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A Palaeostress Analysis of Precambrian Granulite Terrain of Northern Tamil Nadu, Peninsular India – a Remote Sensing Study

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A Palaeostress Analysis of Precambrian Granulite Terrain of Northern Tamil Nadu, Peninsular India – a Remote Sensing Study A Palaeostress Analysis of Precambrian Granulite Terrain of Northern Tamil Nadu, Peninsular India – A Remote Sensing Study S. Balaji Department of Coastal Disaster Management, Pondicherry University, Port Blair, Andaman Islands, India Abstract The tectonic evolution of Precambrian granulite terrain of northern Tamil Nadu evokes much interest owing to its rich possession of natural resources and structural complications. The efficacy of satellite remote sensing in tectonic mapping and analysis has been proved beyond doubt owing to its spectral, spatial and temporal capabilities. The remote sensing analysis of northern Tamil Nadu has displayed clear-cut structural trends, folds, mega and micro lineaments. The analysis of fractures/lineaments in conjunction with the field data and the folds has resulted in a schematic model to demonstrate the palaeostress pattern of Precambrian granulite terrain of northern Tamil Nadu. The study further reveals that there are two phases of deformation namely N-S and ENE-WSW compressions which have caused in the culmination of present configuration of, structural trends and folds of northern Tamil Nadu contradicting the five phases of deformation. Key words: Paleostress, folds, lineaments, remote sensing, Nothern Tamil Nadu, India 1. Introduction geoscientists, Sugavanam et al. (1977) attributed five phases of deformation and Narayanasamy (1966), Ramadurai et al. The understanding of structure and tectonics in an area is (1975), Katz (1978), Naga (1988) and Ramasamy et al. important as it sheds light on the magmatism, metallogeny, (1999) advocated two phases of deformation responsible for ground water, seismicity and geothermal resources. The the tectonic evolution of Precambrian fold belts of southern Precambrian-Archaean rocks of Peninsular India exhibit Peninsular India. The northern Tamil Nadu, which is a part polyphase metamorphism, multiple deformation, repetitive of southern Peninsular India wherein tectonic studies were folding and intense fracturing. These highly fragmented and carried out at few places and hence, disseminated information widely disseminated rock types show contrasting fold styles, is available. A comprehensive and a wholistic tectonic model multi variate linear and planar features. for the evolution of Precambrian folds of this region is not available. Hence, the present study has been taken to study These linear and planar features have controlled localization all the structural features in detail using satellite imagery of minerals, ore bodies and ultrabasics at several places. In amended with ground data and analyse them critically in a addition, the linear features control major rivers like Cauvery, regional matrix to bring out a schematic model for the Coleroon, Bhavani, Moyyar and reactivate frequently in the tectonic evolution of Precambrian fold belts of northern form of earth tremors along Precambrian fractures (Balaji, Tamil Nadu. 2000). Narayanaswamy (1966), Grady (1971), Sugavanam et al. (1977), Katz (1978), Drury and Holt (1980), Ramasamy 2. Geological setting et al. (1987), Naga (1988), Ramasamy and Balaji (1995) and Ramasamy et al. (1999) have studied the regional tectonic The northern Tamil Nadu is bounded by northern latitude analysis of southern Peninsular India. Among these 10° 49″ 00′ and 13° 00″ 00′; eastern longitude 77° 38″ 00′ 2009 AARS, All rights reserved. * Corresponding author: [email protected] Phone: 9933299064 A Palaeostress Analysis of Precambrian Granulite Terrain of Northern Tamil Nadu, Peninsular India – A Remote Sensing Study 78° 00 ' N 79° 00 ' 80° 00 ' diversified rock types namely charnockites, biotite gneiss, 0 10 20 Km pyroxene granulite, granite, migmatite, granitoid gneiss, syenite and ultrabasics. These rock types are traversed by 13° Madras • 13° dolerite and gabbro dykes at several places. Major hillocks 00 ' 00 ' are Biligirirangan, Shevroy-Chitteri-Kalrayan and Kolli- Pachai. The Biligirirangan hills occupy the western part (7, figure 1), the Javadi- Shevroy-Chitteri-Kalrayan hills covers 1 the central part (1,2,3 and 4, figure 1) and the Kolli-Pachai hills occur in the southern part of the study area (5 and 6, figure 1) are composed of charnockitic rocks. 12° 12° 00 ' 00 ' 2 3 4 7 3. Methods Bay Of Bengal 3.1 Structural trendline mapping 6 5 Geological or topographical alignments usually straight and C S 11° 11° occasionally arcuate which can be recognized on aerial 00 ' 00 ' photographs to consistently occur over a wide region. These 78° 00 ' 79° 00 ' 80° 00 ' Key map have been variously named as fracture zone, trendline and Legend N Study area tectonic trends (Auden, 1954 and Eremenko 1964). Bedding, 1 Javadi hills 7 Biligirirangan hills India foliation and lineation in rocks which are seem to be related C Tamil Nadu 2 Shevroy hills S Crystalline sedimentary contact to tectonic trends. Drury and Holt (1980) have used Landsat 3 Chitteri hills Tamil Nadu Structural trends satellite imagery to trace the alignment of geological 4 Kalrayan hills 5 Kolli hills significance such as planar fabric and steep to vertical 6 Pachai hills compositional layering and they traced the regional scale folds and shears of South India from this. Ramasamy et al. Figure 1. Structural trends of northern Tamil Nadu (Interpreted from IRS - 1A satellite imagery) Figure 1. Structural trends of northern Tamil Nadu (1987) and Ramasamy et al. (1999) have used Indian Remote (Interpreted from IRS - 1A satellite imagery) Sensing hereinafter called as IRS, 1A satellite imagery to interpret the structural trendline and regional folds of South India. Nair (1990) and Nair and Nair (2001) have interpreted and 80° 10″ 00′ which covers an area of nearly 75,000 sq. structural trends using IRS 1A satellite imagery based on km encompassing crystalline and sedimentary tracts. But, tonal contrast, tonal linearity and elicited fold features such the present study is focussed on the crystalline tract only (C, as F1, F2 and F3 folds from structural trends. In the present figure 1) excluding the sedimentary formations in the east (S, study, the structural features of northern Tamil Nadu were figure 1). The Precambrian granulite terrain comprised of interpreted visually (figures 2, 3, and 4) using, False Colour 1 ↖ 3 ↗ 2 FiguFigurere 2. 2. IR IRSS 1A 1A FC FCCC satellite satellite ima imagerygery of of Attur Attur valleyvalley 1.1 Doubly. Doubly plungingplunging fold fold 2.Structural 2.Structural tre trendsnds 3.Vegetational 3.Vegetational alignments alignments as lineaments as lineaments 3 ↗ 3 ↗ → 2 1 2 ↗ Figure 3. IRS 1A FCC satellite imagery of Sankagiri dome 1. Sankagiri domal structure 2.Straight/rectilinear drainages indicating lineament (Cauvery lineament) 3. Structural trends 1 ↖ 3 ↗ 2 Figure 2. IRS 1A FCC satellite imagery of Attur valley 1. Doubly plunging fold 2.Structural trends 3.VegetationalAsian alignments Journal of Geoinformatics, as lineaments Vol.10,No.4 (2010) Composite hereinafter called FCC, Linear Imaging Self Scanning hereinafter called LISS 1 satellite data of 1987 on 3 ↗ 3 1:250,000 scale on individual scene by adopting the same ↗ methodology of Auden (1954), Eremenko (1964), Drury and → 2 Holt (1980), Ramasamy et al. (1987), Nair (1990), Ramasamy et al. (1999) and Nair and Nair (2001). The whole area is covered in eight individual scenes. Landsat satellite imagery Thematic Mapper (TM), band 6 data was used on 1:250,000 scale for thick soil covered area. The interpreted each scene 1 data were mosaiced on a planimetrically controlled map which resulted in composite regional structural trendline pattern of northern Tamil Nadu. The attitude of the beds measured in the field were incorporated in structural trends. The fold styles were then determined from structural trendlines (Ramasamy et al. 1987), Nair (1990) and 2 Ramasamy et al. 1999) and based on the fold style pattern, ↗ different structural domains were classified (Fig.5). Figure 3. IRS 1A FCC satellite imagery of Sankagiri dome 3.2 Lineament mapping Figure 3.1. IRSSankagiri 1A domalFCC structure satelli 2.Straight/rectilinearte imagery of San drainageskagiri dome 1. Sankagiri domal structure 2.Straight/rectindicatingilinear lineament drainages (Cauvery indicating lineamentO’Leary et al. (1976) defined the term lineaments as mappable, simple or composite linear feature of a surface, (Cauvery lineament) 3. Structural trends whose parts are aligned in a rectilinear or slightly curvilinear lineament) 3. Structural trends relationship and which differs distinctly from the pattern of adjacent features and presumably reflects a subsurface 7 ↖ phenomenon. The lineaments were interpreted visually using 6 IRS 1A, LISS 1, FCC satellite data of 1987 on 1:250,000 scale on several individual scene, based on the morphological ↑ expression and anomalies such as straight sharp linear ridges, lithological straightness, sharp lithological contact, offset of 1 lithologies and structures identified by zones of block displacements and truncation of structures along major faults (Brockmann et al. 1977), long and linear fracture valley, soil tone linearities, vegetational alignment (figure 3) and straight/ rectilinear drainages (figure 4 and Haman 1961, Bakliwal 1978, Ramasamy and Balaji 1993, Ramasamy and Balaji 1995 and Ramasamy et al. 1999). The whole study area is covered in eight scenes and the interpreted eight scenes were mosaiced on a planimetrically controlled map to get the composite regional lineament pattern of northern Tamil Nadu. The lineaments falling in different structural 2 domains were
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