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Persistency of Poa Pratensis in Long-Term Pasture Sward on Peat-Muck Soil

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Persistency of Poa Pratensis in Long-Term Pasture Sward on Peat-Muck Soil Polish J. of Environ. Stud. Vol. 18, No. 5 (2009), 977-981 Letter to Editor Persistency of Poa pratensis in Long-Term Pasture Sward on Peat-Muck Soil M. Warda*, E. Stamirowska-Krzaczek Department of Grassland and Landscape Forming, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland Received: 7 August 2008 Accepted: 7 April 2009 Abstract Persistency of grass associations is one of the way to counteract degradation of grasslands. The objective of the investigations carried out in 9-11 years of pasture use was to evaluate Poa pratensis persistence in sward. In the years 2005-07 Poa pratensis made 22.3-47.6% in the first regrowth of grass-clover sward and 39.3-52.1% of grass sward. The last two years were marked by a clear decrease of the studied species amount in the pasture association, irrespective of sward type and N fertilization dose. However, it was noted that the further increase of Poa trivialis and Deschampsia caespitosa share in spring sward, while Trifolium repens and Dactylis glom- erata in summer. The higher competitiveness of Dactylis glomerata under conditions less suitable for Kentucky bluegrass development induced pasture productivity stabilization. Yet a higher abundance of this species in summer, like the growing Poa trivialis contribution in spring sward regrowth, has not ensured stabilization of pasture association in a marshy habitat. Keywords: persistency, Poa pratensis, pasture sward, peat-muck soil Introduction marshy habitat [1], especially under conditions of sufficient access to light and soil of medium fertility and moisture Plant associations of meadows and pasture develop- [14]. However, multi-year research and studies indicate ment as a consequence of grassland cultivation, show low serious fluctuations in this species’ presence in sward over stability due to the homeostatic mechanisms that are insuf- the vegetative season and the successive years of the plant ficient to provide phytocoenosis resistance to temporal, dis- association structure development [14, 15]. Besides habitat advantageous effects of various agents and to protect the conditions, the floristic diversity of sward and persistence grassland from degradation [13]. The obvious indication of of Poa pratensis in the pasture association depend on progressing plant cover degradation on organic soils is zoogenic factors, in those excrements left by grazing ani- decreased sward species diversity as well as an increasing mals [12]. tendency toward Poa pratensis dominance, which has been The objective of the research conducted in the years observed in a few studies (3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11). Therefore, con- 2005-07 (9-11 years of pasture use) was to evaluate the per- cern about the persistence of grass associations occurring in sistency of Poa pratensis in the pasture sward on peat- the typical meadow habitats appears to be one of the ways muck soil. to counteract grassland degradation. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) has proven to be one of the most persistent Experimental Procedures components of the meadow and pasture sward [4] in a The pasture trials were commenced by Krzywiec [10] *e-mail: [email protected] in 1996. The experiment was set up with randomized block 978 Warda M., Stamirowska-Krzaczek E. Table 1. Soil acidity (pH), concentration of organic matter and Four sward grazings by Limousine cattle were conduct- basic nutrients in peat-muck soil in 1999. ed over each grazing season. The average stocking rate -1 pH Organic matter P K Mg ranged 3.6-4.0 LU ha . The pre-grazing SSH (sward sur- Treatment face height) was 23 (±2) cm. The sward on a paddock was 1 mol in KCL (%) -1 mg 100 g soil grazed down for 3-4 days every grazing cycle to an average Tr + T 5.5 77.6 32.6 32.1 39.8 height of 6.8 (±0.5) cm. Sometimes residual herbage was cut, particularly after the first sward grazing, when a rate of T 5.7 78.6 54.8 25.6 35.5 N-40 plant growth in spring was high or after a long period with TN-80 5.8 79.0 52.6 29.5 31.8 rainy weather, causing some difficulties in grazing organi- zation. Before the animals were admitted to the pasture T 6.5 76.0 57.9 35.3 44.5 N-120 quarter, the sward of the first and the third regrowth was Tr – Trifolium repens, T – sown grasses, N – 40, 80, 120 – nitrogen sampled to determine the sward species composition using fertilization the botanical-weight method. The studies on species persis- tence in perennial pasture swards have continued. Characteristics of the climatic conditions were made on design, in four replications and located on peat-muck soil the grounds of the temperature and precipitation readings (Mt II – middle decayed peat) with low pH value. Contents supplied by the automatic meteorological station, as well as of basic nutrients in the soil were low, except the phospho- measurements of ground water level in the observation rus concentration (Table 1). Plot size was 40 m2. well, localized on the experimental plot (Fig. 1). The sown seed mixtures included Poa pratensis cv. The research period was characterized by low precipi- Bona (35%), Phleum pratense cv. Skala (20%), Dactylis tation amounts and high air temperatures at the vegetative glomerata cv. Areda (10%) and Trifolium repens (35%). season, which caused serious fluctuations of the groundwa- The studies included the following seven white clover cul- ter mirror. The most disadvantageous weather conditions tivars: Anda, Armena, Astra, Rema, Romena, Alice, Santa were observed in 2007, when a negative significant rela- and a mixture of its Polish cultivars. Additionally, a grass tionship between precipitation total and the temperature mixture was sown in which a percentage of clover was sub- course and groundwater level was confirmed as expressed stituted and equally distributed between the grass species by the correlation coefficients (r) = -0.43 and -0.62, respec- mentioned above. tively. In the years of full pasture utilization the clover-grass sward was top dressed with 40 kg N (dose divided into three parts – after I, II and III grazing), 35 kg P (single dose Results and Discussion – in spring) and 100 kg K ha-1 year-1 (in two doses – in spring and after II grazing). The grass sward N-fertilization The research results showing Poa pratensis behavior in was performed at three rates: 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha-1 the sward until year eight of pasture utilization were pre- (doses divided into three parts and applied as on the plots sented in earlier reports [15, 16]. Persistency of species with clover-grass sward). (which at that time composed the pasture sward on the peat- mm 26 100 100 C° 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 -10 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII -10 -20 2005 2006 2007 -20 -30 -30 -40 -40 -50 -50 -60 -60 -70 -70 -80 -80 -90 -90 cm-100 -100 cm Precipitation total Ground water levels Air temperature Fig. 1. Monthly precipitation total (mm), average air temperatures (°C) and ground water levels (cm) in Sosnowica in 2005-07. Persistency of Poa pratensis in Long-Term... 979 Table 2. Share of Poa pratensis (%) in the first regrowth of pasture sward on peat-muck soil. Mean in the years Mean in the years No. Treatment 2005 2006 2007 2000-04 2005-07 1 T + Tr Anda 58.0 57.7 29.6 19.3 35.5 2 T + Tr Armena 54.2 44.1 20.1 38.7 34.3 3 T + Tr Astra 61.5 21.0 16.0 29.8 22.3 4 T + Tr Rema 56.1 44.4 16.8 17.9 26.4 5 T + Tr Romena 47.5 36.3 44.5 21.0 33.9 6 T + Tr Alice 70.0 72.0 17.7 23.6 37.8 7 T + Tr Santa 58.5 73.8 52.0 17.1 47.6 8 T + Tr mix 56.7 65.2 34.3 17.5 39.0 9 T + N40 56.8 72.4 45.88 25.46 47.9 10 T + N80 58.9 77.6 46.12 32.69 52.1 11 T + N120 59.4 45.3 37.81 34.8 39.3 Table 3. Behaviour of Dactylis glomerata and Deschampsia caespitosa in the pasture sward in 2005-07. 2005 2006 2007 Treatment Species I III I III I Dactylis glomerata 15.5 19.0 10.6 19.2 13.9 Tr + TN-40 Deschampsia caespitosa 4.4 1.1 6.2 0.6 3.5 Dactylis glomerata 8.6 15.6 19.6 37.7 22.4 TN-40 Deschampsia caespitosa - 0.5 - - 12.6 Dactylis glomerata 12.2 18.5 6.4 33.0 24.6 TN-80 Deschampsia caespitosa - 3.9 1.8 - 9.7 Dactylis glomerata 43.0 45.8 23.1 27.8 14.4 TN-120 Deschampsia caespitosa - 0.1 1.7 0.3 19.7 Tr – Trifolium repens, T – sown grasses, N – 40, 80, 120 – nitrogen fertilization muck soil) was dependent on sward age, sward regrowth marked decrease of the studied species share in the pasture order in the pasture season and the climatic conditions association, independently on the type sward and dose of course in each experimental year of the studied period. nitrogen fertilization (Figs. 2-5). The research results pre- Until the eighth year of sward pasture use, Poa pratensis sented by Rogalski et al.
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