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Environmental Assessment NIAGARA FALLS NATIONAL HERITAGE AREA Part I – Environmental Assessment Niagara Falls National Heritage Area Commission June 2012 NIAGARA FALLS NATIONAL HERITAGE AREA Part I – Environmental Assessment Submitted to: The Niagara Falls National Heritage Area Commission U.S. National Park Service and Ken Salazar U.S. Secretary of the Interior Consulting team: John Milner Associates, Inc. Heritage Strategies, LLC National Trust for Historic Bergmann Associates June 2012 NIAGARA FALLS NATIONAL HERITAGE AREA Part I – Environmental Assessment ii NIAGARA FALLS NATIONAL HERITAGE AREA Table of Contents PART I ─ ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT CHAPTER 1 ─ PURPOSE AND NEED 1.1 Introduction . 1-1 1.2 Purpose and Need for Action . 1-1 1.3 Background and Overview of the National Heritage Area . 1-3 1.3.1 National Heritage Area Description . 1-3 1.3.2 Designation of the Niagara Falls National Heritage Area . 1-4 1.4 Foundation for Planning . 1-5 1.4.1 Legislative Requirements . 1-5 1.4.2 National Signifi cance of the Heritage Area . 1-7 1.4.3 Context, Vision, and Mission . 1-12 1.4.4 Interpretive Themes . .1-13 1.5 Public Participation and Scoping . 1-14 1.5.1 The Scoping Process . 1-15 1.5.2 Issues Identifi ed through Scoping . 1-17 1.5.3 Goals for the National Heritage Area . 1-17 1.6 Impact Topics . 1-18 1.6.1 Impact Topics Retained for Analysis . 1-18 1.6.2 Impact Topics Dismissed from Analysis . 1-20 1.7 Relationships to Other Plans and Projects . 1-22 CHAPTER 2 ─ ALTERNATIVES 2.1 Development of Alternatives . 2-1 2.2 Alternative A – Current Conditions Continue (No Action) . 2-3 2.3 Program Elements Common to All Action Alternatives (B, C, and D) . 2-4 2.4 Alternative B – Focus on Interpretation . 2-6 2.5 Alternative C – Focus on Heritage Product Development . 2-8 2.6 Alternative D – Focus on Visitor Experience (Preferred Alternative) . 2-10 2.7 Alternatives Considered But Dismissed . .2-13 2.8 Mitigation Measures . 2-13 2.9 Comparison of Alternatives . 2-14 2.10 Environmentally Preferred Alternative . 2-21 2.11 Selection of the Preferred Alternative . 2-21 CHAPTER 3 ─ AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT 3.1 Natural Resources and Landscapes . 3-2 3.1.1 The Niagara Gorge and Escarpment, Unique Ecosystem (EA Impact Topic) . 3-3 3.1.2 Topographic Features . 3-5 3.1.3 Geology and Geological Features . 3-6 3.1.4 Prime and Unique Agricultural Land. 3-7 3.1.5 Hydrology . 3-8 3.1.6 Climate . 3-8 NIAGARA FALLS NATIONAL HERITAGE A REA v Part I – Environmental Assessment 3.1.7 Vegetation/ Endangered and Threatened Plant Species (EA Impact Topic) . 3-9 3.1.8 Important Wildlife (EA Impact Topic) . 3-12 3.2 Niagara’s Historic and Cultural Resources . 3-14 3.2.1 Historic Properties and Districts (EA Impact Topic) . 3-16 3.2.2 Native American Associated Sites (EA Impact Topic) . 3-24 3.2.3 Indian Trust Resources and Sacred Sites . .3-25 3.2.4 Archeological Resources (EA Impact Topic) . 3-26 3.2.5 Interpretive Facilities and Collections (EA Impact Topic) . 3-27 3.2.6 Thematically Related Cultural Resources Outside of the Heritage Area Boundary . 3-28 3.3 Socio-economic Context . 3-28 3.3.1 Population . 3-28 3.3.2 The Local Economy . 3-36 3.3.3 Growth Patterns . 3-43 3.3.4 Race and Ethnicity . 3-43 3.3.5 Foreign Born . 3-45 3.3.6 Income . 46 3.3.7 Education . 3-48 3.3.8 The Impact of the Heritage Area on Socio-economic Factors (EA Impact Topic) . 3-49 3.3.9 Sources of Demographic Information . 3-50 3.4 Regional and Community Planning . 3-51 3.4.1 Niagara River Greenway Plan, 2007 . 3-51 3.4.2 The Great Lakes Seaway Trail . 3-51 3.4.3 State and National Heritage Areas . 3-51 3.4.4 Economic Development: Plans and Organizations . 3-58 3.4.5 Niagara Power Project, New York Power Authority – Relicensing . 3-58 3.4.6 Historical Organizations . 3-59 3.4.7 Environmental Protection: Plans and Organizations . 3-59 3.4.8 State Agencies . 3-60 3.4.9 Regional Planning Initiatives. 3-61 3.4.10 Tribal Nation Plans . 3-62 3.4.11 Planning by Local Governments . 3-63 3.4.12 Transportation . 3-66 3.4.13 Utilities . 3-66 3.5 Tourism and Visitor Experience (EA Impact Topic) . 3-66 3.5.1 National Trends in Heritage Tourism . 3-67 3.5.2 Tourism in Niagara Falls . 3-67 3.5.3 Profi le of Visitors to Niagara Falls, New York . 3-70 3.5.4 Visitation at Niagara Falls, New York Attractions . 3-71 3.5.5 Closest Markets for Niagara Falls, New York . 3-71 3.5.6 Tourism Partners in Niagara Falls . 3-72 3.5.7 Lodging . .3-77 3.5.8 Fully Independent Traveler Market . 3-78 3.5.9 Visitor Transportation . 3-80 vi NIAGARA FALLS NATIONAL HERITAGE A REA Table of Contents CHAPTER 4 ─ ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES 4.1 General Methodology for Assessing Impacts . 4-1 4.2 Summary of Key Differences among the Alternatives . 4-3 4.3 Natural Resources and Landscapes . 4-4 4.3.1 The Niagara Gorge and Escarpment, Unique Ecosystem . 4-4 4.3.2 Vegetation/Threatened and Endangered Plant Species . 4-5 4.3.3 Important Wildlife . 4-7 4.4 Historic and Cultural Resources . 4-7 4.4.1 Historic Properties and Districts . 4-8 4.4.2 Native American Associated Properties . 4-8 4.4.3 Archeological Resources . 4-9 4.4.4 Interpretive Facilities and Collections . 4-10 4.5 Socio-economic Environment . 4-10 4.6 Tourism and Visitor Experience . 4-11 4.6.1 Visitor Experience . 4-12 4.6.2 Scenic and Recreational Resources . 4-12 4.7 Tables Summarizing Environmental Impacts . .4-14 4.8 Adverse and Cumulative Impacts . .4-15 CHAPTER 5 ─ CONSULTATION AND COORDINATION 5.1 Public Involvement in the Planning Process: An Overview . 5-1 5.1.1 Project Initiation . 5-3 5.1.2 Existing Conditions and Resource Assessment . 5-3 5.1.3 Vision, Mission, and Goals . 5-4 5.1.4 Development and Analysis of Alternatives . 5-4 5.1.5 Selection of Preferred Alternative . 5-5 5.1.6 Public Review of the Environmental Assessment . 5-6 5.1.7 Development of the Draft Management Plan . 5-6 5.2 Agency Consultation . 5-6 APPENDICES (UNDER SEPARATE COVER) APPENDIX A: FEDERAL ENABLING LEGISLATION (PUBLIC LAW 110-229) & OFFICIAL MAP APPENDIX B: THEMATICALLY RELATED SITES IN NIAGARA & ERIE COUNTIES APPENDIX C: LISTED SPECIES RESPONSE LETTERS APPENDIX D: CIVIC ENGAGEMENT STRATEGY APPENDIX E: PROJECT NEWSLETTERS APPENDIX F: CONSULTATION LETTERS APPENDIX G: PUBLIC MEETING PRESS RELEASES & NOTICES APPENDIX H: EXPRESSIONS OF SUPPORT APPENDIX I: WORK PLAN, FINANCIAL PLAN, & LIST OF POTENTIAL FUNDING SOURCES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS NIAGARA FALLS NATIONAL HERITAGE A REA vii Part I – Environmental Assessment viii NIAGARA FALLS NATIONAL HERITAGE A REA Chapter 1 – Purpose and Need 1.1 Introduction Congress established the Niagara Falls National Heritage Area on May 8, 2008 in Public Law 110-229. The legislation designates the Niagara Falls National Heritage Area Commission as the local coordinating entity for the heritage area and directs the Commission to prepare a management plan that specifi es actions, policies, strategies, and recommendations to meet the heritage area’s goals. Under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA), activities undertaken or funded by federal agencies must be assessed for their potential to cause environmental impacts – both positive and negative. An environmental assessment is a NEPA document prepared to analyze the action, evaluate alternatives, identify impacts, and determine an environmentally preferred means of undertaking a federal action. As the Niagara Falls National Heritage Area was established through federal legislation and receives federal funding and assistance, the creation and approval of a management plan for the heritage area is considered a federal action and is subject to review under NEPA. This environmental assessment has therefore been prepared in conjunction with the management plan in accordance with NEPA requirements. The Niagara Falls National Heritage Area Management Plan and Environmental Assessment have been prepared by the Niagara Falls National Heritage Area Commission with the participation of a wide variety of partners within the region and with support from the National Park Service and its Northeast Regional Offi ce. The environmental assessment evaluates four alternatives for management of the heritage area, describes potential benefi cial and negative impacts that would result as a consequence of implementing each of the alternatives, outlines scoping and public participation processes associated with the planning work, and identifi es a preferred alternative. Following completion of the environmental assessment and selection of a preferred alternative, the management plan was prepared to describe the detailed policies, actions, roles, and responsibilities involved in implementing the preferred alternative. Chapter 1 of this document describes the purpose and need for the project, the foundation for planning, public participation, issues identifi ed through scoping, and impact topics for consideration in the assessment of alternative for the plan. 1.2 Purpose and Need for Action The proposed federal action considered in this environmental assessment is the creation and approval of a management plan to accomplish the purposes for which the Niagara Falls National Heritage Area was created. As delineated in Section 421 of the legislation, these purposes are: NIAGARA FALLS NATIONAL HERITAGE A REA ENVIRONMENTAL A SSESSMENT 1-1 Chapter 1 – Purpose and Need (1) to recognize the national importance of the natural and cultural legacies of the area, as demonstrated in the NPS study report entitled Niagara National Heritage Area Study and dated 2005 (2005 Study Report); (2) to preserve, support, conserve, and interpret the natural, scenic, cultural,
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