Review on Evolution of Storage Devices
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Storage & Accessories Product Catalogue
Storage and Accessories Product Catalogue www.verbatim.com ABOUT VERBATIM Verbatim is a group company of Mitsubishi Chemical, one of the world’s largest chemical companies. For almost 50 years, the Verbatim brand has been at the forefront of the evolution in data storage technology and remains one of the most recognisable and respected names in the industry. Not only is Verbatim the world’s No 1 supplier of optical media (Blu-ray, DVD and CD), it also markets external hard drive storage solutions, SSDs, USB drives, memory cards, and a wide range of related accessories. The company has a strong reputation as a trusted global supplier providing quality products backed up by a fast and reliable service. Verbatim also has a significant presence in the LED lighting market, where it develops and sells a wide range of LED lamps and luminaires for offices, hotels, restaurants and domestic use. Many of the lighting products have been developed by the Mitsubishi Chemical R&D team, resulting in LEDs with world class thermal management, high colour rendering and low glare. Another Verbatim business category to have benefited from this development expertise is 3D Printing, where Verbatim has recently introduced a range of high quality filaments incorporating unique materials from Mitsubishi Chemical. Further information on these two exciting business categories can be found on www.verbatim.com. OPTICAL MEDIA MDisc .................................4 Blu-ray ................................5 DVD ..................................5 CD ....................................6 Professional Optical Media ...............7 Optical Writers .........................8 CD/DVD Cases .........................8 OPTICAL FLASH MEMORY MEDIA USB Drives .............................9 Solid State Drives (SSD). .12 FLASH Flash Memory Cards. -
Data Processing with Unit Record Equipment in Iceland
Data Processing with Unit Record Equipment in Iceland Óttar Kjartansson (Retired) Manager of Data Processing Department at Skýrr, Iceland [email protected] Abstract. This paper presents an overview of the usage of unit record equipment and punched cards in Iceland and introduces some of the pioneers. The usage of punched cards as a media in file processing started 1949 and became the dominant machine readable media in Iceland until 1968. After that punched cards were still used as data entry media for a while but went completely out of use in 1982. Keywords: Data processing, unit record, punched card, Iceland. 1 Hagstofa Íslands Hagstofa Íslands (Statistical Bureau of Iceland) initiated the use of 80 column punched cards and unit record equipment in Iceland in the year 1949. The first ma- chinery consisted of tabulating machine of the type IBM 285 (handled numbers only), the associated key punch machines, verifiers, and a card sorter. See Figures 1 and 2. This equipment was primarily used to account for the import and export for Iceland. Skýrr (Skýrsluvélar ríkisins og Reykjavíkurborgar - The Icelandic State and Munici- pal Data Center) was established three years later by an initiative from Hagstofa Íslands, Rafmagnsveita Reykjavíkur (Reykjavík Electric Power Utility), and the Medical Director of Health of Iceland as was described in an earlier article [3]. Fig. 1. IBM 285 Electric Accounting Machine at Hagstofa Íslands year 1949 J. Impagliazzo, T. Järvi, and P. Paju (Eds.): HiNC 2, IFIP AICT 303, pp. 225–229, 2009. © IFIP International Federation for Information Processing 2009 226 Ó. Kjartansson Fig. 2. Early form of the data registration using a punched card. -
Use External Storage Devices Like Pen Drives, Cds, and Dvds
External Intel® Learn Easy Steps Activity Card Storage Devices Using external storage devices like Pen Drives, CDs, and DVDs loading Videos Since the advent of computers, there has been a need to transfer data between devices and/or store them permanently. You may want to look at a file that you have created or an image that you have taken today one year later. For this it has to be stored somewhere securely. Similarly, you may want to give a document you have created or a digital picture you have taken to someone you know. There are many ways of doing this – online and offline. While online data transfer or storage requires the use of Internet, offline storage can be managed with minimum resources. The only requirement in this case would be a storage device. Earlier data storage devices used to mainly be Floppy drives which had a small storage space. However, with the development of computer technology, we today have pen drives, CD/DVD devices and other removable media to store and transfer data. With these, you store/save/copy files and folders containing data, pictures, videos, audio, etc. from your computer and even transfer them to another computer. They are called secondary storage devices. To access the data stored in these devices, you have to attach them to a computer and access the stored data. Some of the examples of external storage devices are- Pen drives, CDs, and DVDs. Introduction to Pen Drive/CD/DVD A pen drive is a small self-powered drive that connects to a computer directly through a USB port. -
Hollerith Punched Card Code
ANSI X3.26-1970 ' •> American National Standard Adopled tor Use by the Federal Government Hollerith punched card code FIPS PUB 14 See Nolice on Inside Front Cover 6-1970 3.2 X This standard was approved as a Federal Information Processing Standard by the Office of Management and Budget on June 16, 1971. Details concerning the use of this standard within the Federal Government are contained in FIPS PUB 14, HOLLERITH PUNCHED CARD CODE. For a complete list of the publications available in the FEDERAL INFORMATION PROCESSING STANDARDS Series, write to the Office of Technical Information and Publications, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234. ANSI X3.26-1970 American National Standard Hollerith Punched Card Code American National Standard This standard is one of approximately 6000 approved as either a USA Standard or as an American Standard. It became an American National Standard in October 1969 when the Institute changed its name to American National Standards Institute, Inc. ANSI, 1430 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10018 J Sponsor Business Equipment Manufacturers Association Approved January 19, 1970 American National Standards Institute, Inc American National Standard An American National Standard implies a consensus of those sub¬ stantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. -
Herman Hollerith and Early Mechanical/Electrical Tabulator/Sorters
Herman Hollerith and early mechanical/electrical tabulator/sorters The US Constitution requires that the people of the U.S. be counted every ten years and that the members of the House of Representatives “be apportioned among the States according to their respective numbers”1. (The other house of Congress, the Senate, has two members from each state.) Accordingly, every ten years, a census is taken. By 1880, the census was becoming harder and harder to accomplish. Everything was done on paper. Marks were placed in squares on paper, the marked squares were counted, and of course people made many mistakes. Further, the census was used more and more not just to count people but to get useful data on age, gender, marital status, working status, and so on. There were more and more marks to make and count! Herman Hollerith: the inventor of mechanical/electrical data processing systems Herman Hollerith graduated from the Columbia University School of Mines (in New York City) in 1879 at the age of 19. He knew about the problems with the census and be- gan research into mechanizing part of the counting of the census. In 1882, he taught me- chanical engineering at MIT and conducted his first experiments with punched cards. He was extremely successful, and he soon moved to Washington D.C. and set up a company, The Hollerith Electric Tabulating System. By the middle of the 1880’s, his first punched-card system was working. His company provided the Census Office with the equipment used in processing the 1890 census —62 million punched cards were processed by his machines, cutting two years off the time to complete the census. -
Punched Card - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Page 1 of 11
.... _ ALL COMMUNICATIONS IN REFERENCE TO FORESTRY TO BE ADDRESSED TO THE CHIEF FORESTER VICTORIA. B.C. TIlE GO'IEIltDIEIIT Of THE P/IOVJII!;E DfBRItISH CIIJIIIIA DEPARTMENT OF LANDS FOREST BRANCH Yay 16th, 1928. H. J. Coles, Esq., Port Alberni, B.C. Please refer to File No. Management 081406 Dear Sirl- This is to advise that you passed the Licensed Scaler's Examina- tion held by Mr. A. L. Bryant a.t Vancouver, B.C., on May 2nd and 3rd, 1928. Your ~cence No. 811 is enclosed herewith. Xours truly, JM/pb • 1 Enc.l• N° 811 lHE 60VERNMIJIT OF '(f£ PROVINCe OF BRlnsH CIl.UIBIA FOREST ACT AND AMENDMENTS. ~raliug mirturt. FOREST BRANCH, LANDS DEPARTtvt~_NT. r)//) -4 ««e/<i;««<<<</tJ<<<<< < «««<<<<<<<<<<<<<<.<<. 192.K. .. W41n 1n tn (!1rrtify thatC~. /~~J.(~ff/~ -z::.~l::k~ -r1J->·r /7' £I P' . ;j residing at./!&~ L.1~~~-t.- Yi...-£" ~ ~ . ", in the Province of British Columbia, ;;.«~ ~ d-1~ ed ;22 2. / q "'r 8::. b has been examin /07 .••• =Zf'7;m .m.' mm.. .... ... m.................... /~ ..... .... ......... y •••• ««««<<<<<... - «««««< <(.,"F«<· < «. «<.««< of the Board of Examiners for Licensing alers, as provided in the "Forest Act" and amendments, and having creditably passed the said examination is hereby appointed a Licensed Scaler, and ·is duly authorized to perform the duties of a Licensed Scaler, as specified under Part VIII. of the "Forest <~:<~,.(_2.,_,;,::c,.(. «c.,"G~~< .. .. < ••• «« ••• «<•• CHAIRMAN OF BOARD OF EXAMINERS. Punched card - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 1 of 11 Punched card From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A punched card (or punch card or Hollerith card or IBM card) is a piece of stiff paper that contains digital information represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined positions. -
Onetouch 4.0 Sanned Documents
TO: MSPM Distribution FROM: J. H. Saltzer SUBJECT: 88.3.02 DATE: 02/05/68 This revision of BB.3.02 is because 1. The ASCII standard character set has been approved. References are altered accordingly. 2. The latest proposed ASCII standard card code has been revised slightly. Since the Multics standard card code matches the ASCII standard wherever convenient# 88.3.02 is changed. Codes for the grave accent# left and right brace, and tilde are affected. 3. One misprint has been corrected; the code for capita 1 11 S" is changed. MULTICS SYSTEM-PROGRAMMERS' MANUAL SECTION BB.3.02 PAGE 1 Published: 02/05/68; (Supersedes: BB.3.02; 03/30/67; BC.2.06; 11/10/66) Identification Multics standard card punch codes and Relation between ASCII and EBCDIC J • H • Sa 1 tze r Purpose This section defines standard card punch codes to be used in representing ASCII characters for use with Multics. Since the card punch codes are based on the punch codes defined for the IBM EBCDIC standard, automatically a correspondence between the EBCDIC and ASCII character sets is also defined. Note The Multics standard card punch codes described in this section are DQ! identical to the currently proposed ASCII punched card code. The proposed ASCII standard code is not supported by any currently available punched card equipment; until such support exists it is not a practical standard for Multics work. The Multics standard card punch code described here is based on widely available card handling equipment used with IBM System/360 computers. The six characters for which the Multics standard card code differs with the ASCII card code are noted in the table below. -
Reliable Storage Media for Electronic Records a Guide for Government Agencies
Illinois Secretary of State October 2014 Reliable Storage Media for Electronic Records A Guide for Government Agencies Modern computer systems use a wide variety of storage media to store and access electronic data. What media is used depends on a number of factors, but cost, speed of access and ease of use are common drivers of selection decisions. Often overlooked are concerns of long-term reliability and sustainability. Electronic records are vulnerable to degradation or loss if not maintained in an appropriate storage environment which takes into consideration media reliability and guards against technological obsolescence. To say that media is reliable is to indicate that it can be trusted to preserve and provide access to data stored on it over time. While no storage medium can guarantee reliability and sustainability, certain media formats have distinct advantages over others in this regard. Understanding a media format’s strengths, weaknesses and expected life span allows IT managers to appropriately protect the data stored on that media. No storage media alone can ensure the preservation of electronic records. Selecting appropriate media is one part of a greater preservation strategy which includes using sustainable file formats, actively managing files over time, planning for future technology change and securing adequate resources to support preservation activities. The below factors should play a part in the selection of any storage media for electronic records. 1) Durability: Durability is a factor representing the ability of electronic storage media to withstand wear and environmental conditions. Corruption (data rot) can occur as the electrical charge, magnetic orientation, or physical material degrades, causing unintended changes or loss of data. -
External Memory
William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 6th Edition Chapter 6 External Memory Types of External Memory • Magnetic Disk —RAID —Removable • Optical —CD-ROM —CD-Recordable (CD-R) —CD-R/W —DVD • Magnetic Tape Magnetic Disk • Disk substrate coated with magnetizable material (iron oxide…rust) • Substrate used to be aluminium • Now glass —Improved surface uniformity – Increases reliability —Reduction in surface defects – Reduced read/write errors —Lower flight heights (See later) —Better stiffness —Better shock/damage resistance Read and Write Mechanisms • Recording and retrieval via conductive coil called a head • May be single read/write head or separate ones • During read/write, head is stationary, platter rotates • Write — Current through coil produces magnetic field — Pulses sent to head — Magnetic pattern recorded on surface below • Read (traditional) — Magnetic field moving relative to coil produces current — Coil is the same for read and write • Read (contemporary) — Separate read head, close to write head — Partially shielded magneto resistive (MR) sensor — Electrical resistance depends on direction of magnetic field — High frequency operation – Higher storage density and speed Inductive Write MR Read Data Organization and Formatting • Concentric rings or tracks —Gaps between tracks —Reduce gap to increase capacity —Same number of bits per track (variable packing density) —Constant angular velocity • Tracks divided into sectors • Minimum block size is one sector • May have more than one sector per block Disk Data Layout -
An Introduction to Teleprinters and Punched Tape Equipment
1st Edition . April 1956 2nd Edition . January 1958 Digital Recreation - Sam Hallas (G8EXV): April 2008 BULLETIN PT56 (Ed. 2) . JANUARY 1958 an introduction to TELEPRINTERS and PUNCHED TAPE EQUIPMENT TELEGRAPH HOUSE CROYDON, ENGLAND TELEPHONE : CROYDON 2121 (10 LINES) TELEGRAPHIC ADDRESS : CREDO, TELEX, CROYDON TELEX : 28836 © 1958 by Creed & Company Limited 1 2 CONTENTS PAGE 5 Introduction Part I: Teleprinters A. BASIC PRINCIPLES 7 Definitions 7 Intelligence 9 Teleprinter Code 11 Start-Stop Principle 11 Telegraph Signals 17 Telegraph Speed B. OUTLINE DESCRIPTION OF A TELEPRINTER 15 Stages of Transmission 16 Keyboard 16 Receiver Part II: Punched Tape Equipment C. PUNCHED TAPE TECHNIQUE 20 Kinds of Punched Tape 22 Methods of Coding Information on Punched Tape D. TYPES OF PUNCHED TAPE EQUIPMENT 28 Keyboard Perforators 30 Tape Readers 34 Perforator-Readers 35 Reperforators 39 Auxiliary Equipment E. APPLICATIONS TO DIGITAL COMPUTERS 41 Input Preparation 48 Input Transmission 49 Output Recording and Printing F. FURTHER PUNCHED TAPE APPLICATIONS 50 Punched Tape-Punched Card Systems 50 Mechanised Addressing Equipment 51 Process Control 3 4 INTRODUCTION Creed Teleprinters and Punched Tape equipment were originally developed for use in the telegraph communication field and they have been increasingly used ever since in telegraph systems all over the world. During recent years, however, their use has been extended beyond this tradi- tional field to a rapidly growing number of non-telegraphic applications such as the provision of input and output facilities for digital computers and the increased automatisation of existing systems such as punched card accounting and mechanised addressing. As a result of this sudden increase in the number of applications that are being found for Teleprinters and Punched Tape, considerable interest is being shown in this equipment by engineers and others who wish to discover whether it can be applied to their own special problems but who lack sufficient knowledge of the basic principles involved to permit them to do this. -
History of Digital Storage White Paper
History of Digital Storage Dean Klein Vice President of System Memory Development Micron Technology, Inc. December 15, 2008 Purpose Introduction: Throughout modern history many and various digital The Need to Store Data storage systems have been researched, developed, Since men first scribbled on cave walls, humanity has manufactured, and eventually surpassed in an effort to recognized the instrinic value of information and has address ever-increasing demands for density, operating employed a variety of ways and means to safely store speed, low latency, endurance, and economy.1 This cycle it. The ability to reference numbers for calculation or to of innovation has lead us to a new generation of NAND review information for planning, learning, and action Flash memory-based solid state drives (SSDs) that repre- is fundamental since “all computations, either mental, sent the next evolutionary step in both enterprise and mechanical, or electronic require a storage system of consumer storage applications. some kind, whether the numbers be written on paper, remembered in our brain, counted on the mechanical This paper surveys the memory storage landscape of devices of a gear, punched as holes in paper, or translated the past 50 years—starting at the beginning of digital into electronic circuitry.”2 storage and paying homage to IBM’s groundbreaking RAMAC disk storage unit and StorageTek’s DRAM-based In day-to-day life, this fundamental need to store data SSD; then enumerating the benefits of modern NAND generates innumerable documents, spreadsheets, files, Flash memory and advanced SSDs; and finally looking e-mails, and trillions of other work-related bytes all forward to the near-future possibilities of nonvolatile stored on disks around the globe. -
IBM I and Midrange External Storage
Front cover IBM i and Midrange External Storage Learn the architecture of Midrange Storage for IBM i as a client of VIOS Plan for the best performance of Midrange Storage for IBM i Implement Midrange Storage with Copy Services Hernando Bedoya Ingo Dimmer Jana Jamsek Thomas Penzkofer ibm.com/redbooks International Technical Support Organization IBM i and Midrange External Storage January 2009 SG24-7668-00 Note: Before using this information and the product it supports, read the information in “Notices” on page vii. First Edition (January 2009) This edition applies to IBM i 6.1. © Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 2009. All rights reserved. Note to U.S. Government Users Restricted Rights -- Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. Contents Notices . vii Trademarks . viii Preface . ix The team that wrote this book . ix Become a published author . xi Comments welcome. xii Chapter 1. Introduction. 1 1.1 What is new. 2 1.2 Virtual I/O Server concepts . 3 1.2.1 VIOS virtual SCSI support . 4 1.2.2 Virtual Ethernet support . 5 Chapter 2. Midrange Storage architecture . 9 2.1 IBM DS3400 models and features . 10 2.1.1 DS3400 model types and specifications . 10 2.1.2 DS3400 optional features . 12 2.1.3 DS3400 architecture . 12 2.2 IBM DS4000 models and features . 14 2.2.1 IBM DS4700 models and features . 14 2.2.2 IBM DS4800 models and features . 20 2.3 IBM DS5000 models and features . 26 2.4 Positioning Midrange Storage . 32 2.5 RAID technology and spare drives .