THE INTERNA­ world to an extent unique in modern the infant years of a new age-not the TIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY times. aging days of an old era; FOR THE YEAR 1963-MESSAGE A vital factor in our achievements has Our wisdom must be always the equal FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE been our natio.nal effort toward under­ of our knowledge and information. For UNITED STATES (H. DOC. NO. 88) standing, anticipating, and supporting that reason, I commend to you this re­ the creative force and constructive ends port from the National Science Founda­ The SPEAKER laid before the House of science dedicated to peace, not con­ tion, created and supported by the Con­ the following message from the President quest-to elevating human life, not op­ gress, and encourage your unchanging of the United States; which was referred pressing it. This responsible approach steadfastness in support of what is re­ to the Joint Committee on Atomic En­ toward science has come broadly, qUired to assure America's continuing ergy and ordered to be printed: throughout our society, but a· key role leadership in the science and technology of our times. To the Congress of the United States: has been taken by the Federal Govern­ ment. LYNDON B. JOHNSON. I transmit herewith, pursuant to the THE WHITE HOUSE, February 15, 1965. International Atomic Energy Agency While possessed of no special gift of. Participation Act, the seventh annual re­ foresight, the Federal Government has port covering U.S. participation in the taken a forward-looking role, exercising GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS SA TEL­ International Atomic Energy Agency for both desirable initiative and appropriate LITE SYSTEM-MES.SAGE FROM the year 1963. self-restraint. Support for science has THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED LYNDON B. JoHNSON. come from the Government without STATES (H. DOC. NO. 87) THE WHITE HOUSE, Febru,ary 15, 1965. thought of making science subservient to the Government. The virtually undis­ The SPEAKER laid before the House puted leadership held by America to­ the following message from the President ANNUAL REPORT FOR FISCAL YEAR day in the realm of science and tech­ of the United States; which was read 1964 OF THE NATIONAL SCIENCE nology· is a conspicuously visible testa­ and, together with the accompanying FOUNDATION-MESSAGE FROM ment to the greater compatibility a free papers, referred to the Committee on THE PRESIDENT OF THE · UNITED society affords to the spirit of free in­ Interstate and Foreign Commerce and STATES (H.DOC. N0.89) quiry. ordered to be printed: If balance has been approached in our The SPEAKER laid before the House overall support of our free science, To the Congress of the United States: the following message from the President credit is abundantly due. the unheralded The past year has seen important ad­ of the United States; which was read and and frequently underestimated role of vances in the program to develop a referred to the Committee on Science the National Science Foundation. Un­ global communications satellite system. and Astronautics and ordered to be . der its first Director, Dr. Alan T. Water­ The first launch of a commercial satellite printed with illustrations: man, and now under the outstanding is to take place in the early months of leadership of Dr. Leland Haworth, this year. To the Congress of the United States: whose first annual report I am trans­ Through the initiative of the United I am pleased to transmit to the Con­ mitting, the Foundation has fulfilled States an international joint venture gress the annual report for fiscal year many times over the intent and hopes has been established. Under the law I 1964 of the National·Science Foundation of the Congress which established it at have designated the Communications as required by the National Science the beginning of the last decade. Satellite Corp. as the U.S. participant. Foundation Act of 1950. Close and understanding accord be­ The corporation is to be the manager At the end of the war the advance of tween science and public affairs is an im­ on behalf of all participants. science was a source of pervading pessi- perative for free societies today. As I am The corporation has · now been fi­ mism in our land-and around the world. so acutely aware, no national policy or nanced, has constituted its first board There were fears that the onrush of of directors to replace the original in­ man's knowledge would outrun man's purpose of the United States is unaf­ corporators and has moved forward with wisdom and speed humanity toward its fected by the present state or prospective its program. All agencies of the Govern­ own extinction. With the establishment scope of our scientifi~ knowledge. ment with responsibilities under the act of the National Science Foundation, we We look to it- have made important and faithful con- committed ourselves to the development For the technology and industry . tributions with the sympathetic assist­ of peaceful science, and now our times which will supply us with new products ance of the congressional committees are marked and moved by an optimism and new jobs to meet our needs. concerned. and hopefulness rare in all the history For the health programs which will The new and extraordinary satellite of mankind. eventually conquer disease and disability. telecommunications medium bringing ~ February 15, 1965 · CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 2669 peoples around the globe into closer re­ educational facilities for its younger immediately with the help of the Com­ lationship is nearer to fulfillment, her­ citizens. No need is more urgent than missioner of Education. alding a new day in world communica­ that of providing for all boys and girls B. Health and welfare: The public tions. the opportunity to secure the highest health effort in the District has been im­ As required by s_ection 404(a) of the and best education of which they are pressive in recent years, and the momen­ . Communications Satellite Act, I here­ capable. . t4m must be continued. Health is essen­ with transmit to the Congress a report First. The public school system of tial to the productivity and financial in­ on the national program for develop­ the District, which already has many dependence of individuals, and to a sound ment and application of the communica­ achievements to its credit, must becorrie economy. Adequate programs to pre~ tions satellite technology to the services one of the great-school systems in the vent disease and disability; to combat of mankind. Nation. mental retardation, to reduce prevent­ LYNDON B. JOHNSON. Curriculums and teaching methods able deaths, especially among infants, THE WHITE HOUSE, February 15,1965. must reflect the best experience available and to provide medical care and related · in the United States, particularly as it is services to those unable to pay for them, THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA-MES- related to young l?eople who come. to the are essential District needs. schools from disadvantaged circum- The reconstruction and enlargement of SAGE Fa,OM THE PRESIDENT OF stances at home. The most highly qual­ District of Columbia General .Hospital THE UNITED STATES (H. DOC. ified teachers must be recruited, and now underway will ease the. congestion NO. 86) teachers in temporary category reduced there, but urgent need exists for the es­ The SPEAKER laid before the House to a minimum. More supporting per- tablishment of community health centers the following message from the Presi- sonnel, particularly counselors, are in several parts of the city, to bring dent of the United States; which was needed. No child should lack adequate health services closer to the people for textbooks and no school should lack whom they are designed. These centers, read and -referred to the Committee on either an adequate library or a trained by including the facilities needed for the District of Columbia and ordered to librarian. Vocational education must be comprehensive community-based mental J>e printed: more closely related to -the demands of health services, will also bring the Dis­ To the Congress of the United States: the modern world, as well as to the op- trict to the forefront in carrying out both The Nation's Capital should be a city portunities for further training which the present national mental health pro­ in which every·American can take justi- will be afforded by the community col­ gram and the additional programs which fiable pride, for the District of Columbia .lege. Improvements can be made in the I have recently reconimended. is more than a city-it is the seat of the training of the physically and mentally Improvements in physical plant must Federal Government and the home of handicapped which will enable many be matched by increased availability of our most meaningful national shrines. more to achieve full or partial self-su:ffi- services. We know now that denial of Our -Founding Fathers not only ciency, preventive services, based on unrealistic planned a great nation but a great capi~ The physical plant, within a decade standards of medical indigency, are not tal city for that nation. Their foresight at most, should be made adequate. New measures of economy, but rather guar­ and dedication-and the patient work of buildings should continue the principles antees of .increasing costs of social serv­ generations of Americans-have built a of modern school· design now being pur­ ices later on. .The provision of prenatal beautiful and .inspiring National Capital. sued. ·More immediately, there must be care is a classic example. Children's But for cities, as for men, there is no adequate space for every 'child, including, Hospital, which -by reason of its special­ standing still. We progress or we fall needless to say, tbose whom improved ized facilities for the young is unique, and . back. This administration will not fail · facilities, improved educational meas­ stands all).ong the best in its field .in the in the stewardship vested in it for the ures, and improved economic conditions United States, must be put on a sound Nation's Capital. It is dedicated to en- will prevent becoming dropouts. The financial basis. hancing and preserving the beauty and Capital of the richest nation on earth A proper welfare program must not dignity of our Capital and to the im- cannot tolerate part-time classes, classes only be tightly administered and free of provement of the lives of its citizens. in makeshift rooms, and classes so large cheating and fraud, but also must insure There is much to be done. The pro- that instruction becomes difficult or im­ that those in actual need of aid are pro­ grams that I propose envision immediate possible. vided for in a manner and at a level con­ as well as long-range changes and im- · Second. A committee of nationally sistent with decency and humanity. Not provements. We must continue and recognized educators, after careful ex- only is this in the American tradition, but . strengthen our efforts and more effec- amination of the District's situation, has it is also prudent. Inadequate programs tively marshal our resources to achieve recommended that the District should inadequately staffed exact a price· we the goals of an even better city. ·Every . establish immediately a community col­ cannot afford to pay, in delinquency, American must always be able to point lege and a college of liberal' arts and crime; disease, broken homes and broken - to his Nation's Capital as a living expres- sciences, under a Board of Higher Educa­ lives. Nor can we ignore the added costs sion of the highest ideals of democratic tion. The former institution would pro­ of institutional care for the children and government. vide a 2-year program, including both the the elderly from families whose re­ sources, tenuous at best in many cases, I first 2 years of college work and advanced technical training iri a variety of sub­ collapse and are lost in extremes of pov':" Home rule: The most significant re­ professional skills. The latter, which erty. Further District participation in quirement, and one which can be ac­ would absorb the present District of Co­ the programs made possible by the 1961 ~omplished immediately, is the restora­ lumbia Teachers College, would empha­ and 1962 amendments to the Social Secu­ tion to the citizens of the District of Co­ size teacher training but would also pro­ rity Act should no longer be delayed. lumbia of the direction and control of vide instruction in the liberal arts and C. Public safety: The District has not their own local affairs. I have already sciences, growing as the need developed. been spared in the general · increase in set out my recommendations in this re­ Thes~ two institutions should be brought crime now being experienced through­ spect in a message to the Congress pro­ into being without delay. I will shortly out the United States. The impairment posing the necessary legislation. recommend to the Congress the neces­ of the security of person and property, n sary legislation. and the mounting rates of juvenile crime, Municipal services: The Federal Gov­ Third. The District should participate are matters of major concern. ernment, until home rule has been in the residential vocational school pro­ The problems run deep, and will not achieved, and the District government gram authorized by the Vocational Edu­ yield to quick and easy answers. We thereafter, must attack the deficiencies cation Act of 1963. Such a school can must not weaken our resolve to identify in programs which now exist. Those demonstrate the advantages of combin­ and eliminate the causes of criminal ac­ deficiencies which follow are· only the ing the most J;nodern vocational educa­ tivity. This -is the thrust of the District's most important and the most urgent. tion with the healthy. and stimulating program to combat juvenile delinquency A. Education: No more important re­ living environment now missing from the in the Cardozo area....:....a program which sponsibility rests on any local govern­ lives of many District children. It is my must be extended as needed throughout ment than the provision of adequate hope that plans for a school will be made the District as r.apidly as its component 2670 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 15, 1965 parts can be evaluated. This is an im­ These needs are urgent, and our re­ or rents they can afford. There must be portant aspect of the program to combat sponses in the District will aid and en­ more vigorous efforts in the District, both poverty, and of the programs for im­ courage efforts throughout the Nation. public, and private, to take advantage of provement in education, health, welfare, It will not do merely to attempt minor all the programs now available under the housing, 'and recreation. changes; the problem is too big and too national housing laws. All these are vital, but they are not importaht to the community. We must The District's urban renewal program enough. Crime will not wait while we seek the broadest and most imaginative must make a major effort in the years pull it up by the roots. We must have a improvements in the entire legal a:p.d so­ ahead to provide decent housing for low­ fair and effective system of law enforce­ cial structure of our criminal law and its and moderate-income families. The re­ ment to deal with those who break our administration. To do this, I shall estab­ habilitation and renewal project now un­ laws. We have given too low a priority lish a commission which will concern derway in Northwest Urban Renewal to our methods and institutions of law itself specifically with crime and law en­ Area Project No.1 may well offer an ap­ enforcement--our police, our criminal forcement in the District. It will enlist proach which can provide experience for courts, and our correctional agencies. the best advice and assistance available, similar projects elsewhere. There must This neglect must not continue, and the both in and out of the Federal Govern­ be vigorous and prompt enforcement of District should be the first to remedy it. ment, and will work closely with the na­ the housing code, particularly in those The police are our front line, both tional panel to be created shortly. Our areas where continuing deterioration offensive and defensive, in the fight goal must be no less than the planning may escalate into irrecoverable slums. against crime. We ask the policeman to and establishment in the District of a Too little effort has been exerted to as­ fit our principles to hard realities, to model system which will best achieve fair sure that violations are detected and cor­ make our rules just in their operation, and effective law enforcement. rected promptly. Both tenants and land­ to apply our laws to an infinite variety There are, in addition, opportunities lords must be made aware of their of human situations. Because he repre­ for immediate action. Some control of responsibilities as well as their rights. sents the law to the great majority of our firearms within the District is urgently Urban renewal powers must be made people, we ask him to impart respect for needed. Legislation providing for the available to the District, as they are to law in his every act. As the representa­ registration of pistols, which is an ap­ other cities, to aid in the development tive of government whom we send out propriate first step, will shortly· be trans­ of blighted commercial areas. They are in the streets, we impose on him a job of mitted to the Congress by the Commis­ particularly needed in the central city, social aid and accommodation as many­ sioners. The police department should where the demonstrated interest of the sided as government itself. be enlarged, as I have recommended in business community insures a fruitful To do all of these thiligs well, the po­ the District's budget. Moreover, it should cooperation between public and private liceman must be a man of high caliber be afforded authority and funds to pay efforts. attracted to police work by sutnciently for overtime work, and to employ clerical There is need, too, for a reorganization strong incentives, and trained beyond and other workers to permit otncers to of the urban renewal and public housing anything we have heretofore thought use their police training to full advan­ machinery of the District, in order that necessary. The police department must tage. Both would increase its effectirve it may be more responsive to the Dis­ have a closer working relationship with strength. trict's multiple needs. Immediate atten­ the social agencies of the community, D. Recreation: The District has not yet tion must be given to changes which will for their problems and objectives are so caught up with the needs of its citizens­ focus appropriate responsibility, and often connected or concurrent. There is either young or old-for facilities which commensurate authority, in the District's a great need for all people to learn about, permit them to relax and to play. Some Board of Commissioners. Some delays tO understand, and to assist the police­ areas of the city lack these facilities, par­ are inherent in major urban projects, man in his work. ticularly areas where incomes are low, and no doubt this has been particularly The courts have traditionally been and where residents are generally lack­ true during the early years of the urban the symbol and the guardian of our ing in the resources to enable them to renewal program, but we can no longer cherished freedoms, but local criminal take advantage of recreational facilities afford or tolerate such delays. courts are so overloaded that their image elsewhere. The goal must be an ade­ F. Poverty: The District can and is tarnished, their functioning impeded, quate system of recreational facilities· should be a leader and an example to the and their effectiveness weakened. More throughout the District within the next Nation in the attack on poverty. Al­ courts and judges is one answer, but need decade. ready there is a bold beginning, coordi­ not be the only one. Full-scale court The John F. Kennedy playground, nated by the United Planning Organiza­ proceedings might be eliminated for largely equipped by private citizens, tion, and using the combined resources of minor · offenses which could be handled demonstrates not only the possibilities the Federal and District Governments by administrative arrangements under but also the enthusiastic response of the and generous aid from both the Ford and close judicial supervision. Certain types community to adequate play space. the Eugene and Agnes E. Meyer Founda­ of offenders might be referred directly Equally desirable facilities should be pro­ tions. But the war on poverty is not to to social agencies for non-judicial treat­ vided in other parts of the District, par­ be won in one cataclysmic battle. It 1s ment. Some conduct which we now label ticularly in areas now inadequately more a war of attrition, in which there criminal might better be removed from served. must be no letup of effort. The District the criminal system and dealt with more E. Housing and urban renewal: The must continue to provide training, coun­ effectively and appropriately elsewhere. District, in common with other American seling, employment services, and other Every possibility must be explored. cities, suffers badly from a major short­ aid on a coordinated and more intensive Correctional agencies charged with re­ age of ·housin·g adequate for its lower basis to those who are now unemployed sponsibility for those who have been income groups. Public housing is being or so underemployed that they cannot found guilty of a criminal offense face supplied for low-income families dis­ provide support for their families. It enormously complex problems. Some of placed by public projects; but nonpriority must have a minimum wage law expand­ the time-honored methods are proving families and large families even with ed to cover men, as well as women and to be inadequate. Many new ideas are priority are afforded little relief. More children. It must provide the education­ being developed and applied, with still public housing is an urgent necessity. al help and other aids which will insure uncertain results. We cannot wait un­ Devices such as the housing of large that the next generation, the potential til they are certain. We should put to families in individual houses by means welfare clients of the 1970's and 1980's, work in the District the most promising of rent subsidies must be continued and meet the challenge of our new technology attempts to cure the maladjustments expanded. New solutions must be devel­ and become self-supporting. We must which lead to crime. We cannot tolerate oped and applied. break the cycle of poverty and depend­ an endless, self-defeating cycle of im­ Equally important are measures to se­ ency. It can be done. It will, in the long prisonment, release and reimprisonment cure decent housing for the families run, be far less expensive than any other which fails to alter undesirable attitudes whose incomes are high enough to make course. . and behavior. We must especially find them ineligible for public housing, but ni ways to help the first offender avoid a who cannot find decent, safe, and sani­ The District and the National Capital continuing career of crime. tary private accommodations at prices region: The District of Columbia is no February 15, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 2671 longer the largest element of the Wash­ but every aid and encouragement should do. I am sure the Congress will join me ington metropolitan region, either in be given to further study and refinement in accepting the challenge. number of residents or in area. Increas­ of its details and to the establishment of LYNDON B. JOHNSON. ingly, the problems of the District blend the creative partnership of Government THE WHITE HOUSE, February 15, 1965. into and become a part of regional prob­ and private enterprise needed to convert lems. Transportation, water, air pollu­ the avenue into a thoroughfare worthy tion, sewage and waste disposal, fire and of the Nation's pride. PROPOSED ADJUSTMENT OF police protection, recreation, employ­ There are other areas where needed WITHHOLDING TAXES ment, and economic development are improvements can also be accelerated. Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, I ask only a partial list of matters in which The Washington Monument can be given unanimous consent that the gentleman neither the District nor any other part of the setting it deserves as soon as the de­ from Ohio [Mr. MINSHALL] may extend the area can proceed behind its own velopment of the freeway from the his remarks at this point in the RECORD jurisdictional curtains. Roosevelt Bridge to the 14th Street and include extraneous matter. A. Transportation: The most critical Bridge, and the 9th and 14th Street The SPEAKER. Is there objection of the regional development needs is underpasses of the Mall permit the elimi­ to the request of the gentleman from transportation. Washington is now the nation of the 15th Street traffic from Iowa? only major capital in the Western World near the base of the monument. The There was no objection. lacking a rail rapid transit system. temporary buildings which huddled at Mr. MINSHALL. Mr. Speaker, mil­ There is urgent need to begin the con­ its base are already gone, and the plans lions of American taxpayers are shocked struction of such a system-largely with­ to improve its immediate surroundings to find themselves owing the Federal in the District at the beginning, but must be pushed forward. Government a great deal more income eventually extending into the suburbs The Lincoln Memorial, long throttled tax for 1964 than they had expected. of Maryland and Virginia. I have al­ by a circle of heavy automobile traffic, This is a debt few of them anticipated ready transmitted to the Congress pro­ can be freed of its noose as soon as the and that many are not financially pre­ posed authorizing legislation. freeway running beneath its grounds pared to meet without serious economic The highway program, both within permits the area facing the Reflecting hardship. and without the District, must likewise Pool and the monument to be reserved Because income taxes were underwith­ not be allowed to lag. The cooperative for the visitor on foot. The memorial held by the Government last year, efforts of District and Federal agencies will not achieve its proper setting, how­ through confusion and conflict in the through the Policy Advisory Committee ever, until. the remaining obsolete and administration's tax rate bill, taxpayers to review some elements of the program temporary buildings on Constitution now must pay the penalty for the Gov­ should be continued. Construction Avenue are eliminated. ernment's carelessness in setting up a should proceed as rapidly as funds can There are many other projects. Tem­ two-stage drop in the tax rate, while be made available. porary buildings on public space allowing a larger, one-stage drop in with­ B_. Regional development: I have al­ throughout the monument area must holding. Many of us cautioned that ready indicated my hopes that the Poto­ be removed. There is need to carry for­ payroll deductions would not be large mac River will become a model of beauty ward the plans to develop the potential enough, but no steps were taken to cor­ and usefulness for the Capital and the of the Mall, so that it may be a place of rect the inequity and taxpayers were Nation. There are, however, many other life and beauty, of pleasure and relaxa­ urged to spend their bigger take-home problems of the Washington metropoli­ tion. There is need for a visitors' center paychecks. The onus is on the Govern­ tan area for which long-range metropoli­ which will provide perspective and ment, not J;h~ unsuspecting taxpayer. tan solutions are necessary. The inter­ understanding regarding the Federal Only last week, Congressman UTT in­ est of the Federal Government in the Government to the myriad students and troduced legislation to spread payments best development of the region is mani­ tourists who come to Washington to see due on April 15 over the next year so that fest, and its cooperation .in resolving and learn. taxpayers will not feel such a heavy im­ regional problems is essential. We must There is also urgent need to proceed pact at this time. Economic problems encourage and facilitate local efforts to with the improvement of the central on the family level are quickly reflected create effective organs of regional co­ business district in a way which permits in the national economy, and I fear the operation. In addition, the Federal full coordination with the progress or. repercussions that mass borrowing and Government must utilize its own policies Pennsylvania Avenue. The full poten­ depletion of personal savings accounts and programs to assist the region to de­ tial of Pennsylvania Avenue from the could have. I am therefore cosponsoring velop in a way which w111 maximize the Capitol to the Anacostia River as a major a bill to give taxpayers a chance to adjust efficiency and economy of Federal Gov­ entranceway to the city has not been withholding taxes so that the time for ernment operations, and which will per­ realized. There is the development of payment of one-half of the 1964 with­ mit this region to exemplify to the United Washington's waterfront in connection holding deficiency will be April 15, 1966. States and to the world the best in re­ with the new aquarium. There is the By adjusting withholding taxes during gional cooperation and metropolitan need to identify landmark buildings and the balance of 1965, it would, in effect, re­ growth. places, and to work out means by which store a two-stage withholding system to IV to encourage their preservation. correspond with the two-stage tax re- . Washington as a national capital: The District presents both a challenge duction. The District, as the Nation's Capital, and an opportunity. Here we have nat­ Because April 15 is drawing near, and must meet the special requirements im­ ural beauty as well as buildings of his­ because taxpayers are being urged to file posed on the capital city of a great na­ toric and architectural value. The great returns early, I hope that the House will tion. We are committed to preserving sweep of the Potomac River, Rock Creek take remedial action just as quickly as and enhancing the great avenues, the Park, and the ring of parks where the old possible. great museums and galleries, the great Civil War forts stood make the District sweep of the Mall. a city in a park. In its heart the gran­ CAPTIVE NATIONS Legislation is being prepared in con­ deur of the Mall, the many circles and nection with the proposals to transform squares, and the great street trees carry Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, I ask Pennsylvania Avenue from its present natural beauty to everyone. unanimous consent that the gentleman shabby state to a new dignity and gran­ Today there is new awareness of our .from New York [Mr. ROBISON] may ex­ deur. As long as blight and ugliness dis­ urban environment. We can, if we will, tend his remarks at this point in the figure any part of this historic link make the District the symbol of the best REcORD and include extraneous matter. between the Capitol and the White of our aspirations. We can make it a city The SPEAKER. Is there objection House, it cannot suitably serve as the in which our citizens will live in comfort to the request of the gentleman from main ceremonial avenue of the Nation, and safety, and with pride, and in which Iowa? either to American citizens or to visitors commerce and industry will flourish. We There was no objection. from abroad. The proposal need not be can make it a capital which its millions Mr. ROBISON. Mr. Speaker, this is undertaken at once in all of its aspects, of visitors will admire. All this we must indeed a week of great significance 1n 2672 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE February 15, 1965 the history of Lithuania. Not only do Spanish War veteran is gone, members in observing the 67th anniversary date of we commemorate the 47th anniversary of the Veterans of Foreign Wars might the sinking of the battleship Maine in of the establishment of the Republic of wish to continue the observance on the Havana Harbor, which triggered the in­ Lithuania, 'but this week also marks the floor of this Chamber of the anniversary volvement of the United States in a 714th anniversary of. the formation of of the sinking of the Maine. · major military action against a foreign the Lithuanian state and the 712th an­ It will be remembered, of course, that power on foreign soil and in defense of niversary of the founding of the Lithu­ the Veterans of Foreign Wars of the freedom on this continent. As the House anian kingdom. United States was founded by the over­ knows, the gentleman from Illinois was As we again pause to honor the Lithu­ sea veterans of the Spanish-American himself a member of the Army of over anian Independence Day, it is sad that War, sailors who had served in the At­ 18,000 Regulars and volunteers who the peoples of that country have little lantic and the Pacific, soldiers who had fought in Cuba in 1898. He served with to celebrate. The people of Lithuania fought. in Cuba, the Philippines, Puerto the 33d Volunteer Infantry of Michigan and the other Baltic States have now Rico, and in China during the Boxer under General Duffield. He is the lone been under .the control of the Soviet uprising. Member of the House at this time to have Union for almost 25 years. Mr. Speaker, under unanimous con­ experienced the rigors of the Cuban cam­ I have today reintroduced a concurrent sent, I insert at this point an editorial paign. He has shared with us his rec­ resolution requesting the President to from the February 11, 1965, issue of the ollections of the battles and events of bring the Baltic States question before Stars and Stripes, the National Tribune: that epic period in our history. Through the United Nations so that these peoples SINKING OF THE "MA}:NE" him we have come to know the spirit might once again enjoy the freedom they The passage of 67 years has dimmed in the of liberation and abiding belief in free hold so dear. Wbile these thoughts are minds of most Americans the historic event government which inspired these cou­ still fresh in our minds, I urge the Con­ that took place in Havana Harbor, Cuba, rageous men who fought under circum­ gress to adopt this measure as soon as on February 15, 1898. - stances rarely suffered in modern war­ possible. The peoples of the Baltic States Few Americans alive today can recall the fare-shortages of munitions and equip­ have already lived too long as captives. mysterious attack upon the battleship Maine as it lay at anchor off Havana. The explosion ment, food, and medical supplies. which rent the battleship with the loss of He has transmitted to us their deter­ SIXTY-SEVENTH ANNIVERSARY OF 266 omcers and men out of a complement mination to aid the suppressed Ct;.ban of 354 was a major disaster and it brought peoples suffering under the yoke of Span­ THE SINKING OF THE BATTLE­ the United States into direct conflict with ish rule. He has opened our eyes to the SHIP "MAINE" IN HAVANA HAR­ the Spanish Empire. · deeds of bravery and self-sacrifice com­ BOR, CUBA The sinking of the Maine awakened the mis~ioned by the t.roops, and the military conscience of this Nation and immediately The SPEAKER. Under special orders there arose an insistent demand from mil­ gemus of strategist Maj. Gen. William heretofore entered into, the gentleman lions of Americans that we go to war with R. Shafter who commanded the Army in from Illinois [Mr. O'HARA] is recognized Spain. Inevitably this decision was made ~ba, of Gen. Leonard Wood, of divi­ for 60 minutes. and history records the splendid accomplish­ SIund • • • · Immediately there followed a blow we could not overlook. injury or death to many Americans long terrifying explosion. On the afternoon of February 15, 1898, after the 10-month war was technically The explosion that sank the Maine led the second-class American battleship over. to a war which diplomatic historians Maine lay moored in Havana harbor, offi­ Mr. Speaker, shoUld you ask a member consider to be the beginning of the emer­ cially protected by the powers of Span­ of today's younger generation what he gence of. the United States as a world ish authority. Then, at 9:40 that night, or she knows about the Spanish-Amer- power. two explosions rocked the harbor, throw­ ican War, you woUld probably hear the The Spanish-American War was ing parts of the Maine 200 feet in the air. reply that it was started with the sinking fought by volunteers. Over 5,000 died, Two officers and 258 members of the of the Battleship Maine. But, beyond many more from disease than in battle. crew were killed by the blast. Suddenly, that, you would not receive much in- The average age of veterans of that war American patience was exhausted; over­ formation. Like my friend from Illinois, 1s now in the eighties. There are very night we were at war. this to me is a tragedy. I recently picked few of them left. To them, and to the As it turned out on that occasion, the up a copy of a sixth-grade history text memory of their comrades of long ago, United States was not in fact a divided and was astonished to note that only we say that we still "Remember the nation, but whole and sound, capable of three short paragraphs covered the en- . Maine." fighting e1fectively under one fiag. In tire war. When you consider that it was Mr. O'HARA of Illinois. Mr. Speaker, short time we swept the enemy before the Spanish-American War that started I ask unanimous consent that the gentle­ us, at one and the same moment driving this great Nation on its climb to the post- man from Hawaii [Mr. MATSUNAGA] may Spain from the ranks of the powerful tion of world prominence which she en- extend his remarks at this point in the and donning the mantle of world leader­ joys today, this is certainly a paradox. RECORD. ship ourselves--a mantle we wear to this I am hopeful that the historians who The SPEAKER. Is there objection very day. look back upon the events of 1898 will to the request of the gentleman from The lesson is clear, I think, for all to soon put them into their rightful and Illinois? see. That we, the people of the United proper perspective. There was no objection. States, will tolerate only just so long the This is the reason, Mr. Speaker, that Mr. MATSUNAGA. Mr. Speaker, 1n force of those concerned primarily with our colleague has reserved this hour to- this period of world crisis, when once power. Ours is a cause established on day. It is, I am sure, the reason he has again the forces of tyranny are on the principle, and we are convinced that in spoken on this topic each and every year move, and once again the cause of free­ every test of strength between principle he has been a Member of this august dom hangs in the balance, it is well to and sheer force, principle is stronger. body. And it is the reason I join in his remember that in many times past On that belief we have built this, our cause. It is a just and honest one and I .ominous crises have given way to vic- great nation, and are dedicated to help­ am certain he shall meet success. tory.· ing others to do the same. OXI--169 2674 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE February 15, 1965 Mr. EDMONDSON. Mr. Speaker, will which are not recorded in the history able to share with the gentleman from the gentleman yield? books. Illinois my respects on this occasion be­ Mr. O'HARA of Illinois. I ani happy Sixty-seven years have passed since cause, as the gentleman will remember, to yield to my good friend, the gentleman that memorable event which took place many of the Roughriders were re­ from Oklahoma [Mr. EDMONDSON]. in Havana Harbor on February 15, 1898, cruited from the State of Arizona. One Mr. EDMONDSON. Mr. Speaker, I the sinking of the Battleship Maine. The of the most famous was Bucky O'Neal thank the gentleman from Illinois for newspapers of that day recorded it as a who led one of the companies of Rough­ yielding and I thank him for once again mysterious attack upon the great battle­ riders and even at that time was one taking the floor to call to the attention ship as it lay at anchor off Havana. The of the most famous lawmen of all time, of this body the historic importance of dynamiting of the Maine by the enemy having been a frontier sheriff whose February 15 in the history of our Na- killed 266 officers and men and this major name was famous in the Territory of . tion. No person could be a finer spokes­ disaster brought the United States into Arizona. man for the spirit of 1898 than my good war with the Spanish Empire. So, Mr. Speaker, I think it is an oc­ friend, our beloved colleague, the gentle­ History has recorded in many volumes casion on which all States of the Union man from Illinois [Mr. O'HARA]. In my the splendid accomplishments of the last may take justifiable pride in remember­ judgment he has been a living embodi­ completely volunteer army made up ing the exploits, the deeds, not only of ment of that spirit and has reflected that largely of American boys under 21 years their own sons but the sons of their spirit throughout his outstanding serv­ of age. Over 6,000 American youths died sister States, in that war of 1898. ice as a Member of this body and in the in action or from deadly tropical dis­ So, I hope, Mr. Speaker, and I know it service of his country which preceded his ease. The lifespan of thousands more will be so, that the gentleman from Il­ time in Congress. was curtailed because of the hardships linois will be here for many years to I will certainly undertake in every way endured during the battles in the dis­ bring forth the memories which we now within my power to be present at any ease-infested tropical areas. bring forth on this day. I certainly wish time that he takes the floor to observe In winning the great victory, the for him and all of his fellow veterans of this day. I feel that the spirit of patriot­ United States served notice on the world the Spanish-American War the very best ism is kindled anew in the hearts of all that our Nation was a champion for lib­ of everything in the days to come. of us each time the gentleman from Illi­ erty and when its flag was attacked it Mr. O'HARA of Illinois. I thank the nois speaks on this occasion. would fight not only to preserve our gentleman from Arizona and I might re­ I thank the gentleman for yielding to honor but to also help gain freedom for mark that in 1914 when I was touring the people of an enslaved neighbor na­ m~ - the country for the commander in chief Mr. O'HARA of Illinois. I am very tion. of the United Spanish War Veterans I deeply grateful to my good friend from The Spanish-American War victory visited Phoenix and one of the gr~at Oklahoma. started America on its road to eventual meetings we had was with the fellow Mr. BOW. Mr. Speaker, will the gen­ leadership of the nations all over the veterans in Phoenix. I thank the gen­ tleman yield? world, and gave to the people of America tleman for his comments. Mr. O'HARA of Illinois. I will be an international status both through Mr. MORGAN. Mr. Speaker, today happy to yield to my good friend, the trade and prestige which eventually marks the 67th anniversary of the sink­ gentleman from Ohio [Mr. Bow]. brought prosperity and untold success ing· of the battleship Maine, in Havana to the people of our land. The victory Harbor. That tragic event led the Mr. BOW. Mr. Speaker, I should also made possible the U.S. construction of to like to commend the gentleman from Illi­ the Panama Canal and also brought sci­ war with Spain and started a chain reac­ nois for bringing to the attention of the entific medical discoveries against yellow tion that led to freedom for Cuba and country again this fateful day of 67 years fever and many more disease plagues eventual independence for the Philip­ ago and compliment him for what he has which have relieved world humanity of pines. It also marked the first time that done here in the House to keep us remind­ untold suffering and death. There is no uniformed Americans served overseas. ed of the war in which he participated. doubt but what the Spanish-American In rising to speak on this occasion, I As the gentleman knows, I have the War victory laid the foundation for our wish to commend my distinguished col­ . honor to represent here in the House the victory in both World War I and World league from Illinois for arranging the congressional district of his Commander War II. time today to observe this historic anni­ in Chief of those days, William McKinley; The ranks of the heroes of the Span­ versary. He is the last remaining vet­ who served in this House as a Member ish-American War are growing thinner eran of the Spanish-American War in from Ohio before becoming President of as the years and months pass. Very few the Congress and is one of the few sur­ the United States. I am sure that Presi­ veterans of that conflict are alive today viving founders of the Veterans of dent McKinley would greatly &.ppreciate and their average age is around 85 years. Foreign Wars. Our esteemed colleague what the distinguished gentleman from The Members wish to commend our has maintained a constant interest in Illinois has done here today and in the colleague, the o.nlY Spanish-American Latin America, ·and while he has long past. For that reason I rise to pay my War veteran in our ranks in Congress, served as chairman of the Foreign Af­ compliments to the gentleman from BARRATT O'HARA, for. keeping alive this fairs Subcommittee on Africa, he has at Illinois. annual tribute to the leaders and par­ the same time given service as the active, Mr. O'HARA of Illinois. Mr. Speaker, ticipants in that great conflict of over energetic, ranking majority member of I thank the gentleman from Ohio. May 60 years ago. the Subcommittee on Inter-American I add here that in my opinien there has Mr. ,O'HARA of Illinois. I thank the Affairs. been no nobler character in American gentleman from Indiana. I thank my friend and colleague for history than that of President McKinley; Mr. RHODES of Arizona. Mr. Speak­ reminding us of the sinking of the a deeply religious man and a great Amer­ er, will the gentleman yield? Maine and all the subsequent events ican. I am proud that as a boy just · Mr O'HARA of Illinois. I yield to the which are called to mind when we think turning 16 I responded to President Mc­ gentleman from Arizona. of Cuba and developments there. It is Kinley's call to go to foreign fields and Mr. RHODES of Arizona. Mr. Speak­ sad to realize that the people of Cuba take up the destiny of America. er, I should like to add my word Olf com­ have again lost their freedom-this time Mr. MADDEN. Mr. Speaker, will the mendation of the gentleman from Il­ to a dictator from within, aided and sup­ gentleman yield? linois for bringing again to the atten­ ported by international communism. On Mr. O'HARA of Illinois. I am happy tion of this House and the country the this anniversary it is timely and fitting to yield to the gentleman from Indiana stirring days of 1898. On this anniver­ that we rededicate ourselves to the use [Mr. MADDENL sary of the sinking of the Maine I think. of every effort to eliminate Communist Mr. MADDEN. Mr. Speaker, several it behooves all of us to look back to those domination from this hemisphere. generations of Americans have but a dim days and to remember the people who Mr. MONAGAN. Mr. Speaker, today memory of the Spanish-American War. were heroic In their deeds and who is the 67th anniversary of the sinking of The Congress is reminded each year by dreamed dreams which we have seen the U.S. battleship Maine in Havana our colleague, the gentleman from Illi­ come to fruitiqn. Harbor. nois, Congressman BARRATT O'HARA, of As a Representative of the State of This is a time to pay tribute to the 226 facts concerning this historical occasion Arizona I am particularly pleased to be Americans who lost their lives in this February 15, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 2675 tragic event that triggered our war with Immediately after the sinking of the 33d Michigan Volunteer Infantry and ·Spain in 1898. Maine a board of inquiry was convened landed in Cuba only a few days after Today we count Spain among our by the American Government and a sim­ Teddy Roosevelt and his Rough Riders. friends in the struggle for international ilar one by the Government of Spain. He participated in the seige of Santiago peace, while Cuba is ruled by a dictator In 1912, when the wreck was raised de CUba and later was decorated by the whose sympathies are with our enemies. from the floor of Havana Harbor, a board Republic of Cuba for services rendered to On this anniversary of the sinking of the of officers of the Navy made a further the people of Cuba during their war for Maine, our Nation looks to the time, and investigation. Opinions of experts have independence. it will come, when the freedom-loving differed, and the cause of the expl<1sion Since then, BARRATT O'HARA, has spent people of Cuba will again enjoy the privi­ has never been conclusively established. a lifetime in distinguished service to his leges of liberty and the rights of self­ It remains one of the unsolved mys­ country and the cause of peace. He is government. We do this in the name of teries of our time. currently the chairman of an important the Americans who served and died in Whatever the cause of the appalling Foreign Affairs subcommittee and a the Spanish-American War. catastrophe may have been, its effect strong supporter of administration for­ On this anniversary of the sinking of is clear. News of the disaster produced eign policy. I have noticed something the Maine, we extend our compliments great excitement in the United States, special about the gentleman from Illinois and express our gratitude to the surviv­ and some newspapers accused the [Mr. O'HARAL He never views world ing veterans of the Spanish-American Spaniards. National feeling about the problems in a narrow political or eco­ War and especially, to an outstanding one difficulties in Cuba crystallized in the nomic sense. He believes that the hu­ of them, a gallant, courageous, and be­ slogan: ''Remember the Maine." Rela­ manitarian aspect is of much greater loved colleague and friend, the gentle­ tions between Spain and the United significance and, for this I salute him. man from Illinois [Mr. O'HARA] . States, already strained by the indigna­ Mr. Speaker, we often talk about the Events of the past few years have fo­ tion of the American people over the "spirit of '76" in regard to America's cused new international attention upon treatment and abuse of the Cubans by role in world leadership. Well, there is Cuba. Once again the dignity of man the Spanish Government, reached the also the "spirit of '98," another milestone and the future of free political institu­ breaking point. The events that fol­ in the fight for freedom. .BARRATT O'HARA tions are at stake on that embattled lowed culminated in a declaration of war symbolizes that spirit, Mr. Speaker, and island. We must not forget the Maine on April25, 1898. I take this occasion to wish him many or Cuba, nor will we drop our guard The war that followed taught us the more long years of service in behalf of against the dangerous influences which danger: of unpreparedness. It taught us his country and the free world. have come to our hemisphere with the lessons in sanitation and disease control Mr. CONTE. Mr. Speaker, it is our rise of Castro in Cuba. In this time of which probably saved the lives of thou­ privilege to join here today in paying difficulty, our hearts will be lifted up by sands in World Wars I and II. It helped tribute to those who fought in the Span­ the memories of . those gallant boys of to heal the wounds of the Civil War and · ish-American War. 1898. cemented North and South into one The part that all the brave pat-tiel­ Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Speaker, today we great people under one glorious flag. In pants were to play in this brief but fierce observe the 67th anniversary of the sink­ the War with Spain the people of this conflict was triggered by the sinking of ing of the U.S. battleship Maine in Ha­ country, as always before and since, dis­ the battleship Maine, in Manila Harbor, vana Harbor, with the loss of 260 officers played a unity and a patriotism scarcely on this day-67 years ago. This event, and men. The news of the frightful matched in the history of the world. which is sometimes called "The Pearl tragedy startled the world. It led to the Mr. DELANEY. Mr. Speaker, on this, Harbor of 1898," was to set of! a sequence Spanish-American War and started the the 67th anniversary of the sinking of of engagements which culminated in the United States on the road to world power. the battleship Maine, I join with my col­ Battle of San Juan Hill, and on the 1st The sympathy of our countrymen had leagues in honoring the Spanish-Ameri­ day of July 1898 we see that courageous gone out to the Cubans in their long can War veterans. In consequence of and robust young American, Theodore struggle for liberty. Numbered among that war, tyranny was smashed in the Roosevelt, storming up the heights of their military leaders were Maximo Go­ Caribbean, and, until a few years ago, San Juan hill, spurring his men on. mez and Antonio Maceo, men of brav­ democracy prevailed. In a sense all this It was this land action, in support ery and patriotism unexcelled in the resulted from the sinking of a single ship, of our blockade of Santiago Harbor that annals of any nation. · Jose Marti, the the American battleship Maine. accomplished the destruction of Span­ apostle of. liberty, belongs in the com­ The cost of victory was high, for more ish aggression and virtually brought pany of Jefferson, Bolivar, Lincoln, and than 5,000 American lives were lost, but about the end of the Spanish-American Juarez. Today, in Cuba, these heroic de­ then, as now, Americans have never hesi­ War. To those young Americans who fenders of liberty have been replaced by tated to give their lives for the cause of laid down life before it had hardly be­ men like Fidel Castro, and the world freedom. gun, to the Rough Riders and their in­ is poorer because of that change. So today let us make clear to the Cas­ trepid young leader as they stormed the In 1895 the revolt in Cuba had flared troites that the words "Remember the ridges of San Juan Hill to pave the way up again after more than a decade of Maine" are as importapt as they were in to victory, and to all our brave men.who relative tranquillity. As the situation be­ 1898. served our great country in the Spanish­ came worse, Fitzhugh Lee, the U.S. Con­ Mr. GALLAGHER. Mr. Speaker, the American War, we pay tribute. sul-General at Havana, appealed for 67th anniversary of the sinking of the But in honoring those who spread the support in the form of a naval force to Maine reminds us that this body is hon­ account of this conflict, which brought insure the protection of U.S. citizens in ored to have as one of its Members, the United States to its rightful place Cuba. the gentleman from Illinois, BARRATT as a true champion of liberty, across the On the morning of January 25, 1898, O'HARA, the last surviving Spanish­ pages of history in the indelible ink of the Spanish authorities having been no­ American War veteran in Congress, who their bravery, we would be indeed remiss tified of her visit, the Maine, Capt. not only served his country in this war, if we failed to honor our own. • We have Charles Sigsbee, steamed into Havana but also in World War I. BARRATT O'HARA among us a distinguished gentleman harbor and was moored to a buoy 500 has always had an intense interest in our whose own brave life reads like the most yards of! the arsenal. The Spanish neighbors to the south. As a boy, he ac­ imaginative of adventure stories. I officials acted with punctilious courtesy companied an American expedition speak of that distinguished gentleman .and the social amenities between Ameri- which was marking a route through Nic­ from Illinois, the Honorable BARRATT can and Spanish officials proceeded ac­ aragua for an interoceanic canal. He O'HARA. cording to naval protocol. No unusual also went with a Smithsonian Institu­ To say that truth is stranger than fic­ incident took place until 9:40 p.m. on tion party exploring the jungles of Cen­ tion is understatip.g BARRATT O'HARA'S the night of February 15, when two ter­ tral America and was with a U.S. expe­ adventurous life. His brave experiences rific explosions threw parts of the Maine dition sent to help settle a boundary dis­ took him through that rugged segment of 200 feet in the air. The forward half pute between Nicaragua and Costa Rica. American history, the "authors'' of of the ship was reduced to a mass of At the age of 15, BARRATT O'HARA, then a which we honor today. At the brave twisted steel; the, after part slowly sank. sophomore in high school, enlisted in the YOUlfg ag:e of ~5 rears, he landed in 2676 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE February 15, 1965 Cuba 3 days after Teddy Roosevelt and remained there until Middlesex County tiona! Guard companies recruited in cen­ his Rough Riders had blazed the trail of built its new courthouse. A plaque was tral Illinois, served in Cuba under the freedom up San Juan Hill and for his later placed in Buccleugh Park contain­ command of Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee, participation in the siege of Santiago ing a simple but eloquent tribute. who also had been a general in the Civil our colleague was a warded the Order of On the 67th anniversary of the sink­ War, on the Confederate side. Military Merit in White, by the Republic ing of the Maine, let us remember the At the time thousands of American of Cuba, for services rendered to the bitter and tragic and costly lesson that youth doubtlessly looked upon the war Cuban people in their struggle for in­ we seem to forget--until perfidy strikes with Spain as a glorious military adven­ dependence from Spanish rule. again-as it did in 1941: ture with the idealistic aim of freeing Each of us here knows of the incredi­ That a nation enjoying the serenity the Cuban people from a tyrannical rule, ble bravery and excitement with which and security of peace should always be rather than as a turning point in Ameri­ BARRATT O'HARA'S life unfolded, and as aware of the dangers of treachery. can foreign policy. our colleague in this great body he rep­ And that the best deterrent to attack­ No military draft was needed for this resents to us not only all that is the best surreptitious or open-is a strong, war. Volunteers rallied to the cause in and the brave in service to our country courageous and vigilant defense. every town and hamlet, echoing the bat­ and to his fellow man during times of Let us hope-and make sure-that tle cry, "Remember the Maine." Some, stress, but he has distinguished himself our strength remains great, that our like our colleague, the gentleman from among us for his long and devoted serv­ courage remains indomitable, and that Dlinois [Mr. O'HARA] even falsified their ice as a Member of the Congress of the our vigilance remains constant and age to join the colors. Leaving high United States. To this brave man we alert, to protect and defend the people school in Benton Harbor, Mich., at the pay tribute, and by the honor we pay and land we love so well. age of 15, he landed in Cuba just 3 days him as a symbol of all that is great and Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, I am after Teddy Roosevelt and his Rough good in our American determination very pleased to join my beloved colleague, Riders. to protect and preserve freedom among the Honorable BARRATT O'HARA, of Dli­ Sixty-seven years have passed since all peoples, we also do honor to those who nois, in commemorating today the 67th the sinking of the Maine in Havana Har­ served-as did BARRATT O'HARA-in th&t anniversary of the sinking of the battle­ bor on February 15, 1898. Once again a bloody conflict, the Spanish-American ship Maine in Havana Harbor, the event tyrannical power has established itself War. which started our war with Spain in on that island 90 miles off the shore of Mr. PATI'EN. Mr. Speaker, it is 1898. As a member of the Veterans of the United States, backed up by inter­ natural and right that our distinguished Foreign Wars, I am especially interested national communism, a much more for­ and beloved colleague from Illinois is in participating in the observance of this midable foe than the decadent Spanish leading the ceremony being observed important episode in our history because monarchy against which we fought al­ today-commemorating the 67th anni­ the Spanish-American War · Veterans, most seven decades ago. versary of the sinking of the battleship who were the first uniformed Americans Each generation in our history has Maine. to serve overseas, were the founders of been called upon to make sacrifices in BARRATT O'HARA showed his great theVFW. the cause of the freedoms we hold so patriotism, courage, and love of freedom In 1898 the United States, motivated dear. It is appropriate for us here today when he was only 15 years old. He was by the highest principles, fought suc­ to honor those who carried our banner then a sophomore in high school and cessfully to free the Cuban people from in the Spanish-American War. This is enlisted in the 33d Michigan Volunteer Spanish control, and it is, therefore, es­ also a good opportunity to pause andre­ Infantry. pecially tragic that we now find the Cu­ member that freedom's job is never done. Landing in Cuba 3 days after "Teddy" bans under Communist domination. In We have young men who right now are Roosevelt and his famous "Rough Rid­ contrast to the Spanish-American War, carrying on the struggle in the jungles ers," he took part in the siege of Santi­ we witnessed, in the early days of the and in the skies of Vietnam. ago de Cuba. Kennedy administration, the abortive Mr. ANNUNZIO. Mr. Speaker, to­ Later he received the Order of Military Bay of Pigs invasion, which resulted in day we commemorate the 67th anniver­ Merit in White by the Republic of Cuba such an inglorious defeat for Cuban and sary of the sinking of the battleship for his skill and valor in Cuba's battle American forces attempting to restore Maine in Havana Harbor. Far too little for independence. This remarkable, independence and freedom to the Cuban attention has been paid to the war with versatile, and unforgettable man also people. Spain that resulted from this tragic event served the United States in World War I. May I take this opportunity to com­ and to the heroic men who fought it. So when BARRATT O'HARA takes the mend my colleague BARRETT O'HARA, the I am proud to join my distinguished floor today to speak on the Spanish­ only Spanish-American War veteran still colleague from illinois [Mr. O'HARA], who American War, he speaks with knowl­ serving in the Congress and one of the is, as we all know, the last remaining edge, experience and authority. He founders of the Veterans of Foreign veteran of this conflict serving in Con­ knows the horrors of war-but he also Wars, whose outstanding service in the gress, in observing this anniversary. knows of the challenge and responsi­ House.of Representatives and ,dedication The Spanish-Amrican War was a turn­ bilities of peace. to his responsibilities in the Foreign Af~ ing point in American history. It marked When the battleship Maine sank in fairs Committee are a source of inspira­ America's coming of age as a world power Havana Harbor in 1898, that mysterious tion to all of us. dedicated to the preservation of freedom and tragic event affected many American Mr. SPRINGER. Mr. Speaker, the around the globe. families, some in Middlesex County, N.J., sinking of the Maine and the ensuing The immediate result of our victory where a few survivors of that war live war with Spain marked the emergence was the liberation of Cuba, Puerto Rico, today, including a few in my home town of the Unite~ States as a world power. and the Philippines from oppressive colo­ of Perth Amboy. Despite their advanced Brief though it was, the Spanish­ nial rule. years, thes~ grand Spanish-American American War offered the opportunity But the ultimate significance of the War vete:rans are still proud, tough and for a demonstration of American military war extends far beyond even this. It es­ unconquerable. and naval might over a 10,000-mile arc tablished a permanent American pres­ Three American sailors from New from CUba's San Juan hill to Manila ence in the Pacific committed to the de­ Brunswick, N.J., lost their lives in the Bay. fense of human dignity and liberty. explosion of that now historic battle­ Hitherto concerned principally with its All of this was accomplished by a force ship. They were: Frederick L. Jernee, own problems, the American Republic, at of American fighting men composed en­ William H. Robinson and John H. Vieg­ the turn of the century, had projected tirely of volunteers--soldiers who, in ler. itself, for better or worse, as a force to spite of hurried training, insufficient To honor their service and memory, be reckoned with in world affairs. supplies and equipment, and inadequate a monument was erected and later ded­ Within our own borders the war of protection against tropical diseases, won icated on May 30, 1899. For years it 1898 was a unifying force. Once more a series of brilliant victories on land and graced the courthouse area in New men from North and South fought under sea. Brunswick, reminding the thousands the same :ftag. The 4th Dlinois Volun­ The service these men rendered their who passed of the sailors' sacrtflces. It teer Infantry, made up of several Na- country-indeed the cause ot freedom February 15, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 2677 everywhere-could never have been ade­ writing in his cabin. Most of the men were Key West to Havana on a friendly visit. quately repaid. But to our national asleep. For 3 weeks the ship lay moored in Ha- shame, never in the history of this coun­ At 40 minutes past 9 o'clock, the battleship vana Harbor. Then, on February 15, at Maine, exploding, rose up out of Havana Har- 9:40 p.m., two explosions rocked the har­ try has any army or its soldiers been bor in a burst of fire and smoke. The detona- bor, and the Maine was blown sky high. so carelessly treated. tion shook Havana from one side to another. Two hundred and sixty Americans gave None of the veterans benefits which we A rain of debris and the bodies of dead and have come to regard as the just due of wounded men fell back into the waters of the their lives in the tragedy, and virtually American soldiers were provided for the bay. Two hundred and fifty-four lives were the next moment, the United States and veterans of the war with Spain. They lost that night, seven of the wounded later Spain were at war. were mustered out without bonus or died, and many more of the wounded were The sinking of the battleship Maine separation pay. They were given no edu­ crippled for life. set in motion a series of events which A Member of this House shortly afterward catapulted this Nation to the front rank cational or vocational training rights. spoke thus of them: "No foe had ever chal- of world power. It immediately resulted They were brought under no pension sys­ lenged them. The world can never know th tem until 1933, and they were not even how brave they were. They never knew de- in war with Spain, thereby testing for e provided with hospital care for service­ feat; they never shall. Meanwhile a patient first time the mettle of American men in connected disabilities until some 24 years and patriotic people, enlightened by the les- battle on foreign soil, fighting a wholly after the end of the conflict. sons of our history, remembering the woes of different variety of manifest destiny. war, both to the vanquished and victorious, The consequences of that war are still The fact that many of these wrongs are ready for the truth and ready for their with us. And the bravery and sense of were ultimately corrected was due in duty." adventure which characterized our troop large measure to the efforts of the Veter­ Now, as then, Americans "Remember the forces in that war form a memorable ans of Foreign Wars, an organization Maine." part of our national heritage. which was founded by veterans of the Mr. MAHON. Mr. Speaker, I want With the 67th anniversary of the sink- war with Spain. Their campaign to ob­ to commend my able and good friend, ing of the Maine, it is appropriate that tain justice for the veterans of this war the distinguished gentleman from Illi- we contemplate this period in American has made a significant contribution to nois [Mr. O'HARA] for again taking note life, the turn of the century, for I think the welfare of the veterans of all our of this special anniversary occasion. it is full of meaning and pregnant with conflicts. I believe it was President Kennedy who lessons which today yearns for a closer So, this February 15 is not only an an­ said that a knowledge of the past pre- hearing. _ niversary of a great national loss; it also pares us for the crisis of the present and Mr. ROSTENKOWSKI. Mr. Speak­ marks the beginning of the modern era the challenge of the future. The Vet- er, 67 years ago tonight, on February 15, in American life. It serves as a reminder erans of Foreign Wars of the United 1898, at 9:40p.m., 266 American service­ of how much we owe to our young men States, founded, as the gentleman has men lost their lives in defense of free­ in uniform. said, by the Spanish War Veterans, has dom when the battleship Maine was Mr. DADDARIO. Mr. Speaker, we contributed beyond measure to the blown up in Cuba's Havana Harbor. celebrate today a mournful anniversary strength and security of these beloved Sixty-seven years ago-this was before of an event which l'rought this Nation United States and to the promotion most of the Members of this great body into war. We celebrate as well, the among our people of a high sense of were even born. To most Americans valiant and brave spirit of the men who patriotism and devotion to national duty. today, unfortunately, this event is noth- undertook to defend our :flag in that So I take pleasure in joining in this ing but a dimly recollected passage in a confiict. public note of the good work of , high school American history book, an It began with the sudden explosion on the Spanish War Veterans and the event which caused a war that was over board a battleship, and the American Veterans of Foreign Wars and of the in less than 3 months. Names like people then took up the battlecry: "Re­ gentleman from Illinois in taking the capt. Charles Sigsbee, Gen. Fitzhugh member the Maine." To those who leadership in bringing this to the atten- Lee, Chickamauga and San Juan Hill served, and especially to our gallant ·col­ tion of the House and the country. I stir vague memories, perhaps, but bring league from Illinois, we owe our tributes felicitate the gentleman and wish him no feelings of pride, or anger, or grief. this day. the continued privilege. But 67 years ago, ''Remember the I sought to recall, when I was consider­ Mr. HALPERN. Mr. Speaker, today, Maine" was the rallying cry of a nation, ing this memorial, the story of that in the midst of international turmoil, we battle cry of an army, the victory cry of battleship, and so I asked and received pause to recall another moment, imme- freedom. It was the "Remember the this following brief account, of an hour diately preceding the turn of the cen- Alamo" of earlier years, the "Remember we must all have studied: tury, when our Nation, then as now, Pearl Harbor" of later years. Five THE 67TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE LOSS OF THE stood face to face with both violence weeks after the Maine was sunk, the BATTLESHIP ''MAINE'' and destiny. President issued a call for 125,000 volun- The U.S. battleship Maine left the fleet at Just as we, today, view with shock and teers. More than 1 million took up this Key West on January 25, 1898, and proceeded alarm the aggressive and destructive pol- call to arms, and answered. And these to Havana, Cuba. The Maine, rated as a icies of Red China and the Vietcong, so, men were volunteers-they served long- battleship of the second class, carried four 67 years ago, Americans were shocked er than the boys of World War I, and at 10-inch guns, two in the forward and two in the after turret. six 6-inch guns, and anum­ and alarmed by the outrageous policies one-half the pay. Their death losses ber of 6- and 1-pounders. Her commander of royal Spain. From the close of the were, percentagewise, six times those of was Capt. C. D. Sigsbee, and there were 328 Civil war through the 1870's, 1880's, and the World War I soldiers. They received men on her rolls in addition to a regular 1890's, Spanish and American shipping none of the insurance benefits, separa­ complement of officers. engaged in the fiercest kind of com- tion pay or pensions that subsequent The night of February 15, 1898, was hot and mercia! rivalry. Moreover, from 1868 veterans have received. And these men sultry. The Maine had swung around to an to 1878 the Spanish Government en- volunteered, remember, in the days be­ unusual position at the buoy to which she deavored, unsuccessfully, to put down fore there was a compulsory draft law. had been assi.gned by the Spanish port offi­ rebellion on the island of Cuba, knowing They were poorly fed and poorly cials; she had happened to take the position she would have adopted had there been an full well, as they did so, that the Amer- equipped and poorly organized. Yet intention to shell the harbor forts. Such· ican people wanted Cuba to be free. these men, representing this country, was never her intention. Consequently, when the war for Cuban never lost a battle, never suffered a re­ The usual routine was observed. The chief independence was revived, in 1895, the verse, never retreated once. This war engineer reported his department secure; Spanish authorities regarded the United has gone down in history as a relatively the various petty officers reported their store­ States as ~ party to the act, in spirit if "minor and easy" one, because we won rooms secure. Eight o'clock lights and galley not in deed. · so quickly. But gentlemen, we were fires were reported out, and the ship's lieu­ With all this in the background, the fighting Spain-a nation that at that tenant commander reported to the captain that everything was secure. At 9, the offi­ American Government endeavored, time was considered to be one of the cer of the deck mustered the watch, and nonetheless, to keep the peace with four great national powers of the world. made sure the men knew their stations in Spain and, in January, 1898, the second- And indeed, our victory there resulted the event of an alarm. The captain was class battleship Maine was ordered from in more than an assurance of continued 2678 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE February .15, 1965

peace and freedom in the Western Hem­ ~ The Spanish Government had a dif­ 200 feet in the air and illuminated the isphere. It mended the rift caused by ferent opinion. On March 22, 1898, its whole harbor. the · Civil War. Once more American naval board of inquiry found: Reports of the disaster were received boys, both northern and southern, were That the important facts connected with in the United States with consternation. united in a cause, fighting side-by-side the explosion in its external appearance at Accusations against the Spaniards were in defense of liberty. And the victory every moment of its -duration having been freely expressed in certain American paved the way for the construction of the described by witnesses, and the absence of newspapers. Most Americans held Spain all circumstances which necessarily accom­ Panama Canal, which every nation has p any the explosion of a torpedo having been responsible, although the evidence was since benefited from. We let the rest of proved by these witnesses and experts, it can never sufficient to fix the blame officially. the world know that the United States only be honestly asserted that the catastro­ Some 2 months later came the Spanish­ of America was now a power to be reck­ phe was due to internal causes. American War which was to mark the oned with, a power that would not idly collapse of the Spanish Empire and the stand by while a strong nation oppressed The list of the Maine dead covers three emergence of the United States as a a weaker one. And now, 67 years later, pages printed in very small type. On world power. the world still knows this, for many of that tragic night 67 years ago, 254 lives Referring to the slogan, "Remember our boys still lie in faraway places like were lost, 7 wounded men died a short the Maine," Captain Sigsbee, the com­ Guam and Okinawa and France, and time later, and many of the wounded mander of the ship, later had this to say: suffered from the effects of their in­ across the Potomac in Arlington, boys Therefore I conceive. the motto, "Remember who like those back in 1898, died preserv­ juries for the rest of their lives. the Maine" used as a war cry would not have ing the rights of other peace-loving na­ Spanish-American War Veterans have been justifiable. Improperly applied, the tions, and other freedom-loving peoples. traditionally observed February 15 with motto • • • savors too much of re­ The lessons we learned in the Spanish­ appropriate ceremonies. They have venge • • • but it may be used in an en­ American War saved the life of many cause for great pride in their own com­ tirely worthy sense. During the recent war pletely voluntary service. There was with Spain about 75 men were killed and · an American soldier in World Wars I wounded in the U.S. Navy. Only 17 were and II. no draft in their war. Since servin.g their country so well as patriotic young killed. On board the Maine 252 men were So, as we drift off to sleep tonight, gen­ killed outright and 8 died later-nearly 15 tlemen, let us remember that ours is a men, their ranks have grown thin. times as many as were killed in the U.S. Navy better America today, a stronger Amer­ Mr. Speaker, on this anniversary of by the Spanish land and naval forces during ica today, and ours is a better world to­ the loss of the Maine, we salute the vet­ the entire war. In the way that the men of day, a more peaceful and free world to­ erans of the Spanish-American War and the Maine died and suffered there was enough pay our tribute to the memory of their of the heroic to provide a sound foundation day, because of the brave battles of a for the motto, "Remember the Maine." brave country 67 years ago, and let us comrades. say a prayer for those 266 men who died Mrs. KELLY. Mr. Speaker, 67 years It is in this way that we, in our ob­ on the battleship Maine. ago today the Nation was horrified by the servance here today, seek to "Remember Mr. O'HARA of Michigan. Mr. Speak­ news that the Maine had been sunk in the Maine." er, 67 years ago in the spring of 1898, Havana Harbor. On a peaceful Tuesday Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, 67 years Americans trooped off to war. They evening the great battleship was torn ago these headlines flashed across my went into that war with a slogan "Re­ apart by a terrific explosion that cost the home State of New York, "Maine Blown member the Maine" ringing from their lives of 260 officers and men. to Atoms in Havana Harbor: Over 100 lips. The Maine, a second-class battleship of Her Crew Killed. Three-million-dol­ Today, Mr. Speaker, we mark the 67th built at the Brooklyn Navy Yard, was lar Battleship Destroyed by a Terrific and anniversary of the tragic event that gave launched on November 18, 1890, and Mysterious Explosion While Her Men Are birth to that phrase. While moored in commissioned on September 17, 1895. Sleeping." the waters of Havana Harbor, the battle­ Although she was small compared to Today, on the anniversary of this dis­ ship Maine was rocked by an explosion modern warships, in her day the Maine aster, we remember that it was this news and sunk and the United States was was formidable. She was 324 feet long which ignited the sympathies of the plunged into a war with Spain. and 57 feet at the beam, and had a dis­ American people and which pushes a That February 15, Mr. Speaker, was placement of 6,650 tons. Her armament long series of events toward a climax. a tragic and fateful day for the sinking consisted of four 10-inch guns, six 6- On April 25, 1898, the United States de­ of the Maine was an act of destruction inch breech-loading . rifles, seven 6- clared war against Spain and the Span­ and death. pounder rapid-fire guns, eight !-pound­ ish-American War began. And it began, A naval court of inquiry convened by ers, and four Gatling machineguns. In said President McKinley, "in the name of Rear Adm. Montgomery Sicard found: addition, she had tubes for four torpe­ humanity, in the name of civilization, in does. The destruction of the Maine occurred at behalf of endangered American inter­ 9:40p.m. on the 15th day of February, 1898, Hostilities had broken out again in ests." in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, she being Cuba in 1895 after a decade of relative The actual ·cause of the destruction of at the time moored to the same buoy to tranquillity. As the situation grew stead­ the Maine remains now as it was then a . Which she had been taken upon her arrival. ily worse, the American people were mystery. No conclusive proof has ever There were two explosions of a distinctly dolf­ moved by a deep sympathy for the Cu­ been produced which could definitely fix ferent character, with a very short but dis­ bans who were engaged in a long struggle the blame in the tragedy. But in 1898, tinct interval between them, and the for­ ward part of the ship was lifted to a marked for liberty. On January 24, 1898, the as the news spread that 260 American degree at the time of the first explosion. The Maine was ordered to Havana, ostensibly officers and crewmen had lost their lives first explosion was more in the nature of a "to resume the friendly naval visits at and as some newspapers freely accused report like that of a gun while the second Cuban ports." The actual purpose was Spanish agents of responsibility, public explosion was more open, prolonged, and of to protect U.S. citizens who might be opinion, already in strong and open sym­ greater volume. This second explosion was, endangered by the increasing friction be­ pathy with Cuban patriots, crystallized in the opinion of the court, caused by the tween the United States and Spain. into the slogan: "Remember the partial explosion of two or more of the for­ Maine." ward magazines of the Maine. At 11 a.m. on January 25, the Maine The court finds that the loss of the Maine steamed in past Morro Castle. The cus­ For years, the Cuban people had on the occasion named was not in any re­ tomary salutes were fired and the Maine sought to throw off Spanish misrule and spect due to fault or negligence on the part proceeded into the harbor and dropped oppression. They had engaged in a he­ of the officers or members of the crew of anchor where the harbormaster directed. roic but unsuccessful effort for independ­ said vessel. In the opinion of the court, the A trained investigator might have de­ ence · between 1868 and 1878, the Ten Maine was destroyed by the explosion of a tected an undercurrent of feeling, but submarine mine, which caused the partial Years' War. During that revolution the explosion of two or more of the forward mag­ official calls were made and the social American people, though strongly sym­ azines. The court has been unable to ob­ amenities were observed. For 3 weeks pathetic to the Cuban cause, had only tain evidence fixing the responsibility for no untoward incident occurred. given expressions of support. the des·truction of the Maine upon any per­ Then, at 9:40 p.m. on February 15, But in 1895, when revolution broke out son or persons. · two explosions threw parts of the ship anew against the continuing corruption

' February 15, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- H-OUSE 2679 of the Spanish administration, the peo­ ship with patience and prevailing wis­ terms of what has been called the new ple of the United States showed increa~­ dom. However, foolishly unmindful of "yellow press." But the real sufferings ing alarm. From the beginning, the our determination to defend our freedom, of the rebels would have been horrible struggle in Cuba took on aspects of fe­ other nations have on occasion mis­ enough in any case to arouse deep sym­ 'rocity that horrified Americans. Vivid judged our patience for cowardice and pathies among Americans. And, more­ accounts were reported to the public in indecision. over, they were the sufferings · of a a theretofore unprecedented era of Such an error in judgment led Spain neighbor. journalistic coverage. into believing we would not defend our Then on a Tuesday, February 15, 1898, The extreme methods of coercion used interests in the Carribbean. On Febru­ two explosions illuminated · the Havana by Gen. Valeriano Weyler-or "Butcher" ary 15, 1898, the Battleship Maine was Harbor, and the second-class battleship Weyler, as he soon came to be called by sunk in Havana Harbor. And before the Maine, moored on a friendly visit, was the press-were well known. Americans world had time to digest the news, the reduced to a twisted hulk. watched helplessly as he, in an attempt United States had reacted swiftly, surely Two hundred and sixty American offi­ to stamp out the Cuban guerrilla forces, and with great strength. . Our war with cers and crewmen lost their lives, most to ordered the entire civilian population of Spain involved some of the bloodiest and be buried in the Colon Cemetery of Ha­ certain areas confined to concentration most individually gallant sacrifices in our vana. Without doubt the catastrophe camps. There, they died by the thou­ history, yet they were in our American stirred up national feelings, and the ex­ sands, victims of disease, malnutrition, tradition and, in the end, our just cause citement and the pent-up resentment to­ and atrocities. prevailed. ward the Spaniards solidified into the Against this background, it is not sur­ Although some 67 years have passed, cry: "Remember the Maine." prising that when the battleship Maine we have continued to demonstrate our With the declaration of war on April exploded a white-hot wave - of anger strength and our determination never to 29, President McKinley called for 125,- gripped the American people. Within a yield when the price is the loss of liberty 000 volunteers. More than 1 million few short months, 1 million of the young for ourselves or our allies. Those in offered their services. They fought with men of this country had volunteered to other nations who would wish us ill had valor and heroism in the face of the most fight side by side with the Cuban patriots best be reminded of our willingness to adverse conditions, yet they were the until the despotism of Spain could be re­ bear any burden to secure liberty for all most poorly treated of all our defend­ moved· from that island. those men who seek it and who will join ers. The enlisted man's pay was $13 . a There are some who seek to detract in fighting alongside us to obtain it. month. Still, idealistic young men were from the American contributior.. to the The men who fought at San Juan Hill, willing to give their lives, and 11,000 paid Cuban cause, but, as an editorial from at Bunker Hill, at Pork Chop Hill earned the supreme price. the Havana Post of 1959 states: us the right to live in peace with one an­ We went into war by land and sea in There can be no successful mutilation ·of other and the world. We would do them Cuba. On the other side of the world, the history of Cuban and U.S. allied coopera­ a grave injustice if we failed in our his­ Admiral Dewey destroyed the Spanish tion in the war of independence. • • • One toric defense of the self-determination Fleet in the Battle of Manila Bay, inside has only to see those names on the bronze all men seek in their hearts. the guns of Corregidor. By the war's plaques on San Juan Hill, just outside Santi­ On this 67th anniversary of the sink­ ago, to know the extent of the aid given tlle end, United States had proven herself cause by the United States. ing of the Maine, it is an honor to stand to be a powerful adversary and a coun­ On those plaques, one finds inscribed with my colleagues and fellow citizens in try destined for leadership. the names of Americans from every State of commemorating the heroism and the We give special honor to the 260 men the Union who gave for the cause of Cuba love of justice which have made our who lost their lives in the destruction of the most that any man can give for any country the bulwark of freedom through­ the Maine, but we also pay tribute to all cause. They gave their lives. out the world. veterans of the Spanish-American War, Today, we pay tribute to the idealistic Mr. FINO. Mr. Speaker, the event we to those in this country and to the · and courageous young men who fought <;ommemorate today, the explosion of valiant men of Cuba who gained inde­ for and gave their lives for the freedom the battleship Maine off the Havana pendence for the island. They were men and independence of a neighboring peo­ Harbor in 1898, signaled the emergence who fought with deep convictions and ple. We pay special tribute, also to the of the United States as a world power. love of liberty. valor and the patience of the Cuban peo­ When our young men joined hands in Mr. ZABLOCKI. Mr. Speaker, I am ple who have found it necessary to strug­ common struggle with the valiant Cuban pleased to join with my distinguished gle almost continually over the years for patriots to throw off the despotism of colleague from Illinois [Mr. O'HARA] in their liberties. Spain, this country demonstrated a new commemorating the 67th anniversary of And today, a black cloud is again sense of national conscience. the sinking of the battleship Maine in heavy over this beautiful Caribbean is­ While our Government had been fore­ Havana Harbor, a tragedy which resulted land. Its ·people again know the horrors most in recognizing the independence of in the Spanish-American War. It is of tyranny. Again, they are showing Spain's other colonies in the Americas particularly fitting that Mr. O'HARA courage and heroism in their struggle and had backed them further by the should be granted this special order since against it. Today, as we remember the Monroe Doctrine, we had never before he is the sole Spanish-American War Maine of 67 years ago, let us also re­ taken up arms on behalf of another veteran still serving in the Congress. member the present. country's freedom. Each year the anniversary of the sink­ Mr. PUCINSKI. Mr. Speaker. The Spanish-American War grew out ing of the Maine is celebrated by the throughout our history, America has of deplorable conditions in Cuba that United Spanish War Veterans, Depart­ responded to acts of aggression with a seemed intolerable to an aroused pop­ ment of Wisconsin. Mr. Morris G. special courage, decisiveness and will to ular sentiment in the United States. Spanish misgovernment and oppression Oesterreich, past national commander of succeed which have become legendary the United Spanish War Veterans and in the annals of the defense of liberty. had given rise to numerous revolts which had made little headway in relieving commander of the Wisconsin depart­ Regardless of the strength of our op­ ment, has for many years devo~ed his ponents, those who have challenged us Cuban ills. time and efforts to arranging this pro­ have been defeated or deterred. We have The "reconcentration" policy of the gram. It is just one of the many worthy often succeeded in making allies of Spanish commander, resorted to in 1896 endeavors on behalf of veterans to which former enemies; individuals and govern­ to surpress rebellion, left. thousands of Mr. Oesterreich has energetically and prisoners to perish behind barbed wire ments wise enough to join in the ancient fruitfully contributed. and enduring struggle for peace and and armed guard. Within the next 2 liberty. years, 200,000 people or, roughly, one­ This year he arranged for the pro­ America, itself, symbolizes many things eighth of the total Cuban population, gram to be held at the Schlitz Brown to the people of the earth. Of all these had been wiped out by famine, disease, Bottle in Milwaukee, facilities made symbols, perhaps our greatest strength and atrocity. · available through the courtesy of Mr. lies l.n our ability to sustain countless ir­ The American journalists did exag­ Robert Uihlein, president of the Schlitz responsible acts and errors of statesman- gerate in their releases to the public in Brewing Co. 2680 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE February 15, 1965 The principal speaker was Capt. Ber­ trance reported mined, and the Spanish fleet expressed by the British was "a fine set of nard A. Thielges, professor of naval lay in waiting under the protection of all fellows, but unhappily we shall never see this. Dewey was 7,000 miles from his nearest them again." Throughout the world the science at Marquette University, Milwau­ friendly port to which he could turn in the general opinion held that the Spanish Navy kee. Because of the pertinence of Cap­ event of mishap or damage. Yet, in spite would be victorious. tain Thielges' remarks to this 67th an­ of all these obstacles and uncertainties, Dew­ Here again, as in more recent years, our niversary commemoration, with consent, ey carried the offensive and sought the en­ adversaries did not consider the will, the I insert the speech at this point in the emy. At 0540 hours of the morning of the energy, and the patriotism of the American RECORD and urge the attention of my col­ 1st of May Dewey issued to his flagship cap­ people--men li'ke you here today. Every leagues to it: tain his now famous order "You may fire man who participa.ted in the war with Spain when you are ready Gridley." Fire was rapid, was a volunteer. Our total men under arms THE 67TH ANNUAL "MAINE" DAY MEMORIAL the smoke was thick and pungent, the action quickly built up to a total of 392,000, of SERVICE was intense. By noon of this day, after five whom, regretfully, only about 15,000 are liv­ Mr. Oesterreich, United Spanish War Vet­ firing runs and after closing to 2,000 yards ing yet today. State militia responded erans, friends, it is always a pleasure, a privi­ range, the destruction of the Spanish fleet promptly and with high patriotic spirit to lege, and an honor to be a participant at your was utterly complete. the call to arms. The 1st Naval Battalion, various military and civic patriotic functions Do you recall the great jubilation with New York, reported to duty fully armed and to pay tribute to the many brave Americans, which the news of Dewey's victory was re­ equipped within 6 hours of notification. living and dead, who have played such an ceived at home? Perhaps many of you have Others, both Army and Navy, were equally as heroic role in forming our great American retained the news clippings and articles of responsive. Overlooked, too, in weighing the heritage. I feel, however, that Mr. Oester­ this great event. The great lift of morale it forces of battle was the deplorable condi­ reich has misled me somewhat, as he indicat­ gave our own people and forces was the exact tion of the Spanish ships and material, and ed that the average age of the Spanish­ reverse to the demoralizing effect the news the indifferent training of her personnel. American War veteran was now 86 years. Af­ had on the Spanish. Consider the opposing What a contrast, that Admiral Cervera's ter having had the privilege to meet many thoughts of Admiral Sampson while on largest ship proceeded to war lacking her of you on previous occasions, and seeing you blockade patrol off Cuba, and of the Spanish heaviest guns and that he was required to again here today, young as ever, I have con­ Admiral Cervera when, while en route to tow his destroyers across the Atlantic to cluded that Mr. Oesterreich has ample quali­ Cuba, he was advised of the complete make battle; yet the Oregon made a record fication for the Liars Club; and in this !regard, annihilation of the Spanish Far Eastern voyage from Pacific to Atlantic (66 days--11.6 perhaps you all belong. In any event, from Squadron. knots) ready for battle on arrival. the looks of you gentlemen I don't believe • Half around the globe the spotlight turned Isn't it great to sit around in such a that I would relish the thought of defending ·to events off Cuba. On the 29th of April pleasant atmosphere as this and reminisce-­ San Juan Hill even today from an advance Spanish Admiral Cervera sailed from the or to hold a bull session, if you prefer-over of men of your proven character, vitality, and Cape Verde Islands with what was to be the the events of our past in which we have patriotism. first contingent of the Spanish fleet. Where played some small part? Yet, in so doing, Today, February 15, 1965, marks the 67th was he headed? Where would he strike? we must be ever careful that we do not fall annual remembrance of the sinking of the Up and down the Atlantic coast the cry rose into the pitiful trap of becoming wedded to U.S. battleship Maine in the harbor of Ha­ for protection from a possible strike by the the past. For we are living in the present, vana, CUba. Let us reminisce for a moment Spanish fleet. Demands for more guns, not yesterday, and are preparing for a future and go back to those trying days of history. more ships, more troops came from the of great mystery and excitement. In this I am sure that to many of you the recollec­ coastal cities. The arrival of Admiral Cer­ preparation for the future, we must draw tions will be quite vivid. vera in Santiago de Cuba on the morning of from the bank of knowledge and lessons of In January of the year 1898 there were the 19th of May greatly eased the tension past history; for wise is he who can benefit serious riots and demonstrations against along the Atlantic coastline. from his own experiences and the mistakes Spanish authority throughout Cuba. The The U.S. fleet, under its capable com­ of others without himself having to make American consul general, Fitzhugh Lee, ca­ mander, Admiral Sampson, was spoUing for these same costly errors at the risk of his bled to Washington his doubts whether the battle with the enemy. On the 1st of June business, his family, his life or his country. Spanish officials could control the situation, a close-in semicircular blockade was set up The lesson which stands out so vividly together with the suggestion that it might by Sampson's fleet off Santiago de Cuba. from the Spanish-American conflict, as it so be necessary to send warships for the pro­ Troops were landed under General Shafter often does in such crises, is that of prepared­ tection of American citizens and property. between the 22d and 26th of June, and by ness-in material-in training-and in the The Washington authorities acted hastily and the 2d of July, after heavy fighting ashore, motivation of the will of the people of this immediately dispatched the battleship Maine, the city's fall was imminent. Admiral Cer­ great Nation to remain free. By all bets under Captain Sigsbee, to Havana where she vera was ordered to depart the harbor even Spain was ultimately to win this war. Yet appeared on January 25, and was conducted though such action was certain to lead to his by cold statistics, how could she, considering to a mooring buoy by harbor officials. Her destruction. On the morning of the 3d of the deplorable condition of her state of readi­ arrival caused great excitement among the July Admiral Cervera led his ships from the ness? As opposed, American standards of populace; her reception by the Spanish au­ safety of Santiago's harbor into the path readiness, energy and general efficiency were thorities was a cold one. of the ready guns of Admiral Sampson. immeasurably greater as regards both mate­ Whtie lying quietly at her moorings on the Within the day the Spanish fleet was no rial and personnel. As pertaining to the night of February 15 with no preliminary more--victory was complete. Navy, this was possible only because of the circumstances to excite the least alarm or Today we look back on the Spanish-Amer­ unconquerable spirit of its officers in the suspicion, at 2145 hours the Maine was sud­ ican War as not much of a contest. It dark years of material degeneration after the denly blown up and sunk with the loss of spanned an extremely short period of time, Civil War, and because of some farsighted 266 men out of the ship's complement of 353. from the 21st of April, 1898, until the 13th political leaders who had the wisdom to pro- · The report of the naval court of inquiry then of August, 1898, barely 4 months. Casualties vide for the new Navy-a Navy of steam, convened, and fully substantiated in 1911 were extremely light on both sides as major not sail; and a Navy of armor and guns, not when the ship was refioated, showed that the wars are measured, and forces committed tinder and rifies. Today as never before this disaster had resulted from a heavy external were very small. However, at the time it same farsightedness and boldness is re­ explosion, as by a mine, which drove the was destined to be a long, bitter, and bloody quired, as we must once again turn aside the bowplates inward with probable subsequent struggle. Spain was considered a powerful outmoded tools of the past for a new Navy explosion of the forward magazines. The nation with a quarter of a million men under under missiles, rockets, and nuclear power. incident precipitated the most acute tensions arms, truly an impressive army for the times. Again we are faced with crises. Today, as in the already strained political relations be­ Her navy was impressive. Although our own in 1898, Cuba is once again under foreign tween Spain and the United States. The cry Navy was fairly well established, our Army domination. Throughout the past several "Remember the Maine" raised by the Amer­ was a bare 28,000 men. This was a pitifully months most of you have seen pictures and ican press and people became a powerful in­ small force to stand against the grand movies of angry mobs demonstrating against centive to war. Ultimately, effective Aprll monarchy of Spain. Prominent military O'!ll' country; pictures of American planes and 21, 1898, war was declared as existing between minds of Europe prophesied a stalement, "a pilots exhibited in the streets throughout the United States and Spain. long desultory war." Hong Kong papers several Communist countries; pictures of Many of you gentlemen here today, from dwelt at great length on the strength of stage and street plays depleting the war­ first hand experience, recall the events to fol­ the opposing forces, and considered Manila mongering imperialistic American. You who low. On the night of the 30th of May Gomdr. HarbOr, with its heavy fortifications, mines, have seen these pictures surely could not fail George Dewey opened actual host111ties when and the Spanish :fleet within, to be impreg­ to observe a bitter hatred of the American­ he boldly sailed into Manila harbor in search nable. At the Hong Kong Club none would of you and me. of combat with the Spanish fleet. This dar­ take a chance on betting on the American Fellow veterans, if we are to remain free ing act is more fully appreciated upon reali­ squadron--even with heavy odds offered. On and to help our friends to remain free--we zation of the dangers and uncertainty that the eve of the departure of the American must remain prepared. Just as many of you Dewey and his men faced. The harbor en­ squadron from Hong Kong, when a British maintain sufficient force in your homes for trance off Corregldor, Manila, and Cavite were regiment entertained a group of American protection of family and property (be it a reported heavily fortified; the channel en- officers, it is said that the comment freely gun or a bulldog); just as we must maintain February 15, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 2681 and give our fullest support to our fine police segment of American history, the "au­ ficers and men were later buried in Colon forces to protect and make safe our streets, thors" of which we honor today. At the Cemetery, Havana. Had the entire crew parks, cities and Nation for all decent people; brave young age of 15 years, he landed been on board that night, the number of so too must we maintain a. ready and alert in Cuba-3 days after Teddy Roosevelt dead and maimed undoubtedly would Military Establishment ~econd to none. As a. part of our great Military Establishment, your and his Rough Riders had blazed the have been much higher. Navy st111 remains our first line of defense. trail of freedom up San Juan Hill and Both Spanish and American authori­ It stands ever ready, wherever needed, for his participation in the seige of San­ ties began an investigation of this whenever needed, capable of bringing to bear tiago our colleague was awarded the tragedy, emphasizing major concern as the number of forces required to do the task Order of Military Merit in White, by the to the cause of both explosions. Instead at hand-be it the show of the fia.g or the Republic of Cuba, for services rendered of clearing the air, investigations merely sting of a. rocket. Your Navy can roam the to the Cuban people in their struggle for served to cloud one of the most frustrat­ globe without requiring permission from anyone and can show the fia.g from the Far independence from Spanish rule. ing mysteries of a warlike act. Spanish East to the Mediterranean as no rocket or Each of us here knows of the incredible investigators found the explosions to be missile can do. As a. Navy man, speaking bravery and excitement with which caused by spontaneous combustion, prob­ for your Navy in particular, it must be strong, BARRATT O'HARA'S life has unfolded, and ably in the coal bunkers, which in turn, it must be ready, it must be "new." For, as as our colleague in this great body he sent fire rushing to forward magazines. stated by Gen. George Washington-whom I represents to us not only all that is the American investigators decided the first am sure you all hold in high esteem-"wha.t­ best and bravest in service to our coun­ explosion was an external blast, which in­ ever efforts are made by land armies, the Navy must have the deciding vote." try and to his fellow man during times of turn ignited forward magazines. Neither Fellow veterans, this is our lesson of your stress, but he has distinguished himself investigation was conclusive. da.y-a.s since proved over and over again­ among us for his long and devoted serv­ Regardless of these indecisive answers, in the arena. of strength and preparedness it ice as a Member of the Congress of the Mr. Speaker, sinking of the Maine caused does pay to keep up with the Joneses 1f we United States. To this brave man we furor in this country. Anti-Spanish are to remain free. In the words of the late pay tribute, and by the honor we pay feeling ran high. Certain newspapers President Kennedy, "only when our arms are him as a symbol of all that is great and freely and openly made accusations sutficient beyond doubt can we be certain good in our American determination to beyond doubt that they will never be used." against the Spanish, and the whole in­ If these weapons, then, never are used we protect and preserve freedom among all cident was soon reduced to the well­ will have made a. fitting tribute of lasting peoples, we also do honor to those who known slogan: "Remember the Maine., peace to you gentlemen here today, to your served-as did BARRATT O'HARA-in that In 1911, U.S. Army Engineers sealed o:ff friends and to mine, who have given so much bloody confiict, the Spanish-American the after section of the vessel, and after that our country and all the world might be War. building a cofferdam around the hulk, free. Mrs. HANSEN of Washington. Mr. raised what was left of the ship, and Mr. CONTE. Mr. Speaker, it is our Speaker, at 9:40 o'clock this evening a fioated it out to sea. During the raising privilege to join on February 15 in paying few Americans will recall that 67 years of the twisted vessel, 66 more bodies were tribute to those who fought in the Span­ ago Havana Harbor was the scene of found. The remains of these American ish-American War. death and destruction. We remember sailors were buried in Arlington National The part that all the brave partici­ the Maine. It is entirely fitting, Mr. Cemetery. Also during the removal, pants were to play in this brief but fieroe Speaker, that we recall that incident to­ American engineers and marine experts confiict was triggered by the sinking of day, 67 years later. made an additional investigation, pub­ the battleship Maine, in Manila Harbor, The American battleship-second lished in 1912. The report basically re­ on this day, February 15, 67 years ago. class-U.S.S. Maine, a gleaming 6,682- peating earlier American findings, stated This event, which is sometimes referred ton vessel, was commissioned in 1895. in part: to as "the Pearl Harbor of 1898" was to Three years after launching she was or­ This [exterior explosion] resulted 1n 1g­ set off a sequence of engagements which dered to proceed from Key West, Fla. n1ting and exploding the contents of the culminated in the Battle of San Juan to Havana Harbor, under the command 6-lnch reserve magazine, A-14-M, said con- Hill, and on the first day of July 1898 of Capt. Charles D. Sigsbee. Although . tents including a. large quantity of black we see that courageous and robust young the visit was termed a "friendly one," it powder. The more or less complete ex­ American, Theodore RoQsevelt, storming ·was obvious the Maine was to represent plosion of the contents of the remain­ the heights of San Juan Hill, spurring his American strength in the harbor, and to ing forward magazine followed. men on. help Americans in Cuba in event their Although the American experts had It was this land action, in support of safety was in question. The Spanish au­ evidence that the bottom of the ship our blockade of Santiago Harbor that ac­ thorities in Cuba protested, but the was bent up and inward, European complished the destruction of Spanish Maine made her way into the harbor experts maintained the initial explosion aggression and virtually brought about where she lay moored to a buoy, just 500 came from within. For practical and the end of the Spanish-American War. yards from a Spanish arsenal. technical purposes, the first explosion is To those young Americans who laid down Tension between the Spaniards and still a mystery. life before it was hardly begun for them, the Americans was running high, espe­ Somewhere on the high seas, on March to the Rough Riders and their intrepid cially following the Maine's arrival, but 16, 1912, with guns booming, and sailors young leader as they stormed the ridges it was not until the night of February 15, standing silently at attention, the U.S.S. of San Juan Hill to pave the way to vic­ 1898, 9:40 in the evening to be exact, Maine was sunk, her fiags flying. We tory, and to all our brave men who served these tensions broke into violence. Two remember the Maine, and she, a ship who our great country in the Spanish-Ameri­ explosions ripped the American vessel­ was only 3 years old and joined a long can War, we pay tribute. the first a dull, muted one, and the sec­ list of NaVY ships and men whose con­ But in honoring those who spread the ond, perhaps a magazine on board below tributions are now legend. account of this confiict, which brought the main deck and forward, a violent Mr. Speaker, I always feel an aware­ the United States to its rightful place as more powerful one. ness of the Spanish-American War, not a true champion of liberty, across the Within seconds the powerful battle­ only because I, as many Americans, real­ pages of history in the indelible ink of ship was a twisted mass of steel. Indeed, ize that Cuba is again not free, but also their bravery, we would be indeed remiss the two explosions had sent parts of the because my father served our country in if we failed to honor a hero in our midst. ship, and even men and parts of bodies that confiict. We have among us a distinguished gen­ as high as 200 feet into the air. The ex­ I do not want to close my discussion tleman whose own brave life reads like plosions rendered the forecastle unrec­ of this 67th anniversary of the destruc­ ognizable. The explosions were so great the most imaginative and challenging of tion of the Maine, without calling to the adventure stories. I speak of that dis­ that watertight integrity perhaps could tinguished gentleman from lllinois, the not help. In any event, the aft began to attention of this body, that there is only one Member in the 89th Congress who Honorable BARRATT O'HARA. sink. To say that truth is stranger than fic­ Mr. Speaker, naval disasters are always took part in that war, and he is a Mem­ tion is understating BARRATT O'HARA'S appalling and tragic with losses of ber of the House of Representatives. I adventurous life. His brave experi­ human life. The cataclysm of the Maine refer, of course, to our colleague and my ences took him through that rugged was particularly dreadful, as 260 of- good friend, Representative BARRAtt CXI--170 2682 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE February 15, 1965 O'HARA, from the Illinois Second Con­ fered badly from illness; it was about to forcefully the hard and bitter truth that gressional District. he .moved to Puerto Rico when peace was our country is engaged in war in Viet- Mr. O'HARA was born at St. Joseph, declared. nam. ' Mich., April 28, 1882, and before he was Many Maine men enlisted in the Regu­ It has been apparent for some time 15 years old, he had enough excitement lar Army and Navy, and the Volunteer that our Government's stakein the sav­ and adventure to last many men a life­ Naval Reserve associations of Portland age struggle in Vietnam is a major one, time. He had, for example, as a boY and Bath were ·mustered into Federal with more than 23,000 American officers been on several expeditions of a danger­ service. The full details of the raising of and men engaged in assisting the forces ous nature to the hinterlands and jungles Maine's volunteer quota during the of South Vietnam, at a daily cost in of Latin America. But this was not Spanish-American War are to .be found excess of $2 million. enough for BARRATT O'HARA. At the age in the 1899 message of Governor Powers. On February 6, Vietcong guerrilla of 15, while a sophomore in high school, In that message, the Governor of forces entered an American air base at he joined the 33d Michigan Volunteer Maine noted: Pleiku and blasted planes, helicopters. Infantry, and was in Cuba only 3 days At this time, when we sorely needed men, and barracks on the base, leaving 8 of after "Teddy" Roosevelt's Rough Riders the University of Maine sent us more than our enlisted men dead and more than 125 arrived. He was in a number of engage­ 40 splendid volunteers, famlliar with military woun<;led. ments, and participated in the siege of tactics and drill, who enlisted as privates. The following day, the President of the Santiago. He was decorated by the Cu­ It was a timely and much-needed ald. It encouraged otl;lers. It was an act that the United States ordered an air strike ban Government for his part in their State should not forget. against military targets in North Viet­ war of liberation. nam, and fighter-bombers from three of I am very pleased and proud today to There was apprehension that the our carriers were involved in action more join my distinguished Golleague from Il­ coast of Maine might be attacked by than 50 miles north of the 17th parallel. linois in saluting this Nation's remem­ Spanish gunboats. which divides North and South Vietnam. brance of the Ma{ne and of those men There was considerable anxiety in some of The President proceed,ed to order the who lost their lives while in the service the towns and cities along · the coast. withdrawal of 1,800 American depend­ of our Nation. I am particularly proud W:rote the Governor: ents from Vietnam, and declared on be­ to pay a special tribute to the gentle­ half of our Government: man . from Illinois for his service then They feared that tl;ley might be attacked by gunboats, or cruisers of the Spanish We have no choice now but to clear the and his service now. Navy • * *. ·I was convinced, after a careful decks and make absolutely clear our con­ Mr. HATHAWAY. Mr.· Speaker, to­ examination, that the only real and effective tinued determination to back South Vietnam day's observance of the 67th anniversary defense for our coast towns was to establish in its fight to maintain its independence. of the sinking of the battleship Maine batteries and mines, and to obtain, from the has special significance for the people of United States, cruisers to sail along the In the days which have followed that the State of Maine, the State whose shores, and in conjunction with our delega­ presidential announcement, Vietcong name the Maine bore with such honor. tion in Congress we succeeded in obtaining forces have engaged in another savage The battleship Maine visited Portland, two cruisers, and having the coast very gen­ attack upon quarters occupied by Ameri­ Maine, on November 25, 1895. An o:tncial erally and effectually fortified. can forces, inflicting heavy casualties visit aboard ship was first made by mem­ The State of Maine does indeed re­ and bringing the total number of Ameri­ bers of the staff of the Governor of Maine, member the battleship Maine. Also re­ cans dead by Vietcong action to nearly The battleship's commander then paid a membered are the volunteers of that con:. 300. ceremonial visit in Portland to Maine's . :fiict, a war in which no draft act was In response to the enemy attack of Governor and Portland's mayor. The needed to man our Army and Navy. To February 9, 16o planes of the United next day the Governor, the mayor, and a the surviving veterans of the Spanish­ States and South Vietnam joined in the citizens committee were received aboard American War; and to the descendants largest aerial attack of the long conflict, the Maine with appropriate honors. of those Spanish War veterans who are striking at a series of supply depots and The Maine was open to the l public no longer with us, all patriotic Ameri­ military barracks north of the 17th throughout the day, and ·hundreds of cans today extend their praise and best parallel. citizens of Portland· along with many w~h~. · The scope of the massive air strike on Maine residents from other parts of the February 10, in which more than 100 States visited her. On the evening of planes from American carriers at sea November 26 the commander and his of­ GENERALLEAVETOEXTEND joined fighter-bombers of the American ficers attended a banquet given in their Air Force and those of South Vietnam, Mr. O'HARA of Illinois. Mr. Speak­ spoke far more effectively than mere honor by the city of Portland. Amid all er, I ask unanimous consent that all these ceremonies and festivities, who words of this Nation's "continued deter­ Members may have 5 legislative days in mination." could have foretold the fate of the which to extend their remarks on this Maine? Who could have foreseen her subject. HOMEFRONT QUESTIONS watery grave in Havana Harbor with so The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there In the wake of an unquestioned escala­ many of her crew yet aboard, but dead objection to the request of the gentleman tion of military action during the past in the service of their country? from Illinois? week, many Americans were asking A few short years after the visit to There was no objection. searching questions-both publicly and Portland, the battleship Maine cleared ' privately-concerning the course of the Key West, Fla., on her last voyage. On war. February 15, 1898, the Maine was blown With regard to the central aim of our up in an appalling catastrophe which THE WAR IN VIETNAM AND AMERI­ CAN DEFENSE POLICY presence in Vietnam, the President has brought upon this country the tragedy of left no room for reasonable doubt. He war. News of the disaster was commu­ The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. has said publicly that he considers it nic8Jted to the Secretary of the Navy in a HAWKINS) . Under previous order of the ···essential" to American interests to de­ dispatch which read: House the gentleman from Oklahoma feat the Communist aggression against Maine blew up in Havana Harbor at 9:40 [Mr. EDMONDSON] is recognized for 20 South Vietnam. He has declared his tonight and destroyed. Many wounded and minutes. conviction that our failure there "would doubtless more killed or drowned. Mr. EDMONDSON. Mr. Speaker, I convince every nation in south Asia that As she has in all our wars, the State ask unanimous consent to revise and ex­ it must now bow to Communist terms of Maine responded energetically and tend my remarks and to include extrane..: to survive." quickly to the call to arms in the Span­ ous matter. Notwithstanding these strong words, ish-American War. Maine furnished a The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there with their clear commitment of U.S. regiment of infantry, four batteries of objection to the request of the gentleman · prestige as declared by the Nation's Chief heavy artillery, and a signal corps. This from Oklahoma? Executive, the charge is now heard in signal corps took a brave· part in the There was no objection. more than one quarter that the extent Santiago campaign. The infantry regi­ Mr. EDMONDSON. Mr. Speaker, the and validity of that commitment remain ment, encamped at Chickamauga, suf- past week has served to bring home uncertain and ill-defined. February 15, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL ·RECORD- HOUSE 2683 In the New York Times for Sunday, Up until the last week, Mr. Speaker, terattacks upon the forces of South February 14, 1965, both Arthur Krock that was more or less the situation, and Vietnam. and James Reston have voiced their pro­ the plain tr'!lth about the impression Unless our "forward strategy", of the test over White House failure to "make which we had created in Asia concerning past week is "continued and intensified,'' things clear" and to advise of ~'plans to our policy in Vietnam. We were send­ in the view of these Saigon observers, meet whatever contingencies may ai:'ise ing thousands of men, and spending mil.: "disappointment, then disillusion" can from the new U.s. policy of immediate lions of dollars, but we were not con­ be predicted among our allies. and. increasingly powerful military re­ vincing the Communists of our inten­ THE UNANSWERED QUESTION prisal." tion to do everything ~ecessary to defeat Were the dramatic and effective air Mr. Krock and Mr. Reston were chiefly aggression in Vietnam. strikes of last week in Vietnam merely concerned with the absence of informa­ CHANGE IN DIRECTION a measured response to intensified at­ tion and knowledge at home concerning · Now in the words of Mr. Drummond, tacks by the Communists, or did they the depth and breadth of our Vietnam "something more is being done." signal the beginning of a new forward commitment. We have undoubtedly convinced the strategy aimed at a real change in the Other competent observers, however, Communists in North Vietnam of our course of the war? have been even more concerned about intention and readiness to hit, and hit It may well be that the answer to the effect of uncertainty in the Commu­ very hard indeed, when American mili­ both of these questions is "Yes," and that nist world. tary forces in Vietnam are attacked di­ days to follow will establish that Writing in the Washington Post for rectly by the · Vietcong. We have made measured response in itself is a for­ February 14, 1965, Donald S. Zagoria­ it very clear that North Vietnam is not ward strategy in Vietnam. in an article entitled, "Communists Doubt a privileged sanctuary, and we have dem­ Our Will in Vietnam"-reported as fol­ Secretary of Defense McNamara, in onstrated that our forces are not afraid his impressive television report to the lows: to cross the 17th parallel. Nation, described our air strikes as con­ The Communists have long believed that Without question, we have also im­ vincing evidence of our "will and pur­ the United States would not have the pa­ pressed the Communists of Asia with the tience or will to stick out the war and re­ pose" in Vietnam. No American listen­ cent statements by in,fiuential Americans quality and effectiveness of American air ing and watching was left in doubt as calling for negotiation and/ or withdrawal al­ force~both land and sea-based-and of to the Secretary's personal sincerity or most certainly increased their optimism. the rising quality and effectiveness of the determination. They have all along eagerly seized on any air force of South Vietnam. And yet-on the evidence now before American statements urging negotiation and Finally, and notwithstanding some us-there is doubt of our will and pur­ withdrawal. In ·the past 6 months, several critics, President Johnson has undoubt­ pose in Vietnam. ·prominent American Senators, columnists, edly rallied the support of an overwhelm­ and newspapers have called for negotiations There is obviously doubt in Hanoi, and, in the absence of a clear-cut policy, ing majority of his fellow citizens in sup­ where the North Vietnamese continue rumors developed that the administration port of his policies of the past week. to direct the 'forces of aggression south was in favor of negotiation. In the Congress, leaders of both parties of the 17th parallel. All this doubtless strongly reinforced the have spoken out strongly in support of There is obviously doubt in Peiping, Communist belief that victory In South Viet­ the air strikes on North-Vietnam. where the Chinese Reds speak ominous­ nam was close at hand. In the press, editorial comment across ly of open intervention in Vietnam, and In the opinion of Mr. Zagoria, "two the Nation has generally approved, and where troops are reported massing along bombing attacks will not suffice" as suf­ most have agreed with the Seattle Times the border. ficient pressure "to bring a reluctant Ho that the President "has the overwhelm­ Here in the United. States, there is Chi Minh to the conference table." ing support of the American people." some doubt also-as evidenced by the Even Mr. Reston, in his largely critical They will not so easily give up at the con­ chorus of critical questioning over the ference table what they have fought so hard column, declared that "very few people weekend, and the clamor from peace-at­ and so long on the battlefield to achieve, here question the necessity for ~limited any-price quarters for immediate nego­ and at a time when final victory seems near- expansion of -the war by. U.S. bombers tiation or withdrawal. into Communist territory." Mr. Zagoria concludes. It is not my purpose, as a relatively And yet, while there is general agree­ junior Member of this body, to sub .. A member of Columbia University's ment that the situation in Vietnam has Research Institute on Communist Affairs stitute my personal judgment for that entered a radically new phase, I have of either the President or any member and the author of "The Sino-Soviet Con­ not found a single authority who believes flict, 1956-61," Mr. Zagoria has impres­ of his Cabinet. ' ·the bombing attacks of last week will re­ No man in America is as well quali­ sive credentials as a commentator on sult in early conclusion of the long and Communist thinking. His conclusion fied as President Johnson ·to lead our bloody conflict-either by military vic­ Nation during this critical period of the that the Communists question our · will tory or the conference table. and determination in Vietnam may well world's history, and no President in On the contrary, Mr. Zagoria is em­ our history has been surrounded by provide the key to understanding of Viet­ phatic in the belief that "persistent and cong policy. abler men in his Cabinet. heavy pressure" must be brought t

-· February 15, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 2687 truly understand why. As you know, he was siderable amount of time. The very fact . WOULD INCREASED PAYMENT FOR a magnificent specimen of a man, and indeed that he served longer as chairman of the a product of these beautiful and rugged Committee on Ways and Means than any OVERTIME WORK REDUCE UNEM- mountains. other man in history-17 years-through PLOYMENT? . I am sure that Mr. Daughton's friends and some of the most trying times in the his­ Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, I ask . neighbors· who are here today could better tory of our country meant that he was the testify to his greatness and to his achieve­ author of innumerable. laws which would u.nanimous consent that the gentleman ments than I. Among the many living run for pages simply to list them without from New York [Mr. GOODELL] may ex­ monuments that come to mind is the scenic further description. tend his remarks at this point in the parkway which runs through . this county. In addition to all major legislation dealing RECORD and include extraneous material. There is no other country in the world that with taxes and social security, during the The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there can boast of such a magnificent highway and time he was chairman of the Committee on objection to the request of the gentleman there is no monument which can better rep­ Ways and Means many other laws involving from Iowa? resent any man than this monument repre­ millions and 'billions of dollars and the wel­ sents Mr. Daughton. This highway has al­ fare of the country bore his name. There was no objection. ready given millions of American~ the pleas­ In this category one thinks of the legis­ Mr. GOODELL. Mr. Speaker, my ures of enjoying the scenic beauty of the lation involving the renegotiation of de­ esteemed colleague, Congressman JAMES countryside along its route and made them fense contracts, under which after the con­ C. CLEVELAND of the Second District of more thankful to be living in this great land tracts were completed, it was provided that New Hampshire, has done us all a serv­ of ours. any excessive profits should be recaptured ice by summarizing in brief and cogent I must say that I feel very much at home by the Government. Also in this category form the problems assoc\ated with double . here, because my own State of Arkansas is belongs legislation establishing unemploy­ very similar in many respects to North ment compensation, legislation setting up pay for overtime proposal. The John­ Carolina. We too have magnificent hill the war bonds program, legislation estab­ son administration apparently still car­ country and hospitable people such as you lishing the interest the Government paid on ries this proposal as one of its primary have here. the public debt, legislation which set the objectives. Before entering upon this The dedication of this wing of the Alle­ pattern for the world trade of the United new intrusion by Government, let us all ghany County Memorial Hospital to the States which has 'been followed-with minor. analyze its ramifications. memory of Mr. Dougl;lton is a most appropri­ changes-since Mr. Doughton handled the Congressman JAMES CLEVELAND has ex­ ate living memorial to him. I can well imag- .. original legislation in 1934, legislation in­ hibited his usual incisive understanding ine that, had he known that his county volving the control of narcotics, and legis­ and his State would honor his memory, he lation which helped us to recover from the of an attractively labeled proposal. The would have picked this very means as a prop­ depression of the thirties. impact upon skilled workers, small busi- er memorial. It is just another living monu­ In all the history of our count:J;"y, no man . nessme11, and the consumer of requiring ment which will keep current in all of our has handled legislation of more importance double -penalty pay for overtime is likely minds the fact. that a great man passed this and which had a greater effect on the lives to be extensive. We are all grateful to way. of each and every American than Mr. Dough­ our colleague, Congressman JAMES In Washington, there were many affec­ ton. Although much of this legislation CLEVELAND for contributing his superb tionate and respectful terms used in refer­ would appear to have of a routine sort, the analysis of this proposed legislation in ring to Mr. Daughton. He was known as very fact that it dealt with our daily lives "Farmer Bob," "Uncle Bob," and "Muley means that only a man of the caliber of tl:l~ American Legiori magazine for Feb­ Daughton." Each one in its own way is Mr. Daughton could have handled proposals ruary 1965. I commend to the attention a most apt description of this great man. in such a way as to accomplish the job and of all Members the article that follows: Certainly he earned the name "Farmer yet at the same time bring about a minimum WOULD INCREASED PAYMENT FOR OVERTIME Bob," because he was a product of these interference with our daily lives and well­ WORK REDUCE UNEMPLOYMENT? mountains and like many of you here, he being in the case of some and be of fair and (By Representative JAMES C. CLEVELAND first made his living from the soil. I some­ equitable benefit to all recipients in the case ' Republican of New Hampshire) ' times suspect that for many in Washington ·of others. · Physically, Mr. Daughton was a big man The proposal. for double-pay penalties for who had occasion to ask Mr. Daughton for overtime would not reduce unemployment. an appointment, which was always granted ·in outward appearance. More importantly, inwardly he was a 'big man. He had a big Instead, it would penalize labor-in job op­ to whoever may have been requesting it-­ portunities, in earning power, and in living be he a man of the soil, the most influential heart; he had a big soul; he was deeply re­ ligious, and he had a great compassion for costs. banker in the country, or a President--the Proponents argue that such legislation term "Farmer Bob" had a somewhat different his country and its people. He was under­ standing, kind, friendly, and congenial with would create more jobs because industry meaning, because it often happens that he would hire additional workers rather than would set such appointments at 6 or 6:30 persons in all walks of life. He bore his greatness with humility. He served his coun­ pay penalty rates for overtime. in the morning, long before many were even In reality, this proposal would create more awake. This alone gives an indication of the try in the Congress with utmost distinction and capability .under seven Presidents and unemployment. While the Secretary of La­ diligence and long and hard work which Mr. bor says that the equivalent number of new Daughton devoted to his country. under nine Speakers of the House of Repre­ sentatives. jobs represented by workers now working "Uncle Bob" was a term of love, affection, overtime is over 900,000, he does not recog­ and honor. It described his humility and One of his greatest assets was the sim­ nize that there are not available skilled men the esteem in which his neighbors here plicity of his life and his humility. He com­ able to fill these positions full time. In fact, in North Carolina and those of us who were bined with his native intelligence a firmness there is now a shortage of workers in many privileged to serve with him in the Con­ of purpose and a dedication to the people of industries· paying overtime rates. · the country in a career of public service gress held him. Limited in plant space . and equipment, The term "Muley Daughton" again ade­ which few men will ever equal. He was truly many industries might be required to work quately describes the character of this great one of om country's most distinguished and overtime regardless of the penalty. This man, not in the sense that he was stubborn beloved citizens. would create no new jobs. It is most fitting, therefore, that a hospital but in the sense that he would differ with ~ · The overtime penalty would aggravate un­ Presidents, Secretaries of the Treasury, and wing where service to so many will be ren­ employment bY increasing the pressures to his own colleagues in the Congress, yet he dered should be dedicated to one who spent seek labor-saving methods in production. would differ in a very fair, honest and a lifetime in rendering service to his fellow Rather than paying increased penalty rates straightforward way on the merits of the man. or taking on inefficient or untrained person­ propositions under consideration. It also As this active and living monument nel, industry would accelerate the introduc_. indicates that although he would hear any­ to Congressman Doughton begins its tion of automation. one out, he was never willing to compromise If industries eliminate overtime, more his principles for anyone. In the position of work in the service of humanity, I be­ moonlightin·g would occur. Those workers responsibility which he held, which re­ lieve we would be remiss if we in North deprived of their usual overtime will seek quired due deliberation and analysis of the Carolina failed to express appreciation other outside jobs. To make the same proposals which he handled, the term to all of those who worked so tirelessly money, they will have to work longer on "Muley" meant that Mr. Daughton had to to create this lasting tribute. Our grati­ their second job, thereby decreasing their be convinced that the proposals were in the tude goes especially to Mr. C. A. Cannon, efficiency on both jobs, and taking some of best interests of the people and of the coun­ whose effective and devoted efforts as the newly created jobs. try generally before he would advance them. Workers now receiving doubletime pay, I have mentioned some of the more im­ chairman of the memorial commission when cut of! from extra income, would de­ portant and tangible living landmarks left have meant so much in the realization of mand wage hikes to compensate for lost in­ by Mr. Doughton. A detailed listing of all this long dream for the people of Al­ come; this demand for higher wages would · of these landmarks would cqnsume a con- leghany County. be felt by all industries. 2688 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE February 15, 1965 One of my chief objections to this pro­ For the past 7 or 8 months his health had Georgia, for the week beginning Febru­ posal, besides the fact that it would not been steadily failing. He was laid to ary 15, 1965, on account of official bust­ accomplish its objective, is its positive po­ rest Thursday at St. . Joseph's Cemetery, ness. tential for harm to small business. Large industries, with their vast capital resources, Carrollton Manor, Md. might learn to live with tbis proposal. For His host of friends will miss him great­ SPECIAL ORDERS GRANTED the small businessman, however, this pro­ ly. All of us join his wife, his children, posal could mean extinction. This is typical and the other members of his family in By unanimous consent, permission to of many proposals by big government. Big their great loss. We share their grief and address the House, following the legisla­ busfness and big unions can find ways to get sorrow and extend to each our heartfelt tive program and any special orders here­ along with the bureaucrats' bright· ideas. tofore entered, was granted to: But for the small businessman this is not sympathy. There is comfort in the fact that he has left much here to his many Mr. EDMONDSON, for 25 minutes, today. always so. Mr. Further, some industries would have to friends-the warm and abiding memory CURTis , for 60 minutes, on Tuesday, operation to the American consumer. A February 16, 1965. higher cost of living would provide a double Mr. BROYHILL of North Carolina, for penalty on the worker who already has lost ON AMENDING THE EXPORT CON­ 30 minutes, today; to revise and extend part of his salary .. TROL ACT OF 1949 his remarks, and to include extraneous This "make-work, spread-work" proposal matter. could create more unemployment, while at Mr. EDMONDSON. Mr. Speaker, I Mr. WOLFF (at the request of Mr. ED­ the same time having an inflationary effect ask unani.Inous consent that the gentle­ MONDSON) , for 30 minutes, on February on prices. It would hurt the competitive­ man from New Jersey [Mr. JoELSON] may ness of industry, i:adeed put some small busi­ 17, and to revise and extend his remarks nesses into bankruptcy, and restrict their extend his remarks at this point in the and include extraneous matter. ab111ty to grow and employ more workers. RECORD and include extraneous matter. More Government regulation of issues best The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there left to free bargaining between labor and objection to the request of the gentleman EXTENSION OF REMARKS management is not the proper approach. The cure for unemployment lies in sustain­ from Oklahoma? By unanimous consent, ·permission to ing a high rate of economic activity and There was no objection. • extend remarks in the CONGRESSIONAL fostering small business and new business, Mr. JOELSON. Mr. Speaker, I have RECORD, or to revise and extend remarks along with expanded education and retrain­ introduced H.R. 4359, legislation which was granted to: ing programs to give the unskllled new op­ would strengthen American resistance Mr. TENzER. portunities to find employment. The cure to boycott procedures which other na- Mr. BENNETT. does not lie with artificially created jobs, which in the final analysis wm strangle busi­ tions impose in order to injure friendly Mr. McCARTHY and to include extrane- ness and further investment and employ­ foreign countries. ous matter. ment opportunities. The legislation is an amendment to the

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS Franklin D. Roosevelt Institute Fitting memorial which will help to mold per­ This is no new idea. Graduate studies haps another Churchill. The memorial in government service have been the Memorial to Former President is the Churchill College, which opened bulwark of stable European governments last Easter at Cambridge University. for centuries. With many critics of Gov­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS Since the 81st Congress I have intro­ ernment crying for better personnel in OF duced legislation to provide for a Gov­ the Federal service, it would appear H.R. ernment service school, and in the 89th 276 is an answer to these critics, and HON. CHARLES E. BENNETT Congress, on the opening day of the ses­ fulfills an acknowledged need by our OF FLORIDA sion, I again reintroduced a bill, H.R. Federal Government. The Roosevelt In­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 276, to provide for the .establishment of stitute seems to me to be a more fitting the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Institute, tribute to our 32d President' than the pro­ Monday, February 15, 1965 to be a graduate school for advanced posed 20th century "stonehenge" or any Mr. BENNETT. Mr. Speaker, we have studies in American Government. This other static memorial. been reminded lately of the honors institute would · be for sel~cted in­ An editorial from a recent edition of which go to great men after their death. dividuals of outstanding ability to pur­ the Washington Post reads in part as In Great Britain, Sir Winston Churchill sue advanced studies in American po­ follows: was honored last month with the pomp, litical theory, methods, and institutions CHURCHILL COLLEGE circumstance, affection, and grief due in preparation for public service with the It is a mark of superiority in ceremonial the "Man of the Century." While the Government of the United States. maJtters that the British have honored Sir British honored this great man with This school might be established at Winston Churchill as he himself would have ceremony upon his death, they have fit­ one of our great universities, as was done wished it-witl;l. memorial observances of im­ tingly paid respect to him with a living in the Churchill College at Cambridge. pressive dignity culminating in a burial in