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Ali Ahmed Bâkesîr'in Vâ Islâmâ Isimli Romaninin

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Ali Ahmed Bâkesîr'in Vâ Islâmâ Isimli Romaninin ALİ AHMED BÂKESÎR’İN VÂ İSLÂMÂ İSİMLİ ROMANININ ÇÖZÜMLEMESİ Furkan ASYA Yüksek Lisans Tezi Arap Dili ve Edebiyatı Anabilim Dalı Doç. Dr. Sait UYLAŞ 2015 (Her Hakkı Saklıdır) ATATÜRK ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ARAP DİLİ VE EDEBİYATI ANABİLİM DALI Furkan ASYA ALİ AHMED BÂKESÎR’İN VÂ İSLÂMÂ İSİMLİ ROMANININ ÇÖZÜMLEMESİ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ TEZ YÖNETİCİSİ Doç. Dr. Sait UYLAŞ ERZURUM-2015 İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET............................................................................................................................. III ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... V KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ .......................................................................................... VII ÖNSÖZ ...........................................................................................................................IX GİRİŞ I. MODERN MISIR SİYASÎ, SOSYAL VE EDEBÎ HAYATINA GENEL BİR BAKIŞ (1798-1945 ) A. SİYASÎ HAYAT B. SOSYAL HAYAT C. EDEBÎ VE KÜLTÜREL HAYAT II. MODERN MISIR ROMANCILIĞI III. TARİHÎ ROMANCILIK BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM ALİ AHMED BÂKESÎR’İN HAYATI, EDEBÎ KİŞİLİĞİ VE ESERLERİ 1.1. ALİ AHMED BÂKESÎR’İN HAYATI ................................................................ 29 1.2. BÂKESÎR’İN EDEBÎ KİŞİLİĞİ .......................................................................... 31 1.3. ESERLERİ ............................................................................................................. 36 1.3.1. Tiyatro Eserleri ............................................................................................ 36 1.3.2. Romanları ..................................................................................................... 39 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM ALİ AHMED BÂKESÎR’İN VÂ İSLÂMÂ İSİMLİ ROMANININ ÇÖZÜMLEMESİ 2.1. ROMANIN TANITIMI ......................................................................................... 42 2.2. OLAY ÖRGÜSÜ .................................................................................................... 47 2.3. ANLATICI VE BAKIŞ AÇISI ............................................................................. 61 2.4. ZAMAN................................................................................................................... 70 2.5. MEKÂN .................................................................................................................. 77 2.6. ŞAHIS KADROSU ................................................................................................. 93 II 2.7. ROMANA DAİR DİKKAT VE ELEŞTİRİLER .............................................. 124 2.8. ROMANDA İŞLENEN TEMALAR .................................................................. 138 SONUÇ ......................................................................................................................... 171 KAYNAKÇA ............................................................................................................... 175 DİZİN ........................................................................................................................... 181 ÖZET YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ ALİ AHMED BÂKESÎR'İN VÂ İSLAMÂ ADLI ROMANININ ÇÖZÜMLEMESİ Furkan ASYA Tez Danışmanı: Doç. Dr. Sait UYLAŞ 2015, 181 Sayfa Jüri: Doç. Dr. Sait UYLAŞ Doç. Dr. Faruk Çiftçi Yrd. Doç. Dr. İlknur EMEKLİ Ali Ahmed Bâkesîr de kendi döneminde kaleme aldığı eserleriyle Arap dünyasında yankı uyandıran önemli bir ediptir. Arap edebiyatına modern anlamda tiyatroyu dâhil eden ve siyasî komedya türünün öncüsü olarak kabul edilen şahıstır. Eserlerinde yaşadığı toplumun siyasî ve sosyal sorunlarını ele almış, ömrünü inandığı değerler uğruna kalemiyle mücadele ederek geçirmiştir. Bu çalışmamızın giriş bölümünde modern Mısır siyasî ve edebî hayatına dair genel malumat verilmiş, modern Mısır romanı ve tarihî romancılık konuları kısaca ele alınmıştır. Birinci bölümde, Ali Ahmed Bâkesîr’in hayatı, fikir dünyası ve eserleri ele alınmıştır. İkinci bölümde ise Ali Ahmed Bâkesîr’in Vâ İslâmâ isimli romanı tematik muhtevası, olay, zaman, mekân ve kişiler açısından incelenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Bâkesîr, İslam Birliği, Ümmetçilik, Cihad Aşkı, Harzemşahlar ve Memlûklar ABSTRACT MASTER THESİS THE ANALIYSIS OF ALI AHMAD BAKATHEER'S NOVEL WA ISLAMAH Furkan ASYA Advisor: Assoc. Prof. Sait UYLAŞ 2015, Page: 181 Jury: Assoc. Prof. Sait UYLAŞ Assoc. Prof. Faruk ÇİFTÇİ Asst. Prof. İlknur EMEKLİ Ali Ahmad Bakatheer was an author who had a serious influence with his works on his time. Bakatheer is the man who included theatre in the modern sense to the Arabic literature and was accepted as pioneer of political comedy type. He dealed with potlitical and social issues of his community in his works and he spent his life struggling with his pen for the sake of values he believed in. In the introductin of our work, genereal information is given about modern Egypt’s political and literary life and dealed with modern Egypt novel and historical novelistic topics briefly. In the first part, Ali Ahmad Bakatheer’s life, his thought life and works are dealed with. In the second part, the novel of Ali Ahmad Bakatheer Vâ İslâmâ is examined in terms of thematic contents, event, time, place and characters. Key Words: Bakatheer, Union of Islam, Ummahizm, Jihad Love, Khwarazm Shahs and Mamluks. KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ a.s. :Aleyhisselam b. :bin(Oğlu) bkz. :Bakınız c. : Cilt çev. : Çeviren DİA : Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi FEF :Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi KSÜ : Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi s. :Sayfa s.a.v : Sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem ss. : Sayfa sayısı ty. :Tarih yok vb. :Ve benzeri yy. :Yüzyıl vs. :ve saire ÖNSÖZ İslam fikriyatıyla beslenip büyümüş olan Ali Ahmed Bâkesîr, siyasi ve sosyal çalkantıların yaşandığı dönemde Mısır’a gelir ve kendisini bir mücadelenin ortasında buluverir. Ömrünü yaşadığı topluma inandığı değerleri sunmak ve toplumda yaşatmak mücadelesiyle geçirir. Batı edebiyatına da vakıf olan Bâkesîr kendi kültürünü eserlerine ve eserleriyle de topluma aktarmaya gayret eder. Bunu yaparken de dinî ve tarihî değerlerden de faydalanmayı ihmal etmez. Bâkesîr’in birçok eserinin yanında kaleme aldığı ve Mısır toplumu üzerinde büyük bir etkisi olan Vâ İslâmâ isimli tarihî romanı da bu anlamda incelenmeye değer bir nitelik arz etmektedir. O, bu eseriyle okuyucuya realist, tarihî ve toplum gerçekçi bir roman sunmuştur. Ayrıca Vâ İslâmâ adlı romanı ile yaşadığı toplumu değiştirmek ve idealindeki topluma dönüştürmek arzusundadır. Eserinde temelde ele aldığı birkaç konu vardır; İslam Birliği, ümmetçilik ve cihad aşkı. Bu konuları güncele taşırken romanında İslam tarihinden Harzemşahlar ve Memlûklar gibi devletleri, Celaleddin Harzemşah ve Seyfüddin Kutuz gibi mümtaz şahsiyetleri işlemiştir. Bâkesîr’in Vâ İslâmâ isimli romanı tür olarak tarihî olmanın ötesinde toplumsal gerçekçi bir eser olma niteliğini taşır. Yazar bu eserle içinde yaşadığı toplumun sosyal ve siyasî sorunlarını tarihî vakalar ve şahsiyetlerle sembolize ederek topluma mesaj vermek yoluna gider. İslam tarihinde ciddi bir inkıtaya yol açmış olan Moğol istilası ve bu inkıtayı sonlandıran Aynicâlût savaşı okuyucuya ibretlik hadiseler mahiyetinde sunulmaktadır. Bâkesîr bu romanıyla okuyucuyu tarihin ışığında kendisine yol bulmaya sevk etmiştir. Yayınlandığı dönemde de geniş yankı uyandıran bu eserde yazar İslam Birliğini, cihad aşkını, sömürgecilere karşı başkaldırıyı ele almıştır. Evvelâ Bâkesîr gibi yaşadığı topluma duyarlı ve üretken bir yazarla tanışmama vesile olduğu, bilâhare bu çalışmanın meydana gelmesinde yardım ve katkılarını esirgemeyerek bana rehberlik ettiği için danışman hocam Doç. Dr. Sait UYLAŞ’a ve bu sürecin her aşamasında beni destekleyen aileme teşekkür ederim. Erzurum-2015 Furkan ASYA GİRİŞ Arap Edebiyatında batının tesirinin tam anlamıyla Mısır’ın Napolyon tarafından işgali ile başladığını söyleyebiliriz. Osmanlı Devletinin hâkimiyetinde bulunan Mısır, coğrafî ehemmiyeti itibari ile Avrupa’nın iştahını kabartmış, 1978’de Napolyon, 400 gemilik bir donanma ile Mısır’ı işgal etmiştir.1Mısırlılar işgalle beraber Avrupaî hayat ve düşünce tarzı ile tanışmışlardır. Napolyon, kendisini bir işgalci değil de kurtarıcı olarak halka lanse etmek istemiştir. Napolyon, beraberinde götürdüğü bilim adamları heyeti ve matbaalarla Mısır’ın bilim ve edebiyat hayatına da tesir etmek istemiştir. Napolyon’un ülkede yeni bir idarî yapılanmaya gitmesi ve bu yapılanmada gayri Müslim unsurlardan yararlanması halk tarafından olumlu karşılanmamıştır. Napolyon bir işgalci olarak halkın itimadını sağlayamamıştır. Osmanlı Devleti 1799’da Kavalalı Mehmet Ali Paşanın da aralarında bulunduğu bir orduyu Napolyon’un üzerine gönderir. Napolyon 22 Ağustos 1799’da Mısır’dan ayrılır. Mehmet Ali Paşa kendisini Mısır’ın Valisi ilan eder, Osmanlı Devleti de bu durumu kabullenir. Mısır’da sosyal ve siyasî hayat temel olarak Mehmet Ali Paşadöneminde değişir. Avrupalıların askeri gücünü gören Mehmet Ali Paşa, ülkede kapsamlı bir reform hareketine gider. Avrupaî tarzda eğitim veren okullar açar. Bu okullarda yabancı Hocalar tarafından ders verilir. Avrupa’ya eğitim görmek için burslu öğrenci grupları gönderir. Avrupa’ya öğrenim için giden öğrenciler Avrupai hayattan ve düşünce tarzından etkilenirler. Ülkelerine döndüklerinde Avrupaî kültürü Mısır’a taşımak isterler. Sosyal hayatı sorgulamaya ve değiştirmeye kalkışırlar. Avrupa edebiyatına da vakıf olan öğrenciler Avrupa’daki edebiyat türlerini Arap edebiyatına taşımak isterler. Şiirde kafiyeye, vezne, biçime önem vermek yerine, toplumsal sorunların ele aldığı serbest
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