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Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture February 2019 CGRFA-17/19/8.2/Inf.1 E COMMISSION ON GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE Item 8.2 of the Provisional Agenda Seventeenth Regular Session Rome, 18–22 February 2019 THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S AQUATIC GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE – PROOFING VERSION This document can be accessed using the Quick Response Code on this page; a FAO initiative to minimize its environmental impact and promote greener communications. Other documents can be consulted at www.fao.org MY615/E NOT FOR CITATION THE STATE OF THE WORLD’s AQUATIC GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE COMMISSION ON GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2019 i This page intentionally left blank ii Table of Contents List of Tables vii List of Figures xiii List of Boxes xviii Foreword (DRAFT ONLY) xx Acknowledgements xxii Abbreviations and Acronyms xxv About This Publication xxvii 1. The reporting and preparatory process xxvii 2. Classification of countries by region, economic class and level of aquaculture production xxix 3. Current status of reporting on aquatic genetic resources xxxi 4. Organization of this Report xxxii Executive Summary xxxiii Chapter 1 The State of World Aquaculture and Fisheries 1 1.1 Global trend in fisheries and aquaculture 2 1.2 The state of world aquaculture 5 1.3 The state of world fisheries 7 1.3.1 Marine fisheries 8 1.3.2 Inland fisheries 9 1.4 Consumption of aquatic genetic resources 10 1.4.1 The role of AqGR for nutrition and food security 10 1.4.2 Non-food uses of AqGR 12 1.5 Diversity of aquaculture production systems 13 1.5.1 Stock enhancement systems 14 1.6 Diversity of aquatic genetic resources used in aquaculture and fisheries 17 1.6.1 Definitions and nomenclature 18 1.6.2 Diversity and production of farmed species 19 1.6.3 Marine and freshwater ornamental fish in the aquarium trade 32 1.6.4 Diversity of species in capture fisheries 33 1.6.5 Aquatic genetic resources below the level of species 35 1.7 The outlook for fisheries and aquaculture and the role of aquatic genetic resources 36 References 38 Chapter 2 The Use and Exchange of Aquatic Genetic Resources of Farmed Aquatic Species and Their Wild Relatives Within National Jurisdiction 41 2.1 Introduction 42 2.2 Information on aquatic genetic resources in fisheries and aquaculture 42 2.3 The use of aquatic genetic resources in food production 46 2.3.1 Availability of information on aquatic genetic resources in aquaculture 46 2.3.2 The diversity of farmed species used in aquaculture 47 2.4 Genetic technologies applied for the characterization and use of farmed aquatic genetic resources 60 2.4.1 Generation and use of farmed types 62 2.4.2 Extent of the use of genetics in aquaculture 66 2.4.3 Biotechnologies for improved characterization of aquatic genetic resources 72 2.4.4 Biotechnologies for improved performance in aquaculture 75 2.5 Aquatic genetic resources of wild relatives 80 iii 2.5.1 Trends in abundance of wild relatives 84 2.6 Use of non-native species in fisheries and aquaculture 87 References 93 Chapter 3 Drivers And Trends in Aquaculture: Consequences for Aquatic Genetic Resources Within National Jurisdiction 98 3.1 Drivers impacting aquatic genetic resources in aquaculture and their wild relatives 99 3.1.1 Human population increase 99 3.1.2 Competition for resources 101 3.1.3 Governance 104 3.1.4 Increased wealth and demand for fish 108 3.1.5 Consumer food preferences and ethical considerations 111 3.1.6 Climate change 114 3.2 Drivers that are impacting aquatic ecosystems and wild relatives 115 3.2.1 Habitat loss and degradation 115 3.2.2 Pollution of waters 118 3.2.3 Climate change 121 3.2.4 Impacts of purposeful stocking and escapees from aquaculture 125 3.2.5 Establishment of invasive species 129 3.2.6 Introductions of parasites and pathogens 133 3.2.7 Impacts of capture fisheries on ecosystems and wild relatives 135 References 137 Chapter 4 In Situ Conservation of Farmed Aquatic Species and Their Wild Relatives Within National Jurisdiction 142 4.1 Introduction 142 4.2 In situ conservation of wild relatives of farmed aquatic species 147 4.2.1 Conservation of wild relatives 147 4.3 In situ conservation of farmed aquatic species 158 References 160 Chapter 5 Ex Situ Conservation of Aquatic Genetic Resources of Farmed Aquatic Species and Their Wild Relatives Within National Jurisdiction 162 5.1 Introduction 162 5.2 Complementarity of in situ and ex situ conservation programmes 163 5.3 Ex situ conservation overview 163 5.3.1 Methods for ex situ conservation 166 5.4 In vivo collections identified in Country Reports 169 5.4.1 Overview 169 5.4.2 Endangered species 172 5.4.3 Main species being conserved 175 5.4.4 Main uses of conserved species 176 5.5 In vitro collections identified in Country Reports 178 5.5.1 Overview 178 5.5.2 Main species being conserved 180 5.5.3 Type of material conserved in vitro 182 5.5.4 In vitro conservation facilities 182 5.6 Objectives of ex situ conservation programmes 183 References 185 Chapter 6 Stakeholders with Interests in Aquatic Genetic Resources of Farmed Aquatic Species and Their Wild Relatives Within National Jurisdiction 187 6.1 Introduction 187 iv 6.2 Identification of stakeholders 188 6.3 Global level analysis of stakeholder roles 189 6.3.1 Introduction 189 6.3.2 Roles of different stakeholder groups in the conservation, sustainable use and development of aquatic genetic resources 190 6.4 Analysis of stakeholder roles engagement 196 6.4.1 Stakeholder interest in aquatic genetic resources by geographic region 196 6.4.2 Interest of stakeholders in types of aquatic genetic resources by economic class and by level of aquaculture production 197 6.5 Indigenous and local communities 199 6.6 Gender 200 References 202 Chapter 7 National Policies and Legislation for Aquatic Genetic Resources of Farmed Aquatic Species and Their Wild Relatives Within National Jurisdiction 203 7.1 Introduction 203 7.2 Overview of national policies and legislation 208 7.3 Access and benefit-sharing policies 211 7.3.1 Principles guiding access to aquatic genetic resources 212 7.3.2 Facilitating and restricting access to aquatic genetic resources 213 7.3.3 Obstacles to accessing aquatic genetic resources 215 References 217 Chapter 8 Research, Education, Training and Extension on Aquatic Genetic Resources Within National Jurisdiction: Coordination, Networking And Information 219 8.1 Introduction 220 8.2 Research on aquatic genetic resources 220 8.2.1 Research institutions 222 8.2.2 Major areas of research 223 8.2.3 Capacity needs for research 226 8.3 Education, training and extension on aquatic genetic resources 227 8.3.1 Institutions, areas of work and type of courses 227 8.4 Coordination and networking on aquatic genetic resources 230 8.4.1 Networking mechanisms 230 8.4.2 Capacity needs for coordination and networking 233 8.4.3 National networking on aquatic genetic resources 235 8.5 Information systems on aquatic genetic resources 240 8.5.1 Main users of information systems 242 8.5.2 Type of information stored in information systems on aquatic genetic resources 243 References 245 Chapter 9 International Collaboration on Aquatic Genetic Resources of Farmed Aquatic Species and Their Wild Relatives 247 9.1 Introduction 247 9.2 Conventions 248 9.2.1 Convention on Biological Diversity 248 9.2.2 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 248 9.2.3 Ramsar Convention 249 9.2.4 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 249 9.2.5 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 250 9.2.6 The Barcelona Convention 250 v 9.2.7 The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals 250 9.3 Other relevant agreements 251 9.3.1 The Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) 251 9.4 International agreements and their impacts on aquatic genetic resources and on stakeholders 252 9.4.1 Participation in international forums of relevance for aquatic genetic resources 252 9.4.2 International collaboration – needs assessment: overview by region, subregion and economic class 258 References 270 Chapter 10 Key Findings, Needs and Challenges 272 10.1 The key features and unique characteristics of aquatic genetic resources 272 10.2 Needs and challenges 274 10.2.1 Response to sector changes and environmental drivers 274 10.2.2 Characterization, inventory and monitoring of aquatic genetic resources 275 10.2.3 Development of aquatic genetic resources for aquaculture 275 10.2.4 Sustainable use and conservation of aquatic genetic resources 276 10.2.5 Policies, institutions, capacity building and cooperation 278 10.3 The way forward 279 vi List of Tables Table 1 Number and percentage of countries that have submitted Country Reports, by region ................................................................................................................................................. xxx Table 2 Number and percentage of countries that have submitted Country Reports, by economic class........................................................................................................................ xxxi Table 3 Number and percentage of countries that have submitted Country Reports, by level of aquaculture production ..................................................................................................... xxxi Table 4 World production from capture fisheries and aquaculture and its utilization relative to global population and per capita food fish supply, 2011–2016 (million tonnes)1 ................ 4 Table 5 Aquaculture production of main groups of food fish species, by region, 2016 (thousand tonnes, live weight) .................................................................................................. 6 Table 6 Annual growth rate of total aquaculture production, by region, 2012–2016 (percentage) ..............................................................................................................................
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