Physics-Based Modeling and Simulation of Musculoskeletal Robots

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Physics-Based Modeling and Simulation of Musculoskeletal Robots TECHNISCHEUNIVERSITÄTMÜNCHEN Lehrstuhl für Echtzeitsysteme und Robotik Physics-Based Modeling and Simulation of Musculoskeletal Robots Steffen Wittmeier Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät für Informatik der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) genehmigten Dissertation. Vorsitzender: Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Alin Albu-Schäffer Prüfer der Dissertation: 1. Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Alois Knoll 2. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Rolf Pfeifer (Universität Zürich, Schweiz) Die Dissertation wurde am 18.12.2013 bei der Technische Universität München eingereicht und durch die Fakultät für Informatik am 21.04.2014 angenommen. The advantage of the emotions is that they lead us astray, and the advantage of Science is that it is not emotional. — Oscar Wilde The Picture of Dorian Gray ABSTRACT In the past decade, a new class of tendon-driven robots has emerged which replicates living beings with an unprecedented level of detail. These so-called musculoskeletal robots are characterized by a set of unique features, such as muscle replicas where the mapping between the muscle forces and the joint torques depends on the robot posture or complex joints with many degrees-of-freedom. On the one hand, these features enable new applications for this class of robots, such as an artificial test-bed for the investigation of biologically inspired con- trol strategies or as service and rehabilitation robots where the com- pliance of the muscular system of these robots increases the safety of human-robot interactions. On the other hand, however, these unique features also introduce new challenges both in hard- and software. One approach to tackle these challenges is via simulations where each problem can be investigated in isolation and in a well-defined envi- ronment. But unfortunately, simulating musculoskeletal robots is a challenge in itself, especially if traditional joint-space simulation ap- proaches are employed as an explicit mapping between the muscle forces and the joint torques is required. Hence, the use of an alterna- tive body-space approach, originally developed for computer games and animations and commonly known as physics-based simulations, is proposed. In this dissertation, the applicability of the physics-based simula- tion approach to the class of musculoskeletal robots is investigated. Therefore, the modeling of skeletons and muscles within the physics- based framework is introduced. Here, particular emphasis is put on extending the rigid-body dynamic algorithms of physics-based simu- lations with joint friction models as well as on the computation of the muscle kinematics, i. e. the muscle path. For the muscle kinematics, models of increasing complexity are considered. These models range from simple straight-line connections to wrapping surfaces that em- ploy geometric primitives, namely spheres and cylinders, or meshes to simulate the wrapping of muscles on the bone surface. Moreover, a calibration routine is presented that employs an Evolution Strat- egy (ES) to minimize the simulation-reality gap of the parametric sim- ulation models for both static robot postures and dynamic trajectories. Finally, the developed modeling and calibration techniques are eval- uated against a physical robot. For this purpose, the musculoskeletal robot Anthrob is: (i) developed, (ii) modeled and (iii) calibrated. To further assess the accuracy of each of the presented muscle kinemat- ics models, three Anthrob models are derived. While model I is based solely on straight-line muscles, model II and model III use cylindrical v and mesh wrapping surfaces to model the muscle wrapping on the bones of the robot, respectively. Prior to calibration, model III clearly out-performs model I and II for the tested static robot postures and trajectories. After calibration, these errors are further reduced leading to final errors in the range of the robot repeatability for models II and III. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the physics-based simulation approach is a suitable tool for the simulation of musculoskeletal robots and that it has the potential to promote the development of this particular class of robots in the future. vi ZUSAMMENFASSUNG In den vergangenen zehn Jahren hat sich eine neue Klasse von seh- nengetriebenen Robotern herauskristallisiert, welche Lebewesen mit einem noch nie dagewesenen Detailgrad nachbilden. Diese sogenann- ten muskuloskeletalen Roboter zeichnen sich durch eine Reihe von ein- zigartigen Merkmalen aus. Diese sind z. B. Muskelimitate, bei denen die aus den Muskelkräften resultierenden Gelenkdrehmomente von der Pose des Roboters abhängen, oder komplexe Gelenke mit vie- len Freiheitsgraden. Einerseits ermöglichen diese Merkmale neue An- wendungen für diese Art von Robotern wie z. B. als Testplattform für biologisch-inspirierte Regelungsalgorithmen oder als Roboter im Bereich der Service- und Rehabilitationsrobotik, wo die Nachgiebig- keit des Muskelapparats die Sicherheit von Mensch-Maschine-Inter- aktionen erhöht. Andererseits stellen die einzigartigen Eigenschaften auch neue Herausforderungen dar—sowohl im Bereich der Hard- als auch der Software. Ein Ansatz zur Lösung dieser Herausforderun- gen ist dabei der Einsatz von Simulationen, da hier jede Eigenschaft isoliert und unter definierten Rahmenbedingungen untersucht wer- den kann. Leider muss jedoch die Simulation von muskuloskeletalen Robotern selbst bereits als eine Herausforderung betrachtet werden, speziell wenn klassische Drehmoment-basierte Simulationsmethoden zum Einsatz kommen, da hier eine explizite Umrechnung der Mus- kelkräfte auf Gelenkdrehmomente notwendig ist. Aus diesem Grund wird ein alternatives Simulationsverfahren, welches unter dem Na- men physics-based simulation bekannt ist und welches ursprünglich für Computerspiele und Animationen entwickelt wurde, als mögli- che Lösung des Simulationsproblems vorgeschlagen. In dieser Dissertation wurde die Eignung von physics-based simula- tions für die Simulation von muskuloskeletalen Robotern untersucht. Hierzu wurden Skelett sowie Muskelmodelle für physics-based Simu- lationsumgebungen entwickelt. Besonderes Augenmerk wurde dabei auf die Erweiterung der Festkörperdynamik-Algorithmen von Physik- Engines um Gelenkreibungsmodelle sowie auf die Berechnung der Muskelkinematik, d. h. des Muskelpfades, gelegt. Für die Berechnung der Muskelkinematik werden dabei verschiedene, in ihrer Komplexi- tät variierende Modelle vorgestellt. Diese Modelle reichen von sim- plen Direktverbindungen, bei denen der Muskel als eine Gerade zwi- schen den zwei Ansatzpunkten modelliert wird, bis hin zu Oberflä- chenmodellen basierend auf geometrischen Primitiva oder Polygon- netzen, welche die Simulation des Muskelpfades auf Knochenober- flächen ermöglichen. Darüber hinaus wird eine Kalibrierungsroutine, basierend auf einer Evolutionsstrategie, vorgestellt, welche eingesetzt vii werden kann, um den Simulationsfehler der parametrischen Simulati- onsmodelle zu minimieren. Schlussendlich wurden die entwickelten Modellierungs- und Kalibrierungstechniken anhand eines Beispielro- boters getestet. Hierzu wurde der muskuloskeletale Roboter Anthrob entwickelt, modelliert und kalibriert. Um dabei die Genauigkeit der entwickelten Muskelkinematikmodelle bewerten zu können, wurden drei Anthrob-Modelle abgeleitet. Während in dem ersten Modell die Muskeln ausschließlich durch Direktverbindungen modelliert wur- den, kommen beim zweiten und dritten Modell Oberflächenmodelle basierend auf Zylindern bzw. Polygonnetzen zum Einsatz, um den Muskelpfad auf dem Knochen zu approximieren. Betrachtet man zunächst die unkalibrierten Modelle so konnten mit dem dritten Modell, basierend auf Polygonnetzen, die besten Ergeb- nisse erzielt werden. Diese Abweichungen konnten durch die Kali- brierung weiter reduziert werden. So wurden für das zweite und drit- te Modell Abweichungen im Bereich der Wiederholgenauigkeit des Roboters gemessen. Auf Basis der erzielten Ergebnisse kann gefolgert werden, dass der physics-based Simulationsansatz für die Simulation von muskuloskeletalen Roboter geeignet ist und daher möglicherwei- se in Zukunft einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Weiterentwicklung dieser Roboterklasse leisten kann. viii PUBLICATIONS Some ideas and figures have appeared previously in the following publications: S. Wittmeier, M. Jäntsch, K. Dalamagkidis, M. Rickert, H. Marques, and A. Knoll. Caliper: A universal robot simulation framework for tendon-driven robots. In Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), 2011 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on, pages 1063–1068, 2011 S. Wittmeier, M. Jäntsch, K. Dalamagkidis, and A. Knoll. Physics-based mod- eling of an anthropomimetic robot. In Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), 2011 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on, pages 4148–4153, 2011 S. Wittmeier, A. Gaschler, M. Jäntsch, K. Dalamagkidis, and A. Knoll. Calibra- tion of a physics-based model of an anthropomimetic robot using evolution strategies. In Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), 2012 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on, pages 445 –450, oct. 2012 S. Wittmeier, C. Alessandro, N. Bascarevic, K. Dalamagkidis, D. Devereux, A. Diamond, M. Jäntsch, K. Jovanovic, R. Knight, H. G. Marques, P. Milosavl- jevic, B. Mitra, B. Svetozarevic, V. Potkonjak, R. Pfeifer, A. Knoll, and O. Hol- land. Toward anthropomimetic robotics: Development, simulation, and con- trol of a musculoskeletal torso. Artificial Life, 19(1):171–193, nov 2012 S. Wittmeier, M. Jäntsch, K. Dalamagkidis, A. Panos, F. Volkart, and
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