Official Paths of Glory (Pog) Faqs – July 17, 2002
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The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Schriften Des Historischen Kollegs
The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Schriften des Historischen Kollegs Herausgegeben von Andreas Wirsching Kolloquien 91 The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Herausgegeben von Holger Afflerbach An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org Schriften des Historischen Kollegs herausgegeben von Andreas Wirsching in Verbindung mit Georg Brun, Peter Funke, Karl-Heinz Hoffmann, Martin Jehne, Susanne Lepsius, Helmut Neuhaus, Frank Rexroth, Martin Schulze Wessel, Willibald Steinmetz und Gerrit Walther Das Historische Kolleg fördert im Bereich der historisch orientierten Wissenschaften Gelehrte, die sich durch herausragende Leistungen in Forschung und Lehre ausgewiesen haben. Es vergibt zu diesem Zweck jährlich bis zu drei Forschungsstipendien und zwei Förderstipendien sowie alle drei Jahre den „Preis des Historischen Kollegs“. Die Forschungsstipendien, deren Verleihung zugleich eine Auszeichnung für die bisherigen Leis- tungen darstellt, sollen den berufenen Wissenschaftlern während eines Kollegjahres die Möglich- keit bieten, frei von anderen Verpflichtungen eine größere Arbeit abzuschließen. Professor Dr. Hol- ger Afflerbach (Leeds/UK) war – zusammen mit Professor Dr. Paul Nolte (Berlin), Dr. Martina Steber (London/UK) und Juniorprofessor Simon Wendt (Frankfurt am Main) – Stipendiat des Historischen Kollegs im Kollegjahr 2012/2013. Den Obliegenheiten der Stipendiaten gemäß hat Holger Afflerbach aus seinem Arbeitsbereich ein Kolloquium zum Thema „Der Sinn des Krieges. Politische Ziele und militärische Instrumente der kriegführenden Parteien von 1914–1918“ vom 21. -
The Western Front the First World War Battlefield Guide: World War Battlefield First the the Westernthe Front
Ed 2 June 2015 2 June Ed The First World War Battlefield Guide: Volume 1 The Western Front The First Battlefield War World Guide: The Western Front The Western Creative Media Design ADR003970 Edition 2 June 2015 The Somme Battlefield: Newfoundland Memorial Park at Beaumont Hamel Mike St. Maur Sheil/FieldsofBattle1418.org The Somme Battlefield: Lochnagar Crater. It was blown at 0728 hours on 1 July 1916. Mike St. Maur Sheil/FieldsofBattle1418.org The First World War Battlefield Guide: Volume 1 The Western Front 2nd Edition June 2015 ii | THE WESTERN FRONT OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR ISBN: 978-1-874346-45-6 First published in August 2014 by Creative Media Design, Army Headquarters, Andover. Printed by Earle & Ludlow through Williams Lea Ltd, Norwich. Revised and expanded second edition published in June 2015. Text Copyright © Mungo Melvin, Editor, and the Authors listed in the List of Contributors, 2014 & 2015. Sketch Maps Crown Copyright © UK MOD, 2014 & 2015. Images Copyright © Imperial War Museum (IWM), National Army Museum (NAM), Mike St. Maur Sheil/Fields of Battle 14-18, Barbara Taylor and others so captioned. No part of this publication, except for short quotations, may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the permission of the Editor and SO1 Commemoration, Army Headquarters, IDL 26, Blenheim Building, Marlborough Lines, Andover, Hampshire, SP11 8HJ. The First World War sketch maps have been produced by the Defence Geographic Centre (DGC), Joint Force Intelligence Group (JFIG), Ministry of Defence, Elmwood Avenue, Feltham, Middlesex, TW13 7AH. United Kingdom. -
Why Did the Schlieffen Plan Fail?
Why did the Schlieffen Plan fail? L/O – To identify the reasons why the Schlieffen Plan failed Tension in Europe Recap Europe Quiz The Assassination The Outbreak of War The Outbreak of War The Road to War In 1914, Europe was primed for war. It was not only the politicians who were anticipating war – rearmament and frequent war scares had caused European society to become increasingly militaristic and nationalistic. Many people not only expected war, but welcomed it. Each side had long prepared for war. They had written plans, books and policies on what to do. These plans also played a part in the outbreak of large-scale war in 1914. The War Plans of Europe The Schlieffen Plan The most influential plan was that of Germany – the Schlieffen Plan – drawn up in 1905 by General Alfred von Schlieffen. It was an ambitious plan designed to avoid Germany having to fight a two-front war against France and Russia. The plan was to invade France and capture Paris before the Russians could mobilize. It relied on three things: German speed slow Russian mobilization (6 weeks?) Britain staying out of the war. Britain’s Position Britain’s position in 1914 was complicated. Despite having alliances with France and Russia, Britain had made no firm promises to help them in war. However, Britain had promised in 1834 to protect the neutrality of Belgium if she was ever attacked. The Schlieffen Plan required the For a scrap of German army to attack France paper, through Belgium. The German Great Britain is going to generals gambled that Britain would make war? not keep her promise to defend Bethmann-Hollweg, Belgium. -
(1389) and the Munich Agreement (1938) As Political Myths
Department of Political and Economic Studies Faculty of Social Sciences University of Helsinki The Battle Backwards A Comparative Study of the Battle of Kosovo Polje (1389) and the Munich Agreement (1938) as Political Myths Brendan Humphreys ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Helsinki, for public examination in hall XII, University main building, Fabianinkatu 33, on 13 December 2013, at noon. Helsinki 2013 Publications of the Department of Political and Economic Studies 12 (2013) Political History © Brendan Humphreys Cover: Riikka Hyypiä Distribution and Sales: Unigrafia Bookstore http://kirjakauppa.unigrafia.fi/ [email protected] PL 4 (Vuorikatu 3 A) 00014 Helsingin yliopisto ISSN-L 2243-3635 ISSN 2243-3635 (Print) ISSN 2243-3643 (Online) ISBN 978-952-10-9084-4 (paperback) ISBN 978-952-10-9085-1 (PDF) Unigrafia, Helsinki 2013 We continue the battle We continue it backwards Vasko Popa, Worriors of the Field of the Blackbird A whole volume could well be written on the myths of modern man, on the mythologies camouflaged in the plays that he enjoys, in the books that he reads. The cinema, that “dream factory” takes over and employs countless mythical motifs – the fight between hero and monster, initiatory combats and ordeals, paradigmatic figures and images (the maiden, the hero, the paradisiacal landscape, hell and do on). Even reading includes a mythological function, only because it replaces the recitation of myths in archaic societies and the oral literature that still lives in the rural communities of Europe, but particularly because, through reading, the modern man succeeds in obtaining an ‘escape from time’ comparable to the ‘emergence from time’ effected by myths. -
The Serbian Boys at George Heriot's
The Serbian Boys at George Heriot's The following extract is from George Heriot’s School Roll of Honour 1914‐1919, published in 1921. THE SERBIANS It is peculiarly appropriate that some mention should be made in the Heriot War Memorial Volume of the appearance of Serbian boys at George Heriot's School. Shortly after the commencement of Session 1916‐17, twenty‐five young Serbs, their ages ranging from 12 to 17 years, were admitted by the Governors to all the educational privileges of the ancient Foundation, and the last of them did not quit the School till the close of Session 1918‐19. It was the attempt of the Central Powers to crush little Serbia that originated the Great World War, and the boys who came to Heriot’s to be educated were part of the 300 refugees who arrived in Britain after they had traversed the wilds of Albania and been rescued by the friendly hands of French and British. During their stay at School they acquitted themselves very creditably in their studies. Seven of their number passed the University Preliminary Examinations and four are now Engineering students of Edinburgh University. The others have returned to Serbia to continue their studies at Belgrade University. Besides these there were four boys who passed part of the Preliminary Examination before returning home. The Serbs took an active part in the Athletics of the School, chiefly Football, and a number were members of the Heriot Troop of Boy Scouts and of the O.T.C. As the Headmaster on one occasion pointed out, the advent of the Serbian boys was not 1 altogether a one‐sided arrangement, for it had conferred many advantages on the School in respect of the feeling of camaraderie they had inspired amongst the other boys. -
The Commandant's Introduction
The Commandants Introduction By Michael H. Clemmesen his issue of the Baltic Defence Re- It seems now to have been generally members seem to have realised this fact. view marks a change in the editorial recognized that the Alliance has to be To succeed, the transformation must line that is symbolised by the changed reformed thoroughly to remain relevant take the alliance forward and change it cover. The adjustment is not only caused to the leading member state. The U.S.A., from being a reactive self-defensive alli- by the fact that the three Baltic states have involved as she is in the drawn-out War ance. The outlined new NATO is a po- succeeded in being invited to NATO as Against Terror that was forced upon her litically much more demanding, divisive, well as to the EU and now have to adapt by the 11 September 2001 attacks, is not and risky framework for military co-op- to the new situation. It is also based on impressed by the contribution from most eration. Its missions will include opera- the realisation that the two organisations of the European allies. Only a small tions of coercion like the one against will change their character when the inte- progress has been made in the Yugoslavia with regard to Kosovo as well gration of the new members takes place. enhancement of the force structures of as pre-emptive Out-of-NATO area crisis The implementation of the new editorial the European members since the 1999 response operations military activism line will only come gradually. -
GHR Template
The Final Nail Maciejewski The Final Nail: The Russians in 1916 JEFFREY MACIEJEWSKI Abstract: The events of 1916 broke Tsarist Russia, putting it on an unavoidable path to revolution, but it was not the revolutionaries that set the empire on that path. Instead, the combination of a small-scale defeat at Lake Narotch, the success of the Brusilov Offensive, the addition of Romania as an ally, and economic changes fundamentally altered Russia’s socio-economic foundation. This negative shift provided the fertile ground the revolutionaries needed to expand beyond being manageable annoyances. As a direct result of 1916’s wartime events, Russia’s longstanding radical sentiment finally began to boil over into actual revolutions in 1917. Introduction Winston Churchill once wrote “the very rigidity of the (Russian) system gave it its strength and, once broken, forbade all recovery.”1 In this respect, 1916 was the decisive year for the Russian Empire as it broke the Tsarist system. World War I’s first two years went poorly for Russia, but circumstances shifted in 1916, offering the Russians their best chance for victory; their economy had significantly improved and their enemies believed they had broken the Russian Army. New leaders with fresh ideas emerged to challenge the Central Powers like never before and with victory Russia gained a new ally, Romania. The Russians finally seemed to have reached parity with their enemies and the ability to fully assist the Allied cause. It was the make-or-break year for Russia. Given such changes in fortune, why did 1916 break both the Russian Army and the Tsarist government? The confluence of changes and events, even positive ones, simply overwhelmed Russia. -
Western Front
Version 1.0 | Last updated 11 November 2015 Western Front By Jonathan Krause The Western Front, a 400-plus mile stretch of land weaving through France and Belgium from the Swiss border to the North Sea, was the decisive front during the First World War. Whichever side won there – either the Central Powers or the Entente – would be able to claim victory for their respective alliance. Despite the global nature of the conflict, much of the world remembers the First World War through the lens of the Western Front, in large part thanks to the success of Erich Maria Remarque’s classic, All Quiet on the Western Front. This article looks at the war on the Western Front from 1914-1918, its major events, battles, and strategies. Table of Contents 1 Introduction 2 The War of Movement 3 1915: The Early Trench Battles 4 1916: The Attritional Battles 5 The Somme 6 1917: The Year of Desperation 7 The British Army Ascendant 8 1918: The Year of Decision 9 Conclusion Notes Selected Bibliography Citation Introduction In many ways the war on the Western Front began as a fundamentally Franco-German conflict, and one with deep historical roots. The region had been of critical importance for French security for centuries. In the 1600s, Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban (1633-1707) famously sought to design and build an interlinking series of forts (which he called the “pré carré”) to shelter France’s eastern border from attacks that might come through Central Europe. There is a longue durée concept of fortified defence running from Vauban through to the great forts that existed in 1914 (Verdun, Belfort, Toul) and the later Maginot Line. -
In the Trenches: a First World War Diary
In the Trenches: A First World War Diary By Pierre Minault Translated by Sylvain Minault Edited by Gail Minault Edited for Not Even Past by Mark Sheaves Originally published on Not Even Past <notevenpast.org> Department of History, The University of Texas at Austin September 22-November 16, 2014 © Not Even Past In the Trenches Pierre Minault’s Diary of the First World War Not Even Past is marking the centennial of the outbreak of the first World War with a very special publication. Our colleague, Gail Minault, a distinguished professor of the history of India, has given us her grandfather’s diary, a near daily record of his experiences in the trenches in France. Pierre Minault made his first diary entry on this very day, September 22, one hundred years ago, in 1914. We will be posting each of his entries exactly one hundred years after he wrote them. You will be able to follow Pierre’s progress and read his thoughtful and moving personal observations of life on the front as day follows day. Sylvain Minault originally translated the diary from French. Gail Minault edited this translation and added the following introduction. We are extremely grateful to her for sharing her grandfather’s diary with all of us. Introduction By Gail Minault This year we commemorate the outbreak of World War I, which began in August 1914, with all the powers of Europe declaring war on each other in a domino effect born of alliances and ententes. Reading the history of the war, one becomes aware of the carnage, the stalemate, the sacrifice of an entire generation of young men to great power politics. -
Illusions of Glory—The Great War on the Eastern Front ADVANCED RULES and PLAY BOOK (Rev
Illusions of Glory—The Great War on the Eastern Front ADVANCED RULES AND PLAY BOOK (Rev. 2/18/2016) (Designer: Perry R. Silverman; Developer: Fred Schachter; Assistant Designer & Developer: Aaron H. Silverman) 18.0 Regions 29.0 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 18.1 Movement and Regions 30.0 More Than Two Players 18.2 Control of Regions 30.1 Two AP Players 18.3 Combat and Regions 30.2 Two CP Players 18.4 Regions and Terrain 31.0 Introductory Game 18.5 Regions and Retreat 31.1 The 1914 Invasion of Serbia 18.6 Regions and Advance After Combat 32.0 Shorter Game Scenarios 18.7 Regions and Supply 32.1 From Mobilization to Limited War 19.0 Trenches 32.2 The Brusilov Offensive and Beyond 19.1 Building Trenches 33.0 Strategy Guide 19.2 Trench Construction Die Rolls 33.1 Allied Powers Strategy 19.3 Trench Levels 33.2 Central Powers Strategy 19.4 Removing Trench Markers 34.0 Strategy Card Histories and Notes 19.5 Trench Effects on Combat 34.1 Allied Powers Cards 20.0 Forts 34.2 Central Powers Cards 20.1 General Rules 35.0 Acknowledgments 20.2 Destroying a Fort 36.0 Bibliography 20.3 Besieging a Fort 20.4 Surrender of Besieged Forts 20.5 Forts and Supply 21.0 Flank Attacks 21.1 Restrictions on Flank Attacks 21.2 Forts and Flank Attacks 21.3 Pinning Spaces and Flank Attack DRMs 21.4 Resolving Flank Attacks 22.0 Assembling Units 22.1 Only LCUs Can Be Assembled 22.2 Composition of Assembled LCUs 22.3 How to Assemble LCUs 23.0 Rebellions and Revolution 23.1 Mechanics of Rebellion 23.2 Tracking National Will 23.3 Uprising Units 23.4 Russian Revolution 23.5 Collapse -
German) Signature “Bulow”
P a g e | 1 Britain goes to war. British signature “Palmerston” and Prussian (German) signature “Bulow”. Mr Searle | HIGHWORTH WARNEFORD SCHOOL P a g e | 2 Why Britain went to war in 1914. The treaty of London signed in 1839 guaranteed Belgian independence and committed the signatory powers, particularly Great Britain, to guard that independence in the event of invasion. Historians and Statesmen have argued that the treaty was an important document, especially in its role in bringing about the Great War. The German Empire invaded Belgium in August 1914, therefore violating the treaty of 1839 and the British response was to declare war on August the 4th. The British ambassador informed the Germans that Britain would go to war with them over their violation of Belgian neutrality. The German Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg exclaimed that he could not believe that Britain and Germany would be going to war over a mere “scrap of Paper”. As the German Chancellor pointed out, this seemed an unlikely reason for why Britain went to war in 1914. Britain, ever since the days of the Spanish Armada, has been weary of powerful continental powers challenging its control of the English Channel and the North Sea. The German Empire started its challenge by increasing the size its navy: this effort was received badly in London. Germany had a powerful fleet at the outbreak of war in 1914 and so Britain could not having risk this powerful new fleet sailing south into the English Channel. Britain was an island nation dependent on trade and food coming into the country to feed its people, if Germany controlled the French sea ports of Dieppe and Calais, then that would allow the German navy to encircle Britain and the British people would starve. -
Pog-Deluxe-Rules-FINAL.Pdf
Deluxe TABLE O F CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction ............................................................. 2 13.0 Strategic Redeployment ...................................... 18 2.0 Components ............................................................ 2 14.0 Supply ................................................................. 19 3.0 Symbols and Terminology ...................................... 4 15.0 Forts .................................................................... 20 4.0 Game Set-up ............................................................ 5 16.0 War and Peace ..................................................... 21 5.0 Determining Victory ............................................... 6 17.0 Replacements ...................................................... 23 6.0 Sequence of Play ..................................................... 7 Card Notes ................................................................... 23 7.0 Mandated Offensives .............................................. 8 Design Notes ................................................................ 26 8.0 Action Phase ............................................................ 8 Extended Example of Play ........................................... 27 9.0 Strategy Cards ....................................................... 10 Unit Set Up .................................................................. 33 10.0 Stacking ................................................................11 Adding More Paths to Your Deck ...............................