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Rebuilding the City of Aleppo: Do the Syrian Authorities Have a Plan?
Rebuilding the City of Aleppo: Do the Syrian Authorities Have a Plan? Myriam Ferrier Wartime and Post-Conflict in Syria (WPCS) Research Project Report 19 March 2020 2020/05 © European University Institute 2020 Content and individual chapters © Myriam Ferrier, 2020 This work has been published by the European University Institute, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies. This text may be downloaded only for personal research purposes. Additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copies or electronically, requires the consent of the authors. If cited or quoted, reference should be made to the full name of the author(s), editor(s), the title, the year and the publisher. Requests should be addressed to [email protected]. Views expressed in this publication reflect the opinion of individual authors and not those of the European University Institute. Middle East Directions Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Research Project Report RSCAS/Middle East Directions 2020/05 19 March 2020 European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) www.eui.eu/RSCAS/Publications/ cadmus.eui.eu Rebuilding the City of Aleppo: Do the Syrian Authorities Have a Plan? Myriam Ferrier* * Myriam Ferrier is a research contributor working on the Wartime and Post-Conflict in Syria project (WPCS) within the Middle East Directions Programme at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies at the European University Institute in Florence. She holds two master’s degrees in middle eastern politics from the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) and from Science-Po Paris. Her research focuses on housing and land property (HLP) issues in Syria. -
Fantasy in Modern Egyptian Drama
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 19, Issue 2, Ver. IV (Feb. 2014), PP 74-81 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org Fantasy in Modern Egyptian Drama Mohamed Kamel Abdel-Daem Lecturer in English, Shaqra University Abstract: This paper is an attempt to spotlight the Arabic dramatic works in modern Egypt ( produced during the second half of the twentieth century and a little after), that are based on fantasy aspects. These plays are usually mingled with elements of science fiction, mirabilia, fairytales, travel journeys, animal stories, utopian dreams, dystopian nightmares. A few Egyptian playwrights have experimented in both science and dark fantasy mixed with folkloric and mythic components. This study highlights these fantasy plays, featuring: Tawfiq al- Hakim’s Ahl el-Kahf ( The People of the Cave,1933), Shhrazad (Scheherazade,1934), Al-Mukhrij ( The Film Director), Bayt al-Naml ( The House of Ants ), Nahr al-Junun ( The River of Madness,1935), Rehla ela al-Ghad ( Voyage to Tomorrow), Not a Thing out of Place (1966), Awdat el-Shabab ( The Return of Consciousness,1974), Sha’er ala el-Qamar ( A Poet on the Moon), Taqreer Qamary ( A Lunar Report), El- Sultan El-Ha’er ( The Sultan’s Dilemma,), Izis(Isis,1955), Al-Ta’am li-kul fam ( Food for Every Mouth,1963); Saad Makkawi’s al-Maiet wal-Haii ( The Living Dead,1973), Lutfi Al-Khuli’s al-Aranib (The Rabbits,1964), No’man Ashur’s Lu’bat al-Zamen (Time Game,1980); Farouk Khorshid’s Habazlem Bazaza ( The Wines of Babylon,1967); Ali Salim’s Il-Nas illi fill-Sama’l-Tamina ( The People in the Eighth Heaven, 1963), Yusuf Idris’s al-Jins al-Thalith (The Third Sex,1971), and other marvelous plays. -
FABRICATING FIDELITY: NATION-BUILDING, INTERNATIONAL LAW, and the GREEK-TURKISH POPULATION EXCHANGE by Umut Özsu a Thesis
FABRICATING FIDELITY: NATION-BUILDING, INTERNATIONAL LAW, AND THE GREEK-TURKISH POPULATION EXCHANGE by Umut Özsu A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Juridical Sciences Faculty of Law University of Toronto © Copyright by Umut Özsu (2011) Abstract FABRICATING FIDELITY: NATION-BUILDING, INTERNATIONAL LAW, AND THE GREEK-TURKISH POPULATION EXCHANGE Umut Özsu Doctor of Juridical Sciences (S.J.D.) Faculty of Law University of Toronto 2011 This dissertation concerns a crucial episode in the international legal history of nation-building: the Greek-Turkish population exchange. Supported by Athens and Ankara, and implemented largely by the League of Nations, the population exchange showcased the new pragmatism of the post-1919 order, an increased willingness to adapt legal doctrine to local conditions. It also exemplified a new mode of non-military nation-building, one initially designed for sovereign but politico-economically weak states on the semi-periphery of the international legal order. The chief aim here, I argue, was not to organize plebiscites, channel self-determination claims, or install protective mechanisms for vulnerable minorities Ŕ all familiar features of the Allied Powers‟ management of imperial disintegration in central and eastern Europe after the First World War. Nor was the objective to restructure a given economy and society from top to bottom, generating an entirely new legal order in the process; this had often been the case with colonialism in Asia and Africa, and would characterize much of the mandates system ii throughout the interwar years. Instead, the goal was to deploy a unique mechanism Ŕ not entirely in conformity with European practice, but also distinct from non-European governance regimes Ŕ to reshape the demographic composition of Greece and Turkey. -
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Mustafa Kemal Atatürk [[file:MustafaKemalAtaturk.jpg alt=]] President Atatürk 1st President of Turkey In office 29 October 1923 – 10 November 1938 (15 years, 12 days) Prime Minister Ali Fethi Okyar İsmet İnönü Celâl Bayar Succeeded by İsmet İnönü 1st Prime Minister of Turkey In office 3 May 1920 – 24 January 1921 (0 years, 266 days) Succeeded by Fevzi Çakmak 1st Speaker of the Parliament of Turkey In office 24 April 1920 – 29 October 1923 (3 years, 219 days) Succeeded by Ali Fethi Okyar 1st Leader of the Republican People's Party In office 9 September 1923 – 10 November 1938 (15 years, 62 days) Succeeded by İsmet İnönü Personal details Born 19 May 1881 (Conventional. This date was adopted by the president himself for official purposes in the absence of precise knowledge concerning the real date.)Salonica, Ottoman Empire (present-day Thessaloniki, Greece) Died 10 November 1938 (aged 57)Dolmabahçe Palace Istanbul, Turkey Resting place Anıtkabir Ankara, Turkey Nationality Turkish Political party Committee of Union and Progress, Republican People's Party Spouse(s) Lâtife Uşaklıgil (1923–25) Religion See Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's religious views. Signature Military service Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 2 Allegiance Ottoman Empire (1893 – 8 July 1919) Republic of Turkey (9 July 1919 – 30 June 1927) Army Service/branch Rank Ottoman Empire: General (Pasha) Republic of Turkey: Mareşal (Marshal) Commands 19th Division – 16th Corps – 2nd Army – 7th Army – Yildirim Army Group – commander-in-chief of Army of the -
SL 2 Łam 11 (2).Indd
Studia Litteraria Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis 11 (2016), z. 2, s. 65–72 doi: 10.4467/20843933ST.16.008.5317 www.ejournals.eu/Studia-Litteraria SEBASTIAN GADOMSKI Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie e-mail: [email protected] Shakespeare’s Dramaturgy in the History of Arab Theatre Abstract The studies and monographs published over the years leave no doubt as to the great signifi cance of Shakespeare’s works for Arabic drama and theatre. The Lebanese writer Michail Nuayma went so far as to say “Shakespeare remains a Ka’ba to which we make pilgrimages, and a Qib- la to which we turn in prayer.” No doubt the words of one of the leading writers of Syrian- -American school cause huge surprise and even consternation. At the same time they encourage us to refl ect on the ways of reading and interpreting Shakespearean drama in the Arab world. This article aims to show the reception of William Shakespeare’s plays in Arab theatre starting from fi rst attempts of staging his works until their contemporary interpretations and attempts to formulate a response to the question of what has made Shakespeare remain continu- ously one of the closest Western playwrights to the Arab culture for more than a century. Keywords: Shakespeare, drama, Arab theatre. According to a joke that has been passed on across the Middle East by word of mouth for many years, Shakespeare was actually an Arabic writer named Sheikh Zubair. Pushing this joke further in its epoch-spanning progress, let us imagine that Hamlet is The Prince of Kuwait, who arrives in his home country from his studies in the United States to attend his father’s funeral. -
Continuities and Changes in Kurdish Nationalism
Continuities and Changes in Kurdish Nationalism Sina Godamoradpoer Master Thesis in Political Science University of Amsterdam Kurdish Nationalism Continuities and Changes in Kurdish Nationalism Author: Sina Godamoradpoer Student number: 5881706 Due date: 24th of June 2016 Words: 25,600 Master Thesis in Political Science University of Amsterdam -- The picture on the First page is of a mural in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq depicting the proclamation of the Republic of Kurdistan in Mahabad. 2 Abstract: In this research it is attempted to explain the continuities and changes in Kurdish nationalism from the 1920s until the present day, this is done by employing the insights generated by the more important approaches to nationalism. These approaches are primordialism, modernism and ethno-symbolism. The method employed to this end, is the method of process tracing, which entails that evidence will be used from a detailed historical narrative to explain the outcome of interest. It is contended in this thesis that nationalism has been present in Kurdistan since at least the 1920s, the date that is considered to be the starting point of the politicization of Kurdish nationalism. Yet in those days Kurdish nationalism is not considered to have had a mass presence among ordinary Kurds. It is also observed in this research that there have been two paths that Kurdish nationalism has traversed, leading to two different variants of Kurdish nationalism, which have been named the conservative and the radical form of Kurdish nationalism. The conservative variant, which is represented by the Kurdistan Regional Government, is the type of nationalism that is less compatible with a modernist account of nationalism, the current orthodox approach to questions relating to nationalism. -
The Novel, Politics and Islam
sabry hafez THE NOVEL, POLITICS AND ISLAM Haydar Haydar’s Banquet for Seaweed n April 28th of this year an impassioned appeal appeared in Cairo, blazoned across the pages of the newspaper al- OSha‘b. Entitled ‘Who Pledges to Die with Me?’, it was a ferocious attack on a novel published in Egypt some months earlier, Walimah li-A‘shab al-Bahr (Banquet for Seaweed), calling it a blasphemous work by an apostate who merited assassination. Uproar ensued. Mosques thundered at the discovery of this infamy. The novel was withdrawn. Judges and police interrogated intellectuals and offi cials in the Ministry of Culture. Students demonstrated, and armoured cars rolled into the streets. Debate raged in the National Assembly, and the activities of a political party were suspended. Two different government committees were set up to investigate the affair. A torrent of articles and declarations, for and against the book at issue, poured off the presses. In Yemen, in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait analogous campaigns were trig- gered. Though the Arab world has seen not a few cultural or political clashes over literary works, the scale and intensity of the hubbub in Egypt this year is unprecedented. Yet what is the text that has provoked it? A novel that is now nearly twenty years old, and has run through at least six editions, by a Syrian writer whose fi ction has never so much as touched on the country where he is now reviled. Perhaps the most astonishing, and ominous, feature of the whole episode is the disjuncture between the controversy and its object. -
Turkey's Kurdish Question: Opportunities And
ISSN 2029-9370. REGIONAL FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, No. 2 (31) TURKEY’S KURDISH QUESTION: OPPORTUNITIES AND PREDICAMENTS Cihat Yilmaz1 Vytautas Magnus University (Lithuania) AbstrACt since the foundation of the republic of turkey, the Kurdish question has been the biggest ethnic issue of turkey which became one of the important subjects in the agenda of turkey and international organizations. the question has certain impacts on the stability of the country that is today being associated with security and terror issues. Consequently the Kurdish question challenges the state and the country in the aspects of ethnic problems, human rights, democracy, as well as socio-economic and political. the aim of this article is to uncover how the Kurdish question challenges the stability in terms of turkish state and the Kurds. In this regard, the re- search engages several objectives; evaluations of approaches toward Kurdish issue, analyzing historical background, and evaluation of the issue in the present time. research methods of the paper consists of comparative analysis of decision, document analysis on the reports and agreements, descriptive method on the developments, and media analysis to engage relevant news. the main results of the research are concluded on variety aspects of the Kurdish question, such as security, terrorism, minority issue, human rights, and so on. thus, it creates certain impacts on the stability in turkey both in terms of state and the Kurds regionally and internationally. KeY words: Turkey, Kurds, PKK, Ocalan, AKP JeL Codes: K1, d74, d78 doI: Introduction Kurds are known to be the biggest ethnic group without state in the world. -
War & Independence: Trauma, Memory, and Modernity in the Young Turkish Republic (1908-1950)
War & Independence: Trauma, Memory, and Modernity in the Young Turkish Republic (1908-1950) Conference organized by The University of Utah and The Turkish Historical Society (24-25 January 2020) Place: Salt Lake City Marriott University Park 480 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84108 1 Thursday, 23 Jan. 2020 Reception (19:00-20:00) and Dinner (20:00-9:30) Friday, 24 Jan. 2020 (9:00-9:30) Opening Speech: Professor Refik Turan, The President of Turkish Historical Society M. Hakan Yavuz, The University of Utah (Professor of Political Science) Panel 1: Ideas and Ideals of the Republic (9:30- 12:00) Chair: Ewa Wasilewska (University of Utah) İştar Gözaydın, (Istanbul, Turkey), “Ziya Gökalp: On Religion.” Levent Köker, (Professor Emeritus, Gazi University), “Nationalist Ambiguities: Kemalism and Islamism in Republican Turkey.” Hiroyuki Ogasawara, (Kyushu University, Japan), “Development of the Turkish Historical Thesis during the Early Period of the Republic of Turkey.” Umut Can Adisonmez (University of Kent) “From Social Survival Mechanism to “Anatolian Nationalism”: Metamorphoses of Islamic Counter-Narratives in Turkey.” 2 Brent Steele, Chair of Political Science Department “Welcoming Talk” (1:30-1:40) Panel 2: Foreign Policy of the Early Republic (13:30-15:00) Chair: Eric Hooglund (Middle East Critique) Eldar Abbasov, (History, Economics and Law Research Institute (Moscow, HELRI), “Russia- Ottoman Relations After Bolshevik Coup: From the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to the Armistice of Mondros (November 1917-October 1918).” Sevtap Demirci, (Bogazici -
Whose Kurdistan? Class Politics and Kurdish Nationalism in the Middle East, 1918-2018
LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE Whose Kurdistan? Class Politics and Kurdish Nationalism in the Middle East, 1918-2018 Nicola Degli Esposti A thesis submitted to the Department of International Relations of the London School of Economics and Political Science for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. London, 13 September 2020 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 98,640 words. 2 Abstract This thesis is a study of the different trajectories of Kurdish nationalism in the Middle East. In the late 2010s – years of momentous advance for Kurdish forces in Turkey, Iraq, and Syria – Kurdish politics was deeply divided into competing movements pursuing irreconcilable projects for the future of the Kurdish nation. By investigating nationalism as embedded in social conflicts, this thesis identifies in the class basis of Kurdish movements and parties the main reason for their political differentiation and the development of competing national projects. After the defeat of the early Kurdish revolts in the 1920s and 1930s, Kurdish nationalism in Iraq and Turkey diverged along ideological lines due to the different social actors that led the respective national movements. -
Tawfiq Al-Hakim and His Contemporary Dramatists
71 CHAPTER – III TAWFIQ AL-HAKIM AND HIS CONTEMPORARY DRAMATISTS 3.1. Introduction Tawfiq al-Hakim (1898 – 1987) is considered to be the founder of Modern Arabic drama, and such a claim has been made by H.R.A. Gibb who significantly regarded him to be so; on the other hand Luwis ‘Awaḍ described him as the true founder of Egyptian drama in every serious sense; and Ghali Shukri called him ‘the first pioneer of the dramatic art in Arabic. It is indicated earlier that Modern Arabic drama was borrowed from the West independently by Marun al-Naqqash in the Lebanon in 1847 and by Ya’qub Sannu in Egypt in 1870. In fact, both of them were inspired by the example of Italian opera and influenced by French comedy. Although some indigenous types of dramas found in the period of medieval Islam, were of the representation of traditional approaches. In this connection, we may mention Abu Zayd al-Hilali and Baybars, which are closer to drama in some ways, and in this connection the drama activities relating to the massacre of al-Husain, the son of the fourth caliph Hazrat ‘Ali (R. A.), and his family in the annual cycle of passion plays (ta‘ziya) for commemorating them, may be compared to that of the earlier model of Arabic drama. Of course, some scholars are of the opinion that the ta‘ziya should more properly be viewed as an extension of religious ritual than a drama. In fact, such type of folk drama 72 was performed by Shi‘ite Muslims generally in Persian; but some have been done in Turkish and Arabic.75 Moreover, if we consider the earlier works of Arabic drama, it appears that the shadow theatre (khiyal al-ẓill) seemed to have a continuous tradition of dramatic entertainment in the Arab lands, as early as the tenth century. -
TURKISH DIPLOMACY, 1936-1945 a Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts
RUSSOPHOBIC NEUTRALITY: TURKISH DIPLOMACY, 1936-1945 A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History By Onur Isci, M.A. Washington, DC February 27, 2014 Copyright 2014 by Onur Isci All Rights Reserved ii RUSSOPHOBIC NEUTRALITY: TURKISH DIPLOMACY, 1936-1945 Onur Isci, M.A. Thesis Advisor: Mustafa Aksakal, Ph.D ABSTRACT This dissertation tells the story of Soviet-Turkish rivalry during the crucible of World War II. By 1939, Turkey began fast reverting to its old imperial attitude, when Istanbul’s foreign policy had been dictated largely by the Sultan’s fear of Russia. The state of wartime affairs between Ankara and Moscow gradually fell in sharp contrast with the cordial atmosphere of the 1920s and 1930s. As opposed to previous historians who have dismissed Turkey’s wartime neutrality as a wily strategy of capitalizing on war, I argue that the underlying factor, guiding the Turkish state in its quest to remain neutral was the revival of Russophobia amongst the ruling circles in Ankara. There had never been a moment during the war for neither the Allies nor the Axis to depart Turkey from its neutrality unless some form of guarantee had soothed its Russian complex. A closer examination of the Turkish archives and the parliamentary minutes reveals that Turkey desired a German victory over Russia provided that this was followed by a British victory over Germany. In other words, Turks very much hoped to see another Brest-Litovsk status quo: two separate wars involving Germany, conducted independently by Britain and the USSR without cooperation.