THE FERN GAZETTE

INDEX to Volume 15

Names in bold indicate new taxa or combinations. Page numbers in bold indicate a diagram, illustration or map.

Abacopteris multilineata 277 radiata 141, 144, 145 Abana (Turkey) 169 meiosis in spore mother cells 143 Abies 120, 127, 131, 138, 171, 172, 174, 176, 178, acute toxic syndrome 277 179, 191 Adana (Turkey) 119, 120, 122, 125–127, 129, 133 bornmuelleriana 169 Adapazari (Turkey) 121, 124–126, 128, 130, 132 cilicicaz 133 Adiantaceae 119, 170 forest 126 Adiantoideae 270 nordmanniana 169 Adiantopsis Acacia 4 chlorophylla 231 Acer 75, 123, 128, 171, 173–175, 179 radiata 231, 256 campestre 86, 169 ternata 231 pseudoplatanus 11, 13, 19, 58, 291, 292, 300 Adiantum 169, 272 trautvetteri 169 aethiopicum 4 acetic acid (glacial) 27, 43 amabile 232 acetic alcohol fixative 87 capillus-veneris 117, 121, 141, 144, 146, 170, acetocarmine squash 23, 27, 43, 141 188–191, 278 acetolysis of microspores 104 distribution in Turkey 134 aceto-orcein 87, 89 distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern squash 87 region 182 Aché people 221, 223 distribution in Turkish Black Sea western acid soils 283 region 182 acid ecto-organic layer 305 new records for Turkey 134 acidified substrate 306 cuneatum 144, 232 acidophilous species 298 decorum 232 aconitase 209 diaphanum 269, 270, 271, 272 Acre state (Brazil) 157 humile 232 Acrosorus kaulfussii 232 friderici-et-pauli 215 killipii 232 in Thailand key 215 lanceum 237 streptophyllus 215–16 latifolium 232, 256 triangularis 215 lunulatum 242 Acrostichum 21 moorei 232 aureum 277, 278 obliquum 232 calomelanos 234 oblongatum 232 ebeneum 234 peruvianum 275, 277, 278 nodosum 228 petiolatum 232, 257 polypodioides 92, 95, 251 poiretii 4 polytrichoides 95 pseudo-tinctum 232 serratifolium 244 raddianum 141, 144, 146, 232 tenerum 244 meiosis in spore mother cells 143 trifoliatum 235 radiatum 231 Actiniopteris serratodentatum 233 dichotoma 144 tetraphyllum 233 tinctum 232 basin (South-east Peru) 153 werckleanum 232 Brazilian 75 adiantum-nigrum-type root 162, 163 Peruvian 255 Adiyaman (Turkey) 119, 120, 122, 129 Peruvian central 157 adverse health effects 283 America 75 aethiopicum-type root 162, 163 arctic zone 71 Africa 4, 5, 10, 233, 238, 265 central 81 eastern 7, 9 Central 4, 249 mainland 92 North 78, 91, 271 southern 5 eastern temperate 226 subtropical 238 South 4, 91, 95, 150, 228, 231, 234–36, 242 tropical 238, 245, 271 northern 231 Afropteris 269, 270, 272 tropical 9, 21, 24, 226, 232, 233, 235–237, 245– barklyae 269, 271 48, 251, 252 repens 269, 271 amphibious species 116 Afyon (Turkey) 120, 125, 126, 129, 130, 132, 133 Amsterdam Island 95 agar 27, 65–68 Anamallays Hills (India) 1, 5, 6, 8–10 Agasthiamalai (India) 6 anaphase 27 Aguara Nu (Brazil) 221 Andalucia 198 air sampling 281 Andean region (Peru) 157 Alacam (Turkey) 169 Andes 226 alatum-type root 162, 163 north eastern slopes 75 aldolase 209 Andropogon 254 Algeciras (Spain) 197, 198 Anemia 252 Aljibe mountains ( SW Spain ) 109 antheridiogen 64 allelopathy 69 anthriscifolia 229 allergy 275, 278 haenkei 228 Alliaria petiolata 294 phyllitidis 228, 256, 279 Allium vineale 295 var. tweediana 229 allopolyploidy 25–40 rotundifolia 275 allotetraploid 25, 27, 38, 48 tomentosa allozyme var. anthriscifolia 229, 255 banding patterns 217 var. tomentosa 229, 255 electrophoresis 217 tweediana 229 genotyping 211 Anemioideae 271, 272 Alnus 124, 130–132, 138, 139, 170, 173–175, 177, anemochorous species 291, 298, 303 180 aneuploidy 21, 24, 30, 31 barbata 169 Ankara (Turkey) 120, 127, 129, 131–133, 138 forest 111 ANNATINA HESS 64–70 glutinosa 19, 169, 191 Annonaceae 254 Alpine hard-fern 96 Anogramma leptophylla 2, 121, 188 Alsophila 255 distribution in Turkey 134 atrovirens 231 new records for Turkey 134 cuspidata 231, 257 Antalya (Turkey) 119–122, 124, 126–129, 132, 133 spp. 218 antheridia 27, 65–69, 88, 89 Amambay (Paraguay) 225, 230, 238, 242, 250 formation of 67 Amasya (Turkey) 170, 172, 174 initiation 69 Amauropelta 240 precocious 69 abbiattii 238 antheridial cell 88 pachyrhachis 239 antheridiogen 64, 68, 69 rivularioides 239 system 67–69 Amazon in Asplenium ruta-muraria 64–70 antheridium 87 falciculatum 240 formation 68 hispidulum 238 antherozoid 87 karstenii 240 Antigramma 160, 165 lobatum 218 Antilles 225, 232, 233, 239, 240, 243, 245, 246, macrophyllum 242 249, 251, 252 martinicense 242 Greater 228, 229, 237, 244, 245 microcarpon 240 Antipodes Islands 96, 97 munitum ANTONIO GALAN DE MERA 109–12 var. imbricans 218 Aphyllocarpa regalis 228 obtusilobum 240 apogamy 30, 38, 69, 141, 145 ochthodes 147 apomictic sporogenesis D
pp-Mantonian 79 pachyrhachis 239 aquatic species 116, 252 rivularioides 239 Aquifoliaceae 254 schomburgkii 240 Arabian sea 1 truncatulum 242 arable fields 305 uliginosum 237 Arachniodes adiantiformis 279 Aspidosperma 253 Arbutus Aspleniaceae 64–70, 125, 160–68, 165, 170, 173– andrachne 169 76, 245 unedo 123, 169 root anatomy 160–68 archegonia 27, 65–67 roots of 161 archegonium 69 species, occurrences of root types 162 archesporial cells 146 Asplenium 69, 75, 160, 162, 169, 194 Archipelago 5 abscissum 163 Arctic ecotype 71 abyssinicum 163 Arecaceae 229, 236, 249–51, 254 achilleifolium 163 areole 21 acrobryum 163 Argentina 97, 99, 227, 228–32, 234–36, 238, 239, actiniopteroides 163 241, 244–47, 249, 250, 252, 258 adiantum-nigrum 84, 86, 90, 125, 163, 174, 188– north 235, 238, 240, 242, 243, 250, 252 91 north east 229, 234, 242 distribution in Turkey 135 north west 244, 248 distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern Arisarum proboscideum 202 region 183 Arizona 272 distribution in Turkish Black Sea western Artvin (Turkey) 119, 121, 123–27, 130–32, 138, region 185 139, 170–80 new records for Turkey 135 Ascension Island 109 var. microdon 83, 85 ASHCROFT, C.J. 205–13 adiantum-nigrum
A. scolopendrium 83 Asia 233, 238, 245 adulterinum 25, 163 arctic zone 71 root cortex, cross-section 164 central mountains 71 aethiopicum 163 eastern 91, 271 root cortex, cross-section 165 south eastern 5, 8, 81, 228 aethiopicum group 160, 166 southern 81 affine 163 western 78 africanum 163, 167 aspartate aminotransferase 209 aitchisoii 163 Aspidiaceae 131 alatum 161, 163, 166 Aspidium root cortex, cross-section 165 caesarianum 239 amboinense 163 caripense 240 angustum 163 confertum 242 anisophyllum 162 eriocaulon 240 annetii 162 argentinum 162 ensiforme 2, 5, 163 atroviride 162 erectum 3, 163 attenuatum 163 exhaustum 163 aureum 163 exiguum 163 root cortex, cross-section 164 fabellifolium 163 auriculatum 163, 245 falcatum 5 auritum 163 feei 163 austrobrasiliense 163 finlaysonianum 163 billetii 163 fissum 163 billotii 109 fontanum 162 bipartitum 163 foreziense 163 bipinnatifidum 163 formosae 163 blastophorum 163 formosum 163, 245, 256 blechnoides 246 gemmiferum 163 boltonii 163 gibberosum 163 brasiliense 163 hapalophyllum 163 brassei 163 haussknechtii 25 bugoiense 163 hemionitis 163 bullatum 162 heterochroum 163 caudatum 163 hoffmanii 163 caudatum group 166, 167 hybrids 85 ceterach 64, 163 × jacksonii 83-86 subsp. ceterach 128, 176, 188–91 laetum 163, 245 distribution in Turkey 136 lanceolatum 163 distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern var. microdon 83 region 185 lepidum 25 distribution in Turkish Black Sea western × lessinense 25 region 184 linckii 163 new records for Turkey 136 lobulatum 163 cheilosorum 89, 146, 163 longicauda 163 claussenii 245 lucidum 163 creticum 25 lugubre 245 crinicaule 5 lunulatum 163 cuneifolium 90 macrophyllum 163 subsp. woronowii 175, 188–91 marinum 162 distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern root cortex, cross-section 164 region 183 var. microdon 83 cuspidatum 163, 245 × microdon 83–85 daucifolium 163, 167 monanthes 116, 117, 163 delavayi 163 mucronatum 163, 246 delitescens myriophyllum 163 root cortex, cross-section 164 nigripes 163 diplaziosorum 163 nidus 5, 163, 167 dissectum 163 normale 89, 163 divergens 163 obliquissimum 163 dognyense 163 obovatum 163 douglasii 163 subsp. lanceolatum × A. scolopendrium 83 dregeanum 163 obtusatum 163 d'urvillei 163 onopteris 90, 125, 175, 188–91 elliotii 163 distribution in Turkey 135 elmeri 163 distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern enatum 163 region 183 distribution in Turkish Black Sea western distribution in Turkish Black Sea western region 185 region 184 new records for Turkey 135 new records for Turkey 136 plantagineum 243 septentrionale 117, 163 plantaginifolium 243 subsp. caucasicum 126, 176, 188–91 polyodon 5 distribution in Turkey 135 praemorsum 163 distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern praemorsum group 166, 167 region 185 primitive species 166 new records for Turkey 135 pteropus 163 subsp. septentrionale 176, 188, 189, 190, 191 pulchellum 163 distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern quitense 163 region 185 radicans 163 serra 163 repens 163 serratum 246, 256 rhizophyllum 163 sessilifolium 163 riedelianum 243 species, epiphytic 166 riparium 163 subglandulosum 163 rutaceum 163 suppositum 163 ruta-muraria 69, 117, 163 tenerum 163 antheridial formation 68 tenuicaule 163 antheridiogen system in 64–70 tenuifolium 163 comparison of gibberellic acid treated with theciferum 163, 166 normally grown prothallus 67 thunbergii 163 culture medium 65 tocoraniense 163 germination under different treatments 66 tomentosum 236 relationship between prothalli cell number and trichomanes 64, 161, 163 age for different spore treatments 66 subsp. trichomanes 173, 188–91 spores 64 distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern spores cleaning and sterilization of 65 region 184 subsp. ruta-muraria 126, 176, 188–91 distribution in Turkish Black Sea western distribution in Turkey 136 region 184 distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern var. majus 117 region 185 subsp. quadrivalens 174, 188–91 distribution in Turkish Black Sea western distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern region 184 region 184 new records for Turkey 136 trichomanes group 166 sagittatum 163 trilobum 163 salicifolium triphyllum 163 var. auriculatum 245 tripteropus 163 sandersonii 163 triquetrum 163 scalare 163 tucumanese 163 schizocarpum 163 tuerckheimii 163 schkuhrianum 245 uhligii 163 scolopendrium 12, 19, 84–86, 117, 161, 163, 166, ulbrichtii 163 293, 294, 300, 301, 304–06 unilaterale 163 ditch bank habitat of in the Kuinderbos variabile 163 (Netherlands) 12 varians 163 subsp. scolopendrium 127, 176, 188–91 verapax 243 distribution in Turkey 136 vieillardii 163 distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern virens 245 region 184 viride 174, 188–91 distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern Australasia 91 region 183 Australia 5, 7, 97, 233, 271 vittaeforme 163 eastern 91, 96 viviparoides 163 northern 7 volkensii 163 autobivalent 145 vulcanicum 163 autochory 303 wilfordii 163 Ava Chiripa 223 root cortex, cross-section 165 Ava Katuete 223 wrightii 163 Axonopus 254 yoshinagae 163 Ayancik (Turkey) 169 yunnanense 163 Aydin (Turkey) 119, 120, 122, 124, 126, 129, 133 zamiaefolium 163 Azollaceae 288 Asplenium
jacksonii 84, 86 Azorean archipelago 116 in situ. 84, 85 Azores 71, 113, 116, 117 Asplenium
Jacksonii Caldiera Rasa 113 rediscovered in the wild 83–86 Flores Island 113 asplenium-sclereid 160–62, 164, 165, 166 Lagoa Lomba 113–15 asplenium-type root 161, 162 Sao Miguel 113 Asplenophyllitis group 83, 84 × Asplenophyllitis jacksonii 83 Balikesir (Turkey) 120–33, 138, 139 Asteraceae 254 Bambusa guadua 254 asthma 279 Bamhani (India) 101 Astronium 253 Bangkok 281 Athirapally 265 Bangladesh 5, 6, 9 Athyriaceae 130 BARCELONA, J.F. 261 Athyrium 169, 271 BARFOD, A.S. 150 cumingianum 2, 5 barochory 303 distentifolium 130, 177, 188–90 Bartin (Turkey) 170, 174–77, 179 distribution in Turkey 137 Batanes Islands 261 distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern Bazzania trilobata 60 region 186 Belgium 12, 15, 19 new records for Turkey 137 Belize 259 filix-femina 117, 130, 177, 188–91, 200, 294–96, Belvisia revoluta 3 301 BENLIOGLU, O. 119–40, 169–92 distribution in Turkey 137 Bermudas 252 distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern Betula pendula 56–58, 61 region 186 Bhatgaon (India) 101 distribution in Turkish Black Sea western Bhutan 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 region 185 Biddinghuizen (Netherlands) 300, 301 new records for Turkey 137 BIDIN, A. 21-24 flexile 204 Bilaigarha (India) 101 irayense 261 BIR, S.S. 141–49 Atlantic Bitlis (Turkey) 121, 122, 129, 133 bryophytes 51 bivalent 26, 27 coast 117 Black Sea region (ferns) 169–92 forest 221, 223 BLACKMORE, S. 195 canopy 224 Blechnaceae 21–24, 91–100, 138, 166, 170, 180, Ocean 117 246 regions 83 Blechnoideae 21 species 51 Blechnum 21, 24, 75, 169, 271 Auckland Islands 96 acutum 246 Austral Island 41 alpinum 96 var. elongata 92 pinna sterile underside 94 amabile 91 rhizome 98 andicola 99 scale from base of stipe 94 angustifolium 247 scale from rachis 94 araucana 99 subsp. microphyllum 91, 93, 98, 99 asplenioides 246 distribution and habitat 99 australe 98 habit 94 binervatum pinna fertile underside 94 subsp. acutum 246, 257 pinna sterile underside 94 blechnoides 246 rhizome 99 brasiliense 247, 255 subsp. penna-marina 91–93, 95, 97 castaneum 91 cytology 95 caudatum 248 distribution and habitat 95 corcovadense 247 habit 94 distans 96 rhizome 95 eburneum 91 spores 95 ensiforme 247 var. boliviana 93, 98 fraxineum 247, 257 var. latiuscula 92 gayanum 98 penna-marina, four subspecies 91–100 forma germainii 98, 99 polypodioides 92, 246 glandulosum 248 spicant 91, 117, 138, 180, 188–91 goldmanii 99 distribution in Turkey 138 gracile 247 distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern hancockii 91 region 181 hillii 96 new records for Turkey 138 homophyllum 91 uliginosum 92, 93, 97 indicum 21 unilaterale 246 kunthianum 247 Bolbitis 255 lanceola 247, 257 guianensis 244 latiuscula 92 mexicana 244 longifolium 247 serratifolia 244, 256 meridense 246 Bolivia 75–76, 91, 98, 227, 229, 231, 234, 237, 239, microphyllum 98, 99 242, 243, 247–50, 252 nigrosquamatum 247 west 225 nipponicum 91 Bolu (Turkey) 169–71, 175, 176, 178–80 nivale 99 Bommeria pedata 69 obtusifolium 248, 255 book reviews occidentale 248, 257, 277 Authors of scientific names in Pteridophyta 214 parvulum 93 Bibliography for gametophytes 268, 273–74 pectinatum 248 Clubmosses ecology and conservation status in penna-marina 92, 96 lower Saxony and Bremen 216–17 key to subspecies 93 Comparative ethnobotanical studies of the subsp. alpina 91–96, 97, 99 Amerindian groups in coastal Ecuador 150 cytology 96 Ferns and fern allies, morphology, systematics distribution and habitat 96 and biology 90 habit 94 Ferns of Britain and Ireland 204, 214 rhizome 96 Flora de Mexico, Dryopteridaceae 274 subsp. boliviana 91, 98 Flora de Mexico, Marsileaceae 274 cytology 98 Flora Malesiana Series II volume 3 288 distribution and habitat 98 Holttum Memorial Volume 193 habit 94 Hong Kong Ferns 40 pinna fertile underside 94 Index Filicum Supplementum Septum Pro Annis on headland of Tanjung Selantai Johor 22 1991-1995 260 Brazil 75, 91, 98, 109, 225–40, 242–47, 249, 250– Index Filicum Supplementum Sextum Pro Annis 52 1976-1990 218 central 248, 249 Pteridology in Perspective 194 eastern coast 223, 252, 257, 258 boreal 91 north 227 Borneo 9, 48, 215 south 95, 98, 229, 231, 233, 235, 236, 239, 241, bosque alto 225, 228, 229, 232–42, 245, 246, 249– 248, 250 51 south east 241, 247–50, 252 disturbed 228, 231, 234, 238, 244, 248, 249, breeding system 64–70 252 BREMER, P. 11–20, 289–308 habitat description 253 Bremerbergbos (Netherlands) 300, 301 on saturated soil 235, 237, 243, 245, 247 BRIDGES, K.M. 205–13 bajo 232, 233, 237, 242 bright blindness 277 clearings 236 Britain 59, 77–80, 83, 197, 214, 306, 307 habitat description 254 Cornwall 83 on saturated soil 231, 236–42, 245, 249, 250, Devon northern 83 251 Leeds 90 medio 228, 232–35, 237, 238, 240–42, 245, 246, west coast 51 248, 250, 251, 256 western 80 degraded 232 British Isles 204, 205, 214 dominated by Myrtaceae 245 BRITTON, D.M. 113–18 habitat description 253 BRUNTON, D.F. 113–18 on saturated soil 231, 232, 237, 240, 243, 247 bryophyte 51, 61, 87, 306 on Sorocea 226 atlantic 197 river banks 237, 243 Bufo regularis 280 medio-alto Bulu (Turkey) 119–21, 129, 130–33, 138, 139 disturbed areas 233 Burdur (Turkey) 120, 129 Botrychium Burma 5 daucifolium 5 northern 73 lanuginosum 5 Bursa (Turkey) 119–21, 129, 130, 131, 133, 138, bovine enzootic haematuria 277 139 Brachypodium sylvaticum 86, 295 Butia 229, 249, 250, 254 bracken 8, 146, 205, 212, 275, 280, 281, 283 paraguayensis 224, 251 adverse health effects 276 carcinogenic constituents 279–80 Cadiz 109 fertile frond 282, 283 Cadiz province 198 infertility 282 calcareous sporangia 283 sand 291, 301, 306, 307 spores 279, 283 soils 305 health risk 275, 278 substrate 306 sporing 281 calcicole 188, 191, 289, 306 stands 281 species 18 spores 283 calcifuge species 307 sporing 283 calcimeter 170 sterile frond 282 Calypogeia integristipula 60 Brainea insignis Cameroon 9 cytology 24 Campbell Islands 96, 97 ecology and cytology 21–24 Campomanesia 253 grown at the University Kebangsaan Malaysia campos cerrados 223. fern garden 22 Camptosorus 165 meiosis 23 Campyloneurum 75 leuconeurum 248 Ceterach 160, 165 nitidum 248, 257 officinarum 64 phyllitidis 248, 256 ceterach-type root 162, 163 CAMUS, J.M. 194 Chaerophyllum temulum 295 Canada 228 Chakkai, Thiruvananthapuram (India) 104 New Brunswick, Grand Lake 114 Chamba (India) 145 Ontario, McQuaby Lake 114 CHAMBERS, T.C. 91–100 Canakkale (Turkey) 120, 122–26, 133 Channel Islands Canary Island 116 Guernsey 83, 86, 90 cancerous lesions in mice 280 Jersey 83 Canindeyu 225 Chatham Islands 96, 97 canopy 13, 14, 17, 60 Cheilanthes 169 composition 12 anceps 89 cover 58, 61 angustifolia 271 gap 153 aurea 271 loss 62 bolborrhiza 270–72 species 52, 57 chlorophylla 231 Cape Horn 95 concolor 233 Cape Verde Islands 7, 109, 116 fragrans 25 carcinogen 279, 280 guanchica 109 carcinogenicity of pteridophyte spores 279 inaequalis 271 Cardamine flexuosa 294, 295 marantae Carex subsp. marantae 120, 188, 191 remota 295 distribution in Turkey 134 sylvatica 293, 295 distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern Carpinus 124, 130, 132, 138, 139, 170, 171, 173, region 181 177, 180 new records for Turkey 134 betulus 169, 300 marantae subsp. marantae 170 orientalis 169 persica 119 Carpogymnia dryopteris 218 distribution in Turkey 134 Castanea 123, 127, 130–32, 139, 171, 173, 180 new records for Turkey 134 sativa 19, 58, 169, 191 pteridioides 119 cattle 277 distribution in Turkey 134 Cedrus 120 new records for Turkey 134 cell radiata 231 cortical 162 sieberi 280 parenchymatous 162 health risks 277 passage 162, 166 viridis 5 tapetal 141 Cheilanthes bolborrhiza 269–73 wall, spiral thickening 162, 166 cheilanthoid ferns 271 Central America 249 in Arizona 272 ferns 274 poikilohydrous leaves 272 Cephalomanes rigidum 230 Cheilanthoideae 270–72 Cephalozia Cheiroglossa 75 connivens 60 Cheiropleuriaceae 288 lunulifolia 60 Chelidonium majus 294 Ceratopteris antheridiogen 64 Chile 97, 99, 225, 233, 235 cerrado 223, 225, 229, 236, 249, 250, 255, 257 southern 95 habitat described 254 China 7–9, 71, 81, 91 pasture 229, 251 central-west 71, 72 river bank 229 north eastern 5 vegetation 223, 224 northern 71 south western 6, 72 Circaea lutetiana 294, 298 southern 5, 7, 8, 21, 24, 41 circum-boreal 91 chloroform 43, 141 Cladonia furcata 61 chorology 169–92 Clavija nutans 253 Christella 41–50 clayey soil 156, 157, 290, 291, 296, 299, 300, 303, dentata 198 306, 307 hispidula 48, 238 woods 289 papilio 48 clonal growth 205 var. repens 48 cloud forest 153 parasitica 48, 275 clubmoss 216 chromosome numbers 47 coastal area, (Black Sea region) 169 geographical variation in chromosome number colchicine 27 42 Collado Puerto del Viento 202 glands 47 Colombia 227, 228, 230–32, 233, 236–39, 241–50, morphological features of the different 252, 259 cytotypes 47 colonisation 298, 305–307 pinnae of polder woodland by ferns 289–308 number of pairs 47 of woodland 11, 18, 291 size 47 Colysis hemionitidea 6 ploidy level 48 community 110 polygraphs of different populations 48 epiphytic 109 pubescence 47 Concepcion 225 rediscovery of the rare diploid cytotype 41–50 coniferous woodland 289 rhizome 47 conifers 169 silhouettes of conservation 1–10, 4, 61, 62, 197, 216–17, 221, 223 fronds of diploid forms 45 continental Europe 197 fronds of tetraploid forms 44 Cook Island 41 pinnae from different populations 46 Copaifera langsdorfii 253, 254 spore mother cells of diploid plants 43 corm 115 spore size 47 Cornus sanguinea 86 under surface of a pinna lobe from different cortex 161 populations 46 inner 161, 162 chromosome 23, 25, 26, 31, 84, 146 inner, sclerenchymatous 165 analysis 141 outer 162, 167 bivalent 30, 32, 37, 38 parenchymatous 162, 166 counting 43 root See root cortex in Isoetes azorica 115 cortical cell 162 in Isoetes tuckermanii 115 Corum (Turkey) 121, 132, 170 meitotic 141 Corylus 124, 132, 138, 170, 171, 174, 175, 180 metaphase 116 avellana 58, 86 mitotic 27 plantation 124, 126, 127, 130, 132, 139, 172, 173, multivalent 32 176–80 number 21, 24, 27, 30, 47, 145 costa 85 numbers for some ferns from the Nilgiris 144 Costa Rica 231, 239, 259 pairing 79, 80 costule 143 quadrivalent 32 cows 280 somatic 116, 141 Crataegus monogyna 86 trivalent 32 creeping rhizome 272 univalent 30, 32, 37, 38 Crepidomanes 146 unpaired 83 bipunctatum 265 Chrysochosma lemmonii 271 christii 265 Chrysophyllum 253 intramarginale 265 kurzii 265 Cyclosorus latealatum 265 dentatus 198 lunulatum 265–68 hispidula See Thelypteris hispidula frond irayensis 261 fertile 266 parasiticus 277 margin 266 Cyperaceae 254 habit 266 Cyrtomium rhizome hairs 266 caryotideum 8 sporangium 266 divicola 9 spore 266 falcatum 278 vein trichomes 266 micropterum 9 radicans 230 Cyrtophlebium phyllitidis 248 Crozet Islands 95 Cystopteris 169 cryptogam decline on sandstone 59 fragilis 178, 188–91, 281 cryptogamic species 198 distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern Cryptogramma 169 region 186 crispa 170, 188, 191 distribution in Turkish Black Sea western distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern region 182, 185 region 181 var. diaphana 117 Ctenitis 147 Cytisus tribracteolatus 109 connexa 241 cytological study 43 eriocaulis 240, 256 cytology 21–24, 26, 32, 41, 79, 83, 84, 95, 96, 98, falciculata 240, 256 113, 116, 141, 145 Mbaracayu Reserve, unidentified species 241 of some ferns from the Nilgris, South India 141– scabrosa 144 49 submarginalis 240, 256 cytotype 24 tonduzii 219 diploid 41–50, 42, 43, 46, 48 Ctenopteris khasyana 218 new 141, 147 Cuba 226 tetraploid 41–43, 46, 48 Cuban species 306 Culcita macrocarpa 197, 199, 202 Dalhousie (India) 145 culture 65, 66, 69 Danaea 255 agar 67 longifolia 228 artificial 89 nodosa 228, 257 soil 67 Darjeeling (India) 145–47 Cyathea 155, 288 Davallia andina 157 canariensis 109, 110 atrovirens 231 pusilloides 288 crinita 6 repens 288 cuspidata 231 subvestita 288 fenicis 261 vestita 288 gigantea 6 Davalliaceae 166, 288 multiflora 157 Deccan plateau (India) 1 nilgirensis 6 deciduous species 156, 157 forest See forest deciduous tortuosa 156 woodland 289, 291 undetermined species 157 Dehesa de Ojen 202 Cyatheaceae 153, 157, 193, 231 Denizli (Turkey) 122 Cyclodium Dennstaedtia globulifera 236 confertum 242 Dennstaedtiaceae 21, 170, 172, 205, 236 meniscioides dennstaedtia-type root 162 var. meniscioides 242 densiometer spherical 156 deoxyanthocyanins 21 adducts 279 Deparia polyrhizon 219 covalent modifications 279 dermatitis contact 279 Dodabatta (India) 142 Deschampsia caespitosa 295, 299 Dominican Republic 109 Devikolam (India) 7 Doodia 21 Devon 18 Doryopteris 252 Devrek (Turkey) 169 concolor 233, 256 Dharamsala (India) 145 lomariacea 233, 255 diakinesis 27 multipartita 234 Dicranella heteromalla 61 nobilis 234 Dicranopteris flexuosa 229, 255 patula 234 Didymochlaena 255 pedata truncatula 242, 256 var. multipartita 234 Diellia 160, 165, 166 raddiana erecta 163 var. multipartita 234 falcata 163 var. patula 234 Diphasiastrum 216–17 drinking water 280 alpinum 216 Drynaria quercifolia 277 complanatum 216 Dryopsis scabrosa 144 issleri 216 Dryopteridaceae 11–20, 25–40, 77–81, 166, 170, tristachyum 216 178, 242, 274 zeilleri 216 Dryopteris 169, 281 Diplazium 255 aemula 51 beddomei 6 affinis 78–81, 293, 294, 295, 299, 301, 307 brachylobum 4 reaffirmation of taxonomic treatment 77–81 caudatum 197, 198, 202 recognition of subspecies 82 celtidifolium subsp. affinis 77–80 var. puberulum 242, 257 var. affinis 80 cognatum 4, 6 var. kerryensis 80 cristatum 243 var. paleaceolobata 80 dilatatum 3 subsp. affinis × D. filix-mas 80 doederleinii 261 subsp. affinis ‘Pinderi’ 80 esculentum 277 subsp. borreri 77, 79, 80, 132, 180, 188, 189, gemmiferum 243 191 hians 243, 255 distribution in Turkey 137 plantagineum 243 distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern plantaginifolium 243, 257 region 187 riedelianum 243, 257 distribution in Turkish Black Sea western urticifolium 243 region 187 verapax 243 new records for Turkey 137 Diploblechnum 21 subsp. borreri × D. filix-mas 80 Diplora 160, 165 subsp. cambrensis 77–81 dispersal 298, 303, 305, 306 var. insubria 80 Distichium capillaceum 306 var. paleaceo-crispa 80 diversity 153 var. pseudocomplexa 80 floristic 1 subsp. cambrensis × D. filix-mas 80 in fern flora 41 subsp. persica 80 of tree ferns (Tambopata, Peru) 157 subsp. persica var. paleaceo-crispa 80 pteridophyte 255 subsp. robusta 77, 78 pteridophytes in the Mbaracayu region 252 subsp. stilluppensis 77, 78 Diyarbakir (Turkey) 119, 120, 122, 127, 129 affinis × D. filix-mas 80 DNA × asturiensis 79 azorica 117 distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern campyloptera 117 region 187 carthusiana 294, 299, 301 pachyrhachis 239 caucasica 79, 131, 180, 188–91 pallida subsp. pallida 132 distribution in Turkey 137 distribution in Turkey 138 distribution in Turkish Black Sea western new records for Turkey 138 region 187 parasitica var. glanduligera 238 new records for Turkey 137 pseudotetragona cochleata 143, 144, 147 var. foecunda 239 collina 240 var. gemmulifera forma major 239 × complexa 79, 80 quadrangularis 238 nothosubsp. complexa 80 rivularioides 239 nothosubsp. complexa ‘Stableri’ 80 scabra nothosubsp. contorta 80 var. caesarina 239 nothosubsp. critica 80 var. incompleta 239 cristata 294, 299 scabrosa 141, 142, 145, 147 dilatata 58, 116, 117, 138, 180, 188–91, 294, 295, schorapanensis 80 298, 299, 301, 305 sciaphila distribution in Turkey 138 var. raivavensis 218 distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern var. rapaensis 218 region 187 serrata 240 distribution in Turkish Black Sea western setigera 278 region 187 sporelings 61 new records for Turkey 138 spp. 296, 305 spores 281 submarginalis 241 eriocaulis 240 submontana 80 expansa 180, 188, 189, 191 uliginosa 237 distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern wallichiana 79 region 187 dunes 306 falciculata 240 Dutch mainland 300 filix-mas 131, 179, 188–91, 291, 293–96, 298, 299, 301, 305 East African Islands 4 antheridiogen 64 ecological adaptation 160 distribution in Turkey 137 ecology 11–20, 21–24, 73, 109, 116, 153, 169–92, distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern 215, 217, 289, 306 region 187 of ferns 2, 17 distribution in Turkish Black Sea western ecotype, arctic 71 region 187 Ecuador 75, 109, 160, 228, 238, 239, 243, 247, 250 health risks 277 coastal 150 new records for Turkey 137 Edelkarper (Netherlands) 300 gemmulifera 238 Edinburgh 281 guanchica 197 herbarium 78 intermedia 116, 117 El Salvador 157, 259 subsp. azorica 117 Elaphoglossum 75, 252 juxtaposita 6 balansae 244 karstenii 240 hassleri 244 limonensis 238 nilgiricum 2, 6 maderensis 117 subcochleare 244 meniscioides var. conferta 242 tenerum 244 mindshelkensis 80 Elazig (Turkey) 120 oreades 79, 180, 188–91 Eleogiton fluitans 116 eletrophoresis 217 Elymus caninus 295 etiolation 95 Embalse del Guadarranque 199 Eucalyptus 4 embryo 69 Eugenia 253 Emmelerbos (Netherlands) 300 Europe 25, 26, 71, 78, 117, 202 Emmeloorderbos (Netherlands) 290, 298, 303 arctic zone 71 endemic atlantic fringe 198 genera 1 central 160, 306 species 6–10, 80, 143 continental 77, 90, 197, 202 endodermis 164, 165 northern 202, 271 secondary 161 European species 197 endozoochorous species 298, 302, 303 exine 73 England 18 spinulose 267 eastern 305 exospore 101 northern 282 Fabaceae 254 south-eastern 51–63 Fagus 56, 122–28, 130, 131, 132, 138, 139, 170–74, south-western 306 177–80 Enserbos (Netherlands) 290, 300, 301 orientalis 123, 138, 169, 191 enzyme loci 212 sylvatica 11–13, 16, 58, 60, 291, 292, 300, 302 Epilobium montanum 294, 296, 299, 301 Falkland Islands 95, 98 Epipactis helleborine 294, 298 Fallowfield Experimental Grounds 209 epipetric 160 FARRANT, P.A. 91–100 epiphyte 3, 5–7, 9, 10, 56, 109, 141, 160, 167, 215, fenetra 113 225, 226, 230, 236, 244–46, 248–51, 253, 271, fern 272, 288 records 119–40 hemi 230 species adverse health effects 277 obligate 75 spores 281, 306 on Betula 56 dispersal distance 281 on Butia paraguayensis 251 handling 284 on Butia paraguayensis 250 health risks 275–87 on Fagus 56 FERNANDEZ LUNA, J.C. 109-12 on Pinus 56 ferns of the Black Sea region of Turkey 169–92 on tree ferns 246 fertile pantropical 75–76 bracken frond 283 phorophyte specifity 75 bracken frond 282 vascular 75 fronds 284 epiphytic fern genera 166 fronds handling 284 epizoochorous species 298, 302 fertilisation 27 Equatorial Guinea 109 self 30 equatorial plate 27 type 69 Equisetaceae 225, 288 Festuca gigantea 295 Equisetum Fiji 5, 7, 8, 41 giganteum 225, 255 filmy fern 52–54, 56, 265–68 schaffneri 225 (Tunbridge) in south east England 51–63 telmateia 117 fire 272 Erbaa (Turkey) 169 flabellifolium-type root 163 Erythroxylaceae 254 flabelliforme-type root 162 Erzincan (Turkey) 120 Flevoland (Netherlands) 300, 301, 306, 307 Erzurum (Turkey) 119, 120, 127 list of species in surveyed woods 294–95 Esenbeckia grandiflora 254 variables used in the study 292 ethanol 27, 43 woods 290 ethnobotany 150 Flora de Mexico ethyl alcohol 141 Dryopteridaceae (book review) 274 Marsileaceae (book review) 274 bank 153 Flora Malesiana Series II volume 3 (book review) habitat (Peru) 157 288 systems (tree fern association with) 156 Flora Mesoamericana (book review) 259 subtropical Florida 75, 240, 241 seasonal 75 south 242, 246 semideciduous wet 223, 263 forest 141, 143, 171, 223, 225, 264 tropical 223 Abies 126, 127, 131, 138, 171, 172, 174, 176, 179 evergreen 265 Abies cilicica 133 moist 153 Acer 128 evergreen 1 Alnus 111, 131, 174, 175 lowland 156 atlantic 221, 223 rain 76 bosque alto, described 253 wet lowland 157 canopy 156, 157 Tucumano-Bolivian 75 Castanea 130, 171 undisturbed 2, 156 cloud 75, 153 form deciduous 7, 9, 169 ecological 109 deforestation 223 geographical 81 destruction of 2, 4 fossil spores 104, 107 ecosystem 4 Fragaria vesca 295 elfin 75 France 83–86, 115 evergreen 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 Brittany Fagus 122, 130, 131, 138, 171, 172, 174, 179 Cap Fréhel 83 gallery 228, 230, 231, 232, 234–36, 238, 239, northern 86 241, 242–51, 257 western 83 described 254 FRASER-JENKINS, C.R. 77–81 on saturated soil 238 Fraxino-Ulmetum 291, 293, 305 habitat (Peru) 157 Fraxinus excelsior 11–14, 16, 17, 19, 58, 86, 289, lowland rain 75 291, 292, 295, 298, 300, 302, 305 Mbaracayu Natural Forest Reserve 221 frond mixed 120, 124–32, 138, 139, 170–75, 177, 179, axis 117 180 dimorphic bipinnate 143 moist 3 fertile 12, 15, 17, 21, 31, 65, 84, 93, 99, 143 monoculture 4 handling 284 montane 288 in Crepidomanes lunulatum 267 lower 215 fertility 282 mid 215 morphology 32 rain 75 simple petiolate 6 wet 153 simple pinnate 21 Nothofagus 92 sterile 93, 96, 99, 143 Picea 123, 126, 138, 172–74, 176–78 in bracken 282 Pinus 128, 130, 133, 174, 177, 179 in Crepidomanes lunulatum 267 Pinus brutia 121, 125, 126, 128, 129, 133 frost Pinus nigra 120, 121, 123, 127, 128, 132, 133, damage 19, 306 176 hardiness 6 Pinus sylvestris 126, 130, 132, 172, 175, 176, Fundación Moisés Bertoni 221, 258 178, 180 Quercus 122, 123, 125, 133 Gabon 109 saturated soil 255 GALAN DE MERA, A. 109-12 sholas 1–3, 5, 7–10 Galium aparine 293 southern temperate 223 gallery forest 228, 231, 232, 234, 235, 236, 238, stream 239, 241–51, 257 habitat description 254 triseriale 251 on saturated soil 238 Goniopteris gametangia 67 burkartii 238 gametophyte 57–59, 61, 64, 66, 67, 69, 89 gemmulifera 238 bibliography, book review 268, 273–74 scabra 239 hermaphrodite 65 GOPAL KRISHNA SRIVASTAVA 101–8 male only 66 GOSWAMI, H.K. 87–89 photomicrographs showing surface detail 88 Gough Island 95 sexually mature 68 Grammitidaceae 166, 215 with annular thickened tracheids 88, 89 Grammitis 75 with tracheids 87–89 attenuata 6 gemmae vegetative 115 cavisora 219 genome 80, 83 fenicis 261 analysis 48, 81 nimbata 306 Manton's 78 poeppigiana 219 genotype 69, 207 rigescens 219 genus monotypic 21, 24 granuloma 279 Geranium robertianum 294 grass 225 Germany pollen 281 north western 216 grassland 221, 223, 234, 305 northern 217 cerrado, habitat descibed 254 Gerze (Turkey) 169 exposed slope 141 Geum urbanum 294, 295, 298 flooded 225–27, 233, 234, 254, 255 Ghana 48 habitat described 254 GHOSH, R.K. 71–74 subalpine 92 gibberellic acid 64, 65, 66, 67, 68 Greater Antilles 228 GIBBY, M. 194 grid squares 119 Giresun (Turkey) 121, 123–27, 130, 131, 132, 139, growth inhibitor 68 170, 171, 173–80 Guaraní 223 glacial acetic acid 27, 141 Guarea 253 gland 117 Guatemala 109, 231, 237, 247, 259 Glaphyropteridopsis erubescens 6 Guianas 229, 230, 237, 239, 242, 244, 246 Gleichenia guinea pig 277 flexuosa 229 Gujarat (India) 1 rigida 229 Gumushane (Turkey) 119, 120, 127, 131, 169 Gleicheniaceae 229 Gunong ma 215 glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 209 Gunung Beremban 215 glyceraldehyde-3-pbosphate dehydrogenase 209 Gunung ma 216 glycerine jelly mount 104 Gunung Mutu 215 Goa (India) 1 Guyana 75, 227, 233, 238, 240, 249, 251, 252 goat 277 Gymnocarpium 169 GONZALEZ, J.L. 109-12 dryopteris 12, 178, 188, 190, 191 Goniophlebium 261–308 distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern benguetense 263 region 186 coadunatum 262 ditch bank habitat of (Netherlands) 12 new species 261–308 Gymnogramma calomelanos var. denudata 234 demersum 263 Gymnopteris tomentosa 236 manmiense 218 mengtzeense 263 habitat 84, 96, 141, 142 pectinans 251 alpine 98, 99 percussum group 263 herbfields 96 terrestre 264 montane 25 scree 91, 92, 96 hemi-epiphyte 230, 247 scrub 96 Hemionitis tomentosa 236, 257 aquatic 6, 116 Hennecartia 253 cloud forest 153 hermaphrodite 64, 67, 68, 69 exposed 8 HESS, A. 64-70 forest heterozygous loci 212 cloud 75 hexokinase 209 elfin 75 Himalaya 1, 5, 7, 8, 71, 72 lowland rain 75 eastern 5 streams 6, 7, 10 northern 117 subtropical seasonal 75 west 42 grassland 96 Hispaniola 241, 243 subalpine 92 Histiopteris incisa 3 hedgerows 17 holotype 72 high altitude meadow 73 homospory 64, 279 islands 289, 293, 302, 305 Honduras 259 lane-banks 86 Hong Kong 40 lowland 96 HORN, K. 216–17 mesophytic 146 Houtribbos (Netherlands) 301 micro 19 human montane 91, 96 exposure to fern spores 281 rainforest 75 health risks from fern spores 275–87 sandstone 57, 59, 60 Humata 288 Ardingly 56, 59 repens 3, 7 pH 56 Huperzia 75 Tunbridge Wells 59 a new species from India 71–74 semi-aquatic 4 dentata 71 stone-walls 6 dixitiana 71–74, 71, 72 stream-banks shaded 6, 8, 9, 17 apical portions of sporophylls 74 subalpine 91 described 73 sub-coastal woodland 86 distribution 73 tree fern 157 ecology 73 xeric 146 etymology 73 haematuria 277 holotype 72 hair isotype 72 epidermal 88 spore 74 glandular 41 kamaensis 219 HAMEED C.A. 265–68 lajouensis 72 Harderbos (Netherlands) 300 mandiocana 226, 256 Hart's Tongue fern see Asplenium scolopendrium nylamensis 219 Harz mountains 216 perrieriana 218 Hassler, Emile 223 selago 71, 72 Hatay (Turkey) 119, 121–23, 126, 128–30, 132, 133 subsp. arctica 71 Hawaii 41, 260 subsp. dentata 71 Hawaiian islands 282 subsp. selago 71, 72, 73 hay-fever 278 var. appressum 71 health risks from fern spores 275–87 var. himalaica 72, 73 heathland 216 tibetica 72 Hedera helix 86, 295 hybrid 27, 30, 32, 78, 79, 83–86, 147, 160 Hedyosmum 75 artificial 80, 83, 84 Helminthostachys zeylanica 7 diploid 9, 25 hemicellulase 27 fertile 9 sterile triploid 41 Inas 216 tetraploid 9 inbreeding 69 triploid 9, 25, 27 Index Filicum 218, 219 hybridisation 9, 25–40, 48, 81 Supplement 6 218 interspecific 25 Supplement 7 260 hydrophyte 111 India 71–74, 72, 101, 104, 265 hygrophyte See hydrophyte central 7, 8, 42, 146, 147 Hymenoasplenium 160–162, 165 eastern 147 delitescens 163 Himalayas 145, 146 excisum 163 eastern 146, 147 hymenoasplenium-type root 161–63 western 145, 146, 147 Hymenophyllaceae 51–63, 230, 265–68 north eastern 5, 41 Hymenophyllum 52, 54, 61, 75 north western 5 denticulatum 7 northern 6–10, 145, 146 javanicum 7 plains 146 tunbrigense 188 peninsular 141, 147 aspect and canopy cover in south east England south eastern 7 58 southern 1, 3, 4, 6–10, 41–50, 41, 42, 141, 143, canopy species 57 144, 146, 147, 265 over colonies in south east England 58 map showing Palni Hills and Tirunelveli Hills conservation 61, 62 42 dates of first and last records in south east west peninsular 42 England 55 Indo-Nepal border 147 distribution in 1994/1995 in south east England Indonesia 5, 7 59 indumentum 272 habitat 60, 61 indusial flap 282 in south east England 51–63 indusium 21, 47, 57, 91, 117 location of sites in south east England 52 infertility 283 mortality 61 bracken 282 population sizes in south east England 56 initial cell 166 recruitment 61 intergametophytic selfing 27, 38 regeneration 61 interglacial relict sites 59 relationship between number and size of Ireland 80, 197, 214 patches in south east England 59 southern 80 relationship between number of patches and Iris foetidissima 86 slope in south east England 57 IRUDAYARAJ, V. 41–50, 141–49 reproduction 57 Iskendurun (Turkey) 119 soil pH at sites in south east England 57 islands subantarctic 91, 92 wilsonii 55 Ismir (Turkey) 119, 124, 126, 129 Hypodematium crenatum subsp. crenatum 7 Ismit (Turkey) 123, 126, 128, 130, 131, 138 isocitrate dehydrogenase 209 Iberian Isoetaceae 101 sites 202 Isoetes 104, 107 Peninsula 109–12 azorica 115–17 IBISCH, P.L. 75–76 affinity with North America 113–18 Icel (Turkey) 119, 122, 125–27, 133 chromosomes (metaphase) 115 IDE, J.M. 268, 273 morphological features 115 Ilex 57 SEM views of megaspores 114 aquifolium 58, 60, 295 SEM views of microspores 114 Impatiens spore cytology 113–18 noli-tangere 295 spore morphology 113–18 parviflora 295, 298 butleri 116 coromandelina key to Acrosorus in Thailand 215 microspore size in different populations 106 Khajjar (India) 145 microspores 101–8 Khandala (India) 101 photomicrographs of microspores. 102, 103, Khao Luang 215 105 Khao Nong 215 duriei 116 Khapridih (India) 101, 104 engelmannii 116 Khasia Hills (India) 147 lacustris 115, 116 Killarney fern see Trichomanes speciosum maritima 116 Kirklareli (Turkey) 122, 125 melanopoda 116 KNAPP, S. 221 riparia 116 Knop medium 27, 87, 88 tuckermanii 113, 116, 117 Konya (Turkey) 120, 122, 129, 132 chromosomes (metaphase) 115 Korea 8 morphological features 115 Kothayar (India) 6, 7, 43, 46 SEM views of megaspores 114 KRAMER, K.U. 90 SEM views of microspores 114 Kuinderbos (Netherlands) 11, 14, 16, 19, 290, 291, Isopterygium elegans 61 300, 301, 306, 307 Isothecium myosuroides 61 Kutahya (Turkey) 120, 124, 127, 129, 132, 133 isotype 72, 74 KVIST, L.P. 150 isozyme analysis 205, 209 La Granja, 199 genotype 206, 209 Lacosteopsis 146 profiles 210, 212 Ladik (Turkey) 169 Isparta (Turkey) 119, 127, 129, 133 lake, oligotrophic 116 Istanbul (Turkey) 119, 121–28, 130–32, 138 lamina 96, 98, 99 Ithalaru (India) 142, 146 bipinnate 141, 142 Izmir (Turkey) 121, 130, 132, 133 bipinnatifid 142 flabellate 141 Jagersveld (Netherlands) 290, 299, 300, 301, 304– pinnate 141, 142 307 pinnatisect-pinnate 95 Jamaica 243 semi-circular 141 Japan 5, 7–9, 42, 71, 72, 91, 147, 265 sterile 75 Java 5, 7, 8 tripinnate 141, 143 JIMÉNEZ, B. 221 wedge-shaped 141 JOHNS, R.J. 193, 194, 218–19, 260 Lantana 10 Laos 10 kaempferol 280 Larix decidua 58, 60 Kaiserslautern 160 Larserbos (Netherlands) 300 Kalakad hills (India) 7 Lastrea Karabluk (Turkey) 169 filix-mas var. cochleata 144 Karipat (India) 101, 104 grisea 144 Karnataka (India) 1 ochthodes 144 Kars (Turkey) 120, 121, 123, 130, 138 scabra 239 Kashmir 72 scabrosa 144 Kastamonu (Turkey) 120, 121, 123–28, 130–32, Lastreopsis 138, 169–80 amplissima 241, 257 KAYNAK, G. 119–40, 169–92 effusa 241, 256 Kent (England) 51 tenera 4, 7 Kenya 41 Lauraceae 75 Kerala (India) 1–7, 265 Laurus 126 Kerguelen Island 95 Leeds University of 96, 97 Kew 218, 260 legumes 225 Lelystad (Netherlands) 305, 307 ensiformis 246 Lepidopilum virens 198 gayana 98, 99 Lepidozia reptans 60 germainii 98, 99 Lepraria incana 61 linearis 96 Leptochilus meridensis 246 decurrens 7 microphylla 98, 99 guianensis 244 obtusifolia 248 mexicanus 244 parvifolia 96 thwaitesianus 2, 7 penna-marina 92 Leptopteris × intermedia 219 poeppigianum 99 leptosporangiate 64 polypodioides 92 leucine aminopeptidase 209 pumila 96 Leucobryum glaucum 61 sellowiana 98 leukaemia 279 trichomanoides 93 clusters 283 uliginosa 92 leukocytes 277 var. magellanica 93 lianas 253 Lomariopsidaceae 244 lichen 59, 61 Lonicera periclymenum 295 Ligustrum vulgare 86 Lorinseria 21 Lindsaea Los Barrios 198 guianensis Loudetia 254 subsp. lanceastrum 237 Lower var. lanceastrum 255 Saxony 216 lancea 237, 255 Tunbridge Wells Sand 56 malabarica 7 Loxogramme portoricensis 237, 255 parallela 3 quadrangularis 237, 255 tibetica 218 Liquidambar orientalis 122 Loxoscaphe 160, 165 Listera ovata 294 Luehea divaricata 254 lithophyte 3, 6, 109, 141, 288 Lunathyrium lasiostipes 218 Litobrochia Lycopodiaceae 71–74, 226 denticulata 235 Lycopodiella kunzeana 235 alopecuroides 255, 226 nobilis 234 caroliniana Little hard-fern 96 var. meridionalis 226, 255 Littorella uniflora 116 cernua 226, 255 llama 277 matthewsii 226 Loch Lycopodium Faskally 207, 210 albidulum var. majus 227 Rannoch 207, 210 alopecuroides 226 Lomagramma guianensis 244, 257 brasiliense 227 Lomaria capillaceum 226 acuta 246 cernuum 226 alpina 95, 96 var. capillaceum 226 andicola 99 crassinervium 227 angustifolia 246, 247 inundatum 117 antarctica 92 marginatum 227 araucana 99 matthewsii 226 australis 98, 99 meridionale 226 crenulata 99 miyoshianum cuspidata 246 var. coreanum 218 distans 96 nudum 225, 226 pallidum 227 struthiopteris 177, 188–91 selago 117 distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern var. appressum 71 region 186 spores 279 Mauritius 5, 7, 109 health risks 279 Mbaracay 229, 231 Lygodium Mbaracayú 223 antheridiogen 64 diversity of pteridophytes, discussion 252 circinnatum 2 Forest Nature Reserve 221, 223 japonicum 2, 261 habitat associations 255–57 mearnsii 261 habitat descriptions 253 micans 229 map 222 volubile 229 pteridophyte flora 221 220–59 Mbyá 223 Macaronesia 198 Mecodium cryptogamic flora 202 coreanum 219 enclave 197 denticulatum 7 floral elements 197 javanicum 7 Macquarie Island 96, 97 Mediterranean Macrothelypteris torresiana 237 (eastern), rainfall pattern 169 Madagascar 7, 9, 75, 92 (western), rainfall pattern 169 Madeira 116, 117 climate 169 MADHUSOODANAN, P.V. 265–68 Meerut (India) 146 Madhya Pradesh (India) 87–89, 101 Megalastrum connexum 241 Madras region (India) 1 megaspore 115 Maharashtra (India) 1 morphology 104 malate dehydrogenase 209 ornamentation 117 Malatya (Turkey) 120 size in relation to ploidy level in Isoetes Malay 21 coromandelina 107 Islands 6, 7, 8 trilete 104 Peninsula 5–9, 21, 24, 215 Meghalaya (India) 7 Malaya 42, 215 meiosis 24, 25–40, 27, 32, 33, 38, 84, 145 Malaysia 21–24, 160, 216 in spore mother cells 143 northern Peninsular 216 meiotic analysis 79 Malesia 41, 288 Melastomataceae 254 malic enzyme 209 Melica uniflora 86 Manchester 209 Meniscium Museum Herbarium 209 cristatum 243 MANICKAM, V.S. 1–10, 41–50, 141–49 serratum 240 Manisa (Turkey) 121, 129, 132, 133 Mertensia manure 141 flexuosa 229 maquis 133 rigida 229 Maras (Turkey) 120, 122, 126, 133 Mesoamerica 225, 228, 232–36, 239, 242–48, 250– Marattiaceae 228 52 Mardin (Turkey) 122, 130 metaphase 27 Marginaria hirsutissima 248 Metathelypteris flaccida 8 MARÍN, G. 221 metaxylem 161 marinum-type root 162 Mexico 109, 227, 228, 231, 232, 234–37, 240, 242, Marion Island 95 243, 246, 252, 257, 271, 274 Marsileaceae 274 southern 75, 228–33, 235, 241, 243–45, 252, 259 Mascarene Islands 7, 9 microclimate 3 Matoniaceae 288 change 4 Matteuccia 169 Microgramma 75 lindbergii 249, 256 Mus (Turkey) 120 persicariifolia 249, 256 Mussoorie (India) 145 squamulosa 249, 256 Mutkuli, Hoshangabad (India) 101 vaccinifolia 249, 256 Myanaung (Burma) 5, 7, 8, 9 microhabitat 19 Myrcianthes pungens 253 Microlepia Myrciaria majuscula 4, 8 cuspidata 253 platyphylla 8 rivularis 253, 254 strigosa 8 Myrsinaceae 254 microphyll 104 Myrtaceae 75, 245, 254 microscopy 160 Myrtus communis 169 Microsorum punctatum 277, 278 Microsorum 288 Nainital (India) 145 microspecies 79 Nakhoo Si Thammarat 215 microspore 101–8, 115, 116 Narrow hard-fern 96 abortive 104 Natural History Museum, exospore 104 London 160 laesural ridge 101, 104 Nectandra 75, 253 mesospore 104 megapotamica 254 mesosporium spotted 107 neoplastic lesions 280 monolete 101, 104 neoteny 166 morphology 117 Nepal 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 41, 73 ornamentation 104, 115 central 72 perisporal sac 104 Nephelea perispore 104 cuspidata 155, 156, 157, 231 size in different populations of Isoetes tryoniana 157 coromandelina 106 Nephrodium size in relation to ploidy level in Isoetes crassipes 239 coromandelina 107 leprieurii 239 trilete 101, 104 quadrangulare 238 Miel Valley (Spain) 197, 199, 202 Nephrolepis exaltata 278 milk 280 Netherlands 11–20, 191, 289, 291–93, 301, 306 mitosis 28, 87, 141 New Caledonia 7, 41 archesporial 146 new floristic records for the fern flora of Tukey premeiotic 145 119–40 Mnium hornum 61 New Guinea 7 Moehringia trinervia 295 New World Tropics 225, 238, 242 MONDAL, P. 71–74 New Zealand 5, 7, 9, 10, 91, 95–97, 219, 265 Mongolia 71 Auckland 91 montane Kawau Island 91 distribution 306 North Island 96 forest 288 Rangitoto Island 91 wet 153 South Island 91, 96 Moraceae 226 Newfoundland 117 MORAN, R. 259 Nicaragua 231, 259 morphology 8, 9, 25, 78, 79, 83, 90, 110 NICHOLSON, B. 153–59 morphotype 78, 79 Nigde (Turkey) 120, 132, 133 moss spore dispersal distances 282 Nigeria 48 Mount Iraya (Batan Island) 261 Niksar (Turkey) 169 Mt Kinabalu 215 Nilgiri Hills (India) 1, 4 Mugla (Turkey) 119, 121, 124, 129, 130, 133 Nilgiris (India) 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 141–44, 146, 147 München 160 Niphidium 75 nomenclature 77 palustris 228 international code of botanical 79 phyllitidis 228 Noordoostpolder (Netherlands) 11–20, 11, 17, 289, regalis 8, 117, 170, 188–90, 228 291, 292, 296, 303 distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern North America 117, 271 region 181 central 228 var. spectabilis 228 eastern 228 spectabilis 228 genotypes 207 tomentosa 229 northeastern 117 Osmundaceae 170, 228 North Carolina 306 Osmundastrum cinnamomeum 228 northern Europe 271 ostiole 88 Northern Ireland 15–19 outbreeding 69 northern Peninsula Malaysia 216 Overijssel province (Netherlands) 293 Nothofagus 92 Notholaena Pa’i Tavytera 223 distans health risks 277 Pachmarchi (India) 145, 146 sinuata health risks 277 Pacific Islands 7, 238 PAGE, C.N. 82, 204, 214 O.-Flevoland (Netherlands) 289, 291, 292, 299 Pakistan 72 Oaxaca 271 northern 8 oceanic climate 169 Palayamkottai (India) 43 Ocotea 253 paleotropics 75 Odontoschisma denundatum 60 Palghat gap (India) 1–3, 146 oesophageal carcinoma 277 Palhinhaea cernua 226 Old World 21 var. sikkimensis 219 Tropics 225, 231, 236, 242 Paliurus 124 Oleandra musifolia 8 australis 169 Oostelijk Flevoland (Netherlands) 11, 17, 18 palm 225 Ophioglossaceae 75–76, 75 Palni Hills (India) 1, 2, 4, 5, 41, 43–48, 147 Ophioglossum 75–76, 194 Palnis (India) 6, 7, 8, 9 palmatum 75 Panama 228–31, 238, 239, 241, 243, 259 new record for Bolivia 75–76 PANT, D.D. 101-8 pendulum 75 pantropical 8, 226, 229, 252 petiolatum 8 para-aspidin 80 reticulatum 8 Paraguay 109, 221, 223, 225–46, 248–52 vulgatum 8, 117, 294, 296, 301, 306, 307 east 221, 229 Orchidaceae 166 oriental region 221, 247, 256–58 Ordu (Turkey) 123, 124, 126, 127, 130, 132, 138, paralysis 277 139, 170, 171, 173, 175–77, 179 Parasnath Hills (India) 145–47 Oreopteris 169 parenchyma 164, 165 limbosperma 173, 188–91 parenchymatous distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern cell 162 region 182 layer 161 Ornithogalum umbellatum 295 PARRIS, B.S. 214, 215–16, 218, 260 Osmunda 169, 271, 281 Paspalum 254 bipinnata 228 passage cell 161, 162, 164, 165, 166 cinnamomea 228, 255 pasture 233, 235, 254 collina 2 habitat described 254 hugeliana 8 on saturated soil 239, 240 imbricata 228 peat 17 mexicana 228 erosion of 11, 12 palmeri 228 sphagnum 12, 13 Pecluma 75 pinnae 8, 93, 96, 145 camptophyllaria var. lachnifera 250, 256 auriculate 9 filicula 250, 256 basal 48 ptilodon var. robusta 250, 256 Crepidomanes lunulatum 267 sicca 250 dimorphic 141 pectinase 27 entire 85 Pellaea boivini 5 fertile 21, 91, 93, 99, 141 Peltophorum 253 reduced basal 46 PEÑA-CHOCARRO, M.C. 221, 259 simple 5 Peninsular Thailand 215 size 47 Perak 215, 216 sterile 21, 91, 93, 95, 96, 98, 99, 141 PÉREZ-GARCÍA, B. 268, 273–74 pinnule 8, 27, 77 pericycle 161 simple 6 perispore 101 PINTER, I. 25–40 Perthshire 207, 208 Pinus 4, 56, 120, 126, 128, 131, 133, 174, 175, 177– Peru 75, 109, 153, 228, 233, 236, 239, 242, 243, 79, 296, 298, 300, 305 247–50, 252 brutia 121, 125, 126, 128, 129, 133 north-central 157 nigra 11, 120, 121, 123, 127, 128, 132, 133, 172, south eastern 153 176 Peruvian tree ferns 153–59 pinaster 86 distribution and abundance of 158 spp. 291, 292 pH electrode 170 sylvestris 58, 124, 126, 130, 132, 169, 172, 175, Phegopteris 169 176, 178, 180 connectilis 79, 173, 188, 189, 190, 191 Piperaceae 254 distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern Pistacia region 182 atlantica 169 polypodioides 193 palaestiana 169 phenotypic plasticity 71, 91 Pityrogramma Philippines 5, 7–9, 261–308 austroamericana 234 Phillyrea latifolia 128, 169 calomelanos Phlebodium decumanum 250 var. aureoflava 234 phloroglucide 80 var. austroamericana 234, 255 phorophyte specifity 75 var. calomelanos 234 phosphoglucoisomerase 209 ebenea 234 phosphoglucomutase 209 trifoliata 235, 255 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase 209 Plagiogyriaceae 288 photomicrographs (SEM) 101, 104 Plagiothecium argyrophyllum 198 photosynthesis 272 Plananthus alopecuroides 226 phreatic level 12, 13 Platanus 123, 171, 173–175, 179 Phyllitis 83, 160, 165 Platycerium bifurcatum 278 balansae 246, 252, 257 Pleopeltis hybrida 25 macrocarpa 9 phylogeny 160 pleopeltifolia 251, 256 phytogeography 113, 116 Plesioneuron fulgens 219 Picea 123, 124, 126, 132, 172–74, 176–78, 180, 298 Pleurosorus 160, 165 abies 11, 13, 58 ploidy orientalis 169 16-ploid 144, 145 sitchensis 12, 13, 16, 17 aneuploid 24, 147 spp. 292 diploid 9, 23, 25, 26, 29, 32, 33, 144–48 PICHI SERMOLLI, R.E.G. 214 haploid 33 Pineto brutiae alpino 129 hexaploid 26, 32, 38, 147 Pinetum 126, 129 level 48, 145 octaploid 144–47 globuliferum 236 pentaploid 79 guianense 244 tetraploid 9, 25, 26, 29, 32, 79, 146, 147 harpeodes 251 triploid 9, 26, 32, 33, 38, 83, 84, 144, 145, 147 hirsutissimum 248 Poa interjectum 123, 172, 189–91 nemoralis 295 distribution in Turkey 135 trivialis 293 distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern Poaceae 254 region 181 Podocarpus 75 distribution in Turkish Black Sea western podzol 13 region 182 poikilohydrous leaves 272 new records for Turkey 135 polder woodland lachniferum 250 change in maximum length of fronds of latipes 251 Asplenium scolopendrium 304 lindbergii 249 changes in dispersal types since afforestation 303 longifolium 251 correlations between independent and dependent loriceum 251 variables 296 macaronesicum 109 habitats 296 nigrescens 144 multiple regression models 298 penna-marina 92 number of fern species in relation to the age of persicariifolium 249 the afforestation 302 phyllitidis 248 number of specimens of rare ferns at the pleopeltifolium 251 Jagersveld 304 polypodioides 251 regression and multiple regression for species 299 preslianum 251 relation between area and the number of fern ptilodon 250 species 297 robustum 250 species in trenched woods 301 rufulum 248 species per hectare 300 scabrum 239 pollution, air 59, 61 siccum 250 polymorphic species 48, 71 squamulosum 249 Polynesia 5, 8, 9 submarginale 240 polyploidy 25, 141, 148 tetragonum var. incompleta 239 Polypodiaceae 122, 166, 170, 171, 248, 261–308, triangulare 215 288 trinidadense 193 Polypodium 75, 169 triseriale 251, 256 atrovirens 231 vaccinifolium 249 australe 124 vacillans 251 distribution in Turkey 135 vexillare 248 new records for Turkey 135 vulgare 122, 171, 188–91, 294, 307 cambricum 124, 172, 189, 190, 191 distribution in Turkey 135 distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern region 181 region 181 distribution in Turkish Black Sea western distribution in Turkish Black Sea western region 182 region 182 subsp. serrulatum 109 new records for Turkey 135 camptophyllarium var. lachniferum 250 Polystichum 25, 169, 193 caripense 241 aculeatum 11, 25–27, 32, 38, 178, 188–91, 294, connexum 241 296, 299, 301, 307 decumanum 250 distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern effusum 241 region 182 filiculum 250 distribution in Turkish Black Sea western glaucum 278 region 183 meiosis 29 fertile plants in relation to classes based on mitosis 28 maximum frond size per plant for the amplissimum 241 Kuinderbos (Netherlands) population 18 australe 188 fertility 17, 19 × bicknellii 25–27, 29 frond size and plant number in the Kuinderbos meiosis 31 (Netherlands) 14, 16 meiosis in progeny 37, 38 meiosis 29 meiosis pachytene phases 30 mitosis 28 mitosis 28 population structure and dynamics 14–19 mitosis in progeny 36 spp. 293, 306 possible pathways of meiosis 33 subinerme 9 progeny studies 25–40 torresianum 237 silhouettes of aculeatum-like fronds 34 woronowii 131, 137, 178, 188, 189, 191 silhouettes of progeny 35 distribution in Turkey 137 silhouettes of setiferum and lonchitis-like distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern fronds 35 region 186 spores 32 distribution in Turkish Black Sea western braunii 25, 26, 178, 188–91 region 183 distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern population region 186 analysis of British Pteridium 205–13 × illyricum 25–27, 29 dynamics 11–20 interjectum 188 Populus × canadensis 11, 14, 292, 300 lobatum var. ruwenzoriense 218 Potamogeton polygonifolius 116 × lonchitiforme 26, 27 POVEY, A. C. 275–87 lonchitis 25–27, 32, 38, 178, 188–91, 294, 296, Pratappur, Allahabad (India) 101 299, 301, 306 precancerous lesions in mice 280 distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern PRELLI, R. 83–86 region 186 PRICE, M.G. 261 distribution in Turkish Black Sea western primitive character state 166 region 183 Pronephrium meiosis 29 articulatum 3 mitosis 28 lakhimpurense 219 munitum subsp. imbricans 218 nudatum 219 setiferum 25–27, 32, 38, 86, 178, 188–91, 202, penangianum 219 293, 294, 299, 301, 306 thwaitesii 2, 3 characters of surveyed populations 15 triphyllum 9, 219 correlations between some parameters for the prothallus 30, 31, 33, 38, 65, 66, 68, 89 Kuinderbos (Netherlands) population 17 age 69 distance effect between recruitment and hermaphrodite 66–69 solitary fertile adult plants 15 isolated 67 distribution in the Netherlands 12 mature 27, 88 distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern sexually mature 66 region 182 size 69 distribution in Turkish Black Sea western sterile 69 region 183 with tracheids 87 ditch bank habitat of in the Kuinderbos protoxylem poles 161 (Netherlands) 12 Prunus avium 300 ecology 17 Pseudocyclosorus ecology and population dynamics of 11–20 ochthodes 141, 142, 144, 145, 147, 219 ecology of in the Kuinderbos (Netherlands) 13 meiosis in spore mother cells 143 var. annamalayayensis 142 var. palniensis 142 tylodes 147 location of sample sites for P. aquilinum subsp. Pseudolycopodiella meridionalis 226 fulvum 208 Psilotaceae 109, 225, 259 location of sample sites for P. pinetorum subsp. Psilotum osmundaceum 208 complanatum 111 P.aquilinum subsp.fulvum location of sample flaccidum 111 sites 208 nudum 198, 225 P.pinetorum subsp.osmundaceum location of distribution 109 sample sites 208 distribution in SW Iberian Peninsula 111 zymogram of P. pinetorum subsp. ecology 109 osmundaceum samples 211 habitat and morphology in SW Iberian zymogram of P. pinetorum subsp. pinetorum Peninsula 110 samples 210 new populations in SW Europe 109–12 taxonomy, changes in the British Isles 205 systematics 109 Pteridoblechnum 21 var. fallacinum 111 pteridology 90 var. molesworthae 111 pteridophyte triquetrum 225 species in the Azores and North America 117 ptaquiloside 280 spores alergic reactions 275 Pteridaceae 170, 171, 231, 271, 272 starch grains 272 Pteridioideae 21 Pteris 21, 75, 169, 255 Pteridium 21, 169, 205, 275, 280, 283 altissima 235, 257 aquilinum 58, 60, 117, 141, 144, 146, 172, 188– brasiliensis 235 91, 280 concolor 233 antheridiogen 64 cretica 141, 144, 145, 171, 188, 189 distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern region 181 region 181 distribution in Turkish Black Sea western var.albolineata 145 region 187 deflexa 235, 256 health risks 277 denticulata 235 meiosis in spore mother cells 143 edentula 236 potential damage to DNA by spores 279 elata 235 subsp. aquilinum 205–207, 209 geminata 9 subsp. atlanticum 205, 207 incompleta 198, 200, 202 subsp. fulvum 205, 207, 210 kunzeana 235 subsp. latiusculum 205 lineata 236 var. arachnoideum 236 longipes 3 var. wightianium 59, 146 mertensioides 3, 9 aquilinum subsp. aquilinum 211, 212 multiaurita 9 pinetorum 207, 212 × otaria 9 subsp. fulvum 212 plumula 236 subsp. osmundaceum 205, 207, 209 polita 235 subsp. osmundaceum type locality 208 protea 235 subsp. pinetorum 205, 207, 209 quadriaurita 9, 236, 257 subsp. pinetorum type locality 206 rigidula 261 population analysis 205–13 serrulata 198 reticulatum 8 spinescens 261 spores 280 vittata 9, 278, 279 study Puerto de la Zarza 199 genotypes found at P. pinetorum subsp. Puerto Rico 243 pinetorum site 209 genotypes found at the P. pinetorum subsp. Queensland osmundaceum site 210 (Australia) 9 (N. Australia) 41 Rhododendron 51, 57, 124, 132, 138, 139, 170, 180 quercetin 280 flavum 169 Quercion robori-petraea 305 ponticum 58–61, 111, 169 Quercus 13, 75, 122, 123, 125, 126, 128, 131–33, RIBA, R. 259, 268, 273–74 171–75, 179 Ribes 124, 132, 138, 139, 180 bushes 171 nigrum 294, 295 ilex 86, 169 rubrum 293–96, 299, 301 robur 11, 58, 60, 61, 86, 292, 300, 302 spp. 298, 302 Quillwort see Isoetes uva-crispa 294, 295, 299, 301 Quilon (India) 101 RICH, T.C.G. 51–63 RICHARDSON, S.J. 51–63 rachis 6, 85, 93, 95, 96, 99, 143 Río Jejuí drainage 223 winged 142 river rainforest bank 226, 229, 230, 232, 233, 238, 241, 243, lowland (Peru) 157 245–48, 254, 255, 257 montane 157 habitat described 254 RAJKUMAR, S. 41-50 in cerrado habitat 229 Ranunculus Rize (Turkey) 121, 124–26, 128, 130–32, 139, 170, auricomus 293, 295 171, 173–78, 180 ficaria 294, 299, 305 root subsp. bulbilifer 295 adiantum-nigrum-type 162, 163 rashes 279 in Aethiopicum 162 rats 277 aethiopicum-type 163 RAUER, G. 75–76 alatum-type 162, 163 ravine 153 anatomy woods 306 in Cheilanthes bolborriza 270 receptacle extruded 147 of Aspleniaceae 160–68 reclaimed polders 289 as storage organ 272 rectified spirit 141 asplenium-type 161, 162 reduced life-span in mice 279 ceterach-type 162, 163 refugial areas 197, 198 characters, evolutionary scheme for Aspleniaceae regeneration 61 166 reproduction cortex 160, 270 apogamous 144–47 inner 166 apomixis 79, 145, 146, 148 Notholaena-type 271 sexual 79, 144–47 cortex cross-section in vegetative 61 Asplenium Resadiye (Turkey) 169 adulterinum 164 reserve 221, 223, 225, 253, 254, 258 aethiopicum 165 respiratory alatum 165 paralysis 277 aureum 164 problems 279 delitescens 164 Réunion 5, 7, 75 marinum 164 Rhamnus elaternus 169 willfordii 165 rhizodermis 161, 164, 165 cortex types, key 162 rhizoid 87 dennstaedtia-type 162 rhizome 43, 47, 93, 96, 98, 142 flabellifolium-type 163 creeping 46, 48, 95, 99, 272 flabelliforme-type 162 erect 21, 46, 48 hairs 161 hairs in Crepidomanes lunulatum 266 hymenoasplenium-type 161–63 in Crepidomanes lunulatum 267 marinum-type 162 suberect 99 morphology in Cheilanthes bolborriza 270 primitive (plesiomorph) character state 165 sandy soil 157, 216 shoot-borne 270 Sarawak 215 starch savannah 1 grains 271, 272 vegetation 223 storage 269 scanning electron microscope 92, 101 storage 269, 271 Schaffneria 160 Cheilanthes bolborriza 270 Schizaea digitata 9 biological importance 272 Schizaeaceae 228, 271, 272 tip 27, 28 schizaeaceous fern 64 types occurences in species of Aspleniaceae 162 SCHNEIDER, H. 160–68, 269–73 Rosa 32 SCHNELLER, J.J. 64–70, 90 ROSE, F. 51–63 sclereid 162 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 215 with eccentric lumen See asplenium-sclereid Rubia peregrina 86 sclerenchyma 164, 165, 166 Rubiaceae 254 Scolopendrium balansae 246 Rubus 126, 172 Scotland 205, 208, 210, 282, 306 caesius 294 western 80 fruticosus 58, 59, 60 scree alpine 91, 92 idaeus 294 Scrophularia nodosa 295 section Corylifolia 294 Sebastiania section Rubus 294 brasiliensis 253 RUDOLPH, D. 75–76 sp. 254 Rumex sanguineus 295 secondary endodermis 161 RUMSEY, F.J. 197–203 sedge 225 Ruscus aculeatus 86 pollen 281 Ryukyu Island (Japan southern) 41 Sedum hirsutum subsp. winkleri 109, 110 Selaginella Sabah 215 anocardia 227 Sabal palmetto 75 apus var. tetragonostachya 227 Sadleria 21, 24 beyrichii 227 pallida 279 braziliensis var. crassinervia 227 Safranbolu (Turkey) 169 brevipes 227 Sakarya (Turkey) 170, 172 burchellii 227 SALGADO, A.E. 193 chromatophylla 227 Salix alba 291, 292 crassinervia 227 Salpichlaena 21, 24 deltoides 227 Salto de Karãpa 224 distorta 227 Salvador 271 var. major 227 Salvinia 193 var. minor 227 minima 252 excurrens 227 rotundifolia 252 feei 227 Salviniaceae 252 humilis 227 Salvo Tierra 198 marginata 227, 255 Sambucus 126, 132, 138 subsp. distorta 227 Samoa 41 var. minor 227 Samsun (Turkey) 121, 125, 131, 169, 170, 172–74, moseni 227 179 mucosa 227 sand muscosa 255 calcareous 12, 301 niederleinii 227 fine-grained 11, 13, 14, 17 polysperma 227 pleistocene 12 trifurcata 227 sandstone 51, 52, 55–57, 59, 60, 109, 198 urbani 227 Selaginellaceae 73, 227 clayey 11, 13, 14, 18, 156, 157, 174, 290, 291, Selenodesmium rigidum 230 296, 299, 300, 301, 303, 306, 307 selfing pH 17, 53, 56, 57, 188, 191 intergametophytic 27, 38 podzol 13 intragametophytic 69 poor 11 Selliguea 288 reclaimed 14 bellisquamata 219 sandy 14, 157 plebiscopa 219 sandy clay 14 werneri 219 Solomon Islands 7 Senegal 109 Sorbus aucuparia 58, 61 Setaria 254 sori 27, 84, 93 sex, determination of 64–70 asplenioid 85 Seychelles 75, 271 fixation of 43 SHARMA, U.S. 87–89 scolopendrioid 85 sheep 277 Sorocea 226 SHEFFIELD, E. 205–13, 275–87 bonplandii 253 Shevaroy Hills (India) 146 sorus in Crepidomanes lunulatum 265, 267 shikimate dehydrogenase 209 South shikimic acid, carcinogenic property 280 Africa 109 sholas 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10 America 75, 91, 95, 96, 115, 150, 228, 231, 234– Siam 21 36, 235 Siberia 71 cerrado 223, 225, 251 SIDWELL, K.J. 274 northern 231, 245 Sierra South East Asia 228 de Luna 198, 199, 201, 202 southern de Montecoche 197, 199 hemisphere 91 de Ojen 198, 201, 202 Peninsular Thailand 216 de Saladavieja 198 Spain del Nino 198, 199, 201, 202 south west 109 Siirt (Turkey) 122, 129 southern 197, 198, 202 Sikkim (India) 5, 8, 71–74, 72, 145 species northern 73 acidiophilous 17 Silene dioica 294 calcicole 18, 19 silicole 188 endangered 1–10, 89 SIMÁN, S. E. 275–87 rare 1–10 Simla (India) 145 spermatozoid 69 Sinephropteris 165 Sphaeropteris spp. 218 Sinop (Turkey) 121, 123–25, 127, 128, 130, 131, Sphaerostephanos 288 138, 169–72, 174–79 fenixii 261 skin irayensis 261 oedema 277 Sphagnum 228, 237 rashes 279 moss 113 SKUKLA, P.K. 101-8 peat 12 SMIT, A. 289–308 swamp 230, 233, 255 Society Islands 9 habitat description 254 sodium hypochlorite 65, 66 spiral thickening 161 soil sporangium 32, 43, 57, 80, 91, 101, 104, 113, 115, acidic 188, 191, 283 141, 145, 282 alkaline 191 archesporial cells 146 boulder clay 14 in bracken 283 calcareous 7, 14, 133, 305 in Crepidomanes lunulatum 266, 267 mature 64 young 84 Stegania alpina 92, 96 spore 27, 30, 38, 43, 69, 73, 74, 92, 93, 95 Steiropteris leprieurii 239 abnormal 85 Stenochlaena 21 abortive 32, 37, 79 Sterculiaceae 254 bank 62, 305 sterility 25 bracken, health risk 275 Stewart Island 96 carcinogenicity of 279 stipe 6, 84, 85, 93, 95, 96, 98, 143 cytology (Isoetes azorica) 113–18 base 99 dispersal 282 stomach cancer 277 patterns 281 stomata 88, 145 exine 93, 95, 96, 98, 99 guard cell size 46 extracts 278, 279 size 166 fossil 104, 107 stomium in Crepidomanes lunulatum 267 germination 65, 66 storage roots 269, 271 girdle 116, 117 biological importance 272 in Crepidomanes lunulatum 266, 267 in Cheilanthes bolborrhiza 269–73 Isoetes in ferns 270 azorica (SEM) 114 Straits of Magellan 95 tuckermanii (SEM) 114 STRANGE, L. 288 morphology 116, 117 stream bank in Isoetes azorica 113–18 disturbed (Peru) 157 mother cell 32, 33, 37, 143, 146 habitat (Peru) 156, 157 muri 116 Struthiopteris penna-marina 92 production 18 Styracaceae 254 regeneration from 61 sub-Antarctic islands 96 risks from inhalation 284 subtropical Africa 238 shadow 16, 18 subtropics 225, 238 size 46, 47, 92 Sumatra 5, 24 sterile 29, 33 northern 21 sterilization procedure 65 Surat Thani 215 surface ornamentation 101 Surinam 228 trap 281 Surtsey 281 viable 26, 29, 32, 33, 37, 79 Sussex (England) 51 sporeling 30 swamp sporing bracken 281 Sphagnum 228 sporophyll 73, 74, 104 with Sphagnum 228, 230, 233, 237 sporophyte 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 38, 58, 69, 89, 110, Swifterbos-oost (Netherlands) 301 281 Switzerland 64 sporulation 281 Syagrus 254 Sri Lanka 2, 4–10, 41, 42, 48 romanzoffiana 236 SRIVASTAVA, G.K. 101-8 systematics 90, 109, 111, 160 St. Helena 41 theoretical 78 St. Paul Island 95 Stachys sylvatica 295 Tabebuia 253 starch Taenitidoideae 270 grains 161, 271 Tahiti 41 in fern roots 271, 272 Taiwan 6–9, 41, 42, 91 in petiole base 272 Tajo del Espino 199 in rhizome 272 Tambopata (Peru) 156 storage Tamil Nadu (India) 1–8, 43 in fern roots 269 Tamus communis 86 static air sampling 281 tannin vacuole 161 tannins 161 thiamine deficiency 277 Tanzania 109 THOMAS, B.A. 40, 82 tapetal cells 141 thrombocytes 277 tape-worm 277 thymus enlargement in mice 279 Taraxacum 293 Tibet 71, 72, 73 Tarifa districts 198 south eastern 6 TARIMCILAR, G. 119–40, 169–92 Tierra Del Fuego 95 Taskopru (Turkey) 169 Tilia 19 Tasmania 91, 96 cordata 300 Tasova (Turkey) 169 tioventin solution 160 taxa and genera of fern families (Black Sea region) Tirunelveli Hills (India) 1, 3, 43–48 170 Tobago 227, 246 Taxodium 75 Tollebekerbos (Netherlands) 290, 299, 300 taxonomy 77–81, 78, 80, 81 topography 141 Taxus 57, 191 Trabzon (Turkey) 121, 123–26, 128, 130–32, 138, baccata 58, 60 139, 169–80 Tectaria 147, 255 tracheid 161 coadunata 142, 144, 147 annular thickened 87, 88, 89 var. hirsuta 147 in mid-rib 87 incisa 242, 256 in wild fern gametophytes 87–89 macrodonta 144 transect 156 martinicensis 242 tree fern 6, 156, 157 Tectariaceae 240 distribution and abundance of in Peru 158 Tekirdag (Turkey) 121 diversity (Tambopata, Peru) 157 Tenasserim 21 location of transect samples Zona Reservada de Tertiary relict flora 197 Tambopata 154 Tetraphis pellucida 61 Nephelea cuspidata height distribution 155 tetraploid 113, 117 Peruvian 153–59 aquatic 116 trapped spores 281 Thailand 5, 6, 9, 10, 24, 41, 215, 216 Trichipteris/Cyathea complex height distribution southern Peninsular 216 155 Thelypteridaceae 41–50, 170, 173, 237 typical habitat 157 Thelypteris 238, 239, 271 trenches 296 abbiattii 238, 257 Trichilia 253, 254 augescens 275 pallida 254 burkartii 238 Trichipteris 155 confluens 9 atrovirens 231 gemmulifera 238 nigra 157 hispidula 238 nigripes 156, 157 leprieurii 239, 256 pilosissima 156 limbosperma 117 procera 156 Mbaracayu Reserve, unidentified species 240 species 157 pachyrhachis 239, 257 Trichomanes 75, 146, 147 palustris 193 bimarginatum 2 phegopteris 79 brachyblastos 230 quadrangularis 238 cristatum 230, 255 remotipinna 219 daucoides 230 rivularioides 239 diaphanum 230, 257 scabra 239, 257 hymenophylloides 230 serrata 240 kunzeanum 230 sp. 225, 240 latifrons 147 torresiana 237 leptophyllum 230 pyxidiferum 144, 146 Ulmus 19, 123, 131, 171, 172, 174, 175, 179 var. limbatum 144 United radicans 230, 257 Kingdom 12, 17, 19, 109, 207, 281 var. kunzeanum 230 States 228, 248 rigidum 230, 257 south 248 schmidianum 141, 144–47 south east 238, 252 frond 142 univalent 27 var. schmidianum 147 urinary bladder tumours 277 sellowianum 230 Urostachys mandiocanum 226 speciosum 197–99, 202, 204 Urtica dioica 293, 294 by small streams on the Dehesa de Ojen 200 Uruguay 225, 227–29, 233, 235, 241, 247–49, 252 distribution in southern Spain 201 Usak (Turkey) 120 distribution within the Sierra de Ojen, Sierra de Uttar Pradesh (India) 101 Luna and Sierra del Nino 201 in southern Spain 197–203 Vaccinium myrtillus 138 occurence as gametophyte 59 Vandenboschia 146 site of gametophyte population in the Sierra de diaphana 230 Montecoche 199 hymenophylloides 230 Trinidad 227–30, 232, 233, 242, 246, 252 pyxidifera 146 triosephosphate isomerase 209 radicans 230 Trismeria schmidiana 144 microphylla 235 speciosa 197 trifoliata 235 titbuensis 146 Tristan da Cunha 95, 97 variation trophopods 272 developmental 77 tropical 95, 109 genotypic 91 Africa 238, 245, 271 geographical 80 America 9, 21, 232, 233, 236, 237, 245–48, 251, intraspecific in south Indian ferns 41–50 252 phenotypic 77 American species 116 vein 143 areas 111 false 147 evergreen forest 265 velamen 166 forest wet lowland 157 velum 115 moist forest 153 fenestra 113 species 258 Venezuela 227–30, 232, 236, 238, 239, 241–43, tropics 245, 247–50, 252 New World 238, 242 Verma (India) 145 Old World 41, 231, 236, 238, 242 Veronica hederifolia 294 Tubingen 160 VICENTE ORELLANA, J.A. 109-12 tumour 280 Vietnam 5, 6, 8, 41, 75 lung 279 Vittaria 75 mammary 279 filiformis 236 Tunbridge Filmy-fern in south east England 51–63 flexuosa 2, 10 Tunceli (Turkey) 120, 127–29 lineata 236 Turkestan 71 microlepis 10 Turkey 119–40, 169–92, 170 Vittariaceae 166, 236 new floristic records for the fern flora 119–40 VOGEL, J.C. 197–203, 204, 214, 216 north 169 Turneraceae 254 Wahlenbergia hederacea 51 Wales 15, 18, 19, 191, 281 U.S.A. northern temperate 197 northern 58, 61 Uganda 41, 109 waterfall 198, 199 Weald (England south east) 51, 52, 56, 57, 59, 60 Zona Reservada de Tambopata (Peru) 153 Weinmannia 75 location 153 West Indies 9, 75, 228, 230, 231, 243, 248, 249 Zonguldak (Turkey) 170, 172, 173, 178 Western Ghats (India) 41, 145, 146, 265 Zuidelijk Flevoland (Netherlands) 11 Beddome's record of ferns 1 Zuiderzee (Netherlands) 11, 18, 289 rare and endangered ferns 1–10 Zurich (Switzerland) 64 Westerveld (Netherlands) 303, 305 Zwolle (Netherlands) 293, 299, 303, 305 Wieringmeerpolder (Netherlands) 11 Zygophlebia 75 Wisentbos (Netherlands) 300 WOLLENWEBER, E. 90 woodland 57, 61 age 302 ancient 52, 60, 307 Ash-Maple-Hazel 305 British 307 clearance 60 colonisation of 11 coniferous 60, 289 deciduous 14, 17, 19, 51, 202, 289, 291 evergreen 215 mixed 202 habitats 296 mixed 19 natural 60 on acid clay 299 on clayey soil 289, 293, 300, 301, 305 Pruno-Fraxinetum 307 Querco-Betuletum 307 ravine 306 species 289–308, 298, 299, 302 Stellario-Carpinetum 307 trenches 296 Woodsia 169 alpina 178, 188, 190, 191 distribution in Turkish Black Sea eastern region 186 Woodsiaceae 170, 177, 242 primitive genera 166 Woodwardia 21, 24 xeric environment, adaption to 271, 272 fern syndrome 272 ferns 272 xerophyte 111 Xiphopteris bryophylla 219 xylogenesis 89 Yala 215 Yalova (Turkey) 120, 122, 123, 125, 126, 128, 131, 133 Yapp 216 Zaire 75, 109 Zambia 272