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Vegetation of the Morristown National Historical Park

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Vegetation of the Morristown National Historical Park a NATIONAL RUTGERS PARK THE STATE UNIVER TY SERVICE or NEW JERSEY VEGETATION OF THE MORRISTOWN NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK: ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT I MPUCATIONS II Jean G. Ehrenfeld E NATIONAL PARK StERV CE `ZOPERAT IYE RESEARCH UUN I f T CENTER for COASTAL and ENVIRONMEN AL STUDIES c t VEGETATION OF MORRISTOWN NATIONAL HISTORIC PARK: ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES Final Report Joan G. Ehrenfeld Center for Coastal and Environmental Studies Rutgers University, New Brunswick 08903 December, 1977 U.S. Dept. of Interior National Park Service Contract No. CX 1600-7-0004 i TABLE OF CONTENTS Pagef^ List of Tables and Figures ix Acknowledgements xii Executive Summary xv Part 1. PREFACE 1 Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Scope of Final Report 1 1.2 Notes on Reference to Source Material 2 Part TI. STATEMENT FOR MANAGEMENT 4 Chapter 2. Management Issues at Jockey Hollow 4 2.1 General Comments on Management on the Vegetation 4 2,2 Growth of Vines in the Successional Forests 3 2.3 The Impact of Deer on the Forest 6 2.4 Gypsy Moths in Jockey Hollow 7 2.5 Forest Pathology in Jockey Hollow 8 2.6 Exotic Plants in Jockey Hollow 10 2.7 Preservation of Archeological Artifacts 11 2.8 "Management of Open Areas 11 2.9 Forest Stands Approximating the Original 14 Forest Cover 2.10 Miscellaneous Management Issues 15 2.11 Recommendations for Further Research in 16 Jockey Hollow Part III. TECHNICAL REPORT 22 Chapter 3. Physical Environment in Jockey Hollow 22 3.1 Geology, Hydrology, and Topography 22 3.2 Soils 23 3.3, General Characteristics of the Climate 24 3.4 Microclimate in the Park 25 3.5 Climate Change and its Impact on Vegetation 26 iii Page 32 Chapter 4. Woody Plants of the Jockey Hollow Area 32 4.1 Species Composition of the Park Vegetation: Floristic Consideration 34 4.2 Endangered Species 4.3 The American Chestnut in the Forest at 34 Jockey Hollow 38 Chapter 5. The Maps of the Vegetation of the Jockey Hollow Area 38 5.1 Methods of Data Collection and Map Construction 40 5.2 Plant Community Types in Jockey Hollow 41 5.3 Use of the Maps 43 Chapter 6. Studies on Stand Structure 43 6.1 Methods 44 6.2 Mixed Oak - Yellow Poplar Community 6.3 Mixed Oak - Beech Community 48 6.4 Mixed Hardwoods 51 54 6.5 Stream Thicket Community 67 6.6 Successional Communities 62 6.7 Yellow Poplar Community 64 6.8 Conifer Community 66 6.9 Chestnut Oak - Black Birch Community 104 Chapter 7. Increment Borings of Trees in Jockey Hollow 104 7.1 Methods 104 7.2 Results: Tree Growth in the Park 106 7.3 Results: Old Trees 113 Chapter 8. Historical Aspects of the Vegetation in Jockey Hollow 113 8.1 Review of Information in the Midyear Report 113 8.2 Further Data on the Original Vegetation of the Park 1r Paze 36 113 8.3 The History of Land Use in Jockey Hollow 121 8.4 Possibilities for Further Research 126 Chapter 9. Successional Trends in the Forests at Jockey Hollow 9.1 A Brief Consideration of Climax Theory 126 129 9.2 Successional Trends at 3ockey Hollow 9.3 Successional Forests and the Rate of 133 Forest Change 142 Literature Cited Appendix 1. Woody Plants of the Jockey Hollow Area 150 Appendix 2. Description of Plant Community Types Dis- 154 played on the Vegetation Maps 163 Appendix 3. Key to the Land-Use History Map V ii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Tables Page ! Textual and Bibliographic 3 1-1. Early Park Maps: . References . Characteristics of the Soils in the Jockey 3-1. 28 HollowArea . ' ' ' ' ' ' 29 3-2. Component Soils of the Soil Series Present in ollow . JockeyH . 30 3-3. Climate Near Jockey Hollow . 36 4-1. Chestnut Trees Treated with Hypovirulent . Fungus . 42 5-1. Community Types of Jockey Hollow, and Area . Mapped in Each Type . 6-1. Summary of Stand Characteristics . 71 6-2. Importance Values of Overstory Trees in Eight . 72 Community Types . 73 6-3. Overstory Composition in the Mixed Oak - Yellow . Poplar Community . 74 6-4. Understory Composition in the Mixed Oak - Yellow . Poplar Community . 75 6-5. Seedling Density in all Sampled Communities. 76 6-6. Overstory Composition in the Mixed Oak - Beech . Community . Mixed Oak - Beech 77 6-7. Understory Composition in the . Community . 78 6-8. Overstory Composition of the Mixed Hardwood . Community . 79 6-9. Understory Composition of the Mixed Hardwood . Community . n 6-10. Overstory Compositio of the Stream Thicket . Community . 8 0 6-11. Understory Composition of the Stream Thicket . Community . 81 Successional 6-12. Overstory Composition of the . Forest. 82 . 6-13. Understory Composition of the Successional Forest. 53 ix LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Tables Page # 1-1. Early Park Maps: Textual and Bibliographic References 3 3-1. Characteristics of the Soils in the Jockey Hollow Area 28 It 3-2. Component Soils of the Soil Series Present in Jockey Hollow 29 I. 3-3. Climate Near Jockey Hollow 30 4-1. Chestnut Trees Treated with Hypovirulent Fungus 36 5-1. Community Types of Jockey Hollow, and Area Mapped in Each Type 42 6-1. Summary of Stand Characteristics 71 6-2. Importance Values of Overstory Trees in Eight Community Types 72 6-3. Overstory Composition in the Mixed Oak - Yellow Poplar Community 73 6-4. Understory Composition in the Mixed Oak - Yellow Poplar Community 74 6-5. Seedling Density in all Sampled Communities 75 6-6. Overstory Composition in the Mixed Oak - Beech Community 76 6-7. Understory Composition in the Mixed Oak - Beech Community 77 6-8. Overstory Composition of the Mixed Hardwood Community 78 6-9. Understory Composition of the Mixed Hardwood Community 79 6-10. Overstory Composition of the Stream Thicket Community 80 I. 6-11. Understory Composition of the Stream Thicket Community 81 6-12. Overstory Composition of the Successional I. Forest 82 6-13. Understory Composition of the Successional Forest. 83 Page It 6-14. Basal Area Survey of Selected Successional Stands 84 6-15. Vegetation Associated with Successional Stands 86 6-16. Overstory Composition of the Yellow Poplar Community 87 6-17. Understory Composition of the Yellow Poplar Community 88 6-18. Overstory Composition of the Conifer Community. 89 6-19. Understory Composition of the Conifer Community 90 6-20. OverstoryComposition of the Chestnut Oak Community 91 6-21. Understory Composition of the Chestnut Oak Community 92 7-1. Characteristics of Cored Trees 108 7-2. Regression Equations for Height vs. Age and vs. Diameter 109 7-3. Large Trees Cored for Age Determination 110 8-1. Boundary Trees Shown in Deeds and Surveys of the Jockey Hollow Area 123 8-2. Surveys and Deeds Used in Compiling Boundary Tree Data 124 9-1. Comparison of Vegetation in Selected Successional Stands, 1900-1977 137 Figures 2-1. Distribution of Prominent Vine Growth 18 2-2. Areas of Heavy Oak Mortality 19 2-3. Non-Forest Communities in Jockey Hollow 20 2-4. Woodlot Areas That Have Been Continuously Forested 21 Page # 3-1. Soils of the Jockey Hollow Area 31 4-1. Distribution of Chestnut Sprouts and Locations of Treated Chestnut Saplings . 37 6-1. Locations of Sites of Intensive Vegetation Samples 93 6-2. Size-class Distributions of Trees in the Mixed Oak - Yellow Poplar Community 94 6-3. Size-class Distributions of Trees in the Mixed Oak - Beech Community 95 6-4. A. Appearance of the - Mixed Oak - Beech Communities 96 B. Appearance of the Mixed Hardwoods Community 96 6-5. Size-Class Distributions of Trees in the Mixed Hardwoods Community 97 6-6. A. Appearance of the Stream Thicket Community 98 B. Appearance of the Successional Forest Community 98 6-7. Size-Class Distributions of Trees in the Stream Thicket Community 99 6-8. Size-Class Distributions of Trees in the Successional Forest Community 100 6-9. Size-Class Distributions of Trees in the Yellow Poplar Community 101 6-10. Size-Class Distributions of Trees in the Conifer Community 102 6-11. Size-Class Distributions of Trees in the Chestnut Oak Community 103 7-1. Regression Lines for Tree Height as a I. Function of Age 111 7-2. Locations of Old Trees Cored for Age Determination 112 xi Page # 9-1. Diagram of Successional Trends Among the Forest Communities in Jockey Hollow 138 9-2. Locations of Successional Forest Stands Compared in Table 9-1 140 9-3. Hypothetical Course of Early Forest Succession 141 xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Assistance with the field work was energetically provided by Francine Rabinowitz (Graduate Assistant), and Eric Schallock and Gregg Minnock (Undergraduate Assistants). The preparation of the maps and text figures was done with the aid, advice and labor of Dr. Chuck Ogrosky, Department of Geography, Mr. Phil Casselli and Mr. Roy Little, of the Cartography I- Laboratory. Mr. L. Sinclair, librarian in the New Jersey Roam of the Rut- gers University Library, Ms. Susan Kopczynski, historian in Morristown National Historic Park, and Mrs. B. Hoskins, local historian in the Morris f Township Public Library, provided substantial help in locating historical documents. Numerous faculty at Rutgers University provided advice and assistance with various phases of the work; these include Dr. David Fair- brothers, Dr. Eugene Varney, Dr. Benjamin Stout, Dr. Boris Zeide, Dr. Richard Forman, Dr. Bruce Hamilton, Dr. Andrew Forgash, Dr. Spencer Davis, Dr. Leonard Wolgast, and Mr. Richard West. Mr. William Binnewies, Park Superintendent, Dr. P.A. Buckley, National Park Service, and Dr. Norbert Psuty, Center for Coastal and Environmental Studies, all provided en- thusiastic institutional support for the work.
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