Vol. 15 Issue 04 2020 JAN–MAR 08 / Bangsawan Theatres 14 / World’s Oldest Profession 20 / Cannibals and Head Hunters 28 / Vietnam War 38 / The 1915 Mutiny 44 / Chinese Newspapers Remembering REDIFFUSION p. 02 biblioasia VOLUME 15 JAN Welcome to the first issue of 2020! The start of any new year always provides us with the oppor- MAR tunity to look forward to what the future holds, and to reflect on our past. ISSUE 04 2020 Director’s CONTENTS Today, we take it for granted that we can get our fill of entertainment anytime and anywhere we want. We download movies and television programmes onto our phones and tablets, and FEATURES Note watch them while lying in bed or riding the MRT. Things were very different in the immediate post-war years though. In the 1960s and The Theatres Snakes, Tigers 08 of Bangsawan 20 and Cannibals: 1970s, many Singaporeans relied on their trusty Rediffusion sets for entertainment. Although 02 Ida Pfeiffer’s Rediffusion only had two channels and limited programming, it was beloved by Singaporeans. Travels in Until, that is, it fell out of favour. Barbara Quek looks at the rise and decline of this venerable REDIFFUSION’S Southeast Asia form of entertainment (pg. 2). If the idea of a Rediffusion set seems quaint, imagine life in the late 19th and early 20th GOLDEN YEARS century. Back then, for a night’s entertainment, you would walk or ride on a bullock cart to North Bridge Road to catch a bangsawan show, a stage production performed in Malay by actors and backed by an orchestra. Tan Chui Hua puts bangsawan venues under the spotlight (pg. 8) to show us what life was like back then. Both Rediffusion sets andbangsawan theatres have had their day in the sun. Will newspa- When Women pers be next to go? Perhaps not. As an industry, newspapers have demonstrated a remarkable 14 Were Commodities ability to adapt, as Lee Meiyu shows in her essay (pg. 44) on how Chinese newspapers here have evolved over the last 200 years. Even as newspapers change to meet new challenges, one thing remains constant: someone needs to gather the news. This can be dangerous work as Shirlene Noordin recounts in her story of four Singaporean journalists who covered the Vietnam War (pg. 28). Sadly, of the four, only one survived. Armed conflict is the subject of another piece that recounts the final moments of Indian soldiers in Singapore who mutinied in 1915. Umej Bhatia recreates their last hours before they were executed by a firing squad in an excerpt from his newly published book (pg. 38). Some stories about colonial Singapore are better known than others. Adeline Foo provides a glimpse of a more seedy side of our city, highlighting the lives of women at the turn of the 20th century who were kidnapped or forced by circumstances to become sex workers (pg. 14). Many of these women had little say in how they lived their lives. In contrast, we feature the intrepid Austrian writer Ida Pfeiffer, who travelled the world alone and stopped over twice in Singapore in the second half of the 19th century. She wrote Ms Tan Huism about the wonders of Pulau Ubin, described a Chinese funeral in detail and came up close to The Vietnam War Through Director drying human heads in Sarawak. John van Wyhe has the story (pg. 20). 28 Singaporean Eyes National Library We round off this issue with Ang Seow Leng’s piece on census-taking in Singapore (pg. 62), Gracie Lee’s article on the history of printing in Indochina (pg. 50) and Wong Sher Maine’s retrospective on 150 years of the Istana (pg. 54). Trial by 38 Firing Squad Editorial & Production Editor-in-Chief Contributors Umej Bhatia Please direct all correspondence to On the cover Francis Dorai Adeline Foo Wong Sher Maine National Library Board Rediffusion sets were a common Managing Editor Ang Seow Leng 100 Victoria Street #14-01 sight in Singapore homes in the Jimmy Yap Barbara Quek National Library Building 1960s and 1970s. Illustration by Design and Print Oxygen Studio Designs Pte Ltd. From Lat Pau to Zaobao: Gracie Lee Oxygen Studio Singapore 188064 A History of Chinese Newspapers Editor John van Wyhe Designs Pte Ltd Email: [email protected] 44 Veronica Chee Website: www.nlb.gov.sg Lee Meiyu Editorial Support Shirlene Noordin Masamah Ahmad Tan Chui Hua Early Printing The Istana Head Count: Fiona Lim 50 in Indochina 54 Turns 150 62 The History of Census-taking in Singapore All rights reserved. National Library Board, Singapore, 2020. BiblioAsia is a free quarterly publication produced by the National ISSN 0219-8126 (print) Library Board. It features articles on the history, culture and heritage ISSN 1793-9968 (online) of Singapore within the larger Asian context, and has a strong focus The views of the writers and contributors do not reflect the views of the Publisher. No part of this on the collections and services of the National Library. BiblioAsia is publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior written permission from distributed to local and international libraries, academic institutions, the Publisher and copyright owner(s). government ministries and agencies, as well as members of the public. www.nlb.gov.sg/biblioasia/ Whilst reasonable care has been taken to ensure The online edition can be accessed with the QR code on the right. the accuracy of the information in this publication, the Publisher accepts no legal liabilities whatsoever for the contents of this magazine. BIBLIOASIA JAN - MAR 2020 VOL. 15 ISSUE 04 FEATURE Storytellers like Lee Dai Soh (see had more than 100,000 subscribers.8 Services (Overseas) Ltd, a London-based text box overleaf) and Ong Toh helped It provided a novel way of delivering company, and introduced to Singapore make Rediffusion popular.2 Their efforts entertainment programmes, the major- in 1949. Jack Snowden, a young English left a mark on people like James Seah ity of which were in Chinese dialects. engineer with the company, arrived who, on the Singapore Memory Project,3 On the other hand, government-owned with a core team to set up Rediffusion recalled how these stories affected the radio stations like Radio Malaya and its (Singapore). He stayed with the com- daily rhythms of life at home. Seah had successors broadcast mainly news and pany for 38 years until his retirement become a Rediffusion fan in 1960 when educational programmes from England as managing director in 1986.10 he was still in Primary 5 and was living in that were deemed as lacking “life and The company operated out of the a kampong in Bukit Ho Swee. He wrote: originality”. People also found Rediffusion Rediffusion Building that was built on REDIFFUSION’S to be more “intimate” and “homely” as the site of the old railway station on “My mother would stop whatever listeners could call in to chat with their Tank Road (now Clemenceau Avenue) in housework, and I had to complete favourite DJs.9 1948. Before the company could begin school homework before 9 pm to However, due to changing market its radio service, miles of trunk cables sit attentively on a stool beside conditions, new government policies and were laid throughout the streets of GOLDEN YEARS the wooden partition of my next competition from television and free-to- Singapore.11 The building was later sold door neighbour. The Rediffusion air radio, Rediffusion began to wane in and, in 1989, Rediffusion relocated to the Singapore’s only cable radio service was an instant hit when it was launched in was subscribed by my neighbour popularity in the 1980s and its audience four-storey Rediffusion House on Jalan and he kindly shared it with us... numbers declined. The radio station Selanting, off Upper Bukit Timah Road. 1949. Barbara Quek charts the history of the pioneering broadcasting station. The radio was located nearest to ceased operations in 2012, and although The new facility had six broadcasting our side of the wooden partition it was revived a year later, Rediffusion studios, two commercial studios and a and the volume… turned on to its no longer functioned as a radio station. suite for the rehearsal and production maximum.”4 of dramas.12 The Formative Years Rediffusion soon became a house- Apart from stories, Rediffusion Rediffusion was launched as a cable hold name in Singapore.13 At a monthly also broadcast recordings of outdoor radio service in the town of Clacton, subscription rate of $5,14 Rediffusion stage shows such as concerts and England, in the 1920s by Broadcast Relay offered a cheaper alternative to house- music programmes, which were mainly in Chinese. Recordings of Chinese wayang (street opera) performances, (Facing page) A Rediffu- in particular, were well received until the sion set from the 1950s. 1970s when boxing match commenta- The radio service was 5 transmitted via cable. ries took over. Courtesy of National Rediffusion became popular at a Museum of Singapore, time when the majority of Singapor- National Heritage Board. eans lived in rural areas and not many An undated recording households could afford a television set. session in progress at a Besides, Rediffusion triumphed over the Rediffusion studio. Im- state-owned broadcaster because it had age reproduced from a clear advantage over conventional radio Rediffusion Singapore, 6 photographs, circa 1948– services operated by the state. 1987. (Call no.: RCLOS Unlike AM or FM radios, Rediffu- 384.540655957 RED) sion boxes did not have receivers; they (Left) Rediffusion be- were largely loudspeakers with a built-in came an important amplifier. As Rediffusion’s service was source of entertainment transmitted via cable, the audio quality in Singapore when it was was much better compared with over- introduced here in 1949, the-air radio services of the time.