Петербургский исторический журнал № 4 (2015) as wellRussiannationalism andcentralizingstateideology. Thenationalistconfl 2014 (inFinnish) is largelybasedonmydoctoraldissertation,which waspublishedinthespringof number ofpeople,ennoblements,occupationsand landownership.Thearticle From imperialloyalism to nationalist confl The nobilityofFinland1809–1919: Alex Snellman peror. Attheendof19 in 1809–1899,whenitadministratedtheGrandDuchy onbehalfoftheRussianem- 1

Snellman A In thisarticle,Idescribethemaincharacteristics of theFinnishnobility: versity ofHelsinki,2014. already beforetheRussianconquest.TheNobilityof Finlandhadnot. terschaften Duchy ofFinland.Ofcourse,theseparateBalticGerman ( system. TheRussiansystemofnobilitywasneverintroduced intheGrand of nobilityremainedinforceanditwasnotcompatible withtheRussian were notabsorbedintotheRussiannobility, because theSwedishsystem dish nobilitybythenewstateborderbetweenSwedenandRussia.They zed thattheywereaseparatenobility. TheywereseparatedfromtheSwe- had beenmembersoftheNobilitySwedishRealm,suddenlyreali- in theterritorythatRussiaconquered1808–1809andwhichpreviously there wasonlytheNobilityofSweden.Thosenoblefamilies,whichlived in .Beforetheyear1809,therewasnoseparateFinnishnobility: It didnotabolishtheoldSwedishlegislationthatregulatednobility A separateNobilityofFinlandwas—inadvertentlycreatedbyRussia. . Suomen aateli:yhteiskunnan huipultauusiinrooleihin1809–1939.Helsinki: Uni- 1 . IproposethattheNobilityofFinlandfavouredimperial loyalism ) werequitesimilartotheFinnishnobility, buttheyhadexisted th century, loyalismwas supersededbyFinnishnationalism УДК 94(480)+929.7 ict Rit- ict the Swedishnoblesystemwereconfi laws, theestateprivilegesandLutheranreligion. Thusthelawsthatregulated Grand DuchyofFinland.Thirdly, theemperor promisedtoupholdthefundamental the offi Swedish Realmthatbecame subjectsoftheemperor families ennobledbytheRussianemperorsandthose ca.200oldnoblefamiliesofthe Grand DuchyofFinland».TheFinnishnobilitywas formedasanamalgamationof Swedish anymore,butneitherweretheyRussian:the rankswereconferred«inthe andtwobaronsennobledfourpersons.These eightnoblerankswerenot Finnish nobleranks.AttheendofDiet,19July 1809,theemperorcreatedtwo assembled noblemenreceivednewmemberswhen Alexander Iconferredthefi of 1723andtheInstrumentGovernment(«constitution») of1772.Finally, the husordningen in thatoathannouncedtheywerethe in Finland.Secondly, theysworeanoathofallegiance toAlexanderIofRussiaand assembled sixtyorsonoblemendecidedtoestablishaseparateHouseofNobility registered attheHouseofNobilityinStockholm.DuringDietPorvoo, which includedthenoblefamilieslivinginFinnishterritoryofRealm,was assembly meetinginthenewlyconqueredGrandDuchy. TheNobilityofSweden, oftheSwedishRealmduringDietPorvoo1809,fi bility, acceleratedthedeclineofnobilityasapoliticalforceinGrand Duchy as aconsequence,losttheirtraditionalalliancewiththeemperor. This,inallproba- was severed.AclearmajorityoftheFinnishnoblesformedanoppositionalgroupand, in 1899–1917meantthattheage-oldbondbetweennobilityandmonarch Snellman Alex since 1809,intheFinnishGrandDuchy, somewhatmoremodestly, assembly (thefour-estateDiet)thatintheSwedishRealmwascalled ), registeredallthenoblesandsupervisedtheirrighttoattendlegislative organization ofthenobility, theHouseofNobility( In theSwedishsystem,nobilitywasaparticularlywell-defi divided thesocietyintofourestates(ororders):nobility, , burghersandpeasants. Grand Duchy. TheSwedishlegalsystemwasretainedinforcetheGrandDuchy. It thereafter —toincorporatetheterritoryintoEmpireasaseparately-governed occupy theFinnishterritoryofSwedishRealminspring1808and—soon tain. AsRussiandiplomaticeff would forceSwedentojointheContinentalSystem,anembargoagainstGreatBri- Napoleon andtheRussianEmperorAlexanderIagreedinTilsit(1807)thatRussia 4 3 2 Ibid Ibid. Snellman I proposeinmydissertationthattheNobilityofFinlandseparatedfrom The separate was a by-product of the Napoleonic wars. Emperor The separateFinnishnobilitywasaby-productoftheNapoleonicwars.Emperor . cial titleoftheNobleEstate— nowapparentlyextantintheconfi S.43–66. S. 33–42.

A . Suomenaateli.S.181–202,227–229. of1626(thestatutestheHouseNobility), nobleprivileges orts did notachievethatobjective,Russiadecidedto rmed. Themostimportantwerethe RidderskapochAdel Riddarhuset 4 . ned social group. The nedsocialgroup.The , literally the House of , literallytheHouseof Landtdag rstlegislative Riksdag whichwas nesofthe 3 Riddar- . and, and, 113 rst 2 . Saint-Petersburg Historical JournalN 4 (2015) Петербургский исторический журнал № 4 (2015) of thepopulation.Atsametimetherewere0.39 % noblesinSweden 114 lity decreasedfairlycontinuously. Theonlyexceptionwasthegreatfamineof but asthepopulationgrowthratewasevenhigher, theproportionofnobi- nobility grewslowlyboththroughnaturalincrease andthroughennoblements, nobles accordingtothedataIcreatedformydissertation 6 5 7 Matvei Platov, 11.AheraldofSaintAndrew, 12.AheraldoftheNobleEstate,13–14.Finnish Therearediff Allthenearly20 000 Finnishnoblesareincludedinthedata.Itisbasedongenealogical re- IhavestudiedEmanuelThelning’s paintingindetailthearticle«EmanuelThelninginmaapäi- Sprengtporten, 4.EmperorAlexanderI,5.ForeignMinisterNikolayRumyantsev, 6.Minister Nikolai Tolstoy, 8.Unknowpersonincourtuniform,9.UnkownRussiangeneral,10.General of War AlekseyArakcheyev, 7.Unknowncourtoffi 1809. EmanuelThelning,detail(1812):1.JusticeChancellorAdolfTandefelt, 2.Marshal cords oftheFinnishHouseNobility, see yhdistys, 2008.Available: http://www.1809.fi vämaalaus jaPorvoontapahtumat». SuomenMuseo2007.Helsinki:Muinaismuisto- This new-bornsocialgroupwasminute:in1815 therewere2885Finnish of theNobilityRobertWilhelmDeGeer, 3.GovernorGeneralofFinlandGöranMagnus The NobilityispreparingfortheoathofallegianceatPorvooCathedralon29March Fig. 1.ThebeginningofthealliancebetweenemperorandFinnishnobility erences inthemethodsofcalculation,see Th enobility of Finland 1809–1919:From imperial loyalism to nationalist confl noblemen inuniformsofthenobility Snellman A /lue_naee_koe/artikkeleja/fi cial, possiblyGrandMarshaloftheCourt Snellman A . Suomenaateli.C1andapp.1. 5 . Suomen aateli.S.67–68, 157. . 6 . Thatwas0.26 % .html 7 . The ict nish noble:eitherbyinheriting thenobilityfromone’sfatherorbypersonalfavour of assumption ofnoblerankwas diffi countries, thedividinglinebetweennoblesandrest ofthesocietywasclear. The speaking evidentwhowasnobleinFinlandand wasnot.Unlikeinmanyother families were,atleastintheory, registeredattheHouseofNobility, it wasgenerally general. lity wasnotaffectedbyhardshipsinthesamemeasureaspopulation 1866–1868, whentheproportionofnoblesincreasedtemporarilyasnobi- Snellman Alex only laterinHelsinki—itwascompleted1862 established in1816–1818,whereastheHouseofNobility Buildingwasconstructed immediately. TheFinnishHouseofNobilityasanorganization ofthenobleswas parate HouseofNobilityinFinland.However, theseplanswerenotmaterialized 8

Snellman As mentionedearlier, in1809,theNobleEstatemadeplanstoestablish ase- aatelissuvut. Helsinki:Minerva, 2013(inFinnish). Adeln ochdesshus.Helsingfors: Fontana Media,2013 (inSwedish);RitarihuonejaSuomen Fig. 2.ThenumberofFinnishnoblesandtheirpercentage theFinnishpopulation

A . Suomen aateli. S.61–66.SeealsothenewbookonFinnishHouse ofNobility: cult astherewereonlytwowaystobecomeaFin- 8 . Asallthemembersofnoble 115

Saint-Petersburg Historical JournalN 4 (2015) Петербургский исторический журнал № 4 (2015) 3 badges ofimperialordersconferrednobilityautomatically system diff sian systemofnobility, wasunknowninFinland.TherestrictivenessoftheFinnish ).Thepersonal,non-hereditarynobility, whichwaspartoftheRus- of extramaritalchildornaturalizationforeignnobility—thiscategoryincluded the emperor(ennoblement,permissionforadoptiontoanoblefamily, legitimization 116 from AlexanderIin1824.Inaddition,theemperors naturalized23foreign(inclu- CarlErikMannerheimwasoneoftheennobled: hereceivedthetitleofcount nine personsreceivedanobleranktwice,only154 wereactuallyennobled. conferred 10comital,38baronialand115untitlednoble ranksinFinland.Because or «constitutional»laws.The11 ment ofGovernment1772,whichwasthemostimportantfundamental had ennobledinmassivenumbersduringthe17 The numberofennoblementswasrestricted,becausethepreviousSwedishrulers registration fromthosenoblesthatwereelevatedtoacomitalorbaronialdignity. House ofNobilitywasobligedtoregister. NeithercouldtheHouseofNobilitydeny number ofennoblementstoonehundredandfi re weresomanynoblesinSwedenthatthesovereignshouldgraciouslylimit realm withloyalty, virtue,courage,studyand experience. Itstatedfurtherthatthe- could elevatetotheNobleEstatethosewhohadwellservedsovereignand very restrictivepossibilityforregistration:automaticallyennobledfamilies(2 at theHouseofNobility. OnBaronMannerheim’s advice,theemperorapproveda was debated,whethertheRussiannoblesthatlivedinOldFinlandcouldregister tory in1812.WhentheFinnishHouseofNobilitywasestablished1816–1818,it conquered inthe18 rectly fromSwedishkingsandRussianemperors.OldFinland,whichRussiahad not equatedwiththeFinnishnoblefamiliesthathadreceivedtheirranksdi- Erik MannerheimmadesurethatpersonsautomaticallyennobledinRussiawere 11 10 9 rd

Gronow T Snellman A. classesoftheДворянскаяродословнаякнига)wereexcluded Snellman A. Finlands riddarhus10.Helsingfors:riddarhus,2001; Northern IllinoisUniversityPress:DeKalb,1985;GentesFinlandiae IX.Skrifterutgivnaav On theRussiansystem,seealsoe.g. Master’s thesisinFinnishandNordichistory. Helsinki:UniversityofHelsinki,2006.S.37–61. Muinaismuistoyhdistys, 2005. Russian ImperialAward SystemduringtheReignofNicholasII1894–1917. Helsinki:Suomen fors: J. C. Frenckell &Son,1861. met Finlandsgrundlagarjemte tilldemhörandestatshandlingar/Ed.J.Ph.Palmén. Helsing- During theImperialErainFinnishhistory(1809–1917), theRussianemperors In Finland,thestatutoryauthorityforennoblementwasprovidedbyInstru- In fact,thefi ered considerablyfromRussia,wherehighmilitaryandcivilranks . DenryskaadelniFinlandunder autonomistid//Genos.2000.N1.S.9. Aateliskorotetut yhteiskuntaryhmänä. S.33,51.Publishede.g.in:Storfurstendö- Aateliskorotetut yhteiskuntaryhmänä:suomalaistavirka-aatelia 1809–1912. rst ChairoftheBoardFinnishHouseNobility, BaronCarl Th enobility of Finland 1809–1919:From imperial loyalism to nationalist confl th century, wasunitedwiththenewlyconqueredFinnishterri- th sectionofthelawstatedthatonlysovereign Becker S . Nobility andPrivilegeinLateImperialRussia. fty, which 150newnoblefamiliesthe th and18 th centuries 9 Tillander-Godenhielm U. . 10 . 11 . nd and The ict Berg. ThegovernorgeneralhimselfreceivedthelastFinnish comitaltitlein1856 Duchy and,moreover, theNottbeckshadclosetieswithGovernorGeneralFriedrich 1855. Thecottonfactoryinquestionwasthelargestindustrial enterpriseintheGrand beck (latervonNottbeck),whoownedtheFinlayson &Co.,receivednobleranksin lists wereennobledinthemid-nineteenthcentury. BrothersWilhelm andCarlNott- Swedish systemofnobility Instrument ofGovernmentdidnotmentionprincelytitles:theywerepartthe 30–40 percentoftheennobledinfi cers isquitelowininternationalcomparison.For example, inSwedenitwasaround other hand,higheroffi other connectiontothecountry furthermore, mostlyoffi (Russians, BalticGermansetc.).TheRussiansennobledintheGrandDuchywere, Finland. Only7percentofthe154ennobledpersonswereimperialRussianorigin implant Russiansintothelocalnobility. Theennobledpersonscamemostlyfrom conferred in1912,whenMinisterStateSecretaryAugustLanghoff the onlyprinceinHouseofNobility. Theaforementioned11 AlexanderMenschikoff ding Russian)nobleranksintheGrandDuchy. For example,GovernorGeneral, Snellman Alex do so did notregisterhiscomitaltitle(1826).Itwouldhavecosthim800silverroublesto not tobother. For example,MinisterStateSecretary, BaronRobertHenrikRehbinder of Nobility. Theregistrationwasquiteexpensive,sosomeennobled personsdecided west offi ennobled camefromthearmedforces.Typically theyweremajorsgeneral—thelo- as civilservants,militaryoffi Duchy, 90percentoftheennobledwereserving thestate—inabroadersense 19 gaged ineconomicactivities.Alltheentrepreneursennobledfi 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 Seee.g. Estimationbasedon Ibid.S.90–109. Ibid.S.80–82. th Snellman A. Snellman A. Snellman A. Although RussiahadconqueredtheFinnishterritory, therewasnoattemptto In fact, not all the ennoblements and naturalizations were registered at the House In fact,notalltheennoblementsandnaturalizationswereregisteredatHouse Lund: Gleerup,1898.TableVI. beck jaFinlayson.3 The mostimportantvariablerelatedtoennoblementsisoccupation.IntheGrand The remaining10percentoftheennobled,thosenotservingstate,wereen- centurycanbedescribedasironworksproprietors. The fi 13 . Lastuntitledennoblementstookplacein1904andthefi cer ennobledhad therankofmajor Becker Aateliskorotetutyhteiskuntaryhmänä.S.62–64. Aateliskorotetutyhteiskuntaryhmänä. Aateliskorotetut yhteiskuntaryhmänä.S. 90–99; 1985;GentesFinlandiaeIX2001; Tillander-Godenhielm2005. Fahlbeck P. E rd cers wereautomaticallynoble ed.Tampere,2006. cials whosepostsweresituatedinFinlandortheyhadsome 12 cers, academicsorclergymen.Only14percentofthe . wasnaturalizedFinnishprincein1833.Heremained . Sveriges adel—statistiskundersökning1:ätternasdemografi . 14 . rst halfofthe19 15 . Theproportionofthemilitaryoffi 17 . th century Helenius K rst modern industria- nal noblerankwas wascreatedbaron. 16 . Wilhelm vonNott- . InRussia,onthe th sectionofthe rst halfofthe 117 18 . - .

Saint-Petersburg Historical JournalN 4 (2015) Петербургский исторический журнал № 4 (2015) period of of armswasnotrelevantanymore. Thenoblesdidnothaveprivatearmiesand the 118 M. L. Bush. Hestatesasasynthesisofhistwocomparativeanalyses tions (especiallypublicoffi social analysisofthenoblepowerfocusedonafew keyfeatures:mainlyoccupa- Järnefelt, ,Ramsay, Soisalon-Soininen,TörngrenandvonWendt. The and illustratedbycasestudiesthatportrayeightnoble families:Armfelt,Furuhjelm, Finnish nobility(nearly20 000 persons) source forthisanalysisisanextensivedatathatincludes allthemembersof lity thatIstudiedinmydissertation.Noblemenweretypicallymilitaryoffi was farmore«peaceful»thantheoccupationalstructureofwholeFinnishnobi- fi had fourbases:landownership;parliamentarymembership; thetenureofpublicof- (1983) and 20 19 ce; andtheforceofarms»

Families registeredattheFinnishHouseofNobility(last registration1912) Snellman Bush M. L studies insocialstratifi The occupationalstructureofthe154ennobledpersonsduringImperialEra OA 357 14 4 1 1 1* 101 36 8 166 23 2 ** Separatedbranchofanoldnoblefamily * RussianPrinceAlexanderMenschikoff 145 TOTAL Other families untitled baronial 191 comital princely 20 Naturalized foreign(includingRussian)familiesfromtheRussianperiod untitled baronial comital Ennobled familiesfromtheRussianperiod untitled baronial comital Old noblefamiliesfromtheSwedishperiod coups d’état

A . Ananatomyofnobility//Social ordersandsocialclassesinEuropesince1500: Rich noble,poornoble . Suomenaateli.Ch.1andappendix 1. Th enobility of Finland 1809–1919:From imperial loyalism to nationalist confl inRussiawasover:nobles servedasoffi cation /Ed.M. L. Bush.London:Longman,1992.P.36. ces) andlandownership.Thiswasbasedontheideasof 20 . However, inthe19 (1988)that:«Noblepowerinthemodernperiod , thegovernorgeneralofFinland 19 . Statisticalfi th century, theindependent force ndings werecomplemented cers, inpublicoffi Noble privilege cers. The ** Table 1 ce. ict

actually occupiedasgentlemanfarmers,ironmillpatronsetc. for themostpart,militaryoffi Alex Snellman Alex cers andcivilservants)totheprivatesector(businessmen, lawyers,engineersetc.). nobility wasincreasinglymovingfromthepublicsector (servingthecrownasoffi group ofgeneralmanagersconsistedmainly intheprivatesector: group, butitsproportionhadfallennearly60percentage points.Theoccupational Duchy freefromthecompetitionandannoyingattentionofDiet which meantthatbetween1809and1863offi Finnish GrandDuchywasconvenedonlyin1809andthenagain1863–1906, Swedish andtheRussiansystemsofnobility. However, thefour-estateDietof gislative poweraltogether, whichagaindemonstratesthediff a seatintheNobleEstateofDiet.TheRussiannobilitylackedthiskindle- were registeredattheHouseofNobility(357familiesby1912)had title werecodedasoffi tomatically withHISCOoccupationalcodes.Thosenoblemenwhohadanoffi noblewomen werenotemployedinformaloccupations.Icodedthenobilitydataau- 22 21 OA 1 100% 514 535 1 % 1% 5 6 21 3020 2 3% % 2 % 21110 16 diff 8 13 12 ALTOGETHER 20 210 No occupationalcode(orHISCO–1) 21 12 000 000 TOTAL Other occupationalcodes Land Surveyor Manager General Legislative Offi Manager, SpecialisationUnknown Jurist, SpecializationUnknown Administrator Government Non-Commissioned Offi Offi IwouldliketothankProfessor Marco H. D. vanLeeuwenandtheInternational Institute Snellman A e 8304180 % 411 58 320 cer As mentionedearlier, accordingtothenobilitydataFinnishnoblemenwere, Leuven: LeuvenUniversityPress, 2002. Classifi of SocialHistoryforfriendly cooperation.SeeHISCO:HistoricalInternationalStandard Hundred yearslatermilitaryoffi Parliamentary membershipinsteadwasimportant: cation of Occupations / Ed. Marco H. cation ofOccupations/Ed.Marco D. vanLeeuwen —InekeMaasAndrewMiles. . Suomenaateli.Ch.2,7,9. Occupational codes(30–70year oldnoblemenin1810) il2 1 1 % 7 20 110 cial cuainHSONme Distribution Number HISCO Occupation e 8303 6 % 32 58 330 cer cers, althoughmanywere,infact,retiredoffi cersinthebeginningof19 cers werestillthemostcommonoccupational cials andcivilservantsruledtheGrand eet2 4 % 20 erent all Finnishnoblefamiliesthat th 22 century. TheFinnish erences betweenthe cers and often and cers Table 2 21 cer’s 119 . -

Saint-Petersburg Historical JournalN 4 (2015) Петербургский исторический журнал № 4 (2015) 120 age tendedtoendtheoccupationalcareerofanoblewoman. were oftenteachers,nursesandoffi tion inthesphereofpublicoccupations:30 % hadoccupationalcodesin1920.They hsohrps 72 44% 14 33110 07620 100% Fine ArtsTeacher(SecondLevel) 865 1% 968 Cashier, Offi Other Stenographers,Typists andTeletypists Bookkeeper, General 2% Offi 12 Physiotherapist Clerical orRelatedWorker,Specialisation Professional Nurse,General 15 6710 Teacher, LevelandSubjectUnknown 2 % 103 61110 15 73 diff 6% 3% 2 % 22 210 51 2 % 4 % 28 14% 18 ALTOGETHER 6 % 21230 No occupationalcode(orHISCO–1) 4 3 % % 15 33 20210 118 TOTAL 8 % Other occupationalcodes 13 000 Pharmacist 54 35 21110 23 30 000 Farmer General 2000 Clerical orRelatedWorker,SpecialisationUnknown 66 Railway StationMaster 12 000 41 025 Legislative Offi 6100 Teacher, LevelandSubjectUnknown 21 000 Working Proprietor(WholesaleorRetailTrade) Administrator Government Engineers, SpecialisationUnknown Medical Doctor,SpecialisationUnknown Manager Farm Jurist, SpecializationUnknown Manager, SpecialisationUnknown Manager General Offi eCek eea 91 44 % 14 39310 ce Clerk, General 21 % 178 58 320 cer At theendofresearchperiodnoblewomenhadalreadyestablishedtheirposi- ce or Cash Desk 33135 8 3 3 % 8 33135 ce orCashDesk Occupational codes(30–70year oldnoblewomen in1920) Occupational codes(30–70year oldnoblemenin1920) il2 1 72 % 17 20 110 cial Th enobility of Finland 1809–1919:From imperial loyalism to nationalist confl cuainHSONme Distribution Number HISCO Occupation Distribution Number HISCO Occupation ce workers.Usuallytheywereunmarried:marri- nnw 00 55% 15 30000 Unknown 13250 7 2 % 2 4% 7 12 13250 9% 27% 32190 27 86 07110 13000 eet1722 % 187 erent 34% 13 Table 3 Table 4 ict cultural life she adoptedtheFinnishlanguageandbecameamother-fi Elizaveta ClodtvonJürgensburg(aniecetothefamoussculptorBaronClodt),but fect wasquitetheopposite.Finnishnobleoffi Russians, wouldbecomeRussiansthemselves.Atleastinone,veryfamous,casetheef- theme amongtheFinnishnobilitywasfearthatnobleoffi speaking noblesandtheFinnish-speakingpeasantsin Finland Estonian andLatvianpeasantswasfarwiderthanthe distancebetweentheSwedish- nish GrandDuchy, but thedistancebetweenBalticGermannobilityandlocal would illustratethecontactsbetweenFinnishand Russianelitesmorethoroughly. Snellman Alex governors, theiroppositionalfervourwasconsiderablydiminished rals JohanAugustvonEssenandCountCarlMagnusCreutzwereappointedprovincial in theparliamentarydebatesof1860s,butthiswasshort-lived.Whenleadinglibe- the emperor:hefavouredthemandtheyco-ruledFinnishGrandDuchywithhim. a periodofimperialloyalism(1809–1899).TheFinnishnobleshadnoreasontooppose lains thisphenomenaloverrepresentationofnoblesintheelite.Iwoulddescribeas («Government») memberswerenobles.Thealliancewiththeemperor, ofcourse,exp- cent ofmanorsandhigheroffi A socialgroupthatrepresentedca.0.2percentofthepopulationcontrolled30–40 ty —consequentlyruledtheGrandDuchy. Thenobleswereonthetopofsociety. 25 24 23 OA 1 100% 315 1035 % 2 2 % 6 720 7 17145 56 diff 13940 ALTOGETHER No occupationalcode(orHISCO–1) TOTAL Other occupationalcodes Manager, SpecialisationUnknown Medical Doctor,SpecialisationUnknown Mail DistributionClerk,General Singer Head Teacher

OnBalticGermannobilities seee.g. Jägerskiöld S. Vuorinen M. Suomessa. Helsinki:SKS,2010; The powerstructureintheBalticProvinceswasasomewhat similartotheFin- Many liberal nobles did demonstrate anti-imperial and pro-Scandinavian opinions Many liberalnoblesdiddemonstrateanti-imperialandpro-Scandinavianopinions As thehighestoffi schaften vonLivland,Estland, KurlandundOeselverzeichnetenGeschlechter. 2.verbesserte Huene vonH. Ritterschaften. Limburga.d. Lahn:C. A. Starke, 1960; man A Elisabetin romaani:Järnefeltin perheenpietarilainentausta.Porvoo:WSOY, 1999; . Suomenaateli.S.144,164–165, 259. 24 . Further, systematicstudiesintheFinnish-Russianupper-classmarriages Kuviteltu aatelismies:aateluusviholliskuvanajaitseymmärryksenä 1800-luvun Nuori Mannerheim.Helsingissä:Otava,1964.P. 215–222; Die BaltischenRitterschaften:Übersichtüberdiein denMatrikelnderRitter- cials werevery ofteneitherbornnobleorennobled,thenobili- ces. Three-quartersoftheSenateeconomic department Snellman A Ungern-Sternberg vonW. F . Suomenaateli.Ch.7. cer Alexander Järnefelt married Baroness cer AlexanderJärnefeltmarriedBaroness 21000 5 2 % 2 % 2 % 2 5 5 6 21000 06100 37010 Mühlendah vonE.,Hoyningen gen. gure for the Finnish-speaking gure fortheFinnish-speaking eet9 25 % 90 erent ecihe e Baltischen der . Geschichte 25 . Finnish had . Finnishpeasantshad Hämäläinen-Forslund P 23 cers, who married . A more persistent . Amorepersistent Snell- 121 . Saint-Petersburg Historical JournalN 4 (2015) Петербургский исторический журнал № 4 (2015) penberg, afeministwriterandmemberofbaronial family Parliament (therewere200members altogether).AmongthemwasAleksandraGri- assembly. Inthefi liament. Inaddition,forthefi during thefi had representedtheirnoblefamiliesintheNobleEstateofDietwerestillactive cameral Parliament thatwasestablishedin1906–1907.Manynoblepoliticians members werenoblesin1840.Theproportionfellbelow50 % onlyattheendof19 successor theGovernment.Itshowsthatnearly90 % ofSenateeconomicdepartment illustrates howthenoblesvanishedfromSenateeconomicdepartmentandits legalism: historicsocietiesarenotalwaysstructuredastheirlawsmightsuggest was dominatedbynobles.AsPeterBurkeremindsus,wemustnotworshiptheidolof members shouldhavebeennoblesandtheotherhalfnon-nobles.Inreality, theSenate responds tothecurrentSupremeCourt.Accordinglegislation,halfofsenate department istheprecursorofFinnishGovernmentanditsjusticecor- utilized thesedisputesfromthe1880sonwardswithmotto: There werelanguagedisputes,however, andtheRussian governorsgeneralofFinland mon causeforboththeSwedish-speakingnoblesandFinnish-speakingpeasants. never beensubjectedtoserfdomandthenation-buildingprocessinFinlandwasacom- 122 of manorsinthemostimportantmanorialarea, ProvinceofUusimaa,which the century, theproportionhadfallenunder25 %. In1939,thenobilityowned19 % turn ofthecenturyanddisappearedbetweenfi went throughthreephases:itreignedsupremeduringthe19 victorious SovietUnion.Accordingly, Isuggestthatthepoliticalpowerofnobility characterized bystrongleftistandagrariantendencies—politicalpressurefromthe peared frompubliclifeandlostitsremainingpoliticalinfl War, therewerehardlyany. The warseemstobeaturningpoint:thenobilitydisap- minister ortwoattheGovernment,butinsecondrepublic,afterSecondWorld century. Duringtheso-calledfi 19 that Ifollowinmydissertationisthenoblelandownership. Inthebeginningof 29 28 27 26

E.g. th Snellman A Snellman A Burke P The central administrative body of the Grand Duchy was the Senate. Its economic The centraladministrativebodyoftheGrandDuchywasSenate.Itseconomic nobility. OstmitteleuropainVergangenheit undGegenwart22.Köln:Böhlau, 1999. Whelan H. und erweiterte Aufl These fi Europe since1500:studiesinsocial stratifi In additiontopublicoffi century, thenobilityowned approximately40 % ofallthe manors.Attheturnof Snellman A . The languageofordersin early modernEurope//Socialordersandsocialclassesin ndings arecorroboratedbytheproportionofnoblesinFinnishuni- . Suomenaateli . Suomenaateli rst republicandwerenowdemocratically electedtothemodernPar- W. Adapting tomodernity:family, casteandcapitalismamongtheBalticGerman . Suomenaateli Th rst democraticelections(1907),elevennobleswereelectedtothe enobility of Finland 1809–1919:From imperial loyalism to nationalist confl age /AusdemdeutschenAdelsarchiv4.Limburg/Lahn:C. Starke, 1973 A. . . S.227,277–279. S.83–95. ces andparliamentarymembership, akeypowerbase . S.181. rsttime,noblewomengainedaccesstothelegislative rst republic (ca.1919–1944)thereoftenwereanoble cation /Ed.M. Bush. London:Longman, 1992.P.8. L. rst andthesecondrepublic uence. The post-war period was uence. Thepost-warperiodwas th century, diminishedatthe 29 . divide etimpera 28 . 27 . Fig. 3 . Fig.3 26 . ict th ;

Alex Snellman Alex Fig. 3.NoblesintheSenateandFinnishGovernment(at10year intervals) and intheParliament 1907—(lighterline) at10year intervals Fig. 4.Theproportionofnobles inthepopulation(darkerline) 123

Saint-Petersburg Historical JournalN 4 (2015) Петербургский исторический журнал № 4 (2015) However, thedecliningtrendisstillobvious on (0.11 %), thefi surrounds theCityofHelsinki.Ifcomparedtonobleproportionpopulati- 124 period attheturnof19 nobles acceptedtheconqueringRussianruler—wasseveredduringrussifi and theFinnishnobility—analliancethatwasformedalreadyin1809whenmost Grand Duchyislikelytobetheculprit.ThealliancebetweenRussianemperor nobility dataandfollowsthetrendtoendof20 careers inimperialservice professions, inbusinesslifeandasgentlemanfarmers —insteadofthetraditional Therefore, theturnofcenturysawnobles to choosecareersintheliberal according totheConstitutionalists,whoformed vocalmajorityofthenobility. to theemperorwasreplacedbyloyalty Finnishconstitution,atleast a temporaryincreaseattheturnof19 that thelastremainsofEstateSociety( bers ofparliament,thenobilityalsobecamelessexclusive. Thiswasaclearindication pearing. Thedivinglineinmarriages betweentheFirstEstate,nobility, andtheother 32 31 30 Ibid.S.280–281. Ibid.Ch.5,12. Snellman A It isalsovisibleinfi Serving thecrownasanoffi At thesametimeasnobleswerelosingtheirposition ashighoffi . Suomenaateli Fig. 5.TheproportionofmanorownersintheFinnishnobility gure stillindicatesanoverrepresentationthatisoverhundredfold. Th enobility of Finland 1809–1919:From imperial loyalism to nationalist confl g. 5,whichshowstheproportionofmanorownersin . S.191–202,249–251,283. 32 th . century cer oracivilservantbecameunpopular. Loyalty 31 . St th ä 30 century:thepoliticalsituationin ndische Gesellschaft . th century. Thereis,however, ) wererapidlydisap- cialsandmem- cation ict changing. Interestingly, thereisananomalyinthefi Society weremeltingaway. Lawswerenotchanged,butthebehaviour ofpeoplewas signifi married othernobles.Astherewereonlyca.3000nobles—0.2 % ofthepopulation—this by theimperialpolicythat upheldthe they controlledthehighest offi unpopular stateserviceandreturningtotheplough,muchlikeCincinnatus forting returntotraditions:marryingmorenoblyand,asfi and theFinnishnobilitydisappearedatsametime,perhapsitcausedasortofcom- nobles marriedslightlymoreexclusively. Asthealliancebetween Russianemperor and non-nobleswerelegal.Still,atthebeginningof19 estates ceasedtoexist.Thetransformationwasnotlegislative:marriagesbetweennobles Snellman Alex Appeal andtheyhadthemonopolyoftax-freemanors called mantalspengar were notverysignifi abolition ofnobleprivilegesfromthe1860sonwards. However, theformal privileges 1899 abolishedunconstitutionallythefoundationsof the Finnishautonomy(Finlands 34 33

Snellman A Snellman A Most FinnishnoblesthoughtthattheFebruary ManifestoissuedbyNicholasIIin In part,thenobilitylostitspositionbecauseoflegislative reforms,suchasthe Allmänna Tidning18.2.1899.TheHistoricalNewspaper andJournallibrary. ed astrongendogamoustendency. Fig.7showshowthedivinglinesofEstate Fig. 6.TheendofthealliancebetweenemperorandFinnishnobility. . Suomenaateli.S.145–150,227–228, 287–288. . Suomenaateli.S.282–283. , theyhadtherighttohavetheircaseshearddirectly attheCourtsof cant. Before1860snobles wereexemptofaminortaxcalled National LibraryofFinland) ces wasnotregulatedbylegislation. Itwasregulated Ancien Régime gure: attheturnof19 intheEmpire g. 5 indicates, abandoning the g. 5indicates,abandoningthe th century, over40 % ofnobles s ä terier 34 . . Thefactthat 33 . th century century 125

Saint-Petersburg Historical JournalN 4 (2015) Петербургский исторический журнал № 4 (2015) noblements ceased(theend oftheennoblementsshouldbestudiedmorecarefully) Apparently inaccordancewiththecentralizingtendencies, theseparateFinnishen- imperial governmentcouldnolongerusetheennoblements forsuchpoliticalpurposes. quated DietoftheEstateswassubstitutedbyamodern parliamentin1906–1907,the between theFinnishautonomyandRussiancentralizing tendencies.Astheanti- part oftheFinnish-languagemovement,whoseleadership triedtofi of parliamentarypolitics.TheennobledwereOldFennomanes —supporters ofthat nish ennoblements.In1904thelastfi state ideologyandconcernforimperialdefencecapability) eventuallyhaltedtheFin- languages andthegovernmentofNicholasII(inspired bynationalism,centralizing 126 oisie how theFinnishnobilitywasculturallyconstructedasanenemyofrisingBourge- tions deservemoreattentioninfuturestudies.DrMarjaVuorinen hasalreadyshown marriages, andasthenobleranklostitsvalueesteem.Theseculturaltransforma- more andcommontocrossthedividinglinebetweennoblesnon-noblesin 36 35

Vuorinen M. Snellman A. S. 193–194. tona. Valtio palkitsee—Statenbelönar. Helsinki:SKS,2007; Slowly theinfl In allprobability, theconfl 35 : thatprocessunderstandablyweakenedtheculturalpowerofnobility. Kuviteltuaatelismies. Atlsooeu yhteiskuntaryhmänä; Aateliskorotetut Fig. 7.TheproportionofnoblesmarryingotherinFinland uence of the nobility vanished in the minds of the people: as it became uence ofthenobilityvanishedinmindspeople:asitbecame Th enobility of Finland 1809–1919:From imperial loyalism to nationalist confl ict between the nationalistically inspired Finns of both ict betweenthenationalisticallyinspiredFinnsofboth ve persons received untitled noble ranks as part ve personsreceiveduntitlednoble ranksaspart Klinge M aeoni akteie muo- palkitsemisen . Aatelointi Snellman A nd a compromise nd acompromise umn aateli. . Suomen 36 ict . situation wasdiff Alex Snellman Alex the RussianCivilWar weredisastrousfortheRussiannobility the abolitionoffour-estateDietandlegislative powerofthenobility a moreconservativebicameralparliamentand—atleast publicly— necessity: 100noblemenfavouredtheunicameralparliament, 8noblemenfavoured opposition tothereformwouldbecounterproductive. Theymadeavirtueoutof on theparliamentaryreformin1906,noblesrealized thisandthefactthattheir andtheWorking Class.Itseemsclearthatwhen thelastDietvoted lity hadnopoliticalalliesagainstother, increasinglypowerful,social groups: the 38 37 Fig. 8.TheNobilityofFinlandexistseventoday. ThehalloftheHouseNobility(Helsinki).

Rendle M The coatsofarmstheFinnishnoblefamiliesdecoratewalls.Inmiddle,under Snellman A The imperialpowercollapsedinthespringof1917. TheBolshevikregimeand York: Farrar,Straus andGiroux,2012. University Press,2010; As thealliancewithemperordisappearedatturn ofthecentury, thenobi- clock, arethemostprestigiouscoatsofarms:princeMenschikoff . Defenders ofthemotherland:tsaristeliteinrevolutionary Russia.Oxford:Oxford . . Suomenaateli.S.198–202,276. erent. FinlandgaveaDeclarationofIndependence on6December Smith D CronhjemafHakungeetc. . Former people:thefi . nal daysoftheRussianaristocracy.New , countCreutz, 38 . InFinland,the no-one opposed 37 . 127

Saint-Petersburg Historical JournalN 4 (2015) Петербургский исторический журнал № 4 (2015) über dieindenMatrikelnder RitterschaftenvonLivland,Estland,KurlandundOesel ver- SKS, 2007. voo: WSOY, 1999. Leeuwen —InekeMaasAndrewMiles.Leuven:Leuven UniversityPress,2002. rup, 1898. studies insocialstratifi 1992. ses inEuropesince1500:studiessocialstratifi Press: DeKalb,1985. Republic» section stated:«Nobleranksorotherhereditaryshallnotbeconferredinthe by theRegentofFinland,BaronGustafMannerheimon17July1919.Thefi disappeared withthecollapseofGermanEmpire alliance betweentheFinnishnobilityandanewmonarch.Thesefantasies with aGermanPrinceFriedrichKarlasitsruler. Therewasapossibilityfornew For ashortperioditlookedpossiblethatKingdomofFinlandwouldbefounded the Senate P. E. Svinhufvud andCommander-in-Chief,BaronGustafMannerheim. tes werevictorious.Infact,thehighestWhiteleadersFinnishnobles:Chairof 1917, andtheFinnishCivilWar ragedinthespringof1918,butFinlandWhi- 128 for themostpartvoluntarily—albeitundersocialpressure.Itwasagracefulretreat. become arigidclasssocietyintheBritishmanner. Theoldeliterenounceditspower tant factorintheformationofcurrentegalitarianFinnishsociety. Finlanddidnot The peacefulwithdrawalofthenobilityfromtopsocietyhasbeenanimpor- not abolished:itexistseventodayintheFinnishRepublic. men aatelissuvut.Helsinki:Minerva,2013(inFinnish). 40 39 VesaVares:Kuninkaantekij Snellman A Mühlendah E. von,Hoyningengen.H.,H.von. Klinge M Jägerskiöld S. Hämäläinen-Forslund P. Historical InternationalStandardClassifi Helenius K Gronow T. Fahlbeck P. E Bush M. L Burke P The Finnishnobilitydidnotperishinarevolution—unliketheRussiannobility. Porvoo: WSOY,1998; Becker S. Adeln ochdesshus.Helsingfors:Fontana Media,2013(inSwedish);Ritarihuone jaSuo- References A newrep ublican InstrumentofGovernmentwasformulated.Itconfi . The languageofordersinearlymodernEurope//Socialandsocialclas- 40 Nobility andPrivilegeinLateImperialRussia. NorthernIllinoisUniversity . Aatelointi palkitsemisenmuotona.Valtio palkitsee—Statenbelönar. Helsinki: . Interestingly, onlytheennoblementswereprohibited,nobilitywas . An anatomyofnobility//SocialordersandsocialclassesinEuropesince1500: . . Suomenaateli. S.237–241. DenryskaadelniFinlandunderautonomistid//Genos. 2000.N1. . Wilhelm vonNottbeck jaFinlayson.Thirded.Tampere, 2006. . Sveriges adel—statistiskundersökning1:ätternasdemografi NuoriMannerheim.Helsingissä:Otava,1964. Th enobility of Finland 1809–1919:From imperial loyalism to nationalist confl cation /Ed.M. L. Bush.London:Longman,1992. Snellman A Elisabetin romaani:Järnefeltinperheenpietarilainentausta.Por- ät: suomalainenmonarkia1917–1919:myyttijatodellisuus. . Suomenaateli.S.229–237. cation of Occupations/Ed.Marco H. D. van cation /Ed.M. L. Bush. London:Longman, DieBaltischenRitterschaften: Übersicht 39 . .Lund:Glee- fteenth rmed ict voo C. A. Starke,1960. las II1894–1917.Helsinki:SuomenMuinaismuistoyhdistys,2005. Palmén. Helsingfors:J. C. Frenckell&Son,1861. University ofHelsinki,2014. vun Suomessa.Helsinki:SKS,2010. man nobility/OstmitteleuropainVergangenheit undGegenwart 22.Köln:Böhlau,1999. Museo 2007.Helsinki:SuomenMuinaismuistoyhdistys,2008. Master’s thesisinFinnishandNordichistory. Helsinki:UniversityofHelsinki,2006. and Giroux,2012. Oxford UniversityPress,2010. chiv 4.Limburg/Lahn:C. A. Starke,1973. zeichneten Geschlechter. 2.verbesserteunderweiterteAufl Snellman Alex Vares V. Ungern-Sternberg W.F. von. Tillander-Godenhielm U Ph. Storfurstendömet Finlandsgrundlagarjemtetilldemhörandestatshandlingar/Ed.J. Vuorinen M Whelan H. W Snellman A. Snellman A. Snellman A. Smith D Rendle M : WSOY, 1998 . Former people:thefi . Kuninkaan tekij . Defenders ofthemotherland:tsaristeliteinrevolutionaryRussia.Oxford: . Kuviteltu aatelismies:aateluusviholliskuvanajaitseymmärryksenä1800-lu- . Suomenaateli:yhteiskunnanhuipultauusiinrooleihin1809–1939.Helsinki: Emanuel ThelninginmaapäivämaalausjaPorvoontapahtumat//Suomen Aateliskorotetut yhteiskuntaryhmänä:suomalaistavirka-aatelia 1809–1912. . Adapting tomodernity:family, caste andcapitalismamongtheBalticGer- . . TheRussianImperialAward SystemduringtheReignofNicho- ät: suomalainenmonarkia1917–1919: myytti jatodellisuus.Por- GeschichtederBaltischenRitterschaften.Limburga.d.Lahn: nal daysoftheRussianaristocracy. NewYork: Farrar, Straus age. AusdemdeutschenAdelsar- 129

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