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Media Accountability in the Twenty-First Century

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Media Accountability in the Twenty-First Century Provided by the author(s) and NUI Galway in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite the published version when available. Title Media accountability in the twenty-first century Author(s) Brody, Annabel Publication Date 2012-10-02 Item record http://hdl.handle.net/10379/5031 Downloaded 2021-09-24T15:52:25Z Some rights reserved. For more information, please see the item record link above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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to my supervisor, Marie McGonagle for her constant support and encouragement throughout the course of researching and writing this thesis. Marie has been truly inspirational to me throughout the entire process and I am privileged to have secured her guidance. I would also like to thank the organisations, governmental or otherwise that assisted me in the research of this thesis by willingly and comprehensively answering the various queries addressed to them. A special thanks is due to the Press Council of Ireland for allowing me to undertake extensive empirical research at their offices. The research conducted at the PCI forms an integral part of this thesis. I would like to especially thank Professor John Horgan, Bernie Grogan and Miriam Laffan who were so accommodating, supportive and helpful during my time at the PCI. I would also like to thank the Press Complaints Commission, particularly former Deputy Director, Will Gore, the Alliance of Independent Press Councils in Europe and all of its members who have assisted me greatly, the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland (BAI), the Independent (UK), the National Newspapers of Ireland, Radio Telefis Eireann (RTE), the Programme in Comparative Law and Policy (PCMLP) and the Office of Communications (UK) (Ofcom). I would like to acknowledge the receipt of funding from the College of Arts, Social Sciences and Celtic Studies and the School of Law, NUI, Galway. I would also like to thank the staff members of the School of law, particularly, Carmel, Geraldine, Tara and Des who have been so helpful throughout my time in NUI, Galway. To my fellow researchers in the School of Law who have come and gone since I began my research – Bernadette, Connie, Ingrid, Tommy, Tom, Charles, Sharon, Anne Egan – thank you all for your encouragement, support and advice throughout this entire process. I would also like to thank Ann O’Rafferty, Sandra, Michelle and Danny- each of whom have, on several occasions, smoothed my path in one way or another. I owe a special massive thank you to Helen, Sharon, Charles and Mum who have all helped me immensely and to whom I am truly grateful. Finally, but by no means least, I would like to thank my wonderful family – Madelyn, Frank, Giles, Justin, Simon, Charlotte and Jodie for their love and support and constant encouragement - this thesis is dedicated to you. !! ! ! ! ! INTRODUCTION The aim of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive examination, analysis and assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the various methods currently used to ensure media accountability in Ireland and in other jurisdictions. The goal is to assess whether these are effective or whether alternative approaches need to be considered to achieve media accountability in the twenty-first century, in light of new technological developments and changing norms and values in society. Major technological advances in the media field have increased the variety of media available and changed the way the traditional media exert power over people’s lives. Technological developments have created the need for a greater understanding of how law, co-regulatory and self-regulatory mechanisms can best provide for transparent and independent systems of accountability. Colin Scott (2000) defines accountability as ‘the duty to give account for one’s actions to some other persons or body.’ Accountability, as it relates to the media, i.e. ‘media accountability’ is difficult to define. However, there are a number of key elements which must be in place in order to provide effective media accountability to the public. The main elements are responsibility, responsiveness and transparency. Firstly, the media must be responsible for their publications, i.e. the media must recognize that they have certain duties and responsibilities to the public and must be willing to adhere to certain standards, such as those set in place by legislation and media accountability mechanisms such as press councils and broadcasting complaints bodies. Secondly, the media must be responsive to the public, i.e. the media must be prepared to communicate with the public and, where standards are not upheld, be willing to rectify the matter in a proportionate manner. As such, the media must be answerable to the public. Thirdly, both the processes of journalism and media accountability mechanisms must be transparent. The public should be adequately informed, where appropriate, with regard to sources of information and reasons for publication of that information. Media accountability bodies must also ensure that their decision making function is transparent so that the public can see that decisions are being made in an impartial manner. "! ! Accountability in the context of the media, however, must be compatible with freedom of expression. The Irish Constitution specifically mentions the media in Article 40.6.1, which provides for freedom of expression. This freedom is however subject to a number of restrictions. Freedom of expression is also protected under the European Convention of Human Rights under Article 10 and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights under Article 19. These rights are also subject to restrictions. This thesis considers alternative approaches to achieving media accountability which safeguard freedom of expression. The thesis contemplates key conceptual questions such as: what are the principles underlying media regulation and accountability? What are the rights and duties of the media in this ever expanding ‘information age’ (McQuail; 2003)? Has the role
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