A Palaeostress Analysis of Precambrian Granulite Terrain of Northern , Peninsular – A Remote Sensing Study

S. Balaji

Department of Coastal Disaster Management, Pondicherry University, Port Blair, Andaman Islands, India

Abstract

The tectonic evolution of Precambrian granulite terrain of northern Tamil Nadu evokes much interest owing to its rich possession of natural resources and structural complications. The efficacy of satellite remote sensing in tectonic mapping and analysis has been proved beyond doubt owing to its spectral, spatial and temporal capabilities. The remote sensing analysis of northern Tamil Nadu has displayed clear-cut structural trends, folds, mega and micro lineaments. The analysis of fractures/lineaments in conjunction with the field data and the folds has resulted in a schematic model to demonstrate the palaeostress pattern of Precambrian granulite terrain of northern Tamil Nadu. The study further reveals that there are two phases of deformation namely N-S and ENE-WSW compressions which have caused in the culmination of present configuration of, structural trends and folds of northern Tamil Nadu contradicting the five phases of deformation.

Key words: Paleostress, folds, lineaments, remote sensing, Nothern Tamil Nadu, India

1. Introduction geoscientists, Sugavanam et al. (1977) attributed five phases of deformation and Narayanasamy (1966), Ramadurai et al. The understanding of structure and tectonics in an area is (1975), Katz (1978), Naga (1988) and Ramasamy et al. important as it sheds light on the magmatism, metallogeny, (1999) advocated two phases of deformation responsible for ground water, seismicity and geothermal resources. The the tectonic evolution of Precambrian fold belts of southern Precambrian-Archaean rocks of Peninsular India exhibit Peninsular India. The northern Tamil Nadu, which is a part polyphase metamorphism, multiple deformation, repetitive of southern Peninsular India wherein tectonic studies were folding and intense fracturing. These highly fragmented and carried out at few places and hence, disseminated information widely disseminated rock types show contrasting fold styles, is available. A comprehensive and a wholistic tectonic model multi variate linear and planar features. for the evolution of Precambrian folds of this region is not available. Hence, the present study has been taken to study These linear and planar features have controlled localization all the structural features in detail using satellite imagery of minerals, ore bodies and ultrabasics at several places. In amended with ground data and analyse them critically in a addition, the linear features control major rivers like Cauvery, regional matrix to bring out a schematic model for the Coleroon, Bhavani, Moyyar and reactivate frequently in the tectonic evolution of Precambrian fold belts of northern form of earth tremors along Precambrian fractures (Balaji, Tamil Nadu. 2000). Narayanaswamy (1966), Grady (1971), Sugavanam et al. (1977), Katz (1978), Drury and Holt (1980), Ramasamy 2. Geological setting et al. (1987), Naga (1988), Ramasamy and Balaji (1995) and Ramasamy et al. (1999) have studied the regional tectonic The northern Tamil Nadu is bounded by northern latitude analysis of southern Peninsular India. Among these 10° 49″ 00′ and 13° 00″ 00′; eastern longitude 77° 38″ 00′ 2009 AARS, All rights reserved. * Corresponding author: [email protected] Phone: 9933299064 A Palaeostress Analysis of Precambrian Granulite Terrain of Northern Tamil Nadu, Peninsular India – A Remote Sensing Study

78° 00 ' N 79° 00 ' 80° 00 ' diversified rock types namely charnockites, biotite gneiss, 0 10 20 Km pyroxene granulite, granite, migmatite, granitoid gneiss, syenite and ultrabasics. These rock types are traversed by

13° Madras • 13° dolerite and gabbro dykes at several places. Major hillocks 00 ' 00 ' are Biligirirangan, Shevroy-Chitteri-Kalrayan and Kolli- Pachai. The Biligirirangan hills occupy the western part (7, figure 1), the Javadi- Shevroy-Chitteri-Kalrayan hills covers 1 the central part (1,2,3 and 4, figure 1) and the Kolli-Pachai hills occur in the southern part of the study area (5 and 6, figure 1) are composed of charnockitic rocks.

12° 12° 00 ' 00 ' 2 3 4 7 3. Methods Bay Of Bengal 3.1 Structural trendline mapping 6 5 Geological or topographical alignments usually straight and C S 11° 11° occasionally arcuate which can be recognized on aerial 00 ' 00 ' photographs to consistently occur over a wide region. These 78° 00 ' 79° 00 ' 80° 00 ' Key map have been variously named as fracture zone, trendline and Legend N Study area tectonic trends (Auden, 1954 and Eremenko 1964). Bedding, 1 Javadi hills 7 Biligirirangan hills India foliation and lineation in rocks which are seem to be related C Tamil Nadu 2 Shevroy hills S Crystalline sedimentary contact to tectonic trends. Drury and Holt (1980) have used Landsat 3 Chitteri hills Tamil Nadu Structural trends satellite imagery to trace the alignment of geological 4 Kalrayan hills 5 significance such as planar fabric and steep to vertical 6 Pachai hills compositional layering and they traced the regional scale folds and shears of South India from this. Ramasamy et al. Figure 1. Structural trends of northern Tamil Nadu (Interpreted from IRS - 1A satellite imagery) Figure 1. Structural trends of northern Tamil Nadu (1987) and Ramasamy et al. (1999) have used Indian Remote (Interpreted from IRS - 1A satellite imagery) Sensing hereinafter called as IRS, 1A satellite imagery to interpret the structural trendline and regional folds of South India. Nair (1990) and Nair and Nair (2001) have interpreted and 80° 10″ 00′ which covers an area of nearly 75,000 sq. structural trends using IRS 1A satellite imagery based on km encompassing crystalline and sedimentary tracts. But, tonal contrast, tonal linearity and elicited fold features such the present study is focussed on the crystalline tract only (C, as F1, F2 and F3 folds from structural trends. In the present figure 1) excluding the sedimentary formations in the east (S, study, the structural features of northern Tamil Nadu were figure 1). The Precambrian granulite terrain comprised of interpreted visually (figures 2, 3, and 4) using, False Colour

1

↖ 3

↗ 2

FiguFigurere 2. 2. IR IRSS 1A 1A FC FCCC satellite satellite ima imagerygery of of Attur valleyvalley 1.1 Doubly. Doubly plungingplunging fold fold 2.Structural 2.Structural tre trendsnds 3.Vegetational 3.Vegetational alignments alignments as lineaments as lineaments

3 ↗ 3 ↗ → 2

1

2 ↗

Figure 3. IRS 1A FCC satellite imagery of dome 1. Sankagiri domal structure 2.Straight/rectilinear drainages indicating lineament (Cauvery lineament) 3. Structural trends 1

↖ 3

↗ 2

Figure 2. IRS 1A FCC satellite imagery of Attur valley 1. Doubly plunging fold 2.Structural trends 3.VegetationalAsian alignments Journal of Geoinformatics, as lineaments Vol.10,No.4 (2010)

Composite hereinafter called FCC, Linear Imaging Self Scanning hereinafter called LISS 1 satellite data of 1987 on 3 ↗ 3 1:250,000 scale on individual scene by adopting the same ↗ methodology of Auden (1954), Eremenko (1964), Drury and → 2 Holt (1980), Ramasamy et al. (1987), Nair (1990), Ramasamy et al. (1999) and Nair and Nair (2001). The whole area is covered in eight individual scenes. Landsat satellite imagery Thematic Mapper (TM), band 6 data was used on 1:250,000 scale for thick soil covered area. The interpreted each scene 1 data were mosaiced on a planimetrically controlled map which resulted in composite regional structural trendline pattern of northern Tamil Nadu. The attitude of the beds measured in the field were incorporated in structural trends. The fold styles were then determined from structural trendlines (Ramasamy et al. 1987), Nair (1990) and 2 Ramasamy et al. 1999) and based on the fold style pattern, ↗ different structural domains were classified (Fig.5).

Figure 3. IRS 1A FCC satellite imagery of Sankagiri dome 3.2 Lineament mapping Figure 3.1. IRSSankagiri 1A domalFCC structure satelli 2.Straight/rectilinearte imagery of San drainageskagiri dome 1. Sankagiri domal structure 2.Straight/rectindicatingilinear lineament drainages (Cauvery indicating lineamentO’Leary et al. (1976) defined the term lineaments as mappable, simple or composite linear feature of a surface, (Cauvery lineament) 3. Structural trends whose parts are aligned in a rectilinear or slightly curvilinear lineament) 3. Structural trends relationship and which differs distinctly from the pattern of

adjacent features and presumably reflects a subsurface 7 ↖ phenomenon. The lineaments were interpreted visually using 6 IRS 1A, LISS 1, FCC satellite data of 1987 on 1:250,000 scale on several individual scene, based on the morphological ↑ expression and anomalies such as straight sharp linear ridges, lithological straightness, sharp lithological contact, offset of 1 lithologies and structures identified by zones of block displacements and truncation of structures along major faults (Brockmann et al. 1977), long and linear fracture valley, soil tone linearities, vegetational alignment (figure 3) and straight/ rectilinear drainages (figure 4 and Haman 1961, Bakliwal 1978, Ramasamy and Balaji 1993, Ramasamy and Balaji 1995 and Ramasamy et al. 1999). The whole study area is covered in eight scenes and the interpreted eight scenes were mosaiced on a planimetrically controlled map to get the composite regional lineament pattern of northern Tamil Nadu. The lineaments falling in different structural 2 domains were filtered separately and the lineament density 3 map (Figure 6) was prepared by gridding each domain into 2.5 sq.cm grid (which is equal to 6.25 sq.km / grid on the ground). The total length of the lineaments falling in each grid area was measured, plotted in the centre of the grid and contoured (Figure 6). The fold styles in conjunction with the lineaments in each domain were critically analysed. Domainwise stress pattern and regional stress pattern of northern Tamil Nadu were identified and finally, a schematic 5 4 tectonic model was built in.

FigureFigure 4. 4. IRS IRS 1A 1 FCCA FCC satellite satellite imagery imagery 1. Javadi hills 2.Chitteri hills 3.Kalrayan hills 4.Kolli 1. Javadi hills 2.Chitteri hills 3.Kalrayan hills 4. Kolli hills 5. Pachai hills hills 5. Pachai hills 6. Open fracture 7. Structural trends 6. Open fracture 7. Structural trends

A Palaeostress Analysis of Precambrian Granulite Terrain of Northern Tamil Nadu, Peninsular India – A Remote Sensing Study

78 00 ' 79 00 ' 80 00 ' 4. Structural analysis of satellite imagery

• • • • • • 0 10 20 Km • • • • • 4.1 Structural trends • • 13 • • • • • 13 N • • 00 ' • • • • • 00 ' • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Kancheepuram • The interpretation of structural trends using satellite imagery • • • • • • • • • • • • 60 60 • • • 80 • • is already dealt with in section 3.1 and the structural trends • • • • • • 30 • • 3 • 30 • • • • • • • 50 • • • • 45 • of northern Tamil Nadu are shown in figure 1. These • • • Krishnagiri • • • • • • • • • • 30 • • • • • • • • • • • 45 • 50 • • structural trends have followed the regional trend of Eastern • • • • • • • • • • 45 • • • • • • 45 • 40 • • • • • • 45 • 80 60 • • • • • 1 • 40 40 Chengam • • • • • Ghats hill ranges. The structural trends fell in five azimuthal • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 40 45 • • • • • • 45 • • 45 frequencies viz N-S, NNE-SSW, NE-SW, E-W and NNW- • • • • • • • • 50 50 • • • • • 45 • • 12 SSE directions. The structural trends show; 12 • • 45 • • • • 2 • • 00 ' 00 ' • • • • • 45 • • • • • 55 • • 45 • 50 • • 65 • • 70 • • • • Long and linear N-S trending structural trend with dips • • • • • 70 70 • • • 45 • • • • • • • 30° – 70° towards the east in Biligirirangan area • 30 • • 65 • • 70 • • 30 •

45 • 30 • • 45 • • 30 • • • NNE-SSW trending long, linear, broad, open, circular • • 40 • 45 • • 40 structural trends in Javadi-Kalrayan area with dips 40° - 50 4 80° towards the east 60 11 11 00 ' 00 ' • N-S to NE-SW trending structural trends in Madras area

Madras • Legend with dips 45° - 60° towards the east and 2 Structural trends Biligirirangan Javadi- 3 Overturned synclines Kalrayan 1 Normal upright synclines • Circular, ovoidal, broad open structural trends in Kolli- Overturned anticlines • Kolli-Pachai • Pachai area (Balaji, 1995 and 1996) • Normal upright anticlines 4 • Dip of foliation with amount

1 2 Structural domain Different domains 3 4 4.2 Fold styles and structural domains 78 00 ' 79 00 ' 80 00 ' Figure 5.F iFoldgure 5. Fstylesold styles ofof n onorthernrthern Tamil NaTamildu Nadu Subsequent to the preparation of the structural trendline map of the study area, the types of folding were deduced;

• by analyzing the pattern and distribution of structural 78 00 ' trends

N • through the integration of structural trends and drainage 0 10 20 Km • through the integration of structural trends with the orientation of shadows and highlights. For example, dip slope side of beds are relatively broad and bright displayed •Hosur in imagery and on the other hand, on the antidip scarp sides opposite to dipping side, narrow and dark shadow Krishnagiri • appear in imagery because of low sun angle and

• through the integration of structural trends with field strike/dip data

The types of folding and the position of fold axes were Dharmapuri • determined for all the structures in the study area. The fold Legend styles and fold axes so identified indicated the following 12 12 Total length of lineaments in kms/6.25 Sq. kms 00 ' 00 ' characteristics in each region (figure 5);

2 km • in Biligirirangan region, the folds are mostly tight, long, 8 – 6 km linear, overturned with N-S trending axial traces and the 6 – 4 km folds are of alternating anticlines and synclines 4 – 2 km

2 km • the existence of long and upright open, isoclinals folds

Lineaments maxima axis with NNW-SSE to NE-SW trending axial traces in Javadi- Chitteri-Kalrayan region 78 00 ' • broad open, elliptical doubly plunging domes and basin in Figure 6. LineamentFigure 6. Lineam endensityt density i nin Bi liBiligirirangangirirangan domain domain Chengam-Madras region with NE-SW trending axes and Asian Journal of Geoinformatics, Vol.10,No.4 (2010)

• the existence of domes and basins, upright anticlines and stress pattern. Bakliwal (1978) and Ramasamy and Bakliwal synclines in Kolli-Pachai hills with NE-SW trending axis (1988) have computed palaeostress for the tectonic evolution east of Namakkal, E-W trending axial traces in the centre of folds in quartzites of Rajasthan and Vindhyan basin of and WNW-ESE trending axial traces west of Namakkal Rajasthan respectively from lineament density map. In the area. present study, the interpreted lineaments were filtered for each domain separately and analysed statistically from Based on the pattern of fold styles and fold axes, four lineament density contours (Fig.6). structural domains have been demarcated (1, 2, 3 and 4, figure 5). They are as follows and their characteristics were 4.4 Lineament density already discussed as above. The preparation of lineament density contours was already • Biligirirangan domain discussed in section 3.2 and was prepared for all the four structural domains. The lineament density contours of • Javadi-Kalrayan domain Biligirirangan domain are in circular and elliptical shapes which varied from 2 to 8 km per unit area (figure 6). From • Madras domain and the lineament density contours and along the crest of lineament density maxima contours, the lineament density • Kolli-Pachai domain maxima axes were drawn (figure 7). Similarly, along the 4.3 Lineaments crest of such lineament density minima contours, the lineament density minima axes were drawn (figure 7). The The lineaments of any region in general control minerals, lineament density maxima axes indicated the axes of ground water, ore bodies and ultrabasics. The interpretation maximum strain and lineament density minima axes of lineaments using satellite imagery is dealt with in section indicated the minimum strain (Bakliwal 1978 and Ramasamy 3.2. The interpreted lineaments fell in six azimuthal and Bakliwal 1988). In a similar manner, the lineament frequencies namely NE-SW, NW-SE, N-S, E-W, ENE-WSW density contours for Javadi-Kalrayan, Madras and Kolli- and WNW-ESE directions. These Precambrian lineaments Pachai hill domains were drawn and the axes of lineament were deep seated (Grady 1971) and analysed for domainwise density maxima and minima were derived for these domains (figure 8).

78 00 ' N 78 00 ′ 79 00 ′ 80 00 ′

0 10 20 Km N

• • Hosur • 0 10 20 Km • • • • • • • • Madras 13 • 13 • • • • • 00 ′ • 00 ′ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Krishnagiri • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Javadi • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Dharmapuri • • • • • • • • • • • • • B • • • • • • Dharm•apuri 12 • • C • 12 • 00 ′ • • A • Chitteri 00 ′ • •Shevroy • Kalrayan • Legend • • • • • • • • • • • Axes of isoclinal synclines • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Axes of isoclinal anticlines 12 • • 12 • • • • • • D Kolli • • • • 00 ' • • 00 ' Manmedu Namakkal • • • • • Pachai • • Axes of lineament density maxima • • • • • • • • • • • Axes of lineament density minima • • •

Greatest principal stress computed from bulk 11 11 strain 00 ′ 00 ′ Greatest principal stress computed from lineament anomaly axes in ENE - WSW Legend

A Biligirirangan domain Domain boundaries

B Javadi - Kalrayan domain Greatest principal stress/Compressive force (From bulk strain) • • C Madras domain • Axial traces of synclines/Anticlines

D Kolli - Pachai domain Greatest principal stress in ENE – WSW (From lineament anomaly axes)

Hills 78 00 ′ 79 00 ′ 80 00 ′ 78 00 ' Figure 8. Palaeostress environment of northern Tamil Nadu Figure 7. StressFigure 7. S patterntress patter nin in BBiligiriranganiligirirangan domain domain Figure 8. Palaeostress environment of northern Tamil Nadu A Palaeostress Analysis of Precambrian Granulite Terrain of Northern Tamil Nadu, Peninsular India – A Remote Sensing Study

5. Discussion of NE-SW trending Precambrian dextral and WNW-ESE trending sinistral faults. The overall stress pattern for the Domainwise stress analysis was done for all the four entire northern Tamil Nadu deduced from the bulk strain or structural domains namely Biligirirangan, Javadi-Chitteri, the principal stresses deduced from bulk strain vary from Madras and Kolli-Pachai domains. The axial traces of folds place to place in all the structural domains and is greately in conjunction with the lineament density of each structural constrained by shallow and basement irregularities. The domain were scrutinized in detail to identify the stress pattern greatest principal stresses deduced from the lineament in each domain separately. Accordingly, from principal anomaly axes do not vary in all the structural domain and elongation of folds and lineament density contours, greatest maintain the uniformity throughout the entire northern Tamil principal stress for each structural domain was derived Nadu of Peninsular India (figures 7, 8 and 9). The greatest (figure 8). The general axial traces of folds in Biligirirangan principal stress derived from the lineament anomaly axes domain was observed in NNE-SSW direction (figure 8). The directed in ENE-WSW trending Precambrian dextral faults greatest stress computed from the bulk strain or principal is taken as the regional stress pattern to cause the tectonic elongation of folds (Hobbs et al. 1976) fell in N80°W – evolution of folds of northern Tamil Nadu (Figure 9). S80°E directions. But, the lineament maxima/strain maxima Sugavanam et al. (1977) was of the opinion that Archaean- axes fell in NE-SW, and WNW-ESE directions which are the Precambrian piles of southern Peninsular India have Precambrian dextral and sinistral faults respectively (Balaji, undergone five phases of deformation. Narayanasamy 1995) and hence, the greatest principal stress is conceived in (1966), Ramadurai et al. (1975), Katz (1978), Naga (1988) ENE-WSW direction along the acute bisector (Anderson, and Ramasamy et al. (1999) have suggested two episodes of 1951) of these two Precambrian faults. The folds in deformation for the tectonic evolution of folds of southern Biligirirangan domain are flexural slip folds (Balaji 1995) Peninsular India. The newly presented tectonic model for and the bulk strain varies from place to place because of the northern Tamil Nadu, which is a part of southern Indian adjustment of the folds with the basement configuration. The Peninsula (figure 9) provided more evidence and supports greatest principal stress deduced from the bulk strain is the theory of two episodes of deformation as postulated by considered as a local phenomenon but the greatest principal (Ramasamy et al. 1999) for the tectonic evolution of whole stress deduced from the lineament anomaly axes remain the of southern Indian Peninsula. same in the entire Biligirirangan domain and therefore the greatest principal stress deduced from the lineament anomaly axes trending in ENE-WSW direction is taken as the stress pattern for Biligirirangan domain (figure 8). 78 00 ′ 79 00 ′ 80 00 ′ In Javadi-Kalrayan domain, the axial traces of folds were trending in N-S direction (figure 8) and hence, the greatest N 0 10 20 Km principal stress conceived from folds is in E-W direction. In 13 • Madras 00 ′ 13 00 ′ the eastern part of the same domain, the greatest principal • Vellore stress is directed in WNW-ESE direction and hence, the bulk Zone of domes and basins and doubly strain varies from place to place within the domain. But, the plunging folds Zone of long and lineament anomaly axes are same in the entire domain and Zone of tight isoclinal folds linear tight to moderate folds aligned in ENE-WSW direction (figure 9) which is the acute bisector of NE-SW trending Precambrian dextral and WNW- Dharmapuri • ESE trending sinistral faults. In Madras domain, the fold 12 A 00 ′ B C 12 axes are trending in N-S in the northern part, NE-SW in the 00 ′ central part and ENE-WSW in the southern part of the domain (figure 8) and these folds were demonstrated to be flexuralslip folds (Balaji 1995). So, on the basis of principal finite elongation of folds or bulk strain, the greatest principal stresses vary from place to place within the domain in E-W direction in the northern part, NW-SE direction in the central 11 00 ′ 11 part and NNW-SSE direction in the southern part of the 00 ′ domain. But, the lineament anomaly axes are not varying in Legend the entire domain and maintain the same direction throughout A B C Different structural domains the domain i.e in ENE-WSW direction (figure 8). In Kolli- Domains boundaries Greatest principal stress in ENE - WSW

Pachai domain, the axes of folds are in NE-SW direction in Crystalline – sedimentary contact

Manmedu, N-S direction south of Namakkal and NW-SE Shoreline boundaries/continental margins

78 00 ′ 79 00 ′ direction north of Namakkal but the greatest principal stress 80 00 ′ deduced from the lineament anomaly axes is not varying but Figure 9. Pattern of folds and regional stress field of northern Tamil Nadu Figure 9. Pattern of folds and regional stress field of trending in ENE-WSW direction which is the acute bisector northern Tamil Nadu Asian Journal of Geoinformatics, Vol.10,No.4 (2010)

6. Conclusion Eremenko, N.A., 1964, Oil and gas possibilities of . Bull. O.N.G.C 1, 1-25. The tectonic evolution of Precambrian granulite terrain of northern Tamil Nadu is therefore attributed to two episodes Grady, J.C., 1971, Deep main faults in South India. Jour. of deformation. First compression is in N-S direction which Geol.Soc.Ind. 12(1), 56-62. has caused cymatogenic arches and deeps from Cape- Comorin in the southern India upto the Himalayas in the Haman, P.J., 1961, Lineament analysis on aerial photographs north (Ramasamy and Balaji 1995) and the second, most exemplified in the north surgeon lake area, Alberta. West violent compression trends in ENE-WSW direction, are Canadian Research Publications in Geology and related responsible for the tectonic evolution of Precambrian fold science series, 1, 1-20. belts of northern Tamil Nadu. Hobbs, B.E., Means, W.D., and Williams, P.F., 1976, An outline of structural geology, John Wiley and Sons, New York. Acknowledgement Katz, M.B., 1978, Tectonic evolution of Archaean granulite The author is thankful to Prof.SM. Ramasamy, Vice- facies belts of Srilanka-South India. Jour.Geol.Soc.Ind. Chancellor, Gandhigram Central University, Dindigul, India 19(5), 185-205. for his valuable guidance and suggestions. Naga, K., 1988, Structural relations of charnockites of south References India. Proceedings on workshop on the deep continental crust of South India, 99-100. Anderson, E.M., 1951, The dynamics of faulting and dyke Nair, M.M., 1990, Structural trendline pattern and lineaments formation with application to Britain. Oliver and Boyd, of the Western Ghats, South of 13° latitude. Jour.Geol. London. Soc.Ind, 35, 99-105.

Nair, M.M., and Nair, R.V.G., 2001, Strategies for gold Auden, J.B., 1954, Erosional pattern and fracture zone in exploration in virgin high grade terrains of Attapady Peninsular India. Geol. Mag.,91,89-101. valley, Kerala. Jour.Geol.Surv.Ind.Spl.Pub.No.58, 181- 190. Bakliwal, P.C., 1978, Tectonic interpretation from lineament analysis using photogeophysical techniques of Narayanaswami, S., 1966, Cross-folding and en-echelon Ranthamber fort areas, Rajasthan, India. Third regional folding in Precambrian rocks of India and their relation to conference on Geology and mineral resource of Southeast metallogenesis. Jour.Geol.Soc.Ind.1, 80-104. Asia, 129-131. O’leary, D.W., Friedman, J.D., and Pohn, H. A., 1976, Balaji, S., 1995, Structure and tectonics of northern Tamil Lineament, linear, lineation: Some proposed new Nadu, India through integrated remote sensing. Ph.D standards of old terms. Geol.Soc.Ameri.Bull. 87, 1463- thesis submitted to Bharthidasan University, 177p. 1469. Balaji, S., 1996, Structural trends and fold styles of northern Ramasamy, SM., Panchanathan, S., and Palanivel, R. Tamil Nadu, Jour.Geosci.Develop., 40-41. (1987). Pleistocene earth movements in Peninsular India evidences from Landsat MSS and Thematic mapper data. Balaji, S., 2000, Seismic prone lineaments of Tamil Nadu, Proceedings on International Geoscience and remote India and its impact on environment through remote sensing symposium, Michigan, 1157-1161. Sensing. International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. 33(7), 101-105. Ramasamy, SM., and Balaji, S., 1993, Aid of remote sensing and Pleistocene tectonics of southern Indian Peninsula. Brockmann, C.E., Alvaro fernandez, Raul ballon and Hernan Internat.Jour.Rem.Sen. 16(13), 2375-2391. claure, 1977, Analysis of geological structures based on Landsat 1 images. In Remote Sensing applications for Ramasamy, SM., and Balaji, S., 1995, Remote Sensing and mineral exploration, edited by William L. Smith, 292- Pleistocene tectonics of southern Indian Peninsula. 317. Internat.Jour.Rem.Sen. 16(13), 2375-2391. Drury, S.A., and Holt, R.W., 1980, The tectonic framework Ramasamy, SM., and Bakliwal, P.C., 1988, Use of remote of South Indian Craton; A reconnaissance involving sensing in lineament analysis for tectonic evolution and Landsat imagery. Tectanophysics, 65, T1-T15. A Palaeostress Analysis of Precambrian Granulite Terrain of Northern Tamil Nadu, Peninsular India – A Remote Sensing Study

resource study of a part of Vindhyan basin, Jhalwar area, Ramadurai, S., Sankaran, M., Selvan, T.A., and Windley, India. Jour.Ind.Soc.Ind. 16(1), 63-70. B.F., 1975, The stratigraphy and structure of the Sittampundi complex, Tamil Nadu, India. Jour.Geol.Soc. Ramasamy, SM., Balaji, S., and Kumanan, C.J., 1999, Ind. 16(4), 409-414. Tectonic evolution of early Precambrian South Indian shield (rocks) using remote sensing data. Jour.Ind.Soc. Sugavanam, E.B., Venkata rao, V., Simhachalam, J., Nagal, Rem.Sen. 27(2), 91-104. S.C., and Murthy, M.V.N., 1977, Structure, tectonics, metamorphism, magnetic activity and metallogeny in parts of northern Tamil Nadu. Jour.Geol.Surv.Ind.Mis. Pub. 34, 95-101.