Srvru-lClnxrvonn CoNsnnvarron
TheNewsletter and Journal ol the IUCN/SSC Mustelid,Viverrid & ProcyonidSpecialist Group rucN
Number18 April1998
SPrcrrs SURVTvALCoMMrssroN
Redpanda lA,luflrs fulsent Phoro:lan Pryce
The productionand distributionol this issuehas beensponsored by "BlijdorpZoo", Rotterdam, Holland, "Columbus *^ Zoo",Powell, Ohio, USA "Royal {*l?" andlhe ZoologicalSociety ol Antwerp",Antwerp, Betgium.
Cot||t |s Zoo Svran CnnNrvoRECoNSERVATToN
The Newsletterand Journal of the IUCN/SSC Mustelid,Viverrid & ProcyonidSpecialist Group
Editor-in-chief: HarryVan Rompaey, Edegem, Belgiurn
Associateeditor: HuwGriffiths, Hull, United Kingdom
Editorial board: AngelaGlatston, Rotterdam, Netherlands MichaelRiffel, Hcidelberg, Germany Arnd Schreiber,Heidelberg, Germany RolandWirth, Miinchen, Germany
'Ihc vicwscxpressed in Ihispublicalion are those oflhe nuthorsand do nol necessnrilyretlecl llrcse ol rhcltJCN, no. the IUCN/SSC Mustelid. vivenid & ProcyonidSpecialisr Gfoup.
We .re prrticl|lrrly gr.rtelulio W.rltcrRasmusscn for re,rdingthe nranuscriptsrnd irnpro!ingthc Enrlishstyle.
The xi,rrol this publicalion is Lool-ltr thc mcmbcrsof rhe IIJCN/SSCMV&PSa;, rnd lhosc who rrc eonccrrrcdr!ilh nnrnclids. viverrids. rnd procyonids.bricfprpers. ncw\ irenrs.xbstr cts. and (itles ol rccrnrliter.rtufe. All re dersare inliled to \end nrateri,rlb:
Small CarnivoreConservation c/o Dr, H. Van Rompaey Jan Verbertlei,l5 2650Edegem Belgiun
Il i,,tlrl,,,, r!r\!lc,i |.,ne. tssN l0l9-5041
Assessmenton the cunent status of the Red panda in China
FuwenWEIr, Zoujian FENGT, Zuwang WANGT, and Jinchu HUr
The Red pxnl].l (AlhDur litlsprr) js consideredas a r.rre anirnrlin Chinaand. as such. is tistedin Catego.yI ofrh€ Witd AninralProtection Law. Ai lhe internartunatlevet rhis spccies is listedoo AppendixI of CITES.
The red pNndais confinedto th€ soxrhenrstopes of the Himalayas(Roberls & Citrleman.t98,1: clarston, 1989, t994j Yonzon,1989) and in China is cndenrjc10 lhe Hengduanand HimNlayanmounlains. Both subspecies.,.t. I lh/.q.,i rnd A. f r/r.,'/crn befound io China,howe!c., subspcc ies .,/rzlz/ is more typicalof theregion ,1_./ /r4,.2' is tound through rhe H imatayas. in liber andthe Gongshan area ofnoflhen yrnran pro!,ince.ns ucll as to Ihc southernNujiang River.,4.l r/r?/a on thc other hand.is confinedro theHengduaD Mounlains, in Sichuanand the easternNujiang River of Yunnanprovinces (Wei & Hu, t993). Ra.Jiol?//atug ,tu r"d ?.tr./a. Pltolo. ny,"n W?i. For a long tirne. therewas nor muchexaci intb.mltion OtllyA. f fuls.tls ts foundin Tibel.where ils rangecovers a\ailableon rhered panda's jr sratus China.A( therequesr of the the counliesof Mangkang.Changdtr, Chuol.r, Nietanru, Linzhi, ilndangcrc{lSpecics Scienrific Cornnrissrmand End.rngercd St). Milin.tsomi, Chayu, rnd Moi[o (Tablcl)(Feng trdl. 1986iWci .ieslmport & ExporrAdninistrati\e p. Oiice. R.China, r survey &Hu. lg9l;Yin&Liu. 1993).Our researchcs indicn(c rhal there wasconducted!boutthe AssessmenlonResources.rnd Manage arc no red pandasin Jilong.Dingd, or yadongc({nlies $,hcre menrStalus ofRed Pand!in China ibrtheperiod I99.1 I996.The theywere repoded in drepast (lieng.,/1. 1986).Iirrttrefi)j(rc. possrblerangc of redpandas rras i'rvestigared durjngboth ycars. rherewer€ no signsof redpan&s io CibrsoutChayu counry) and ManSducounry which were tbrmeftyareas where rcd pandrs Currentdistribution couldbe seen €asily (Yin & Liu, t99l).
The panda fed was disrributedin Chintr over a larger area Current habitat status than today. including westem Sichunn and yunnan, sourh€rn Shrnxi and Cansu,nodhcrn Cuizhou, and southwesrofTiber rnd Accordirg ro our sur!ey there arc 76.2,15.5kmrol ti,.esl QinghaiProvinces (Expedilion Rxre Animalsin Sichuan,1977i withinlhecurenrdislribulion ofthe red pxnda. Sichuxn has a l(nal Ireog"/1, 1986;Hu & Wan8, l98,lrcao.rdl, 1987;Kunmir)g of -15,{)88.3kmr(including 7.596.8 k :in the Minstnn Mou - InslituteoiZoology, 1989iNorthwest ptalenu Insriiuteoi Biol_ lains,7,681.3 kmrin theQbnglai Mourrains,Ii,19t.-tkm,in the ogy. 1989).Horlever. its r.rngeretrcrrcd sharplyand thc red paoda Lianghan Mountains, .1.280.4kmr in rhe Xjangtirrg Mount.rins, js now conlinedto Sichuan.Yunnan, (Fig. r and tiber t). 2,8.15-8kr in Daxueshan.and 4,.192.6 km:in rheShattrtisMn Mountaios),while Yunnaornd Tibet hnve 21.(,58.1kmr :rnd SichulDistheprimaryhometandotrheredpandainChin . 19.499.1km:, rcspecrivcly(Tabtc l). In this province irs rangeexlends fronr lhe DrxueshanMountains crstwa.dsto and rhe Qionglai Orertcr Xingling Mounlajns. Ou. recenrresearch on red pandr ccology shows rhrt this !inrrhwardsrcrossLesscrXiangtiDg intoG.caterLiangshan Moun speciesexhibits a.lcrr pretercnceto. prrticutarh.rbit.]rs (Wej ./ trins.wesl$,a s inrothe Shatutishao Mountains rnd Dorthwards l, 1995iWei, 1997).This melns lhlt not aI rorcsrareas are rntolhc MioshanN.louoruirs (Wei & Hu, 1993).Thi! distributi(nr suitableIorrcd pandas.InSichuan pro!ince. red anLIgiaDt pandas cnconrpAsessrx o1ountaroranges:Lirngshrn, X ianglin,eionglllj, (Ai/"to?r'../a,!./aadLn.d) are sympriric aod rhcir habitnl re- Minsh.tn.Daxucshan. and Shalutishrn Mountain\.a qurre'nenrs'trc similaf (Wej. 1997).In lhe pern)d t98,1,87.r sturly l'lty cotrnlies(Trblc l). However. thc Liansshan anrt Xiangtins was made ol lhe habitar requiremcntsof the girnr pandaby the Mountains contai rhc main rcd panda habitats. Minisrry of Forestry of Chjn! cooperaliDgwith thc WWF This study dernonslratesthrt. atlhoughlhe tdnt tbrcsr vajtahteto thc In Yunnan red paodas are mninly distributed in rhe follo gianl pnndawas 2lt,:ll1.8 knr. il usedan rreaofont) il.r)2j.52 tnrr. wing mountainsi Gaotigong,iv.ti Snow, Jiawu Snow. Bituo j.e.49.1%ofthchtalibrellcover(Wlng. t989). I weuscrhi!ilgurc Snow. Yunlin. Haba Snow. yulong Snow,,rnd Dak,u. Borh b estrmatclhe arer ofred pandahnbitlt in ahio{. we tind r subspeciesoccu. in tro_ rhis provincc. /1. l;lr/Benr ts lbund Io rhe bablearca of 37,,136.9krnrtl7.228..r tnr, jn Sichuanprovince. south of NuJiang Riler. in fie Dulong River Basin anrt in rhc 10.63'1.2k!n:inYunnanP()virce,and9,57.1.ltnr,ir1libei)(T.rbtc t). llimalayan hills of rhe caotigong Mounlains. This arer is con- nectcd wirh Chayu. Tiber in rhe northwe( and wjth Myannrrr Current population lBurma) in lhe southwesr.,.r.l.'./t!zrl is dtstributedcasrofNujiang stalus Rivcr It! range includes eteven counti€s: DeqiDg, Baoshan, Relativedensity of red pandrs wa\ sLlv€yedhy inveslig,r Tenschons,Lu\hui, Yunlons,Zhondjan,Lijians, jang. Fusons.Bij iion lhrough leeding signs and droppin!s teti by the nninratsin Yiliang, and Weixing (Table t). tD thc past rc l)lrnnethc p{sl lcw d.c{dcs.the nu rh.rofred p,rndash.rs 1990). ln Grnzi AutononrousArcr of rhe same provincc, 120 ,lr. ri.il rrpidir due () i cfelsi g h un activityand massive nrillion m' oi forest consumed ovcr 30 years, h,rr,I r Lo\s.lti\e\limltcdthatlheirnuDrbersmllyhavedecr€asedwhich is 289. oi curcnt tifest growth (Li & Yang. 1990). Ir h\ r. rrrch rs.l0% olef the hst 50 ]ears. Toinl l'oputarion Liangshln. anolherprimc areafor lhe red pand . 21.8 nrillion rtt firrh.r\ cslrmaledare about 6.0(X)7,000 red pandasin Chira oflbrcsl resourceswerc swallowedup olcr fic hsr l5 yenrs.This rl.0olr 1.4(I) i. Si.hu.rn.l,6tU-2.{n0 in Yunnan,and l,.l0G constrlutcsl0% ofcurrcnr presentfbresr growlh (227.07 niltion 1.6{)(rIn Tihet). lrlr). In rhe Sichuanparr of the red pandn s rangc,22 big for€st.y enlerpnsesconsumcd up 3.597.9klnrol rcd pandahabitat in the F('ssil cvidence indicates th red pandas formerty oc, last 25 years.This represents20.9% of currenrred pandahNhrtar ('rrred ir lhe Wultnr areaol Hubci Province.rhc Xichou areaof in Sichurn. l'he rateol li'rcst lossin the uppcr reg(nr of Min river, )Lrr|rrn llovince, .lnd lhe FuminheRiver and Zijin ireas of prinrercd pnndahabitar,declined iionr 107. in thc lS50s ro 18.8s. (;!r/h,trr l)|ovince(Xu z/z/, 1957).No red prndasare fbund in jn ihe 1980s(l-i& Yang,lq90). Similxrly, li)rest k)ss in rheYa an rlr..c rr.r\ l{Jdry.To d!te. pandnshave h€come extin.t in Shanxi, reSionhrs declinedby 25%.hy l4 l7 in Mianlans.try 12.4%;n (;xn\u. Qingh!i. andcuizhou. andhave disappeared lrom parrsof Lcrjiang.by l:1.2,1in Namchong.andbyI57. in wanrirn (l,iaog. rhc Qinschnxn and Ji,rngyoucounties of SichuanProvince. Only l99l)).Ilowever. the silrntion is inprovinggr.rdually. loday (hc .Ll.$ r(l prnd s cao be f()und in Yangliubr ofPinwu counry,rhe Chinesegovcrnment is also paying more nrtenti r tt) allbresta- ,.! ,,ri$ l,rchw6 Lhctype hcality of Sty{.'s tanda{wei & Hn. tion- According to curcDt datn.the t(nrl rrca ol .eafiirestation in l!r rr l,r rhc 1960s,rcd pandas were fbund in rheLushnn rrea ol' wesrc.nSi€hunn is oler 70.001)ha. Total r.!lfin.esred arensnos \ " , l i,,nr.||!nM,,u t., r\. hut rhiy !re nnq r\rin.l covef 200,001)hr in lfie s:rnrearcr (l.iaDg. 1990). I his rcpresenr\ a veryposlrvc nep bwards mrintainingtbre( cover.Ift)wever. I)r'ln|!st.ui(n)i\ rhclundamentallhreal l(' redpandl habi- il musl be renrcnrheredthat li)ren rcnewal is a lon8 proccssard r.LrLI rl,iIstcriod.Nnnu l li)restconsum pr ion was nruchhighcr lhat mrn mlde f(ne(s nllry nor easily lend thenrscllcs tr) hnbilx rlrrrrrnfLrirl lorest growth. This lcd k).r sharpdccline in foresr tn)n hy red pandrs. .ntrr(.\ ,^.cordingn) the litemturc,thcre wefe l2l liJrcslry .,,r.'riri\c(wrrh o!er 70.(XI)strll acri!e in Sichuanpro!in.e ar Poachingisrnotherthreai rorcd pNndls. astheirfuris used h. I rl ol 1985(l-i & Y.rns.1990). In rheyexrs bcrween 1958- ro nrake hrts lnd clo(hing by k'crl peofle. Tfie lur-hal with its Lrhrl. thr' cnt hrmbcr stock of lhc Churnxi Foresrry Iltrreau w.rs long. Iuxuriousrril at the brck looks heautitll and wrrnr. In ,r'().1)ol) |r'. 910,000nr'. ard 822,fiJomr respedivelt,rnd rimber Zhongdinnol YunDrnI'r(]vince.lhis tyl'c ofhrr is stillneedcd by .,,!lLrffon rerchcd 159.1100nr'. 362,.100In'. and 5,19.000'n, Dewlyrnnrricdlouplesas it wds rcgarded asa lalisnan forxhappy I. r!. lLl90).F()m rhesedlathescalcol trce itlling over (hc mrrnlge in thepast. Drring ourinvestigatlons in lhefield we sti11 ". (i | | r'.r r hr Ir.rt'irnd Accofd rf I', \{nr \l r\t|c\. found sorrr I'eopleweafing this typc ofhar in dilerenr arcas.The I I|,r r,l In'ol lincslrcslnnces wereconsunred during a 25year exactnuDrberol peoplc wirh such hats is dil1icultt()csrimate. The N'ro11!r ,^br Aur(rnnous Area ol SichuanProvince. This purchnseof red pandaskins was quite prevalen(irr rhe past. For ,,'r\r,lrir\ 58.87 ofrhelolrl tbren growthand gives an annuat example,29 pelts wcrc sold in dre period 1979l98t in ihc ,,r..( consL'nrpti(nlbur tinresas high ns Ihc annualfo.€st yiekl. Minnning couniy of Sichu.rnProvin.e where we conducredour lr r\ tr.dicredlhal, il lrcetelling continues al thcsame rate. Abn ecologicnlstudy recently (Yn z/./1. lSSl). in Tibct, some2U) \rli h. (,n!ll! clcarfelled by the end of lhi! century(Lirng, skinsweresddonanrnnuxlhasisinthe1970s{Yin&Liu. t993). ( urrenr ttLrriburion ind C.p.iv. lnc.tion ofR.d P.ndB in Chin. I .! 1'1} \._ {J '1 4 \\*..-" ffi."--,-"-.- TrblcI Diltribulion'nlrtiv. d.nlitv rrd h|bit|t of nd p.ndrsitr dilTcrcnt nountii of si.hui& yunmn rnd Tibel Provae Mour,n paliycrle*dr Dsl,ibdidcou i6 !c{en(Kh,) Hdl,rd ((ml W6rh@, Ba.x!U, IEqh Ho.g'a, M@itrs, ShnEl ttunt@ Yki Mrta&, I{.iSu, Ebio, L€ho 7J'@jE,Dechmr, PDge, Xid., c&l@ D.\ushm Ld yat@s,Jiuton, l!.4r u 897 { M.dim co4slur,I_Bhui, Fu3dB LN D€qin8.Z,Io{dE\ weixi,LDi.ns. rj!F4, yu os, Blsha, Teuchog vwtow ntixin,y,lunx .nxoo t49l In Changdu,Tibet. alonc 148skins werc sold in rheper()d t968- pandas. Afler the Chinese liberarioD jj 19.19,Chengdu Zoo 1971.In the 1970s ,100 more than red pnndaswere caughrin rhe exhibiied red pandasin Fcbruary t953. Two nnrnlhsla!€r, Beijing e.$lemkrrcsts (Feng.,//1. ofTibcr 19136).The dararbove are Zoo exhihited red pdndasin Mxy 1953 According ro our inves- rcmarkable,as they indicare thlt hunting rnd poachinf pressure tigation. r krtal ol 7.{ insritulions havc hetd pand s sinle the we.esevc.e especixlly ior a decliningpopulation. This noi only 1950s.Only 30 instin(ions(wirh cr.250 rcd pandls)are tefr in leadsto an even grcrLc.declineof red fanda numbers.bnr atsoto China(m!p). exlinclionin sonrea.e!s. For exanrple.lodn] it is dilticuh to d'scoref rny t.ace of the red tand! in the Chihagou ol Ctr.ryu The breeding prograrnof red prndrs in C hi n hlr\ mrdc .ounty o. the Xiaochdngdu ol t\'l ngl,rng county, Tjbet (yin & grc,rtpfogress srnce 195,1.Beijiog Zoo liNt succe$fu|y breil onc Liu. 199-l).Rcd pandus in Qingchurncounry rnd the Wangtang lilter wilh two brhiesir Jrne 195.1.Though thjs lj(cr did nor Natural ReseNe ofPingwu counry also disapJ'eared the end ot' survivethis wxs rhefirst hand rnisi g brccdingfecl'd in (.hior. rhe 1950s(Wei & Hu. l99l). Our pre\enrinvestigarion shows ShanghaiZoo succcssiirllyhrcd and ruiseda red p ndn in t96L thc.eare probahlv yrngliuba pinwu only l0 :0 indi!idualsi ot ('hon8qin8 Zoo succcsslinly brcd and faised rcd pandas:liul county (the type ktcal;ty ol A. I .t/).arr). 1972k,1994. 173 youngof8T l'lers wcr. born.7-lcubsstrr!ivrd (surr"valrare42.814 ). Sincelhc middtrot lh! l'_r7t)srnd prnicu Redplnd s arerxquisite ind beautitutwith high cxhibi_ lnrly fronr dre 1980sovrr 20 zoosor rcscrvesio China succccdcd lr{Jn\,rlue. l'rapping for exhibilion at ditferenr zoos had a great in brceding red pandas.These includr ti)tk)winr tit zoos .rnd ncgarrve'Drpact on lbc wild populalion in rhc p{st. Betbre 1974 rcseryes:BciiinS Zoo. ShanShaiZoo, Chongqing Zoo. Chengdu rhey cotrld he purchasedfreely bccausewildtife I'rotection t-aws Zoo, KunmingZoo, NaniinZoo. IInng/huoZoo, Shijiirzhrrng had not bccn dmwn op.Zr)os have purchased tnrSe numbersofred Zoo, Zhongshrn lrark. Lxnzhou Wuqurnsh,n Zoo. Wuhan Zoo. pandrs at lheI native lands since t950. According to in€omptclc Taiyu!. Zoo, Wuxi Zoo, Hrlbei HuangshjPrrk. N,rchnnS Zoo, \trlrnics, roos i Sichuanhrlc turchasedolcr t.000 rcd pandrs I-ushanlluajin l,urk.Xi an Zoo. lnd \!.tong Nxru l l{c\er!e. slncc thc 1950s.Zoos or Ynnn n province purch.tsednrorc ttnn 500 sild-crLr!htspcciDrens. Conservationstatus Captivestatus Todaythe Chine\e golerntrre ply\ nruchnx)re xtrcntiorr 1o wildUfepRnecrion. rnd n hrs hunchcdr scric\ot txws{nd Bctween 'thcs. 1936aDd I938, a Mr. Snrirh.xn Lngtishhrnker rcgulalionsto preserverrrc aninrrlsanrl pi$rs inctudethc crllcd lhe Prndaking in thewesr. kxlk a greatiolerest in wjtdlilc Nrtionrl ('onslitulion,rhc Crinrinal tr$s. rh. Witd Anirrrl collecring1{hile living in Shanghri.tie olienrnve cd to rh. gianl Pnnccli(nrLat!, lhe l.orcslryln$. rnd lh. hr!irolnr.rt t t'ft} prndas range andcrught rnd shippedt2 ljvc giantprndas to rhe tecliool-rw. The r'rdpandtr is li\ted i'r ( xrelory ltot rhc Witd wen. He rls) trappedtwr) live rcd prndasand aticr exhibiringin Animal ProteclionLaw. This nrern\ th. rdi |r drs crrnot b. Shane hai ZhrofeDgPark f(x a yen. shippedthem ro the USA. t-hLrs cnughlor hunlcdwilhour I penllitlioDr rh. Nlini\rry('t li,N\tr) Zhloicng Plrk was thc first place ro exhibit rcd pandas in Chin or its duly dclclrted rulhoririe\ |l rr(t trDdr\ rr. ncc,tt(ltitr dnd thc tlSA bc.ame lhc wesrern.ounrry thal cxhibircdred scienrificresearch or lar exhibirrnrrn /,!\..r li,r L,rproccdufcs lr!\L h. co fbled lo lcl pcrmi\sron.Any ,in. $ho hrurrs.eatcfic\. sells. or trxdcsrcd Trble2 PNl.rt drrt|soln [rd i.r.rv.!*ilhid nd pmdr! nngerio Cbbt t)rf(lJ\ $ rth,nrtI fe|1l)i(ironr lhc pro!incinl $rldlrl( !urh(nitiesi\ severclypunished Ir r(ldiri(nr.thc Clrincsc!otcilrmenl t978 60lri hl\ .\lrblishcd urrry rti,nrxlrcsfrves as t96l 200m rcluseslor wil,ilile.l'{,drlc I I r.\cr!eshx!e I9Et 4m0) hccrr\rrblisl)cJs ithinlhc red pxndr's funge: l8 rn Si.hunn.7 in Y|nn r. ud 6 in libet. 1935 2(rn00 lhe\r rrser!i's togcthcrpr)t.ct l5-116.1.9.1 1915 40000 r,n ,'i r.d frn(l.rhrhirrr.6.56l.l knr: in q) Sichurn.6.').11)..1 lirnr in Yunn.n. rnd 196l r2l l. r575l lirr' in Iihcr ( ttntc 2) Thi\ rcpre- {'rrl\ rlltr'l .l].1/,1ol lhe rcd prn(h s habilnt t9?8 ll00l 656t1 in ahinr FronroLrrsuryey itc,rn be sccn that Br4e'S l99t 58290 li'. l.n\rlics ol rcdprDdris in lfiesefeservcs 1994 l8Cm rr. nrLrchhi!hcr rhlr in reasourside of 1994 19734 rlr.m Ihis indi.nteslhat these nalurc rcsel t99{ l'I00 \f, li:i\( plrlcd !n inrln) r l rolc in rhe !.j r\LI \ i|||{Inol lhc redprnda. l9r4 1l?'r0 Acknowledgements 199,1 i0lm llri\ I'ioiccl \ls !uttorlcd hl rIe 1991 ?{?0rl ( , r'.r. Ae i.rn) ,JlS(ic (cs.th. iUinrstry , | ,,,r\rrvoi ( lrroir.lrrl thcNxtion!l IiLl|I t986 lll9nr , ir',r,n Nrt'rrrlSc|.ncc\ol(hinl We rc \.,\ l ritclrl l. llr A (ilirl\t,,nli)r fcvic l93i t87tl7 trIr! rlr rrrnUscfiIlrLrcl e(r rccting rhe Fng li.h \\. rl\o rlrrnk the li)r'11rybureru in t986 lt5l ll 5rclrrirf.\'Unr)l|. rnLlI ihd Jitrlheif r\\is t9lt4 ?1908 lrn..,lurin! lhr surtc\' 108.1 t7 81 Literature I935 I \\' r,tr'l{r,rlrrr':(ltrsLhr.tri lq7? lrspf'r.r l9lt6 (t rhr ,r,c rr 'tr l \n...i n Srrhtrrr S'.htritr 62 rlrnir lltr'.i tr Lh.u(tr ll'(L'rrf\.) t0t40 I Li l.ai.(i 2]j7i & /l.n!.( lt)t\n.1/,rnntt//\tt /i/,r l98i 68t \,rfr. f'.:\. R.iin! 1ttra.hn..c) t,.nt \ , I t:l lrri lnnt lnti n .aa,hdht ti,/ | 1990 18t00 a;,,,,,/,r s.tr.r( t\r\ & ii,r! rhr(.htr\., 12601) , .r \ R lln,, lt,/t,r,lt rnt/ar Sl'tt Act L. rn./r/rit4(. l1'c I\.. r r!,, \ R l!,ll \itr\ rt ti Jlr,tkt rrrr it.ir ttnt,r t1t\ nt./' nn!/tihnh /ltl t. , i),n),1, !jl,t,t!t\ .urn ,",r,r\. r,l/hn )./tntf.1 llICN. CllxDJ. \,.\'.l.i.Y.Xu. X lr)57 Nlrrnnn lo\silrr hrJ)l.inr,..n.1rZiir.l(n'/htrl rr | !\ r! \ ltt hntu.f)1\trtr. onn/\nt\jt/nh .tit/),VnmnL t n\tr. ..1.h/'t/tk.nr,/ .\nr.5 r lt r5lr ltr a tr D!.!, \, tr.j \,r.tr\\ l..hr.lL,!\ llrhi\[i'r! llin^e.CtrcdtJutll( t'ro.\.) \itr B & l-li. \V le9\ Rnrtrl/nn,,t/\trt/1ta to\.LiL,t,t /l\t Cnit\. /.rr .E\ lttli't). Innnr/liha Atrrrl\ol Yu rr |r.lrD.r. l.o..ir! P0L,l'nnd3Hotr\c. ll. rn!. rlr ( h' {\.1 \,,1 l, \ r i rfr ltl)flr': l\,lthhrit HrnN. K!r nitr! rti Ctritr.\rl Yrn/D.P.Ll. l9S9 lr,)lf!) rnLlr,r\r\,rirlrrrr.LltroJrrrN.filttmrtrr\ r ! \.n! ) !'rt sr itr\ xr(l i \.\! rrdr\ rr r.r.\( D\[hcifs.t,rrn I'h t) (tr\r\ L f,f Ntri .. ()oro. t sA | \ rf. lii 5rt 5Nn/,t c d /..\.\1rl:'/rrt r.tn /xnxt s tnnf,r Yr.Z.\i.7 Shr.S-Dcnt.{l&CtrL.Y l()Sr \rtrtr' .q\.\iiS!trurn I'0 \,,..trr \ lf.l)r. .!\ ftrhl^hrr! ll1rA.. Chrn!Llt 1ti C-hrr\.) 571 5S6,n(itrr,a,/ .l\ \ilnut t !ra t//n,.,h I t,irl Sr.htr.n S|cti I Lr! ll 1),,|(\.,\L\f lirtlrl.rr{rrorr jrntrih.'oS'.h'.m trlrtl,!.nr.tr S.tn!c nrhlAhi'r! ll.trn. ( h.n!Jtr lli ( hitrf{.1 l,,t,n,i l, il i 5rri,/i l' t'..1 / 1,.1i,,ri. I r n \j,l,hu Srl\ti \., rr. I l(lL r,l,,ir li j inni! ll(r.r. ( h.fldtr ilD ( hltrr\c) \ rn,.\r l!.r. tr I. rfifII[ ,Lr,!\ t)ut) trrlt)tt lmr (.)if!hri pc.]r. . rlnstitute fLhr.h r r {t1)... \'lr! iti{ rin\..) of Zoologv.Chinese Academy of rr.,hlr. \l \ t\(i|l(1irLr | | tttln til,ttttlrtt:\ vt,,t rlart\1)1tN Sciences,l9 ZhongguancunRoad, Haidan, \', \, \ r.t!r^ ff tr.rtn.i ol lrror ll xtr\ tn ( tltr,r sj.h0trr lleijing 100080,China. B-mail: \\ ,',' ll. , r.i- ., i 1,,.:rr.tril.f.rirrrL!ii.s'r\r)lg'rfrr (t'.i I Ll.\r\r ,i i|\1,, ,,r r. ll l), \.nir!!i tiiirLrrrl/o!,tn\. \Yeifrv@ panda.ioz.ac.cn r I tr.r \,.trj!.r\ ,11\, rf tr.\ lti ( l|r r\!) n. r \| r llrrr\r jL.r Ij.,rj\Lnirr,ir.ttrtr .ijrsi.l,trrnp|16ir)r/ 2lnstituteof RarcAnimals and Plants, \ \\ irl,r.tr | 1a1., t,,/ rt,,rr,ti /, \ ut,1\ t, {tri tl,.\Jlt,^trrr lt,rA. ll.rr! tttr(.|rnr\.] SichuanNormal College, Nanchong, r.\\! \ tlri t,. irirtr\ntrlrfnl,rtrl Sichuan637002, China Long-term latrine use by Rusty-spottedgenet Gefletta ntbiginosc inKenya ThomasR. ENGEL Introduction werenpprox. I m long tunnelsof wood (closetypc ) (r wire Delting (open lype). aait in the traps was .enewed daily nnd nsually The Rusty spotted genet Cen.'t/a tubi,ginola (\.ns1! consistedof brnana or nrango.plplya, me and egg. Fu.rher, a Crawford-Cabral& Pacheco,1989 ( I992); alsoCrawtbrd-Crbral. total of up ro seventraps were seron tbe giound rr olhcr tireasof I98l IVan Rompaey, pe.s. cornln.i; ptobabty syn. C. /irild v.rriou\ habirattyprs ftr severalh odr€d nights aDddays. tvbkntuia Pxche'an. 1855 syn. Large-spo ed genet G. /i!'/Itt sensulaL(', conrpare also e.g. Wenrmer. 1977:Crawtbrd Cabrat. Results | 980-8I ; Skinner & Smilhers, 1990)is one of rhe vivenjds (llnd herpestids)r'sing latrine sitcs. lar. So latnnc use by.,Lnrge 6 "1t.. oJ.qener.l.tnrptinrs,soDre frobably betongingr{r spoued genets wls mentioncd. e.g. by Haltenorrh & Diler genelwe.e observedo many nightson rhes,rndyroadnearby.rnd ( 1988),Sruart & Stuad( 1988,1994J.and nc.rr nelt holesby Apps on few occasionson soil exposed{t the rwo l.rtrinc sites. ODe ( 19921.Use ofdung midderrsis a]!o known tbr rhc (i'nlmon genet antomatically-takenpicturc showed a Rusty,spottedgcncl ac!u, (e.8. G. s""e//a Roeder, l980a,bi Sluan & Stuart, 1988,t9941 ally visiling the latrin€ sjte on lhe roundnbout(Fig. I). another Apps. 1992.Jordano, 1992j Palomares, t993). Nevenhetess.fietd showed a genet visiting the larrire in rhe Pengo Hill building dala and detailed dcscriprionson llt.ine ure seem rare ror rbe (Fig. 2). Only seventimes were genetscnughr ar night in traps in rusry-spottedgener. lhe Mrkadara forest (lhree individunls,one twic€) and in Mrrere bushland(three individuals).but neverclosero a larrinesite or in D trringa studyon natufaltbrest regcncral ioll aDdconr paftr- thc grassland (whcre they were sccn on foads .ts well). Ajl trve seeddi\pcrlal more than 50 basiually,rivcrid/Aiiican cive! recordcd genets hnd conrparatively llrgc and rusty (but blrck lCn.t/kfit .i.tt t) latrine sites were discovered(pors. unpubt. su'rounded)sf'ols and a black rippcd rail (resemblinr the whole drlr). However, rt two exposed htrine sites. delecarionswere rype tiom drawing no. 268 in Skinner & Smithers, 1990). nevercausedb) Aliican civet,butby smallerviverridsorherpeslids. Al lhis lwo lalrines huge nccunrulationsof seeLlsand other lbod fteltu/arit .,f./efe.a/bn. In toral, 514 detecarbns wer€ rcmarnswere recorded to. morelhan two andhalilears uDiitihe collecredwithin n pertud of ll months trom the two sires lrugjvo.e specicscausinS thesc particulnr secd depositionsbe (comparc Hs. 3). Faecesdeposirion lithwed no regrl,rr daily camelinally koown. schenreand was irregul.rrover Donths and ycars.The 'ruDrberol deiscations r.rngcd liom zero rt) 29 per site/monrh rDd vaded ,risitalion This pnper eramines the nnd use or rneserwo between lhe sircs. Alra trom Junc 199.1(liodiog unce|lirin). exposedlalflne siLcsby genets.rnd part of their ecokrgy wi be dunng ooe nDnth trt least onc of lhe lalrines rlwiys e.raied discussed.Auempls and methods rr) p.ove genel prese'rceafe dcfecations.buL lir r few nronthsno new droppi gs were li,und at oncof rhe1wo sitcs {conrparc Fig. l). Oecxsn atty.rlxne rhan onc lrcsh dropping war depositedal onc sircduring (nrenighl .rnd Material and methods the conte ts dift-ercd, though not al\l )s SomerirDcsboth sncs h.tdtcsfi delec:riionswith €ither sirnihr or ditte.enrcon)posiri,nr/ Investigationswcrc caried our in thc Shimbalti s Nr tion,tl Rescrve(netrr Nlombasa. coa\t l Kenya.approx.(}1, 14.5'S, -19'21.5'E).Two latrinesjtes, a conc.elerou drbour (approx. I m F.t?/ .or/"r.t. 14 ./. ot 5l9 dciicltions (iDct.onc of l;ur h'gh in c€nrre)south ol MaliadaraForesl ar the crossirA lo peogo trom lrrpped aninuls. nnd one liom a Iunher r)undabout tiorn Hill and the concretelloor insid€Pengo llill l,ookourbuitding June 1994) from the tield c!.ried diasporcswhich l|su!lly nrade \\'erc cxamined and rcgularly conrrollcd iiom June 1993 up to up rhebulk oflhe conrcnt.when present. 82 .l ol 519delecrrions 1996.Ar thesctwo LrkjDesircs, situaled app.ox.25t) nr away tro|n (including such wirh diNporcs) hrd rcnrainsof a lroprxls (b.rsr- cdch other, .t!xilable delecationswcre either recordedat lhe sirc cllly iniects). small mrmnrals and green grrss leaves. rnon! x or collecled cach nrnrth. Occrsn,nally. the sites were checked lcw otherfood irems (details see Engel. 1998). ln hr!1,diaspores cventwicc duing dry nd nighr.ll highlyireqrenrcd, detacarjon ol lS plantlaxa wcrc tiund in 519ljeld dclacrLi(nrsfrol) lhe r'n'6 wc.e marked with a pednaoentpcn on lhe floo. r() avoid latrin€sincluding o e laxontiomone oftburdeitcrrionsotrrap- double-counting.A11 lccumuhted taeceswcre removed irregu larlyh 1991.but b:rsicrlly every month in l99l and I995.In case (n ftw weeks ,rbsence.mrreriat was kiodly co ected by S. Discussion Ihie0cn and i Kamaleh.{)r older d€iecaiions were b,rckdatedas lar as possible. For Septernber199.1, lasr records werc taken mid- Wa! lt ahan E.rer) Ar lhe lwo \ile!. lhe occlsionalty rIx)nth:the next rccordiDg look placeon 1/lt/9.. observedweak lior prinls did not Nlklw unrmbiguous s|]ccitic identification(compare also Srunrr & Sruarr,1988.199:la Skinncr ldentification oi rhe lakine visilom was attempEd by &Smithe.s,1990:Wnlker, 1992).orhersmrll a dsirnih.viverrids exposingsmoorhed sand and loamy soilaround lh€ l.urinesites to and hcrpestidsbeing present (Glovcr, 1968: Engcl, 1996),nnd obtain loot prin$, by direct obscrvarion(which included use ot directobser','ation ofthe visirorshrt ing f jicd.l)uringm(nethrn nighr vision), bt scrring (i.e. electric caDreralraps infrared lm() dNysand nigfits of presencrin rhclield. lencrs and Alricrn moveDrentsensors. switchboards, llembling sensorscombined civctswele ea€h sighted only appRrxinrarell l0rinrcsinlhcpart: walhlishing rope as trip wires) nlr severalhundred nights. and by whereby White-railcd mongoosesscrc secn slightly nrore oticn settingtraps lfbr severll weekr in totnl) ncarbyrhe larrincs. Iraps at nighl, bur all other specieswere eficounleredlcss olien (rtl Faecestbund on the roundaboutsrnd in ihe Pengollill building werc l{)o diflbrent rn rheir general composition and contents spectraliom thoseofwell-known Afiicnn civet. primarcand mosr other droppings.Apnrr fronr the two-spouedpalrn civet (Skinner & Smitlrers, 1990). geners are most adapredro climbing xnd jurnping on the roundabour,which mighr be nmre difTicult for oiher co occurring terresrrialsp€cies.Furthe.more. allofover 50 Invesligaledbasically Afric.n civet lalrineswerealways ai ground level inclusive one close to the Pengo Hill roundabour.Whether rnofhe.specics'6?r.ra gcndtu ncunat lilM^ttchie (probnbly .y'1. G- E.,.la sef,tu C.^wford-Cabral, I 98 I ) occu by Glover( 1968)and his tern isunknownihowevef.lhough thcy recorded other viverrids and herpestidsas well, they did not record and prove G. t4bigino.tz ht syn. G /igina, et.. by th|.l tirne). In conclusn)n.lbr rhe defccationsat the lwo siies consid, ered hore as belonging io genets,ihc rrxcks:rnd the size. smel1. fi.tt. /. RLit t/,/kd.\'.D.r iii/ntg //k'/4nin. or k'l.rxn/dbotu. contents'and con(jtutir)n of rhe droppinls resenrblcdlhe ones f/i. @n.kn.r.d,n/t or 1? /.'/1.\ o/ a, orhrratk..an?n /np oblainedfrom nappedgeners, and the delecaliooswerc allsimilar it./t.a/?.t d.h i/t h"t't|c, /.t? n//o t k/Iithl d,.r b"bft ../dM in amongst erch other. bnl diiterent tiom faeces ol nx)sl orher th? r/.dt, t/n nld|.t/ u ".t/,o.t1d tn". fiugivo.cs. Accbding ro theif kno,*n habits,other spccicscan hc ercluded(!lmosl ccnrinly. seeaboYe) and evidcnccot larrine visitaiionwasexclrsively achieved twice lor ruslysl'oled geners only. Ld/rnr k!. Thc extremely low number of only two successlirlpiclures docs nor necessarilyretlect rhc ircquency of latrincvisilation {even wirhoutdefacalion). On sevcraloccasions, lherewerc frcsh droppings,rnd althoughrhe canreft sysrenrswere slill.tcri!e.they had eithcrnot released orproduced phin pictures wilhout any:rnirD:rl.Ir Common geners((; ,.r./z/). more rhrn one individual is knowr tr)conlributeto htrine lbrm!rion (Roeder. I 980a,brPalomarcs. I 993). Here. lacking prool of more than one individualat onesite. the irregulirr schcme of urilizntionand even lhe variableitcalconlcnrs can not explain how manyindividuals visilcd lhe sites. At Marere bushland.tl pregnantlcrnle and an almost n ture iDdividurl werc rrlpped ar lt)0 m disrlnce during one night and t$o weeks b€foreone more nrdividual wns caught l-i!. :. RL.nr .t:/).rkd q.n./ l?drilg k /.ni ?.!t t/1" P"n,qo Hi in tbc snnrearea: thus morc rha one individuat occnrcd at one /4)kat /'oilhn,a @laaq(naltfnm ei.k-d,.qr. |nturc k bl area. Nevenheless.ilue ro a change in diet or varixtion in gur ,1t,1rn.rt alttdl,2/)/. plssage times. even one indi!idual can detecatedifferent con- tenls during one night. Inegulrrilies betweennights rnd months \rlcrrids rnd herpestidsnrentioned in lhispaper wc might hilc bccn caused on one hand by cleaningand In th!. liekl during the ddytime).fhe two picturcsof genet. controlling the sites. whrr trobably caused disturbnnce and vrstrng lhe htrines per se, linally obrainedby a trip wire and an reducedvisitation and defecationrates- On rhe other hand, afrer infr.rred movementsensor photo{rap, cannot exclude other spe- cleaning or even aller covering the roundatnut with a new cies clusing the droppings as well. Unforlunately. rhe photo- concretesealing by rhepark auihoriries,defecaiions occ.rsionally graphed genets did not delecate these nights probably due k) continued or even increased,and Inore visits aiso might have disturbanceby the tlash light. N€vertheless,the defecationsof hlppened without def€cationoccuning. Supposedly,Senets de- interestrlways hnppenedat nighi and were undoubtedlycaused lecat€ exclusively at lanines, lalrine swilching berweenseverat by noctunral liverrids or herpestids.The morc arboreal Two- latrineswithin thc samcrrca musthave occuned (com pare e.g. for spotrcd* pflm civcts (/i//n.hrh hintata. {he two trapped ani- Egyprian mongooselH?t?e.'t..t r.h"enrnl, Palomares.1993), nrals had no $hite spors). which were also trrpped and kept, as although genetscerlainly delecatedaily the siles did not cany prcb.rblystay in linests.$erc ncvcrobseNedon roadsoutsidcthe liesh defecationsevery day. Genetsprob.rbly defecate even lwice tbresls and seerl nmrc frugivoroLrs(e.9. Charles Dominique, (or more otlen) per 24 hours as was occasionallyobserved during l97lJralso Estes.l99l)- Apd tiom the two-spoltcdpaln civer. I eedingexpernnen ts - evcn though thir seemsstilla very low rate lhe co-occnniDg$nall hcrpcslidslike the white-tailednongoose co'nparedwilh bushbabysor rwo-sponedpalm civels oI similar (ltw unptrbl.darx ol fecal amlysis and Leding experiments).ihe body size (unpubl. data). rure Sokoke bushy'tii led o'onqoose \ Bd?osx /.' ( /.rs nznnla on n.at F.nqel& Vdn Ronrpaey, 1995; Engel 1996), lhe diurnal Rdiallililr .t/r.!u/h. Fot Juoe I 994, therc m ight have been Slender nrongooselcalercIa ra,tgunk'd,.Estes. l99l) and rhe few delecafionsas well (non-visitationwas not mentioneA a?re.r.tir Marsh mongoose rre as tar ns is knowfl less tiugivorous r?.r/rin .ecord).ln addition. l€ssthan approxinutely l0 9. ofthe (comrrrc c g. I.:stcs.l99li Sknrner& Smilhen, lq90 - though. d€fecationswere fbund alreadymixed 10some extenr o'r pan of ir tl{11('nonh& Dillc. (11)88)rrentioned linir as an (exceptional?) had beenrenoved (mairrlyby ants.dungbeeiles and raiD),sothar plnl (t rhc diet rl(, lilr thcscspecies Iapart tiom ,z/"./adl" spp.l). they had to be eilhcr subjeciively separatedagain (following rhe intact units). or werc treatcdas one defecationunil (a ttw litnes only). Thus. on one hand rhe toral nuDb€r of delecarionsantl 35 1993 .1994 1995 liequency of latrine use. respectively. might be very rlightl) 30 higher lbr n few rnonths.On rhe orher hrnd. the rell nu'nber of ,d defecltions )ighi havc becn lower, becatrsc srnrelimes lhe 20 separrlclydclcclted f,ns ofa single defecationmight have b€en 15 countedrs b€ing nore than one dcfecation.One defecationunit ? wasprelerablyany lleccs ol srmc.rSe(condirion), micro location 5 lnd composition;howeve.. subiecrive decistuns bascd on experi, ence irom silnila. but tiesh deltcations were occasiorally neces- J.JASOND JFMAMJJASOND J FMAMJJASONO slry. Furlhermore,rlier rhscnceduring thc cnd nnd beginningof 3 30 a nn)nrh (parlicularly in September/O.lober 1994). ag€ing lhe z dcitcrtions wrs a \ubjective nr.rtterof expericnce. Ihus. lhe 20 number. relrtiye content rnd phenology ol dcie.rti(ms nright 15 have beenslighlly dilicrent in reality.However. these eflects 10 musl be consideredvery rninor. becauseon lhe concretedecom- 5 pu\rlrur'rr dr.Nn^r( (\F,n sJ'. ltJa INnr ,r lis e\fcnr'^n,.."m fararivcly hw. t\'lostdelec.tlions were .arhereas ily to distioguish JJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND proyiding ironr e.rcholher, compararivelyreliable lield data. Monlhsof subsequ€ntyears tlr//t i/t ?dn?/n. Orc yisitarion probablytook placebetb.e Fk. -t. Utili.a/x of hM..!?,?/ larntt or.l fizqu.rk t dnl/,h" dawn. but cc(rinly l,rteatler midnight,because one of the tobrtt .)/./at .olItfnn | ; = la.Iitg /ro/1?r ldtur. .t?" tu k t). tictures shows th€ camera lens covered by condensedwater (Fi8. l), xswas occ.rsionally obsened on clcarnights on lhc wind exposed rouDdaboul in the very early morning hours. So re might alsocorrelalewilhchanges in mlrl ing bchrviour ( lbr laucr detecalioosh.rppencd rlrcr 11.00 p.tu., and somc kxrked vcry cot\ptt. lir O. sene at Prknnares, 191)l).In additnn. nrarking iresh when checkedin rhc morning. Olherwise,genets seem to be (e.g. by u.ine and gland sc.retbrs) is describedlin lhe large more rclile in lhc firsl pan of thc nighr (scc Ikcda .t. al., 1982i sported Ecncr' O. ti.qina (Wemme.. | 977 ) and 6l .{ ctcttu (|.!res. Flsler. 199l) when rhey were also obserled on roads rt Shimb.i 1991. seenlso Roeder, l980a,b: Rocdcr, 198,1),rnd sc.nl nurk Hills by the autlrorlearly :u nigho. Frcsh drfccarions we.e also ine could happenat d(; tuhi.(lrb.rt l:,lrtincse\en w ithout dcfeca li'und cven soon afler sunset(7.00 p.m.. 28/6/95).A road-killed tn'n. ScenFmarking occurs for 6l flrdrl ir short intervrls rnimal was fi) nd !t 1.45 am. but was already cold. In 1968, (Rocdcr. 1980b),and individual recognitxln was reported even Glovcrandhisrermsawgenets' (see above) occasi(n)allyin tbe afternineweeks in capli!itylRoeder, l98l). ThL's.iorpermanent daytime but they are nolturnal .rnd tracks were observedquite nirrlinf dJ,l) rle[e,:rtr'ns,r"lher J!rl) ,,r.,rlrn!\r\rl\ rrc pro- frcquenlly on thc tunds in the momings". brbly not necess!.y. As consideredriJr orhef spccies(.ompare e.g. Palomares.199-l: nlso WerDmcr.1977i Roedcr. l91t0r). rhc 'odo- Conclusions latrinesof Rusly-spotledgenets rnighr xs well tunelion rs rcus centes ol communicatiu . Direcl proof of thc idenlity oflh€ invesligatedspecies. preler- ably by canreratraps. seerns oecessary p rlicularly in sp.cies rich AchorledgemeDts biocoenos€s.and in area! where specieswi(h similrr hrbils I wish () acknowledgelhe kind sL'tpon ofrhe office ofthe ernnor he excludcd or arc simply not known (conpare Engel. Prcsidcnl xnd thc Ndtional Research(irncil of Kcny{. lhc 1996).The roundaboutis known lo rhe author rs having been iD Bolary Departmentof the tlniver\ity of Naimbi, rhe Kenya use as lalrine lin more than file years.Thus. rhe siLesscem to wildlife SeNic€(paficulariy al Kwale)and rhc Nrtionrl MLrse' be pernrnneorlyestnblished aod might be elen continued by umsof Kenya.This researchwas pan of r projecton natur.rlfbfes( sLrbsequentgerreralions. Provided that allfaeces liom lbe rounda rejuveDalion.kindly furded by rhe Deutlche Forschunss- bour and rhc PengoHill boilding lloor bcbneed to rusty-spotted gemeinschili (DFG). M.rny peNonshelped in different wnys. lo gcnclsrs dssumedand sh(tvnherc, G. tabiAnktsa\e€ms tousethe all my sincerethanks. same lalrines conrinuously ol'er long pcriods, though on an irregularbasjs. Common genels(t;.garl/., are (dso) known to Referetrc€r fhce their htrincs in t.ees siturtcd on lhe edges of tbe more Apps.P.l<)t)2.Fi!/.|ati/. h, //L b"/ta iu o/.fok ktlt A/ii.o" lrequentlyused h.rbilat lypes (l'abnares, l99l). In rhc Shimba ,t/oi,td/.t. W//,u\'t Soulhern&r,k tlrblahers. llills, rh. ruslyspoucd ge e( (.rlso)Irrintaine(l lat.ines on rhc Charles-Donrinique,P. 1978.Ecologie et vie so.iitlc dc M"t.ltrkt gr)und. as known tir other v;verids and herpestids{unpubl. /,nn ara(Cfl1;votc!. v l\erid.s ) : Cornptrrs(nr !!cc lcs pro dala). Ne!ertheless.conrpxred io olher vi!errid or he.I)eslklsites siDrienssynrprrique! d0 Ci|l\\i. lait ln 12:.111521\. along roads or on lhe loresi Uoor, thesetwo gene{ latrines were Crawfird Cdbr{j. j. l9lt(}lll. Ihe elassilicaliorrol lhc gcncls still conrpar!tively exposed.|or n gcnel,d roundaboulorconcrete Cdrrnotu. Vn,eni.Id". tciu\ (i'klha Ro/n .fo.. /1r'r lloorprobably resemblessolitary orlopolost cxposedrocks. Sri11, (i?11.. N.r., 2(t (2):91- 11 1. why gcnets use lNlrinesis not known. nnd whether gencls arc Cr:twfbrd-Cabral.J. l9itl. A nes chssilrclrlionr)f Sencl{.,,r/t: teritorial is not understoodeithef (Estes.1991)- There re consi- St"ttu M ,t,t. Nct'.t/.. 6:8.tt) derlti{)ns thal livcrids and genc(s(e.g. C .',,."/ : Esles, 1991j Crnwlbrd-Cnbral.J.& Pachcco,A. P. l9li9I1t,1.)l).Arc the t-rrge- G. se,e/n. Pa|on\arcs& Dclibcs, 1994) are teffirorial, which spor(ed and thc Rusty \potr.d !c er\ \efrrlre specicsl could explain thc useof l,urineslo mark their territories.Due !o (Cnrnivora, Vivcrridrc. g.nu\ O.r.t/ut Gult(l!/. ()t/a. conrpetalion,sexurlaclivity, erc.. rhe rate oldefecarii)n al larrines 'tt Z?ot, t6 tit-2):1-11. Bngcl. l. R 1996. Updxte ol ncw rccods of the rlre Sokoke Roeder. J. J. 1980n. Les cmDlaccmcnrsde defecation chez ta lrush)'rxilcd nong$se. B./?o.s.t/c .ru;ri(tu./.l ..t. Eeneue Ge clta !(n?/ta L.. R"t,. E.o/. (7./r. I'td 31 .Drliokr at the Shinrba Hills, Diani Beach and Tiwi. 14):.1ti549,t. L|/Vt\ 8uL, 26 (2):21 29. Roeder,J.J. I980b.Marking behaviour and ollncrory.ccognition (he Engel.T. R. l99U lnccepted).Seeils on rcundnbo t tropicrl ln geners(Gn?/tt !.'rd/a L. Carnivor! Viverridae). laresl regeneration by G.ntttd tzl)illi rsa. Srn.tl Cal R.ltdtroff 72:2tn-21j. r.tz ( t,tt(rr.. lt) Roeder.J. J. 1983. M€nrorisationdes marqucsoliactives chez la Enscl. T. & Van laompn€y.Il. 1995. New records ol rhc rare gen{tttI C,4, at \12/h | .l: Jur(edf '.1i'nlai*J ce prr Sokokc hlshy rriled onloose, Rleogalc .r.lt.ri.2u./d les tem€lles dc marques olfactives des malcs. Z ,,/,r?,?/ in lhe conslrlShimba Hills NntionalResc.vc Tio?tv fto/., 6l t1 | l -3 11. rnd rr I)iani Beelt. Ken)a. ,f,td// ( /t."nr/r. Co".t"rr., Roeder,J. J. 1984 Ontogcnisc des systines de comnrunication l:rl: ll. chc/ la genetre (Gek.in g"k./t.t l..). R?hdrnr" 90:259 l,rte\. R. D 1991. th. b.I.trid runk, kt Af.iLan haftnal' l0l. tlnilersily ol CtllilirrnirPress, Bcrkeley, CA. Skinner, J. D. & Smirhers, R. H. 1990. Th. nu /to/.t of //t" Gblef. P. E. 1964. /?ryo.1 o 1ri .tuhsnn i ^A o/ lt.' S.'!i/h.rn Alii(u tuht?gion UDiversityofPretorin. PreG lr'lryoi?.Lfhn"hd Hi t Natinal far.,/1?. Kenla National Prrks, Nairobi. Stuart. C. & Stuan. T. 1988. fi"Ll s de to ite nannah of Hahcnorth, l. & Diller, H. 19t38.A.freld rui.le lo the n.nhatr ol Sonlhen Afn.a. New Holland, London. A/n?o rik/L//it'.\' Mdda.qar..,a Collins. London. Stuarl,C. & Stuart.T. 1994.A I i./d ru i./" to /h? ,rh *.t .otd .ti!,s Ikeda,II-, Ono. Y.. Uaba.M.. Doi, T. & Iwamoto.T. 1982. o/ Sburhelnand L:a.*A/n.an Wi/dlik_Sourhcrn tsook Rangingand activity pal(erns oflhrce nocturnalviverrids Publishers,Halfway tbuse. in Ono NationafP.rk. Ethiltpia. A,f/. J L1'o/.,20:119-I li6. Walker. C. 1992.,tigw aJ /h. n il.l. fi"r.r Euzte to th? rl,oor (lni Jordnno,P. 1992.Fruit! and frugivory. Pp. 105-156 /rM. F-enner, flsN ol /h" noDn.rh of soulten A/)"na. Struik, Cape ed. J?.11.i The e.dosv ofle,scnetario, it pt u/ (,nnani ,;r: CAB Inlernational.l"ondon. Wemmcr. C. M. 1977. Comparatile elhology of the Large- Palomarcs,F. 1993. Faecalnrarking behaviour by free-ranging spotted genet G.retta tigrira and some related viverrids. comnon genets6.,r./a 3"r"//z and Egyplian mongoose S,tl/hrrrt. Contib. :4,o1.. 239) -91. He/p"rr?t i. h"flnon in so]urhe|nnspa;A.Z Sdugc/i.'t lttk/e 58:225'231. Palomares,F. & Dclibes,M. I994.Spatio-temporal ecology and Universityof Bayreulh.Biogeography. behavio.of Europeangcncrs in southwesternSpain. I 954fi)Bayreuth, Germany MaDnndL).a| 75 (3)ti 14-124. REQUESTS Requestfor veterinaryinformation minimizedby appropriatescreening. quarantine, and where nec essry! vaccrnaUon. I wrile to you as chairmanof the Vcterinary Group to ask . Mlchr€l Il Woodfod. l(tr you. assisranccin supplyi,rgus with a list of any disedseswhich Cbrlrorn Vet€ridrrt Grcup IUCN/SSC, 500 23rd Sh€et are perc€iv€dby any ol your menrbersto be a lhreal to ihe wild N.W, Apt. 8.709, Wssl ngtor D.C. 20037 popularionsol the laxa in which yourgroup hasa specirl inrerest. USA Requestfor small carnivorerecords for We arealso anxious1() r$eive delails ofthe causesof any morbidity or rnortrlity of which your mernbersmay be :rwa.e. Ecuador Relerenceto reporls, scienrific pap€rs.newspaper arricles, erc. wilh Luis Albujr. EscuelNPdyrechnica Nacional, relating(o diseasein all its aspeclsrs;t nrayailect yourCroup's Quito, I aln wriring a field guide {o lhc mammnlsofEcuado.. lt will be inlc.csrsrre al$' ofconcern ro tls and wc would be gratelul ifyou puhli'hcdb) Con.errrtion Intcnr.,rion:rl.rn Ih( 'rme 'crie. a\ would be kind enoughto drrw our auentionto aDysuch publicr theitr rccent Len6 .'J MnArga.'.r, guide. the format of which ir tions or send us phobcopies for our d,rrabrsc,il you have them. will bruadly follow. Pleasealso mli)rm rsol any sp€cialistwildlife diseasediagnoslic hboralr)riesof which you are aware. The literatureoo s'nall .!.n ivorcs in Ecu{dor is sparseand museum specimensinfrequent for many species.So. for both ln retunl. we hope b b. able to offer you the service lor biogeogrrphicaland ecolog icnl reasonswe wani your tield obser, which ourGroup was Lrmed. we would panicuk.ly like to draw vationsl Even fragmenrarydata and rumours may be of use, so your rltenti(}n lo the extrerneinrporllnce ofotitaining veterinary don't hesitnleto sendsnippirs. All suchcon{.ibutions will be advicc whL'ocvcrwild ,rnimal crpture, translocation,reintroduc ,rckno$.ledgedio the book. lror or rcsroriri(,nprojects.tre conrponents ofyour A€lion Plans. thc risk ol thc tfansDrissionof irnportantdise$es ot humans, . Adrlr|r B.rncft do rcsricli\c(ock, andorher wild anifirnlswhen wild orcattive Alodon Faologlcd Cotrlultttrg,ll4 Petde Av. brcd animrls lrc trrnslocated.even oler shondistnnccsfrom onc BrtD Mrwr, PAlmro USA eco/,)ne,r bioropeto Nn(thcf,crn be considerablennd rrust be Frr: 61G525-2539,Ghdl: [email protected] Use of camera-trapsto survey small camivores in the tropical rain forest of Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve,India Divya MUDAPPA INTRODUCTION Tropical rain iorcsls often have a diverse community of mammaliancamivores. borh lnrge and small. Since mosr ofrhcse carnivoresare nocturndl. rrrc. and elu!ive, very little is knownof Lhenecology. The large caflivores have been smdied in South Asia(Schrllcr.1967:Sunquist. 1981i Johrrsingh, 1983:Chellu|n. 1993;K.rranth. 199:l). whereas there havebeen but few studiesof smallcaroivores in eithcrsouth or sourhcast Asin (Rabinowitz, 1990.l99liYoganand & Kunur. 19951.ln India.€ven rl|e dis- lribLrlion and conserlation statusof small iiarnivores is inade Most small carnivores,besides being snrall,are also nre, nocturnal.solitary, and oflen inhabil areaswilh poorvisibility due lo rhick vegetxrion.'[his makesev€n assessmentsoftheir occur- rcnce Nndahundunce. based on direct sighlings.alrnost iorpossi- ble. Since many ol thc srnall crrnivores tire not sightedeven by locol people. linowledge of the n.uurrl hisl(try ol thesc taxa is scanty.The distributionrnd reldtiveabundance of smallcarni- vores have beeo rcccDtly assessedusing sc.rt abund.rnceas an indic.rtor,!ailh worlers idcntifyinS scalsto the fnnily level in the Nil-riraBiosphere Reser!e. Western Ghars (Yogrnlnd & Kumar, 1995).Arlenrprs dr idenrityings all cr|trivorc (parlicularly viverrid) scat! to tpecies level. usi g rlrin laler chro r.rtography o exlrxctsol bilc rcids liotn lie J'cuts.have not been successi[l (Kumar, /,./:t. .?,r2. ). An assessnrentof the orcurrencc rnd .bundrnce of srnrll carnivores slill rer|.rios a d:trnting hsk, L.trfr.rll\ qhcr th( . '!rrrunr.) ,. \F! (\ fl(1 In thisprpcr I discusslhe rs€ oicamera-trirps in surveling f iu. l. iAld*t./-Mt"./d"1/ttt?i Tis{ Rr.,?t ) ? r/tor it.1 /h? //,rL nDallcr rivoresin lhet.opicalrri'r tbresr ofthu sourhcrn W0stcnr tk,t .'f fie nr"e .i/e.t u// /t( ( n / ql t.o?nd tui'{bt".n. Gh!ls. rrnlle cat lF"li .r./.!), Fishing cat (P/ion.ihuuJ ri'unn^|. Studyarea and study species andthe Rusty{potted cat( P tubknnstJ.Ttlefanity Mustelidae is representedby the endemic Nilgii nrlften (,t/d/7..r .'t,trlrl O. A survey w{s condu.led using Dranydirecr xnd indirecl ann the Rarel (M"//tr,u .z?./.'r:'). The Smrl I'claw etl (/l"t/t/." ) l cthods 10 conlirm thc occurrenceol lhe difterenr speciesol .nk!"t.t), Corn'Jloti (L tzl /,/.4). and Srnoolh coatctl(Lur?!ia/. snrall camivofe! in lhe lfopic.rlrain tofesr of lhe Krlakrd ??^\pil i/knd) orre6 fot'n thc aqurlic srralIcrarivore coDnnrnily- Mundrnthu.riTigcr Rescrvr (KMTR j 08'25-08'35 N and77'25 77"35!li Frg. l), thesoulhernmost prcrectcd arer in lhc Wcslcrn Th€ brcwnpalnr civer, the Malrbaf civct, and rhe Nilgiri (ihirrs.iI Trrnil NaduSr!re, lndin. marten are endemic lo lhe WesrenrGbais at the speeific level, whilsl rhe st.ipe necled mongoose .rnd b(rwn nnrgoose are (lumera ll'ttppingwas carried ou( (lurinr a pe.tud ol ii\c endernic.it the sub spccicsl.\'cl (the spccicsbeing trlsolaund nr rx'nLhs from Novcnrbc. l996lo lUrrch 1997.in oftler to mnlie { Sri Lanka. prclrminafy rssessnrentoi the occurrence and disLributi()nol s .r1lc.tnivorcs in rhc xrcu.and prn)r lo a radio telemetricstudy. Methods In nn areaofabout 250 knrr, three sitesw€re selecrcd,rrnging in altitudetiom 750 n to 1.300m ASL. The siteswcre Kannikalli, Eachcanrerx trrp consi(edol r lixcd-llcu\ Y.rshicacar)r SenSallheri,rIld Kakachi. ern(with eleclronic shurrcr..lerse. llrsh. a d atrlr)winder) rnd x tressure pad. The pressureprd coi\ined ()l two shccts of llu- The smalt carnrvore community in lhe Wcnern Ghals nriniumlbil (30x 45 cm) sepaflredb) ! {).5crn lhick sponsc with consislsof lbur species,rDongooses. aod small crrs. They afe the sever,rlp. i'rarnrn!.and enclosed in r $ !1rr p(r'l xir pillo{'l he Sm u ltldiaitr \ yn efri. lt ,k/i.n). Cornnnon pnln'. (Pd.alou!ru1 alunriniurrfoil was connccrcdby ! rlrl crblc of rbout I nr rn het,td?h.oh6), B('!,tn p^ln \P.t'"n/ori). xntl Mrlabat ( V '?/.tu lengthto theeleclrooic shurlcr rcler\e. lhc cir.uit is eonrplered .n.niul ci'!ers, rhe lndirn E cy ltkt?".ne! e./,1//Au\. Ruddy and lhe shutterrelersed $hen e(rrtr.r i\ cslrblishcdhetwcen (cts I H .wnhni, Snipe-necketl I H. I trt.t,//it), ^nd Btt'\| n ( H. /r!.ur) aluniiriunrfoil layersb) ananinulrhur on rhcPad.'l$o such Drongooses.and the Leopnrd car (Prk tutihrlt b"r.fd1""ti.tJ. c nerr Lups wcr. used ro lhc \u e\ recorded.The trapswere kept funcrionalthrough ihe day and nrgnr. Theresuhs are presenled as percent success, our ofa total numberof photo-trapdays. A trappingday was considered successlulonly if at leastone pictureof a smallcamivore was obtained.Multiple pictures of thesame sp€cies on thesame night at a trap are takenas a singleincidence. The elfect of lure is analyzedusing lhe chi-squaretest (Siegel & Castellan,1988). Results The two cameratraps wer€ set at l7 different stationsfor a tolal of 66 lrap-days.with eachsession lasting for a period of2- 9days (Table | ). Three stationswere by streams,and rheresr were along existing forcst trails. Lure was usedon 39 drys. Only four t& 2Paradoxurus jerdoni in KMTR. Phot '. Ravi Chelan slatDns (two each in Sengaltheriand Kannikatti) failed to allrl]ct any srnall carnivores. Ar least one small camivore was photo- trapped on 419. of the trap,days. Three species were phoro- trapped: the brown palm civet (Fig.2), the smal: Indian civer (Fig. 3). andlhe brown mongoose(Fig.4). Onestationin Krkrchi had all lhe three species.and four stations (in Sengahheriand Kakachi) had two species,eilhcr over rhe same night (n=4) or session (n=,1). In Sengaltheri only two small carnjvores were photo-lrappcd(brown palm civet and brown mong6se) and in Kannika(i only one (brown palm civet). Kakachi also had the highesl t.afpin! successof68.49. (n=l9lrap d,ys), followed by Sengalrheriwith l?.5,,t (n=24).and Kannikartiwnh 21.7%(n=23). Thc brown palm civet was photo-trappedon 25 days, accounting for 92.67. of lhe success,the small Indian civet on tbur days ( l4.lt9.), andthe brown mongooseontwodays (7.4%).Traps with lurc (n=39 days) had a "ignificrntly gre e. successrar€ (56%) than fapr withoul lure ( l 2.aE , n=21, ch; squa.e= 4.28, p<0.05). (lable l). ]q& -tViverriculn indica n, KMIE. Phob.. Rni Chelld,l Discussion Camcratrapping was found tobe an e ecii,re merhod, with a high\u..e\. ratern \un ey'ngrenen' rl 'mrllr!'ni\iie\ inrain foresrhabitats in the Westernchars, wh€n comprredro thos€ reporledfn)m similar habitatsin north-easremIndia (Rai & Johnsingh.1993; Alhreya & Johnsingh.1995). The Brownpalm civet.wbich has been considered to be very rare( Ashraf?/ a/., 1993)was fbund to b. the mostcommon civet in theseforests. They werephoto-trapped more frequenlly than either the small Indiancivet orihebrown mongoose. They also have been sighred reg'rlarlyin the 5rudyarea. somerimes on rrees. Observationsrecorded at thestations indicate brown palm civetto bemore frugivorous than eitherthe snall lndiancivet or the brown|nogoose. On all the incidenceswhen a brownpalm civethad b€en photolrapped. thebait (fruit) hadbeen consumed. Fl.?(.I Herpesres llscus /, A'MTfr. Pltoto.. Rari Chelan The smalllndian civet consumed the fruit bail onlvonce. and the brown mongooseneve. did. All threespecies were no{tumal, The cameraswe.e placednearexisting forcst trails, strcams. being phoiogr.rph€donly .t night. The brcwn mongoosehas, o. fruiting lrees.The pressu.epad was placedon tbe ground and however.been siehted during the day in thestudy .fe.. Thewild coveredwith a thin lryer ofsand and baitedwith banana(89.4%, fruitslaid along with themain bait, though commonly foundin the n=66). dales.,rnd chicken scraps.and occasionallydry fish and scals.were not consumed at thebailed camera stations. The baits wildfruirs.Commerciallureslorcarnivores(CatPassion,Weasel alsoattracted non-focal aninals such as the Sloth bear (Mdtlnur I-ure, Feline hssence.aDd Skunk and OpossurnLure) were used /ffrnl, andWhil€-belliedwoodral(Rdt s rattus trrouphro )to on nrany occasions.A camera-trapwas run for a period of2 to 9 lhe slations.In additionto theeffect of lure,the greater densiti€s days al one (ation. Trnps were checkcdevery morning, when the of small camivores(D. Mrd^ppa, unpubl..lard cot ld be respon- fra'ne nDnrber,preseDce of lracks. use of bait, and any oiher siblefor lhe highercarnera-trapping success in Katachias com- indic{ti{,n oi a small carnivore or anolber animal's visil was Daredto Sensaltheriand Kannikatti. l0 Siles # Stations (# of trap- # of trap-days wilh 'frapping days) Kakachi 5 (r e) l9 64.4 Sengaltheri a (24' la 37-5 Kannikatti 4 (23) 2 2t .7 Ttb/e /. /.re/n/lr oJ.?"'"ta lrpft.g./Ji//.\ betr&, Otfober /996 .n.l nfoz* i/7k. Even rhoughi usedonly lwocmlera rrups,lheresults hnve Alhrcya,V. R.& Johnsingh.A. L T. 1995.Survey ofthcchudcd beenpromisinS enough to considcrrhcndoplion ofthis meihodon leopatdlN"o/i'/b n.bt/o.tz) in north-e.NrIndir. Wildlife a larger scalc.Canrra lraps cnn als) be usedto sludy lhe habitat Instiluteof India.Dehftdun. u,jeard acti!iry patternsof small cr.nivores. By usrng x variety Chellam,R. 1991.n?/.rt of lk, Ainxn lnu (Panthelale(' of baits and lur.s, morc speciescan be photo t pped rhan wos pcrsicn).Ph.l). thesis.Sauraslhtu tiniversity possibledu.ing lhe prescntstudy. Johnsnrgh,A. J. T. 198:1.Large nramnulirnprcy prcdtlrns in BawJipnr.J. Ro4bat Nd. Hl . 5o..,80:l-51. The othcr lmall carnivores sighicd in lhe area are lhe Karanih, K. U. 1993. P/edakJt.tltt.t tr4d/nnjhi,.t .tLkrt.'t /lt? Nilgiri mlrten, seenat all the rhreesiles in KMTR, and the leopard Lrge na"nalr .,/ N./ra/"dhol. Ndtk,urlpnA (hx/h). Ph. cal (secn in Kakachi and Sengrhheri). The striperrecked mon- D. thesis,Mangalore Uni!,ersity. goosehas becn sight€donce ;n Kaklchi. The ruddy mongooseis Rabinowitz,A. 1990.Notes oD the behrviour and movemenls of cornn,nnin Ih. Jrier pJn\ ol thc Tig ResearchScholar, Wildlife Instituteof References Asbrlj, N. V. K., Kunrar,A. & Johnsingh,A. J. T. 1993.Two India, P.B.#18, Dehra Dun, 248001Uttar cndemic liveffids of tlre Wesrcrn chats, India- ,/rrr Pradesh,India 27(2):109-ll.l. Reproductive.biology of captive Tayra (Eira barbara) 'table'bp' I hale bccn studying the reproductivebiok)gy of crptive o. cage'side testin! mclhoil. Does srch ! tc\l cxrst I tri,a hdtlrzr.t at tlrc I'hiladelphiaZoo since 1995 We rur.ently ls anyoncworking on dcvcl(pinglhis tlpc ol rcsrwho might bc housc 1.2 tayra and h.rve completed preliminary tecal E2lP4 inlcrcstcdin lestiDgtheir rssry hcrt rr PhihdelphirZoo ? restingon onefemxle. As lhe.esulrsare inconclusivc, I woukl like to expandlhe study. Any addittunal inlbrmain'n on individLul! who rrc cu. renlly siudying muslelid o\lrian funcli(nror hboftrories rharure I have been collecting the laecesand sending thc lmzen performing faecal sleroid assayswould be gre;rtly.rfprecirted. samplesto rn endocrine labordtory for analysis. However. the turn around lime betwe€n sample col'ecrion ,nd lhe receipt oi SusanA. Gurley, Mammal Keeper,Philadclplria resultshas bccome impractical tor assistinsin dly to day deci- Zoo,3400W. Cirard Ave.Philadelphia, sx)ns regardins rcpmductive manaSerrenr I am knking ii)r a I'A l9l0:l-| 196,USA ll First confirmation of the presenceof the Liberian m ongoose,Libeiictis kuhni, in C6te d'Ivoire MarcCOLYNT, Patrick BARRIERET, Piene FORMENTyT, Olivier pERpETE,,and Harry VAN ROMpAEyj Introduction Toronto7,oo. confinned her sightingof rhesp€cies whitsr studyjng 'lhe bi.dsin theTai Natii)nalForest (Taylor. I 992i Canshorc./ .t/., 1995). rnrc Liberian mongoos., Lib"riidi., *ahri. oriEjna|y dc\cribcdby Haymanin 1958on the basis oteight sku1ls co ecred Thus farthesesupposirions, field inibrmrrion, andsighrings by elhnologislHnn, I{inrmelheberlionr rwo yiltages(Kp€aple have broughrno aciurl proof oflhe presenccof /_il,oii.ri.t ktrni nndCrtle) in norih,exsternLiberia. has up rill nowbcen scarcely in C6ted lvoire.This note aims to do so,li)lk)wiirg the discov€ry (utlicd (KL'hn.1965). Irs extenral morph(togicalchrracters were of a de,td aduh l-iberian mongoosein thc Tai Np. only dcscribcdin 197,1on the basisof rwo sp.cinrensco ccred oearTar.l-iberia (Sch1iL1cr. 1971r Rosevcar. 1974). Subsequently, First recordfrom C6ted'Ivoire anotherspccrmen was collcctsdfrom rhe Obi NationalForest (Taylor. l9tllt.I989).In 1989 a livespecimen was captured by an efterthe isolationofanew strainol Ebotavrrusrn wcst€m cxpedilionorgrnised by the RoyalOnlario Muscum and Meiro Africain Novemb€r1994 (Le Cuenno e/ al, 1995).io April 1996 Toronto Zoo (Taylor, 1992).However, up tilt now onty 27 the World HealthOrganisatjon (WHO) establisheda rcsearch specjmcnsare known to beheld in personaland museum collec, projecl in the Tai NP underthe direcrionof oneol lh€ auiho.s (Coldman lions & Taylor, 1990).all originaringfron seven (PF).One of rhe principalaims of rhis prcgrammeconsists of (Fig. localiticsin Liberia l): Caple; KpeaplerTapetai 32 km identifying the nalural reservoirof the Ebola virus in Ca,te south'easrol Tapera,and near Nimbowehn(both in rhe cbj d lvoire. In order to crrry out serologic.rlaniL/or virohgical NationrlForest); Frog City andTar (bo1hrbout 25 km norrhof analyses,difiereni melhods oftrapping and sampting wer€ uscdi Zwcdru) (Schrcibcr./ ,"1. 1989:Coldnran & Taylor, 1990). birdsand snral1 mammals (rodcnts, insectivores, bars, and €ffni- vores) werclrapped. and dead animals found in the foresrwere On tbe oiherhand its presenceis alsosuspecled at orher localitiesin nonh-eastLiberia: on the Ninba ridge(Coe, 1975) and in two localiliesin southernNimba (Taylor. 1988). in the Duringa sanitarysurveillance patrol on 19 March 1997, Sr|u NrUonJIP,,'1. u. $ella\ tn SierraLeone, r,urhern curnea LucienTiede cnepa (rcsearchassisianr of the WHO,TaiForesr andin weslemC6te d l voi.e(lvory Coast) (Sch.eib er etat., t989.. Proiect)came upon the dead body ofa hcrp€stidwhich was in an Goldman& Taylo., 1990). sdvancedstale of deconrposition.The body,which was l1rissing lheextremitiesofthe limbsand the tail. was fbund on theground Since| 990several aurhors reporred sightings or cotlected neara smallbrook. a tributaryof rheAudrenisrou R;ver, which evidenceof rheLiberian monBoose fiom C6red'lvoire Roth & bordersthe park near the Tai villagc.The bones were broughr to (1986) Merz rhoughtrhe presence of Lil)eii.ti.t *uh i in the'tni the Slalionde l lnslitutd'Ecologie Tropicale (lET), clcanedand N tunall,ark (Tai NP) verylikely. Hoppe Dominik (t990), ro o, registeredunder the numberTl9. Six nonths laler,one of rhe wing inier!iew\ heldin several!illages, indicales five localiries: aurhors(MC), whilst identifyingthe specimenslound in rhe $ulh €asrof PdkoNaln)nal Park, norrhe.n Tai Np, and three forest. found () his surpriscthat the only herpesridcarcass k)calities irr lhe exlreme south-west of thecou nrry. In I 990, Mary collectedwas none other than rhe very rare Libenrn mongoose, Cansho.e,a biologist,having seen thecaptive specimen in Merro neve.befbre collected io C6le d lvoire (Fig. 2). Fig. l- l-ocalities wherc ,1a,/7i?rrr t hni has been lollected (bla€k circles)and/or assumed (open cir, O Gltple O Kpenple O Tapeta O 32 km SE of Tap€ia,Gbi NF 6 Nimbowehn,Cbi NF O Frog Cily O Tar O Institutd EcokrSieTropical, Tai NP (newreco.d) @19Mano region @ SEof PekoNP @NofTaiNP @ Tai NP O SapoNP (OO@SW Calted'lvoire tl Later on, Tl9 was srudied ar the Station Biok,gique de Paimponl (ref.: MC/SBP 888/Tl9) and comparedwirh the skulls of the hololype and several other specimens (including rwo paratypes)(Table l). This confirmed thrl the specimencollected nea. the IET in the Tai NP does helong t Biogeography Sele.alauthon(Aubrdlille. l9:19i Boorh. 1958r Kingdon, l97li Grubb,l9?8. 1982: Delany & Happold.1979) have rccog oisedlhal theC6te d'Ivoire lbresrs are siruatcd asrride |o the rwo 'Chana'. frincipal launalregions, usually called Liberia' and This cxceptionalbiogeographjcdl situation means that C6te Ltl\oire can boasr,on the one hand,of harbouring diflerenl endenrictbrest sp€cies on a continentalscale (UpperGuinea) sucb a\ P)"otolobt.t vru!, C?ropith"uj .lidna ^ld Choerc?.ti! hb?/i.t^k. On the othet hand (on a regional scale)C61e d'Ivoi.e h rbou.s specics typical of Ihe (Liberia' centre ol endem;snr \ ( tl|to?ht.t :cbnl C. j"nh*i, Libetiif^ *t!h l). plus subspe- 'Chana' cies tiom borh thc Liberia' and frunal regnrnssuch as (i,r.q'//hea!.r ?. ?ekut.i.n , C. p. bliaitoJari, C ./. ./i./tl./, C. .l t o,rlt, (. . .ot'?bz/li,Lntl C ( /t,rei. The ptitl:tate studies of Sooth {1955, 1956, 1958) have the merit of having clearly difierentilted the p.incipnl btugeogr.rphicllunits of the tjpper Cuiner'.egion. "lhe discovery ot L/ber//.r/i lzlrrl in the Tai NP slrcngth cns rhc hypothesisthat the "Liberia" Faunrl RcSionexlends inro rhe lbresrs irrigated by the leli bnnk (ributarics of the Cavally River which doesnol constitulea reil bnrrierb fnunal d ispersion. Consequently.it is not very likely that the distribution ol lhe Libe.ian mongoosein C6tc d lvoirc would be limired io the Td NP. Acturlly. rhis pa.k is included !vilhiD a collinuous block of tbrest which exreodsro rhe sourhinro rhe easlemCavally Basin irnd, more ro the cast,joins up with the Slssnndrr Bxsi.. Ihe resu16ol the licld inL.rvicws by Hoppe-Dominik (1990) from north:t d sourh-we( ol the Tri NP sccm t(tconfirm the exlcnsi(,n oi rhe distribution of 1-lz,ri //:r l/rrl in rbe whole of lhe lbrest block. AIso, rs thc uppc.courscol thc Calal1y rivcr is situaledin lhc forcst. thcre is no barricr prelcntinS lhe dispc.sion of the norlhern Liberir larest launn. h is nlso probable thal endenric \fecies nrch irs ( lphd/oJ,huJ .?h1/, (. r,/u i,,t d Lib",ini.l l,/rrl ureulso presentin lhe l,iberia'C6le d'Iloire Guioeabo.Ller Conservation As a resultof hi! ficld wo* in thevillages of nodh,east I-;beriiTrylor (1989)concludes thai lhe Liberiannongoose has disrppearedfromsevcral of jts formc.distributionrl areas,mostly bccauseof mining. agficulture, k)gging, and hunting. The con- Iilme.l prc\enceof Lib.tii.ri.r l?r,/ in Tai NP,lhe Inrgeslsecrion of ihe Wcst Africrn forest that is siill intact, stressesrhe impor tdnce of lhe south-westernregion of U6te d'Ivoi.e as a frrnal fesene area( Schreiber "/ al, | 9lt9; Taylor, I 992; Gartshorc././. 1995).The studyand conser\ ation of Liberiicli.t kuhrlseem more necessaryloday thnn ever befbre in orde. to discover rhe fir. 2.Dorvl /at"tu|, a,./ t?at.a/ k', ol /h" .tkr!l, /1t/t r/ ri", ccological rolc in rhc West Aliicnn fbrest ecosyslemplayed by olThe non.lible oll.ibetiictis kuh^i N' 888/Tl9 ( Pdnry,,tt, rhis discretespecies. t3 ?'dprF R!..drir.. f,.d!* t!dt* D4 sdJic DA sdtic 1914 1914 1974 1989 fr€.d. &rle (apb Td KDsple TaD.|a cbi 5123 5t?l 481997 XO04 22 94596 MaL Fcnralc ORLO 97,4 91,1 t6,4 96,1 98,7 100,4 96,5 CBLG 912 9t,r 9l,l 92.5 94,0 92,1 ROSP 31,6 t5.j t48 J5,1 J6,9 t3,4 .49,! Jq6 50,5 t0,8 50,1 50,9 MAxT 31.7 31,6 11,6 TYMP r6.( t6,8 CUCU Iu ttt tJ,8 ROSB t?,4 2t.< 72,1 IORB l?,0 17,4 18,5 11,9 t12 l?,9 MTIMU 2l,a 24.4 t6.0 25,8 26.7 25,1 z:{co 45,1 45,( 41,2 44.I 44,9 45,? 44,1 BRBC 3r,5 3l,o MAST 35,1 33,9 14,8 11,5 HBCA 26,1 x,'1 27.1 CMAN 6J,l 6J,0 MANT 35,4 14,7 MCAH 72t :l.l 2t.3 ltllblcl.(inlrrrisonolcrinnficrricd:ltr(measurcdbydiLrenr!r\hrt\)rllro\tLib.tiirt't\rnt\pecimenswilhtbenewspccinrcn lnrnTiiNP Theh,lolyne (5850?l is in lhc NaturdlHNrny Museum.Londotr. UK iBMNH)i532:1,58:.1..nd5825 itr rtjcZoologis.hes lirsch!nssinnilul& MuseumA. Ketrig, Bonn.ccrmlny(7FMK):,1819'17in rh. Ndn,irlMu\eunr olNarur.l Hisory. wNhitrsn Dc. UsA (NMNH);2(x)4and22t6 in theAtr omn.h.s l.stn dcrUniveuirit lna.kli{ jm Ntlrn.Franktun. Cernrany (Atl-)iand McSBp ll8lt/Tl9inrheSlarnrnBiologiquedePninponr,Paimp.nt,FrlnceiAbbreviarions:sc.Cn)tdtrun.t98il) Achowledg€m€nts HopneDonrinik. 8 r 9q). (h rh., tcnnere oftheH$e\ bnlset\M.lhtoni(i?.nlnl Wewould likc r{)express our gratilud€ to CdtN'Dri Koffi, ind thc\ ivcridsh rh€lvory Cots\ Mt n.Id & ht?tnd ( /":./t., 3:9 11. Direclorof the "ProjetAutononc pour Ia Conservaliondu Parc Kitrgdotr.Jl97l Ett,Vinr "hxt"tu t. Ana .t.f.r,/ttxxt rt /1rirt vol I Ac ctr,icPress. (PACPNT). I-oftlonNcr Yorl. Natbnnlde Tai' M. YayaSangare. Presidcnr of the (uhtr. H J 1965 A p(,visionrlchc.k-li{ of rlrcnrinrmxl\ of Liberii Chris andTilde STUART The white railed nonKro\e llindtuio a/bi(tud./) is tl large heryeslid (1.5 to 5 2 kg). wirh klng. coa.se and sh4gy bmwn'grey coloured pelage.and lhe bushy tail being predomi nanlly while. Desl'ite ils llrgc si/e there scrm to bc only 27 cooiirnredrecods ofrhis nr)ngooseth()uBh irs sourhernArabian rafge (Gnsperettid . ., t985 | Hrrrison ./ .,/., l99l). l2 from \oulh-weslerll Saudi Arahia. nine fion) Oman,li)uf tiun Ycmcn, .,rJ ls.' tror',rhe nlrth ,'I rheL n,le.jArrb L rirrlc\- Whcn these k)crlirils are plotted on n map they show a .oncentririon on the corst:rl plrin rnd a(ljacent mounl{ins of nnrlh wesrernSaudi Arab;a and YeDren.an apprcnlly isdrted locllion in the l)hofar ofOman and a recondconccntrarion al(,ng I rheBriinrh consralplainrnd ldjacelltintcri('rol not1hern Onun. W,thi!) the nonheflr Uniled Arab Emil1(esthc two rccordsnotcd lr! CLrsferetri?/ a/. \l9u5t were apprreDllyof li!c r inr!ls collc(rcdcl('sc to rhe tr)$nsofRls.rl Khaymih and Fui yrah. (Jvef lhe past three )eafs the rulhors hrlc urdertakcn cxlcnsi\e Nildlile surleys throughoit lhc no.thenrlinirates but il wa! only in Novcmbcroi 1997thrt wc were bleto confinnthe continued frescn.coI this nnrgoosein theregion. lfacks of lhe white-tailedn$ngoosc wcrc k)crtcd Nr \c!er.r1points along atwcnt kilomclrcsrretchoithewell-watered rnd vegctarcdW,rdiShawta (Shrfiah Elnirtel, thatrrns lhrough fchfeumia albicnudr h thc Anl)ian ?oi|vl/L Slkk/../.I"ni.. 'lhe rhesoulhernmosl ex(ensi('n ol lhc ShiDuyliyafiMounrains. .tiititr /".ot.h. X. tt"r' t".o/l. loerlirycentrcs on 40 4 05.61.,21 16.1 N (LJTMMrp Datum \lahnvan) al an altiludc ol sonre li)() metres ASt.. Crge tr:rps. (!mc liom betweenQalhrr and l-iwi on rhe Uarirah coaslalrold hxlledwilh deadquail nnd SchnccklurhCrniDe Crill scentlure. (22'41'N.59'2l E) of nollhe.rrOnrNn. within ils cutrenlly known \ ereset ar sevemlplaceswhere lresh trackswcre li)und lnd on 2() \ovenrb€r:in irdull o1ongoose$ascrught. Incxrcrnrl apI,earance rr $as identicrlro rnimnls wc hNv€ob\crved in southe|nnnd M&tfl | t""t.n ^ (rt nn ) oli h..e li | ?- /tq,/1 ".r khneunia albicauda .r\rcrn Aliica. lhis ani'nalwas translerredlo lhe DcsenPrrk .r/u, Wdni Shdr *d, UA.t. F.ndrngeredSpecies Bree(ling Ccnlre. Sharirh. Alrhough dit1icull roussess wjth accuracy we lcelrh:rt berwccn lhrec and six rnimals Ser Totd Tril Ilind f,rr .!. presenrin thesectior.n w:diwe sur!eyed.Il hrsbccn b(m!ht letrgth length foot(su) !, our nucnti()nthal lwo rfparentwhile tailedmongooses wcre f.illedin a planlnln)nin rltcscrrlcnrcnt of SiJiearly iD 1997.lliog 902 162 ltO 22 rpproxinr.rLelysix kilomerres liom the suNey site, by Asian Fenrale 8l,l 134 98 25.4 lxbourerswho ale rhcm. We havc be€n told that the skin of one rnimal has been seen by a reliable observer (C. Cross. pers. ti80 370 10.1 25 .,Irm ) Jnd (onlirnredr: beingol rhi, 'pc.ic.. A11were aduh animals and ds fa. as we ate aware lhe only Allhough the white lailed mongooscwould appe{r lC)have represeniativesof lhis spccieslo havc bcen mcNU.ed fion the ,r brokeDdistribulion in southernArabia we lccl thar as suitable Uniied Arab Emirrtes,lhe mosl easte.lylimil oftheirdistribution. |Jbit,rL occurs in the arca between the Batinah rnd Dhofir ol All rvcrageslighdy smaller than lhe lery limiledsample detailed {)man. and soulh-weslwards1(} Ycncn thrcugh the Hadranrawt, by Harrison& Bdcs (1991)lio'n individualsmersurcd from rl is(onsidere.l highly likely thal itr rangewillbe fourd {('bc nn)re Ycmcn. Saudi Afabia and O'nan. All lhree specimeoshad thc ,tr lessconrinuous. The iack ofrecords lron the inrerveningarcas tyfical colouralion of lhis Inrge monsoo\e. .!n he largcly extlained. we teel. by lhe laci thal both the Dholrr .rndIhdrama$l nrezoolosicdlt undercxplorcd. RefereDces Caspcrctti.J.,H.llTison,D. L. & Ilu(iler. w. 1985.Thecnrnivor! An addilional whiterailed mongoose locality (dcrd on ot Anfattia.FdMo o/Sd i,1ta/)rd7:191 161. n)ad) l.om tralhin ils known Yemeni range w s recordedby the l{arris('n, D. I-. & tsares.P. J. 1991 Tr" "t/n,nl.' o/ Anl,in. .{rrhorson | 8 April 1996: l6'02.25 N.41oI0.90'8, ai anrhitude HarrisonZook)gicrl Muscunr, Sc\enorks, Kenr. LJK. ,il 170metres. The areawas dominrtcd by dry mixed thorn scrub. .ultivaled lands and wide sand boltomed w?dis. A spccimenof rhis mongoosecollected as a road casuallyby J. E. Gibbs (April Aliican.Arabian Wildlife ResearchCentre, 1993).and assigned Onnn NaluralHislory Museun No.2175. Itox 1022,Umm-al-Quwain, fJniled Arah Dmiratcs l5 A note on the herpestids and viverrids of south-eastemUnguia (Zanzibar) Island Chris andTilde STUART l)uringAprilol l997 theLruthor\ undenook.t prelimrrarv GenetGenetta sp. survcyoi lhelrun! oflhesotrth casrofLinguitr lsland. wirh speci.tl (t-.ndlt/ enrthrsis on rhe leopard Zrnzibar. prrt of a tedemtnrn tfnh A skio and damag.d skull of a servalinegenet nrainhndTanzrnia, consisls of scveralislrnds, lhe prin.ilal of .t?urtuLt werc collectedin 1995by Anthony l, Archcr lic'm ca. which arc tJngujr ar)d Penrba.Ungujr lics sonre40 kik)mclres 4 km south oi Joz n; Iitresi (Vrn Romprey & Colyn, 1991t).the l.om rhe African nrainlandrnd extendsover an aretrofapproxi fiAl indicatior thrl gcnels \fere ir lacl presenl on lhe isl,ind photo- marely1650 kmr. Ir is a low lying islandwith thehighest point Dudng rhe course of thc currenr survcy tle located nnd in being al I I0 m above'sealevcl. graphedclear gcnct rracksimprinled in the mud ofajeep trail lhe Jozani Forest. Despite regulir serrehesin the samc general The p.incipal topographicaltaattrres are the no.th-south areaover a pcrtud ol severaldays no tnrther r.ackswere lound running parallel ridges of Machui and Masingini. The gently undulatingcoastal b.lt averagesfive to 5ix kilometres in widlh and in rhe east it is dominated by what is known as .oral ras African civet /r'.*.1 Thc central nnd wenern areasofthe isl,nd nre the most Civ e ttic tis civ etta schw arzi lcrtile and thcrcli)rehave lhe higheslhumrn populaliondcnsilies. allhough rjor nr{r made impacts Lrreobvrr)us rhroughotrl the A lotalof 2l rccordsof thissPecies uere'rored. compnsrng mainly ol liesh lrucks but rlso one aDnn.rllound deld or I ti' cn iftril (possiblyshot) and one indi\idurl cauShaon lil r bv an Prkeoh.rm(198.1) r€corded live speciesol herpestidsdd nulr'nraliccrmerx They (f,curred lhroughoul lhe surlcv xrea. rn vivcrrids on thc islfnd of Utlrui!. B./roltak ./dr'tkruta lrnut co.il rxg thickel, sllnds ol red mrngrove, cultivrled areitstbal Cnl"ftIe."nr!tutet nfu'14t. Mtt,.qot rt try., Ci'4/i. tit. i c/nt iicluded rice paddies.within the Jozani Foresl and once on the t.*r'ot./, n|ntJVn? !r/L' nkhrt n!!( Ar additn)nll species' berch ubo,relhc high waler mdk. A comnron specrcsthlt rs on villagcrs. A/lht /,a/!k/nw/! tub.t.?rrr hrs only been rccordedon Pcnrbx occasionshot by Islandrnd nol on Unguia. AlthouShno dcLliledexrminalioo of dung conlcnLsrt Recordsseen ro indiclt. rhar Mtr,qot ,ut.!to was tntto' r)riddensites {as undenxken,lhe fruils of r nurnberot lrcc rnd dLrcedk, lheislnrrd Ironr lhe mainlandbul we tbundno evrdence bushspecies obviously m de up a coosiderrbleanDunL oi rheir thrt this s)cial morgoose occurs aDlwhere io lhe souLh-errsletn inhke during April of 1997.Allhough it prcbablyoccurred sect(xoi the islandi whelher ii occurs clsewhercwrs ol naturrllyon theishnLI. il is por!iblcrhrl anioralswere inLroduced lo extrlrctthe analgland secrel,onl In\e\ti!-trJ.lh( tre\ Ifc ,'l rr J,l,lrl!!,rltpe(ir' $J' c.'n hy un centuricsrgo in otdcr li.med dLrringlhe cour\e ol rhepreserl sutvey, on lhe basisof Seelhc nert specr.s. clear lra.ks. r genet, o.rk'lrd sP. Javan civet Zanzibarslender mongoose Viverricula indic a rass e Galere lla sa nguin ea rufes c ens Only fourdefinile locali(nrslin lhis spec'csweru tccoftled. We nade 15 sightingsofthis s all mongoosedLrnng the on lhe hrsis of clerr lftcls. once on rhe beLrch.lx icc in the no{h lltcs{ Thi! courseol lhe surle). in a wxle lllricl) of habrtnts,thxt included of lhe JozrDiForest. rnd once in lhc Kiweng$a scrub tbicket on corrl rr!, fringesol the Joz.rnil'ofcsl bu1nelcr specieswrs intrfllu.tLl to lhe island,lossiblv bv Javrncselr:tllcrs ghnd in its co.c,ir cuhi\lted fieldsol cas\a!a.brnanas, and on lhe rs crrly ns the lllh cenlury,fitr errmcti( ol thc rrral "pedunrc Arab\ edgesol ricep,]ddies. Only solitaryLtnimals sere sightcd:udrll secrerionll t w.r\ used as r lhc ZaoTibiri had a daft ro ligbt reddish b(rwn cokrured pchge. prized the secrctnrnas a mcdicioe. RefcreDcca Zanzibarbushy-tailed mongoose Prkenhanr.R. ll. 1981. Th",tunDklt o/ Znl:ibot t'l Pol'I gale crassicauds tenuis l//,.i. Privately published 8l PP. Bde o Van Rompaey.H. & Colln, M 1998 A new scrvalrnegenel J: ,11': I The ninerccords ofthis ntongoosewere based on exan na- (Carnivorx. ViYerridac) fronr Zanribar Island lionoflheir drsrincrive irackr. with whichrhe authors are lanili.rr Zral, l:l{l): n press. liom rhc nrainland.Nearly all recordswere inkcn in and around rhc Joraoi Forest.Dcspile severrlhours ofnighr-driving oo ibrest African"ArabianWildlife ResearchCentre' lracks no sightinSswcre nrrde. t-ocNlvillrsers questionedwere P.O'Box6, l,oxton 6985,Soulh Africa familiarwirh rhisspccres. 'GPS nx 11 A spontaneouscase of amyloidosisassociated with hypergammagloninaemia in Martes foina P E.MARTINO andE. GIMENO Abstract counrsbeing taken. Detenninationoi lotal white ccll coLrntwns doneby anc1e(rronic particlctountinB device. II.rcmoglobin wns l he prcsetrr prper is a conlributi{)n lo our k nowledgcol lhe nrcnsuredphotometric lly rr 5.1(lnn) by lhe hremogkrbin cya- elinierl nranisleiitationo' a'nykiidosisin nurtens,with spccinl nide method'itacted cell volume (PCv) was determinedin felerr.cc lo hcnurologicrl.semlogicxl, and .elevaolbiochemr' .apillaryrubes ron fir 6 min in a Celkrkritcenrrilnse. cul exanrinrLi(nsrehled lo thepalhologic!l lesions accorDpany- ing thiscondirnrn. Biochemislrl: Totalt(tein wasmer$rredby theburcttc mclhod (Weich Bkrxl collectcd rr rgo y \howed an outsrrnding le!el of rielbaum.19.16). Albumin wa\ dercminedhy rhe Bftnncrcsol hyl'erglrlnnrglobul;naemia(38%){ndalot l prcleinvalueol l:ll greenrrelhod oi Doumrsdr d/. (1971).and globtlin wrs calcu' g/1.These values dilltrcd grcntly from lhe conlidcncc limits ofthe latedby sLrbtr.lcting the .rlbumin fronr lhe ldalprolein ralues.For standardvrlues cstrblrshedfor healLhybeech marlens. and Indi- thc eslima(im of ganrnra-lbbulin.serum proleins werc separaled crre Jr'rurhr,lh,,mc,,\rJ'r'. Hi.r,'1,,!iul fin,ling' Jre Lon\i\rent hy cclluhse acelateelecln)fhorcsis. sriined. and s.anned wilh a with secondrry (.e,rctive)AA .rmyloidosis. recording conrputerdensitomeler. Srmples were al!o cxnnrined using the Unitcst 100 system (Boehrnrgcr) iirr blmd urcr tnd Introduction bkr)d glucosc.Aspnrtrte anino rrrnsftrase (ASAI ) and dlanine amrDotranslerase (ALATI were determinedrt 37'C a\ dcscribed Marrensinien live ck)sc to human hrbitations. Although by Keiding.,rd/. (1971).These anrlyses werc peribrnredin I lhey are not rbundrflt.presunably they comt lo lown only Censdeciasr analyrcr. Creatininewns rssxyedpholomerricnlly rt sporadicrlly ro expl)ir good lixxl sources(especi,rlly liuils) and l"=41)0nm. Calciun (Ca),Inxgn€sium (Mg). sodium (Na), ndpo possibly nlso nesliflg sircs. Perseculionby man nray bc severc hssirnl(K) weredeleclcd by alonricabsoryln)n(Perkin-Elmer 103 ) (Crvallini, 1992). Serologiml tests: 'Ihe purpose of lhis paper is 10 prcsenl the results of tl Serun srmples tor serological Aleurian dise.isc (AD), detailed c se repod ol sponraneousidiopathic amyloidosis in a Leplospirr and li)xopllsmn sreeningwerc obtainedby cutling a matrcn(Mdftes lbi,tu. Ettleben. |777). observedwhen the !€nior €lawshort andcollecrirg blo('d iD a hcparinizedcapillary tube for authorwas placcdat LhcVetenrafy Collegeof Mihn (llaly). The rlre counter innnunoeleclrophorcsistcsr (Cho & Ingmm. 197.1) sick animll had becn found by a fanner in a mixcd iorest/field using live Aleutirn disersevirus antigen(tiniled vaccines, USA):!nd themicroscopic ngglulination tcsl (N {1.Vel Ser!ices l-ab. 1987) {i)r Lepk)sfam and li)xoplasma anlibodics. The Materialsand methods ,rnligensuscd lvere L.?lr,.1t)i&trrerlo8d,rr (rep.csentrti!e of the id(R*LR nortltu!nt? group), .drnttd, Ktirytr\ Phokt, ltunli), Casc report: andbrzlirldr./ al a lrll)0 srccnrngdilut( . Brscdon ils historyand physicllcondilion the animll rn this sludywrs clioicallyagoni. rl thetinrc ol bloodcolle.tntr. NecroDsy and hisktogical examination: presentingclinicul signs ol a nrucopurule t discharge,n rccltl Atrer Ltutopsy.tis$cs {ere coll.crcd. llxed in buftercd l0c. I=16.8'(. l2l pulscs/nrin(.tusculrated).dyspneaanduorcxta. iiJrnrolsrlinc rnd \,rax-ernhedded.Scc{i( iwere.utrnd sld edwilh Thexnimrl hld goodse eralbodycondilion and its age (belween hcnratoxylintrnd eosin. Nd Congo and sillcr merhenrmire. I0 and ltl 'non(hs)was deren ined prinrarily f()m body lengdr. dentition and the xppearanceol organs. Thc ailinily ofrmyloid li)rCongo redalter incubaiionwith porxssiumpermangrnrtc as describe{lhy Wright.r.//. ( 1977)wns HaematologJ: studicd. Seclionswere cr* rl 4 [. incubntcdlbr 3 minulcs with A bkDd samplew.ts collecled after the 3nih,l was manu cqtlalvolumesof 5% |x)Lrssiu pennangrnateand0l% sulpho- ally restrainedwhilst 2 ml ofblood was colleded by heart ptrnc ric acid, decolutriscd wilh 57. oxrlic acid. wxshcd rwice in ture thfuugh a :0 grugc r.cdk inro a 5 ml syringe ldditional Llistillcdwrrer rnd strined$ilh xlkalineCongo red. The s.ctrcns snrall blood srnrtles w.rc collccrcd on heparirized c.rpilhries wer. srudicdurder ligh1rnicroscope.rnd polarrsrnS nrrcfo\eopc lbllo$irg tuncturc ol Ihe rail rccordingto Rllrrkley(1980). Rbod \\rs plrced inn) vrcluunr ruhcsconrrioing 2.5'l of a Brdorial examination: anticoagulNntconsistiog ol disodiunrelhylcn.diarrinetelra rc For rouli e isoltrtionof brcteria. bkr)d agar eosinemeth ehrc (llDTA) rnd iornraklehldert, finrl conce tralion of ylenc blue ngrr plales werc inocuhled wilh lhe nrxir orgnn rpproxinralelyl0% in (crilc distillcdwalcr. s{nplesand inerbrlcd al 37'C tur t8 tr)2.1hours in r 5 lo l0% (l(). N(mosphere.Plaies were exanrincd fbr brclcria. incub!tedlor Serum rnd plasm! wcrc srtrrrrcd hy double ccntriiuga- n rddiLn)nrl 2-l houf! ot 17' C itr an rerobic cnvrronmcnt! d re- tmn. Cell counts nd bl(nrd snrearswe.e m.rdcwithin I hours of examined.Balleri! were ideotitied by nrca s ol shnd.rfd proce samplccollcction. The blood tanrpleswcre diluted 1/100dnd dures(Carlcr & Cole. 1990).In ordcr 1oisohte fungi. Sabour.r d mix.d li)r oncnrinulc (1) ensure even cell distributions. A double dexlrose agar and mycotic lgar tlltcs were inoculnted and h!enr)cytonrel.r (lrupro!ed Neubauer. l/40(l rntD. Hawksle)) incubatedat rppr)xintntely 25" C in rhe dark lor a 'ninioNln oi:l w.s fillcd ander)rh.,'cyres $ere countcd, llte r\e.age ot thcl\o wceks, rnd cxaminedweekly for e!idence of lirnSal srowth lt3 Virologic €xamination: lrealed !lilh potassitrmpennanga a(c rnd dilutc sulphuric acid. Samples of liver. splcen. kidney and nresenlericlymph and npplcgreenbi'relringe cc was ahsenlunder polarizedligh(. nodewere examinedby rrinsmission elccrron microscopy. Tissue cxtracts were preparcd fo. electron mi.roscopy by grinding Bacteriology, rirologji snd serology: rpproxirxtely 0.5 g tissuein pl$spharebuffer h give a t0% v/v No relcvrnt or trun\ie t bnclerialvcrc rccoveredfrom lhe I'nal concentration(Wclchman ?/ d/., l99l). Elecironnricro- tiret (i.e- Entetubtulet .lotl.\tt antl Rdlillns spp.) or fron lhe \co['c grids coaredwith fo.mvrr and stabilizedwith evaporated tidney (coliformt, meanwhileno brcteria were recovcredfronr .rrbon were floatedon dropsof the extracl.The grids were touch the spleen,brain or lung. dried after one minute and then negalively stained (for one nrinure)in 2% phospholungslicacid (pH 6.6). Afrertouch drying Also the animal was serologically $egative ro the rests rhe grid was observedin the EM-S-Seizs. pcrformedand viruslike pirticles were not found in ihe samples Results Discussion H€malological and biochemisaryl The analysesof samples from dre marten are showD ir) Idiopaihic amyloidosishas been well dNum€nred in wild Table L slone nartens. but its causehas not been defined clcarly (Linke dr d/.. 1980). \ccr0psy ard histology: At nectupsythere was a nrucousexsudate in rhe nostrils Taking inti) rccount that nlmosralldiseases are nccompa, .,r{l l rynx Thc lrlcfier, bronchi nnd hron.hioles conhined .r nied by homeostatic disorders, modern biochemicnl tcsrs are nhire.lrothy lluid wicfi could not hc cxpressedliom thc cul lung empbyed to assessIhe statc of health of lirr-bcaring animals. lh. spleenhad splenomegaly. was nbnormxlly Iirn andelastic in Delails of thc clinical biochemistry of sick martenswilh amy- i,rsisrency. and showing acharacreristictransluc:cn.y in section. bidoris have bcen documeniedpoorly (ceisei. 191t2),and \li.roscopically. the organ showed a dilluse rmyloid degenera- haematobgicrl derrils of live animnls with amyloidosis rre not ( :ron RedCongo: +): thc m!lpighian bodiesr,'crc iRliscernable as fublished ye1.The haematological!,rriahles obtained w.re within ., rcsult of adyancedntrophy. tot.rl anryloid reph.ement of the rheir nonnal ranges(l)anrgaard & l{rnseD. 1992).nlrhough rhe ,neflrl coml)nents.the wrlls of tie !inuseswcrc abnonnally lcvel of eosinophil lcucocytescoold be r rcflection of dre physi- hrckrnd the reticulumol thepulp wascorrscr th!n normal. ologicrl stresssitufltion over a frolonged period (Moll.-r dl.l/., r99l). The tidneys were moderntclyincreased in sizeud weiSht, d(l werc firm dd elastic. wi{h lhe corlex nugnrcnredin deprh. Among thc plasmn chemical resultt iiorD thc labomtory 'rrn\lucent md grey,llecked.Hisrdogically, glomeruli showed lesls (exceptt(r thorc for (ol.tl protcin and garnnx gk,bulin) the rodernle rnesangialsclerosing sbmcrulonephriris. The afttrenl means of the rcst of lhe paramctcrsrcmained wi{hin normal r ,rDcrul.r arterides we.e aftacted in lhc st(nna of lhe media ranges( Danrgaard& llansen. I 992). No datarrc avaitablelbr ihe r.phced hy alhickeramyk)jdtiamework). Orher glomeruli wcre glucose parameterof martens iD the literalure. However, one ,r,rre in!o1vedwith amybid maleriallaid down on thcirrclicutum would expcctthat. due to thc rnarten'sclose rel ii)nshipro the .r nporlinglhe glomcrularlapillaries. Thc gknnerulnrrufrs were rnink. both specieswould have valueswilhin the sarDeordc. of .ually swoUenn.d showedan aclu.rlloss ofcappitaries owine ro hliteraliooof ihei. Iuminain thendvrnced cas€\. Here, exrminalion ol setum pdeins rev€alcd marked lhe liver wns cnlar8ed, ihe bo.dcrs rounded and rhe hyperprxcinemia due to cnormous hypergrmmaglohinaernir: 387.,mcanwhile the albuminaemia value remrincd below normat limits. Wandeler & Paoli (1969), by electrophoretic studies. Microscopically, amyloid deposits invotved the hepatic fbund serum-albuminaemiavalues among deadand sick aninrats .,nern'lesand. in somecapillaries ofrhe intermediarezone oi the lo be lowerlhan tho\e of normal martens.and alsod iscoveredan ,)bulesin asiociation with rhe .eticulum of heparic sinusoids, additional fractbn betweenihe alpha and beta globulins. ariponal infiltration of lynlphocytes and plasna cells in rhe \er. The adjaccntcells have consequenrlyunde.gone progres- Excessive hyp€rgamnrglobulin,emia and some parho- . \e atrophy and have been replaced by ireguhr rnassesof anrtomical and hirtological lesn)ns(i.e. glomerulonephriris,peri- i.mogeneousamyloid. ponal infillratio||ol l]mph,,c]re\J d pla\nrr(cll\ in rh( t,ve'. yasculitisindicaliv€ of irnmunecompler deposition)l€d us to The larynx erhibited a nild epirhelial necrosisand fibrin suspecllhe possibili(y of our facing a case of Aleutian disease hrombi in muriple submucosalvessels. (Portcrdd/..1980i Martino?ral., l99l) (alsorakinginto account lhal lhe animal was iound v€ry close b I mink .anch which had Mesentericlymph Dodeswe.e enlargedand showed tym- a mjld AD infection amongst rhe aninral!). In easlernEngland rhoid hyperplasiawith proninent gcrminal center fornarion. escapedranchcd mink were ihc suspecteds rrce of infeclion lo a wild otter (Lrtrd /r//a) which had the pnthol('gicalchanges No pathologicalchanges were evident on examinationof consisrentwilh AD (Wells"/ d/.. 1989).Progessivc AD js caused .Jmples from bone m&row. by a mink par!ovirus rnd inlecred mink beco e hypcrg,mrnaglobulinaemic:rhe plasnraconcenrrationol srnrma- The materialwirhin rhe SpaceofDisse siainedwith Congo .aiand hadbright..rpple green bi-refringence* when vicwcd wilh 1 Ili-refritrA.ncd:r dotrblc. rpricrrcotr!rkJ iprcri rtttc| \pe.ixtert .r {,cn rn I !narized light. Congo rcd siaining was not rerainedin specimens Congorcd naln ofinybd risu. uml.r) p)lir /cd ehrn,(,ui,,J,r 19 !L,,ltlin i\ highefrhrn 25ti ('l thc lolrl phsDHtn)lcin (Arsted. rrlj5rll,'s.!er-thc( lt:l' lcslrndrin)logic.lrllcnrplswerclrter Austcd,Il. l9tl5.Aleurirn disease oi nrink:Virology and imnru- iitrrnilro hr nrsaliv€ ln aildilion.thcr0 i\ no indicItr{rnof nology.l.rd llrrol Mk tobid. Iunonolog.&!nd'93:l \u\ccflihililylo lhi\ pr^r)virusin rDurteos(Geisel. pe.s. conrn.). 41. Bleukley.S. P. 1980.Sinl e techoiquefor bleedingic.rets Ihe pot ssirml]ennanfaDrlc nrettx)rl is impo(antin divi (Mtsttlrl putotiu\lutu). Lar. Annr.. 1,1i5960. ding theortior lnr.rs of generxlircddnyloidosis in hun n\ into Caaer.C. R. & Colc,J. R.. erls.l99tl. Diullnoni. yorcdurct ii AA nrrl,)idrnil non AA anryloid.The rflinily of rrrlloid lor Nktntun huterioloqr an../,,r,..,/.)tir'. 5r, €d. Acrdcmic CoIgo rcd.rtic. incuhati(nrdocs not chanle in patientswith Press.Srn Diego,ClA. nr$knr! dssocixtcduryloidosis. irmiliar anryloidolicpolineu' Cavallini.P. I992.St,rc mrrrcns{n'rrrr"s loi)rr) in Siena,Italy. ropltIh),nedullary careinonra of thc llr)roid,pancrearic ishnd SDtutllCdrny,! Ct t\?t r..1:1. anrlhid. nd cerebralrnryloidosis. xll consisringol non AA Cho. IL J. & Insrarn.D. G. 1971.Anligen and.r.ribod) in anrykitlotis (Von Rij!wijt & Vxn llrlsden, 1979].Our lindings Alcutirndiserse in mink.L Pfecipitalion'rea.rionby lgrr rrc consr\renlwilh secondary(rcrctivc) AA-rnryk)ido\is lel .lcctrophorcsis.J. /,,,rnol..2:555 557. Danrgarrd.B. Nl. & H nsen.S. w. 1992.Hcn lologicalrnd lhenmstcomnr cruscofdeathindogswilhnmyloitusis phsnrr chemical rharrcleristics in Beech nrarlctr(Md,1e.t is ncphroric syorpknnsaod renrl failure {Thornburg & Moody, lonO (tn1p. BioLh.ttt. Ph\\t . 4., 1:'12t'1)5. l98l). Secondaryamykiidosis is often associntedwith chronic Doumas.B. L, W,rtson,W. A. & Eriggs.H. 1971.Albumin inlection, intlnnratidr, neoflasir, and irnmuncdiseases (Loeven. standardsand measuremenrof serror albumin wilh 199.1). bronrcfesolgreen. ( lrr. (.hu,t. Ait ll:8'7-96. Ceisel. O. 1982. Die idiopatisch genelr]lisie(e Amybidose der Hypergannnrglobinacminand monocbnal gannnopnthy Matdet. Tieiin . P/1rr.. l0:535 547. could be r\socirredwith.n infeeriouspefltooilis, a nruliiple Keiding. R. NI. rloriler. W. & I'itkanen, t. 197:1.Rcconrnrended Dryclo r or rn exrnrnedullaryphsmacylona. bul all these method,lbr lh! dcternrinrrionol h r eozymesir blood. possibiiilieswere latcrdiscardcd. So. wben sludyinglhis phe siatul .1.ChL ldr. /116r., ll:l9l 306. nonreooorn del.ril. a spontaneousgen€rrlircd anryklidosis wls Linke, R. P. .r d/. 19130.kliopllhic amyloidosisin rhc SL()nc probrbl! rhe primary cruse of lhjs malten s death. ma(cn: klcntilicrLi(,rol rnyloid fibril proteinsin tissue se.tions using rhc inrmuDopcruxidasetechnrque. 8r, :11:.165.168. I-ocven,K. l9t).1.tlcprlic x rll{)idosisin lwo ChineteShL'r l'€i dogs.J. A,k . vd. tvtel A!\.. 1)12-1216. Hacnbgbbin (noxn/l) l2l Nrtion.l Vcterin.rySeniccs Lrbor{nny. 1987.ftlicforilcr r.ch ni(tuel;r.lctecrnnr ol l-cttostira antibodies.fin. A'r,rdl t)l:65 Meaneorpusculdr !o1umc (MCV)(ll) :lo litlt. US,\|i . H//r. A!!.. 71. Villar, J. A. 1991.A noteon McNncotrusculr hrcnnrlohin (MCII )(lrnol) l\'h iI(,, P. E., N.{u11ino.J. J. & discascsol lnilrk. ./. V.t lllal.. Sll:)21 2Jll. lllrlmrcltcs (x l() r/L) 12.3 Mollcf,S.tl..rdl. 1991.Pftducri('r olnrinl. rr Reponriom rhc Natl. (l(X)(vu1 T(nrl lcucoclrcco nr bl(x)d) lnnirutc .f Arnnxl S.icnec.6tlll Beretnor!.Dennrall(. Ncur('philssc!nrcolrd (t ) 16.1 Porter.D. D..l-fl\e.,^. E. & Podef.H. G. l980.Alcutirn disc{sc Neurtuthilshxnd ('/.) 51 of nrink ,1/h1fLunn.l.,19 261'286. 'Ihornbur!. .10.1 I-. l'. & I4oody.C NL lt)81.Hep lie amykridosisin 5.1 !'Jot..1. Artt. tlnin Htlst,.A\t., 17:121721. Vrn Riiswijk.M. H. & \'LrDHeusdcn. C. W. 1979.Thc porr\\iunr Eosinophilcs({,) 1.9 penrxn!Nn.tcmclhod: j\ rclirblenrethod to diilircnrir Il,rlr riles(ll) 0.1 tin! nrlkiid AA lionr oth.r li,flusol anryhJdirr roL'lrne Ghrco$ (lnfl)l/l) .10 luhrn.rt(ryptlcritc.,4,k1. .1.I' unxl.. 97:11 15. 1{ilul pn)tein(r/1) r:rl Wdrdcler.A. .t I'Lroli.U. 196{).Anryloidose bei Sreir)nuder. ll.6 l.rtr.if. Ai., Trrlk i/t., lllr5.l2 5:19. Wcichselbaunr.T. I'1.19.16. An aceufrternLlrrpid rrcrhod tarlhe AlphNI gk$ulin ('l ) :ll (letcnninationof pr)teinsir rnrllnrlr 'r)(sofbl{!)d s.tunr Alphr I globulin('lt 2.3 ) and plasrt).r.,1rrrf. J. Clir Pdthol , 16!1119 BeraI,globulin (7) 2.2 Welchnun.D. ll.. Oxelrharn.N,1. & Done.S. tJ. 199:1.Aletrilo BelaI glohulin(ti ) 7.1 cliscrLsciI donrestic leffel\: l)irgno\lic lindings rnd sur!cy Fibrinosen(7 ) :l'2 r.sults.lt1. ft?... 8:ll9 ltl,l Wright,J. R.. Hunrthrcy.R. l-. & Crlkirt. E. 1977 I'orrssiut Crnnnr globulin(tl ) 3tt.5 penDdn!rDrt.rcrclion in rnrlloidosisi A hi\tolosical 16.7 Dcthodto rssistin .lillereDtialingibnns r)f this disease. (FDr)l/l) Crerrininc 1o IrL. htr(n.. 36:)11-)81. ASAT (t 11 ) Dept.Microbiologia-CIC, l'acultad de Ciencias Al_At {t ) til Veterinarias,Universidad Nacional de La Plata' 'hblr 1. Iherrxroloeicrl .urd biocheruicrlrrxllses of hlood 60 y I18, CC 296,1900 La Plata,Argentina Fax 0054-21-25798{} 2{) New distributionrecordsfor Poecilogalealbinucha andRhytrchogalemelleri in southernAfrica Chlisand Tildc S1'UART Thc Stdp.d werscl (Podlosdle dlhinu.ln) hns ^ frnly Meller's rr(nsoosc tRh\ Chry(l? ak,//z?) nrs r scenl .r('rd dinrihulion1o rhc soulh ol thcEqurl(r. ln southernAIica rngll pr(clr!,disiuDcr, disrrihnto) hut it brs !lwr)s hcenour i r\ restricledlo thc east.crcctl li)r I narR)lvhcll rcross n('rth ol- leelingth{t lhis is nxrrcr indiclion oI seflrcity.tnd nder \1rlh AlricNrnd cxlcndirglDargifl.rll) ink' NNnrihir.Allhough recordioglhan lclual lruc distributi('n prttear Thr plr.fiydistfl- rL)\r r.cords ot o.currence ure l.onr lxrious gr,Nll nd alsocia- buti(lllis ccrrrirly notdre to hrhihr rc\trictionns its knownrange ' ,rs. lhcvdo oc.ur in lowh d lrinli,rcslin thesouthenr (ldrgo nndarca\ in bctwcenis colereil rilh ilshro rcdhnbiht ofopen Ri\er basin.On thc6th of .lrnuaryI 997a crr kill.d P,..ir)!d/? woodlandsadjaccnr lo sNunnih.Dc seco!er nnd prcximity k) rx\collectcdand pho(og.rphcd (J aco !ln Dc!e rcrwhosuptlicd walernre rmponant rcqnircnrenls. [e dcrailsrnd voucherphotographs] in thecrtrerre s(Nth west of \\e\tern ProviDcc,South Aiicn. Localily dctailsi lll9AC A roadcasualty was photographed (Penny Menkin & John rl'17 10"S. l9'l0 E). closc ro Boonljie's River, between Cnrlyon)about 5 km southof KaribaVillage (in thedirection of \\ rtervalsbergin the west and lhc Wihenberg range in (he easl, Makouliand Karcii 16"42'S,29'l5 E) in norlhernZimbabwe in ,r ihe trrm A(oes . eariy 1996(exacr date unkoown). Thesc phol('graphs are lodged ltt lhc AAWRC oflice andrre clcarlyof this species.The areais This con\tilu(es a wesiefly range extensi(n of more thrn predomin.rnrlycovered by B,r/.rlr/esid wu landand is closeto 'Ihis l5l) km.rnd it is lhe tirsl time thrr rhisliny mustelidhrs h,cn l-ake Kariba and the ZambeziRiver record li)rnrsrhe '\nissntg ..orded r Capc Mrcchia (liynbos) vcgclxtnn type. The road linl" betweenZirDbabwc Midlands rccords and that ol 'un\ rhrougha mix ofarableiiclds xnd sho Srnsslandcircled by lhe miorrrbowoodllnds ol Zambiathat lieson the norrhbonk of \ nboscovered hi11s. theZambezi Rivcr. In 1989 rhe ruthors discolered thc prcsenceoflhe striped Reference .\. sel in the Kalahrri GenrsbokNational Prrk, ^ tu.ther range Slurn, C. T & Stunrt.M- D. 1990.Strjped weasel, Pde.il,8dlr :\r.nsi(nr(Stuaft & Stuart.1990). We rlsohaveao unconfirmcd, d/bd,.ra. recordedfrom rheKalajrri GemsbokNationrl .u trirly securesighling. oflhis mu\telidlrorrr rhc (nr.alcreat Park.r.,edo? 33(l):ll2 I 13. Krroo(:ll2:lAC), which is a nrixol shortscrub mixed witb grxss. lhc Lcr that it is now recordcd lrom grnsslandtypes, k'wland 'rrnloresl,senri-desert. and Cape Macchia indicnles thar ir hasr African-ArabianWildlife Re$earchCentre, nuchbrcader habitnl rolerrncc lhan pre!budy thoughl. P.O.Box6, Loxton 6985,South Africa SumatranSmall CarnivoreProject Sunralrasarhrglrliahrcdrsrc(ftrrerturnn^rclnld !i!ddid.onser l)itrrn.l ind ddrurnJ txn\ecrs Ioe{{blish cdnieorc rnd nr.y d.nsiries. r.f rr lq89hy SrhrEihrr.rd/'ln drte.holcicr. io d.rr'led(udy hr: bcctr Rcinie c!meft-trllpping tu cfublnh p.csenc. rnd di{ribniotr ol \N.ics. renrkcn .r thc srili crrnivorec.mmDtrity oi Strnlr.r To dre$ rhis Rrdb trting roderdnnine hone ftnse size ntrdusc h.ihtr.rI ruo yrar lieldpr)iecr enlor{d by rhctt r( N/sSClVu\tetid. vi!ctrid ld.,r JnJr..r,rnrrnrrr.c'hcdcr. cJ.r,rn'!t,,(.p(!ic\. rlPr{}otrid Spe.illnt(nout 's he,n!p|lnned Thc pn)iccrn b rrke pkce in Snr.llnlnrmxl taming t{,crlcuhtc Gletrrdcnshics rnd i, prer b0mr\s. r. K.rrrr ScblatNrronrl Plrl $hich. b|int Sunr.!, : Lrre{ reDDiniDEc.tr- Vcgdrrhon \uney\ ro.!nblish hrbirnr ryt€ and truiravrilabiliry. nu,{Ar.cr ol nin lorcn. ex(end\145 lm nknrgrhc \r'lclrir Brri\trnmoutrr.in rr,r wirh anxltirrdc rxtrgc (il 15t,:r-305 m ASL rhcNxrLonrlPark cotrld _ trMur \p.cie\ (S.hreiber.r ()rdr rrreer to.cons.rvr!.n d/ rluch rN rlr rivel Allwork is ro hc..(r.d oul in cl(xecollrbordion with rh. Drc.tnre Ceneral lor Forer Pnrccrn,n nnd Ndure Ci)n{rvdnn (PHPA) rnd ihe lnlotrc. n,y',,,r')rnlrhclndoncsiiinroudrrnr*er\c(Mrv./zrr,r,lntu) Allslecie! srn In(rrurcofS. etur\11-lPl) Indoru{!n \luden6Bittbc hca!rtyitrrotvet ttr r \ r\cnid.nru{.lid dnd hcndn(l trill henudi.d rD.tuding \pc!'e\ {rch rs rhc tlrcpk'.jc.tJidr,ulsunhswillbccmplolcd llrl)nte.r rnrserwil beD..D. 'r.trrdfdlii\anBt/irnnr,r r. ( rr ldrt llmdcd nrth cinr 4.r,i tt1r\ tol,wtt r\). J (lhrvt* oilhe Univealll olCrnrhndlr Wildlil! Rerarch C(trrp I rhrrn'g (tf.t(tui /,t/rrdr,). t|t)! no\cd b{t!er (/,1,.r,i! | r.//i,ri't, Mrhy '{l!cr 1ll\./,rf /.r?r.,rnt. On.rl!l snlllch$ed o!.r (,1,,Ir rn'lr.,) rnd \ n{h .oarcdotcr (arlr, ra,1/nilrrr) Son,e iundin! hrs hccn .btditr.d lio rhr Tirlqi.rl S€icry lin The (lrNcrvati()n ofStecie\ rod PrD!hrnJns. b trc rs.oquncd henn rhe protccr .rnc.'n'nctr.c nlon( nn.r€\t€d i'r receivitrgm,trc dchrh rfrhc pnriccror rht. ' (-rl.ularn,nothomc mnge\ize rntl u{. !'hcJpwirhinnrmlr on.advlce.rlnxi.rrlr$Arrn( Iu.uklhe!rrrl'lut !ih&r ' P.tulrrnn \i/e $d \rrlrri0n $irI alritudcaid lr.h]ur rtt( ' F{nnrrnri ol poptrlnrrndetr\irics rtrd disrihurr[! . Dererminrlionofdier rnd prcyscl.crnrr . Calcularionol prcydcns,ty and hn)m!\s . ln.r+pccilic.omprrisonroevrluaremideolnichepdnurr!!bersecnlnatl BarneyLong, 6 Monkswood,Vesper Road, l.eedsLSs JQZ, F:nglxnd . lflcniEarc rheellic6 ot habrarrypc md fruirinacycle\ on pt)putdn)n\ l'el/Fax: + ,14I 132788701. . P(du.ton of recomnendlrionsfu iduc consc^arn,ncllnds on rh. snratl riitrrvorec.nmtrnny 0JSuinatr E-rnail: [email protected] 2l Recentpublications 'lhe Europeanbadger I.'I'HRT'ATINED SI'ECIES: Cfiflithi, H. l. & Thonras.D. H. l9tl7. The conscrrationand MIJSTEI-ID,\E nra rsenlent of the Europeanbadger (M(/.,1 r,.l.,r). Col'nci] ol , (;u!t)suli (wollerine):VtJ-A2c, Cdnada. Esr('nia. Finhnd, Lurorlc[\blishnrg. Nnture anil Envournrenl N'90:l-77. (erisrs Nft)ngolir,Nolway. Russia. Swcden, tJSA. . M/rkJ ll,drlhJii (Nilgiri Drarten):VU-Bl+2':, Indi.r. . M?lt)g.lLt..r.tu\ti lK;nahrlu lcrcl badgc.): VUJII+2c. Ma- 'Ihi\ docurnet contnir)slhe Revisedresults ol r eoquiry llysra. into thc species,originally prescnledrs r reporr ro rhe Standing . M ttt(k1 l.4i)?i (Color|'hian weasel):EN-Bl+2cc, Colombia. Commirtoc ol the Convention on the Conservrtion of European Ecu,rdor. Wildlileand natuml Hlbilats. on Ihepopulalion nd manalerEnt . lrlus!(lu l retulBu|oper rinkl:DN-A1ace. Belarus.Esro- statusand conservirrionneeds of rhe speciesin the We(ern nin, Finhnd (exl). Frarrc. Oeorgir.Latvia. Lithuunia (ex), Pol.tnd{exlt. Romrnia,Russir, Spain. . Mrsftktl tealit ttltldoncsirn Mounkin weasel):l]N-Bl+2t, Afiera ceneralInlroduction' this very uselul publication gives Nltionrl Accounls" (distribulion with maps).legal stntus. ' Mltt(fu stn!nl.t.\r lBNck stripedwcascl): Vtj-(12a, Bhntln, consefvalion und management,and rccommendations)of the Chin:r.Indi.\ Laos.My.rnrnnr (Bunna), lhailand. Vieinrm. b.rdgcr in : Alba i.r, Ausirir, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia . blukuts kLnh?ill'^lawan stink badger): vU-Bl+2c. t'hilip Hercego!ina. Bulgarir, Crl)alia. Czcch Rcpnblic, DenDarl, l1s' toni,r l,inland,liance. Cernany.Cre,rt Urit.rin. Greece, Hun' gafy,lrcltrnd. Italy. l-rtvir, t-iechtensteir.l-idrunnia, I-uxemburg. HERPESTIDAE rhc li)rnrcr Yugoslavic Rcpubli. ol Macedonia, Ncrhcrlands, . Rtkrx(l. i( kvn i(lackson s mongoose):VU-B l +2cd, Kenya, No.way. Pol,rnd,Portug.rl, Romania. Slovaki,r, Slovenia. Spain. Ugaoda. Swedeo.Switzerland, furl(ey. and Yugosh!i.r. , Gdidili! lts ''Bndsers in n modern world dcrls succcssilcly with . (ielnlitli! UhrLlklitti (Ciant stripcdnro goose):ttN-Bl+3b, 'Badgc$ as pests'. B ge.s as g,me', BxdgersNnd discrse, 'Roxt-l t.allic nx'.lxlit), Lrndsclpcchrngcs'. lhc cflcclsoi , Lihetiittis ttrrni {Liberirn orDgoo\e): ItN-Bl+2c. Cire l)()llur.rnts. Budgen a! n s,)urceof conrnxJdities, and lllegirl d lvoire,Guineir, Libeflir. 'Spo|ts' : badgerbailrnS. . l th'totittis l(c(htli ?drlr (NLrrow stripcd mongoosc):Vlj- tll+2c. Madrgrsc:rr. ''Iladgerpopularnn bi('logy: u b.iel rc!iew inijludcs . S.lhltn,n.o Lolot (Ufown t iled nrongoosc):VU-Bl+2c, 'Popuhlion mnlels. Cruscsol naturrlmont!lity. aDd l).nrity lvlad{grscat dcpendeneennd hrbilrl colonisrlion. VIVERRIDA E Thc Cooclusn)nsconrrin Conscrvrrionbased reco )- . (lttr!.{dleor\lonilowstonsprlrrci!el):VU-Alcd.Uhioa. nrendirrion\'and 'Nfuoagenrel-bLrsed recomnrend:rtions . Lnos, Vielnul). Cr\trt \,1jtut 12to t (Fossr): vU-Bl+2e. Mrthlusc.r. "Rcltrcrces Alicr thc the Names and alTilintions ol C\nosal( tunn?11ii(Otter-civet): EN-Alcc, C2a. I'irunci, correspondentsin national accouon . rhe Scientilic nrmes of lnd(nresia.Mrhysia. Singlporc?. Thailand. Viernrm. speci€scired in lhe text. and Disnibutbn m.ps are given in D4tos.r/. r,r.,i (Hosc'strlm civcl):VU-Bl+2c. Malaysia. I.:Ltt)lekss.klotii \Fotlonc): EN-Bl+2c. Madirgrsclr. Genettt.rinutu lCrcstel gener):EN-lll+2c, CaDreroon.Ni' gerir. lrldLiltsulrliu ntu!!(h?nLi,.(ir (SulirwesipLrlm civcL): \'U-A2c. IUCN RedList of tr€aten€danimals httdrlo\rtu\ ieftloriIle on sprlnci\ct):\'U-Bl+2|:,Irdr:r. ItlCN. l{ltxr 7/k, ILI(-N 191)hR(l Li\t .l lllttdt.nul ! nrtl\. l';|rrN |^attiltt: CR-C2i. Inilir. IUCN.(ihnd & Crmbrtrlre..ll8tp. PROCYONIDAE Fornntre lhrn thirt) years,thc SI'cri.\ Survi\al(i'mnris . &rJn/n\a,r 1,rrnr!:LN-Dl, Co\lr Ricr. sion(SSC) hrs lrecnrss.srin! rhcc(trxcr!nrirnr slurus ol spceies . Iitl\\lritt.,t ttrtli: LN-Dl. P,rnrnrr. and\ub\pe!ies or r globrl rcalcio ,nderto highligh(lrir lht'ea- . NtsLu nel\o,i: (CorumelIsl:rnd coali)i EN-Dl. NIexico. rcncdwith cxrincri(nr.lnd lherclarct(rnole th.if coDscr\Lrti(nr.. P,otroti i \uluti\: liN-I)1. N,exico. Iir th. lifntine,xll mlnrmll sp..ies havebeen asses\ed and . PtuL\l,t tu\tkutli: [N-C2a. Brhxmr!. Iionrrh.\c wc hr!c sclccledlhr mustclids,herpenid\. !ilctrids. . Ptt\ro, Dtitnt: BN-C2b.Curdel(Npc. rnd prrlonrd!. . Ph\ \ t,\SDntets:EN-C2a. Mcxico. . :. LOWIiRRISK: NITAR THREATIINEI) Pdra.L^utus hulndrhru ltdr 1isnnl)/"r ( Mcnluwaip lnr civer)i r'rtocYoNlDAIl VU-A2c, Indonesiu. . Pokln( rithtrlu,tii (l-eighron . Bdssatit\r,t h..ldarli: Cryrnr, Venezuclal lir.,t",rir s litrsrng):I)D. C6ted lvoire.l,iberia, Sierra Leone. , Bd$ntiL'\,r tahhii: Col(,mbir. Cost{ Rica. Ecuador, Nica The n€w IUCN ('ategories and ftit€ri,: Abbr€viations . Itdlrd/is.trr rtr,rkrrturri: Belizc. Closrarica. El Salvndor, and a':ronyms (sec rbove 'nentionedpuhli.alxnr tor Droredcr (lurrernah, lklnduras?. Mexico. Nicaragua,Pananr.r. ils) r. I;XTINCT AND EXTINCT IN THE WII,D CA'I'EGORY: .'rr sl Lt_ )AI: CR, CriticallyEnd.rnScred: EN, Endungcred:VU. Vulncr . rlutteh nicripcs(Bl^ck footedlerrel): EW. USA. ablc. LRrcd, I-owerRisk. conservrriondcpcndentr LR:nr, LowerRisk. near rhrealcnedj IiX. Exliocl:EW, !xlinct in rhc R(X'YONIDAE Wildi DD, Drra Delicicnrr . I'h\ nn gk^?ntll?tti.XX. Barbados. CRIIERIA (A,B,C,I),E)l'rd STJBCRITFIRIA(1,2,:r,b,cd,el: r. t)r'tA r)uncttrNT A. Dc.lining l)(pulattunrl. l,opulationredr(rion observed, 'r1st I]_lt)AIl eslimnted.interred. or susJ'ectedin rhe pasl:2. l,oputntbn decline projecled ' \tL\k tt.tliintnu (Ttopicalwcascl)iBfiur1.Col(rnbir?.Ecul, o. suspectedin rhe li(ure trasedon :r, direct observalior: b. rtr index ol abundrnce .fprlrprille for lhe lrxont c. a decli c in arcaofoccuBncy. cxtenr ol occurcnce \ I:I{ItIDAE and/orquality of habitrti d. actualor polcntjallevels ot' cxpk)ilanonie. thc cllectsof inlroLluccdlara, . (;rnitd tt)\,\\itliLd(AbrssnriNn genet): Djibotrri. lthi('fin. hybridizllx . prlhogcns.pollutrnts. conrperikn.s. or par.rsircs.Il. Small ' distributi{)nand declirc or lluctuati( l, cilher se!ercty t;1tilkt fulut\hrti (.lohsknr'stenct): Cate (l'l!oire. Cuincr. i l.rgmentedlisohrcd subpopulitlions wilh r rcducedprobrbit 'ly ol recolonirnti(nr,if onceexrinct) or known ' \l|"rr)\ r(D )idnut ((;xnrbiirr x, go(,scl:('('ltc d l!oir., k) cxisl ar a nunrbcrof loc.tti('nsr2. (;rnhi.r.(lhxn!. Nigcr,Nigenr. Se egnl.Sieftr Lconc. Togo continr|insdccline i rnJ ol the , lirllowing:a. cxtentol occrrenceib. tjreaot occofrncyic. t)\hontkrit t)ilr^otut \Aqrhric gcncl):Conso (Kinshrs ). a.er.cxlcnl and/or q aliryol habitat;d, nunrherof loc ln,ns t{)(.YONIDAE o. subpopl|latioDs:c. nunrbcr ol nrrrureindividu.rlsi l. ftuctu- alingill rny ofthe , \t\rtlld ol^\k,::!: Colonrbi!.Iicuador, Vcnclucl.r iollo$ing:a, exlentofoccurrr,,cei D. arca ol o.cuprncyi c. numbcr of hcati(nrs or subpotulalions; d, I \I BSPI.]CIESANI) POPUI,ATIONS nunrbcrol-nralure individunlsi C. Snrallpopulntrnr siTe and dc.line:l, rnpiddccline rnre: 2. conlinuirg 'L dectinc{nd eiltrer: SI ELIDAI] a, fragmcnrcdor b, all individu,lsin ! singtesubpoputationr ' ( trt.pdlut ,ktuleun\ t(ln tst(! (Rig thicket hog nosed D. Very small or restricrcdeither l. number of nralurc iodi .lunk): EX, tJSA. ,!idualsor 2, populalioDis susceptiblc. . l.ud httrhdt.tlfr.a (Grcyheldedrxyrr)r VU-Cl. Bcti/c. (iurlcrDrh. Mexico. It should be notcd thai lhere is no (onrtlete conti'rmily wirh thc , \1.t1(\Jh^isultl rohinnri (1.\!'1yelkls thnuied nnnen): CITES listi hN-lll+2c. l doncsia . ANNEX I: ' (-Iiu\hirna \hitl.t rt.kxnt'ts tsr. Jl\ Islxnd Maien): V(J"C2b, M USTELIl)Ats:M"rr"1d "itri.r: Vl VERRIDAI:i Prloror./,r . unrtcs .ibelli x bn(i,]|rrd (Jrpanescsabte): DD, Japan. ' ANNEX II: . \t(h)sule oi?n/d/tJ (Jrvrn fenEt-badger):LR. Fg,utkl lndonesia. MUS f ELIDAE: Conq.rrus hunbo Id I i i I V lV ERRIDAE Cryp - , tlrn(h evnhla ni a,r,"niir: VU-A2cd. China. Russix. bpncta ferox, C\nogale bevtexii, Eupl(es goudotii, l.otsa ' I:t)nrela pcps,rn" (tsu.opean rrcsuen mrrbled pole€rt): Iot sas4 H " ntisa Iu s der lr !"@us, P r i onod on Ii nsaa SIPRO{:Y O- \tj-Alcd, Bulsaria,creece. Romania.Turkey. Ukrajne. NIDAE: Ail!r!s/a/sezr. Yusosld!ia (formerl. . ANNEX III; MUSTELIDAE: Lia bdrlntu (Hondurat. O.r/n rir frrl.rd. I:RPESTIDAE Mu e! Joitkl ittt"mvtlia \Indin). Maiet strdkhsi \lntin). , b.l.otul? Ltd||i. udd,,Drny,/d (Sokoke bushy taited nxnr Mellivora tup.nsi\ (tsotsw.rna,chrna). Mrrt?la dltdirc (ln- !oose):EN-lll+2c, Kcny!, 1anzanix. .l;.n), Must.la tutltiah (lntlitrt. Mt1't"tt lihiri.d ||tiatl IIfiRPESTIDAFI: H?ryiest.s(urotu tIatas (Inrlia). H. .I\JERRIDAE (d" aldsii (lndinl, tI.l^(r\ (ln(lir). //. r,rrri; (lndir), H. r/!d ' \rrtittis bintu\,ns !,[nl"l (Pal wrD binrurong): VU-Rl+2c, llndial. H. ritti 2l IUCN/SSCWildlife TradeProsramme and Small Carnivores -l hc M 'SC rre rwrr. ,n rIc wil.llifctxdc in nrur.lids.r i\crids TheI'errrr& r\ u\u!lly ofl)calnnponrnce,espe.'ull! wnh !Lvetrrds r'.tr2$smosllyo.cu^ iircelons l J,rt'(l,rnl\ ntr,lrhe porentiJ nFcl lhn irat hrre .n rhc c.tr\.^arnD in A\ir'thcfudein{rld rlughruimaL. srrrtr\ ol n'nny ir!ll rl ivorc \|reci.\. The n'rid thrt hu!. ndt Jc!e|)p.d.o orrlinnredsplcre' Nln,8emenr Uolturnres, DNsl.lnl'. !r!er \rtrJ po.yonid\ is Dlrnll liom thotrrtrr. rndde\rlc llre li,und ii No li Anicri.r. Eu()pe.Jlprn rnd Ausral!!i,, rharm,inly ulihse !biliry!,.srtlblis| corD$ci!l iur l!nn\ rN withnn"t.li'ls) usrn8 rnntrve brcl rtriDrrl\. rlri: hrs nol trevenledlrnltins ol wild lur h.a.nrB\fccies iD cotrsidcrrhleqtrdrrric\ Thercar ul\. olhe mporlml conlderrl nmsitr the Re.entl)rhel\lvl'SChrshcdr!!|lrofthed.xbne nilholhersPecirl (onrol ol lif lunnlrg n) pre!€nt rhe inldvcaeit or dcl|bdalc c\cifc or isrenrps, h] thc ltr( N/SS( willlrte TfadePrcBramD.\ l{r !\sisl lheD $ilh ifl'odkrn oi rlicn\pccrcs.$hichrlr.nr.n\nr.(dhililyotnrli!ebnnlrvchiryrheir !.rivhics, lnd ir h.: breDrrresd lo nntnr. connnunrcrtronrn'l co pn,!irlin! or small in mrny t'rn\ oi thc sorld. A nr.st nol$le vicri or rh. inv!\iv. \tc.rcs ,)nernrn,nbr futrc iDtumdn)nrnd dtreclnrn llresulusof problelnc.crred by thc lur indr:nt is the Ernpent\ iirl M,n./t htttl?tu, .rnivores thrr mishr bc in drtrscrol unsu\uinablelrrde sill lnow) shich rs closelo ertrncln,n{ttre l{, {.s re.de^ ol rlis dcrnc(cr 'Ihc 'lft.lc rheconrNtrnded ellccrs dirlr. nrt'odu.edAmerican nink,t/,r/A/ rin,/ k, WilLllilc P()r.nmme (nrevnruny rhc liaJe Specrrlisr criri cn(ll Iurope, $rth ils nrorc robrn atrd opnorlunislic n!rurc, rhe (notrp)uns ioirirr.d.!er l0 rc!r\ dgob ctrb!ncclhe SSC \ s.i!nriii.itrtut Anrericatrnnnk otrrronrplrcsth. narivcEuiopenn nrnk rnd so prevenlslhe n, (l'lllS lnd pft)!iJe inlitrmrlnnr lo nrtn,nrl ,rd inrcn{rn)nrl polc! rco\et, nl . ltxt?olt ||hctcthclwospecicscofrei.loconlrd'lhehuDrne m![er\i rnd the p(,grtrmmesorls in eolfuhordln)n$ilh it\ pxnnerorSnni ranchingofsnrall ca.nivorcsc!n relic!e the pre$ure.n wild polularions, s!lnnr\.TRAFFIC dil WCMC. l hc drrid locrs of thetrogrunnne has been ncvenhcless,the hrrvenins olwild iw bcareBis. $und e('logicrl melbod ro idenrirysp.cics rh.ltcned in trlde lnd b recoDmcndactions ro lddrcss ol neerir! nrlrkel denrandslor tur if lhere are cfl.ctivc contols in rhe suedn$le trse ol hancstcd spccics,and conducl€dhuddnely. At lhc nn)nrenrsuch proven nrthod\ ofsuslain0bilityapperrlo be only.ch'e!ed in In oftlerk,lL'llil prn.fthc wildliie TradePogRDne ohi..nv.s, n padsof Nonh Anrericr. In !llotherrcgion\ oflhe sorld which oblrin lnr ir inrportrntrhar rhey rre povi{lcd wnh a tu.nltniint lnr lruderssues in clch 'iSC lrom wild Irnr'pcdlniNals ir i\ tnund l{, be eillrf unn\ldnrdbl..r rhc rr\oo.Dir S$.irlin Grouph crstrr.lhrl crn fnnk rh. lelliled evidcnc.r,)cvrlurt \u\r,rnrhle hrv€n a rnrprecr\corn'nply doc\ notcrrsl inlorn rion reqrird llre NlVI'SC hrNc rlk'td lr) idenlil.! ! p{{n' or Der(nh{rrhin or otrr\nlcrhc cx]\r rg nrenrh.hhip\ho i\ rvillir! l1ilrlc oo tlurtnU ol viverids tur ntrl ir *idcs[cdd iD l)ln\ oi Aliica rnd lhen)lcrsrh. i'erl Nifronrltlc isue\ in\oiriig lDrll e!riir.'c\ Wc.r Asir. SnIll (rniv.r! nrcar is loctrllt inrponrdl, e\p€rirlly l(tr vilrus. rh.Rlnrerslrn! MVI'S(i . rJcr\who h$. ihc relevrnlerpeflr\c,tr commnnili.s In lroprcrl cooi(ric\, lnd itr $me rrtrs lhis nmr poser lhrerl int.r.n kr.onre tuArud or who(nn reconrnrcnrlothc$ l1! recrtrrnnenrk) lhe . rrscveftLsp..icsPerhrp\ol srerle' e{trc. i\th. lir!e-sculeexplutrlr)n \l\ r'\r,',t t\!' r 1,,1{r.l'.rr.,llf.ir,'.'..'1.i.'f Ln.wD tr o..ur lhftrghotrl A$r- shqe frlnr civct nicaris I dclic!.t, or rlrcn).!l poinrlnr.D Frcciye! r\ havioAmcdi.inrl pmp€rlies,in nant hontcsnnd ren.urNnr\ lor thc nrn.nl PxulR.hrnlin i\ Nrlng a\ R.c.nl (on.nnr ln)wlh n A\ir hrs sc.n u drrnrlricincrcr\. $ lhe opcrrnor hct$e.tr rlic wildlilc lrdc Prigrxnnne rnd lhe Nlvl'SC. unlll con{mIllv. lrrde ol brsicnLl}rll rvildliL. includirA tivcts Iitr trrnrple. nrncon.i\ $illirg b rrl. of rhis'i'lc Plcrsreonllcll'rulRohir\or ifyoo .,)nliscrri,fN rr rh! H!ni'i Rc\ruc C.nrr. overr l0 Neel pcrtudlisred orcr nrcinr!r\r.d.r *irh rnt deinil\.n IIe lrr{l! rd in!lltrrntr.r.\ .1r'0nDinl:.rl which80.1{nr!is.doisnr!llurnirores(m!irily/rtrrl\ltll ,.n,./t-,/rxt) nNJtn6!rlphicnlly rllu\lftlc\ lh. cro,Diry ofrhc ! cnLr Pnul Rohrn!'n .rl diDlt s.cs utrdcr..tcJor is blxtrnlly unerrnrc.d nnd lde l.d M.* l-xn..ll.sl,elh Brrl l,r.\r,fl PR16,\/\.I n t.d Kinlrl,rn '' _-. -. 1)l<\rrrn'1,' ('rherdenvnrives of eMll .rmi\.rrs, tn)viJcJby wildlili lfldc. 'l s, lr"fL1J lr ioel\lr rh..\hin)n ol rL\rt orlN n rnq {rb(rn.e lrtrur in rh. Nrlrnr . inrr t,8k {ll(l.nro|rcn.n..!k indurrv. r ronnnon p trs. itr rlrepAr rNi rrill ii u\. nxhy cnct lirms nu(ly u\. $ild !r!.!hln.irri(. brrrhcrc n r inl]lninrhd ol lni.rsbe.tnnns Paul Robinsonand RolandWirlh c{db i\tuLlrnng.rpri\r bRl rnrrrnl\. Tlre Kr€bs Report on badgersand borine I'll 'lh. ( Krchsrcvicw or'Thr !rcur hnJgersnnd tai!ine lB d.brrc' hr\ rule l B slll coDrlNcl,, riscrmil lheold lhin! Nrnlh 0lll0 .!l of n.* apDexrcJbut is ! rert drsnppoinlrn!r€ll!cltrrr dD lhc irilMc ol BS! lMrd Coss) cdrhcs trp .ud r.nr,!e\ .i .r cdlrlc{irh 1lJ rxi. lhrt h$ r)7buluilllt.llini.,lrsti1\n poliri.rlly i,rspircdt\.trtlos.ietr.c t) Jresserlh.r th. k.! rssuesol i'hjtt xlrcll]j_hJv.dTB 1996 lhrl b!d!.r.trll\' $orl. rrvc scr.nce.or r rrrr!ri.rl soltrrn r, rhc ln'blcnr .f bovineTB in e{llc whichr: rlisr rll lheohjerl ol rh. c\c'riscr 2 C!rrl.r.ninB to{\ | ll nrillnntt.xrxlrcxd!xnd $ill hrYe1,,b. increr\fdsoir i\ilnrgicrluspctr,ltl2nrilln .natr.$ ir. bndg.r.ull/ 'Ihe kepon rnd rtu N{rrrry ol A-{nculru! hnh rdtr'n rhlr tr is not reserrcr'\.hcDc. ni'cli.n NlAFFsorr.drnrltcd rsunrlnntr'([11 b!d!c's tno*n hos, or il. b lgrA ishl fr$ TII b.rnl. sh.r. rl sta s rt r rrc !uilll r l.lr(l)/IB b lg$ ortrn bc hrtr!!.s e.oroiirc\. h.(cr \Nnl on respii or! lo'g ioic.rion Ard i(rlsor..pls uncnucnll' themylh lhul orl! gnxslcsnr.rnlc0\r. nr. nrli.lnNs!i lhrlb lerrsrreiolnBrcl'cd.brnE TA lronr elule. Thir yrh lir!\ !cr) silt hectrrc|cltd by NIAFF rn lhe Sldiy. rhc l)olnie\ ot pscudoscicncehalc ore(onre coon.n scnst 'bible lor b gcrrudenls 1( hce\rnln. 1996). r\lpolnredoul rl.\l,nNlt (,\iu// (itttr,/. (i,t\(trrlul ll 5. ll:15). Anru\inely.nerrh.r lht t'.ltrxnt R.r&/ n$ tr'.t 1,2,/,/xrcqillin3l,, 'Ih( Rcno'rrlsolrilsb.xtLninrhedrrmrtic upsBrng inunlc lu Nbli.i\c lhe er lhxrr'lr_lf,bd!c^.'cnrctly.{chnrg III r \i.c. 1986.!iJsfrcodtrrN!idl.Dd:nrt!\qh.ETBhrsbeenrbsenlli.mhnhrheKkhs rerai( d,r$\.nc cr.n oncolnr! 50 ( prNN on lhc lrbrc.l I 'l brdgersnnn.rule litr decrd.r lr b^l8crs ftcrrcd rt ! frcvrlence olup l,J l0',? .y'Ll r[c\c hcrdhrtrldo$ns {[Lch rs llt clhrcn e!idenc. 01sfrllovcr 2 hndlcrs ffom N\t.n.d/unrr .d crlll. Ch.cscnru, C l9()6.,rz&./r: Poy\.r 1l' :l):-l0l by Che.\cn[n ol M AFF) Two rbstrJly sim1rle{ntrttun\ l,) rhc fnntcm rrc e\rlcnr: I NIAFF\ro.rtiur$dd.rorlJsln)wrIllfullelbclNe.nh.RITB \c!.rntrrd M. Hancox,l7 NouncellsCross, Stroud, bndre6\irh fB lnnirne\eh.fds.giv.n rh.polrti.xl $ill Thiscoul(lb.holh quicl rn{l.heap(i crq oll Glos.GL5 lP'f. UK 21 Recentlit€rature \lustelids I)irg,{r.J.W.& lloncycutl.R. I-. 1997.S\sl.nuticsol nu\tflid likc carni\orcs. .l ,]./d,t,.. 1A:J)6 1Jl. \h,li!r)ov- A. V. & BI)slrniko!. C F 1995.The lrruclufeol os Dltu. G. S. & Bissonette,J. ?\ l')97 Wintefacli!it) llficnrs ()t' nr.lleus ir l)alaeorrcriclvl ustclrl^e (C lfiii! ot!). 7,.o/. ,..1. AnreflcarrnrUt.rs (,lrl7.| d,Lrnzotut): Rejclri(D ol rhc ll:ll9- lll. (l Russirn) htpothcsi\ol rhernnlcost nrininiari{nr. Qn ./. Zrn.. , ,.1!.L ./dl 199,1.Ncw llrSenrustclnls ft(rn rhctrte tvllocene 75:81I816. ol the Tcrucl ltrsir (Sfri,r). (.n. lrk/. .t// t.,. L Ed{\{trfds,R. l9t)7 At tl)c nrcr.} oi nrint. N.r ,f.t.rti\l I lr):109.rll(X). (ln f:rcnch) 156(2110):16. \ r.ro N & Bnrsn. K. 19.)7.S.condrry pors,,|ing ol nrusrelds linders.A.C.& N{crd.R A. l996.Pro!rr'ssi(rr oll|I)ph,ttrsr inro rr x Nc$ Ze!lrnd /V///r{zr lircst..l ,/,,1. 241:861-1t69 lh. cndonrelrumduring inrtl nl.|tionir thr wcslcnrstor- ilr.r .. N & I,loller,H. 1997.Diet of ierxl .its t./i., tl/t^. retlskunk. Anu/. R.'...244.297 fls. lcit.ts ,l/Lt/?htJitR). rnrl rrt)tts M. ./r/it&t;t\ Ettsslnntl t.cnskeCrawlbrd. T.J. & Nir|ni,CiJ 1997.Predarn)n oi arr ificial \ulroundifg yeilo$ cytd penqnln trl.!tu/v.i dnti\L/.1 ground nestsa( 1wo lypes ol cdgcs in a li).esl-dominated hreedlng rlrers. SouLh l1l.rnd. Ne\\ Zcxlul\1. ./. 1tn/.. latltlsLape.(aotd 99:|1 )1. I ll:86{l lll7 Orrcir. N., Arsursr. J. L. & Torres.T. 1997. The c mivore re- .r .l)ul.| & l(!D. C I997.Etrr r.ricphn in rlersellrndKln\cn nuinsl(nn rhcSinrr de los I{ucsos Nliddlr l,leis Jcenesitt \,rr lle ho.lrnrrr ler 1...!r/ir'811):ltl )2.Itl.turtut,rt/?n (Sicrrxde At puerct.Spliti)../ H,,1 t't?/,l):155 114 . ,1.\ P..IlcRe.A.C.<lsli gs N a lr)97I{rtr(trlucrire {;rtrof. J. S. ./ dl lt)91 I co rpxri\o of scvollrfu|r rid rlllcic cr in nrinkr,t /jr, ,7:,,r)lrfft.(l \irh thct,.\li '{nlurrne lnr *xn tcrn anenhesi it pnlc.Ntt \Jt/tn./t/ ciLl.\Iir(lrr...d holi L.r llrl |.|rlchl(r)|h.n,)l .l il|?2,1 /,r(r.e"on,t). /. ,/r,) tt'i/.//.nl.rl. )1\)11)71) /tJitl.. 1lt:11 )S (irccn$o{ .I{. i ../l 1997.Pot,|lrtion rIJ n\cnr.It chrruc ,nli. l'../11 191.)7.O..u,r.r(\'ol foriortht). nr(r!,,!tlr) l.rislic\ oJ rrdio collxfedndpcd \kuIks in N.nl I)rlolr rtr(l(irortlri {rbstltur.(lP( ll co !crdj in t()l.c,rl\.\t,)lc thrrf! rn etnrt(iric('l l,rbrcs../ lliL//. //^:. -ll:llt) lll. ,'rtrt.rr\rtrlbrdlcr(rrollrlhestrtcol lltl,in \u i'lIh.rg. llrr\.ir U & Ilcrg.P 1997 Nlinkkir gR)$rhpc,lir niLtlcci rh0 (/aJtu)\/)/ |)tr.iit1.\ t l1:l1i)l lll)0. sr!klrng Icriod.L llstini es(ii srnlcc\ot \ rirti( .,t,7, .\t)11) r I)r\i,1.\l .lrlfrn.l( \\'.& S.lrtll.l) Nl.11)97.,\nlu!lrnrl . l \,ri. .t/r/tt/n).. 17( )46. 'cinntl.hrn!\:\ ir' (li.t\ (il Ir[ 1!f\: i'!rdfn.c ll(nnstrb]c lJUris.S.1997 llr(lgerholcr.lerls.hlos. BB( tl il//i/i t tt1\:31\. t/11?/1,.\r11,/.tl 1.. J I). lgtr7.,\ !oluntr'.,-bxrc(lsistcIr ln. s.,lltiling\rrix Ucn,\.K S .//l l,ltrlt(in)eenlr!rior\ rnd lrNzr.dr\\.ss[rcnl ot lions ilr rl)r' !bunclrn.c or' tioltcrt\ \,1/1/n.Lt?tuuitt)../. of!rinochl,trinc.onr.rnrinxrnsrnd nrcrcuryin srnrll xtrrlh ar/ . )11:857N6l bas\I'orn r.rmr)le lak. rr)lhc tlpt.r I,cnlnsuhot \{irh ,1...1.I). 1)r\,i\orr.A. & lcrnr)n, I) t. 1997.Srurlics o,r the tt\r. At1h. Litr oD",t. ( unarl. 7i)tk /,/.,11:A186 t,rh[/./.t \r,l1r'!rrilccologv of the lx)lccxt in Ii irrin liitL.rt ll'i/t//. /ir.t/. R.r.. lt)66:1) lE. H'rrel.D. & Ntcrd.ll. A. 1997.Lculcnria inhihir,)ry k(r(n ir rfi. .Lffnrn_ S. 1997. \\hcrc he(tht|gsrttl t bill. B/lC Ilth//ili urclus ol rhc weslrnr spoltcd sktrlk /lk)/.A\,/)ttd. l5t1):)\\ | llrL t ,L /t,.n 5()(Sl):'l-lr) ,\^. V L//l I(1,)7f\'\cl('tnr(Dlr1 srrhitrr) ol ltlr nrink H.lr\te.^..t d/. 19{)7HisL(n('gicrl lnd histo.henricllchrr.clcr .lh/.ttt,h r/."r) ur)de thu iilprct .l lJ(:ll. |1.rd th.ttl/. isricsof lhe glrnduhc pr(nlndaeplicle \e rilurr cs .oll- .1:17.16 Snfpl luncrrvxc anr')fg sorrrecrrJrirn(\ Z. ./.t.1.h.i\'.. 1l:l)t) \1n|. S rt t/. l{.)95.PopuiNtiof.hfng(s ol th. \'errchfrt' 121. (Mdr/?.\) .onrmunil\dur',rg r sIo\rsh,,eh e clclc in alnr(ll horcxl lcllcr cs. Il. J..Slrlch n. (1.& Str:rchx. R. l9il7.SIL(lier or) llc l<\c\t. ()//,t^ |)1i9 tlt. IG//1) au/il strrlusrnd ccologyol lheurtc. !olc rDdirs inleracii( r!ilh ,,nDrr. J. (. lr)r.)7.fur rrh(r.rl cnc{,LrrlcrbcrwccD r l..rg, rhe Eua)Fan nrink: hn?d U/iL// lh/n k/,t.. tt)\)6.1)-1h. rrr/.fr eealrl, rt,/n./tt /itrxt. rnd rhfecrrd ntr iI.ls. l(rres.C. l]. .rl 1997.Er)!inrrnrcnlrl tolfurirnt\ rs xcliolo!icrl I trttt r tt r t /ttr/t, ( n t tt. rt t / it /t/ )lntn l l l :,lttt.l8l rg.nrs in lc rxlcrc]]ro([r.tive flrhol'g]: Phccnrrlrl\tlllr .rr.. a;. l.rfsi,rl.l' & llljlldi|..lO l(197l,ollchl0Ji !{cd c\prc\sirn;n no n!l 0rd tr)llclrl! irrtcd biphci)| rl,('B) hit)hcr!lsln a lflrstriNl Ir.rhlof. lh. frJrc rrrlcI t r,/d//.x cxtosecl nlink (,tfurrl1 ri.nat) /'/tkrrt/d l8\n1t) 6t)t) r,'n.'t,). ('h."t.. 'I /J/)nrxtl. h\"t)/. 16r17?t)1711. Kl.nr()|r .rzl lr)(17.Srrrirll lLnfil(l fr.(htion sidrs t t,rrh jrhl.r. B 17/l l9llt Htirltnri{\ur\.:lirl.col rl)i.\ ir rl,rr glo\1h ol ,,1/kt?at\\rl,:\: A tr.rhr(tr redLrcli(il.\ .lar. ll.l,rl l r: lt)96 r\sc:\nr.nt ,1ht/. t t / . !l 1\)t). l\\itrnt. / ,1,n,. /.t /,/ . ti6lttD 6l.l tlrtt/t /tt ,t)t//i\) t,llrl \ ,x /r\) K11uf,.ll lr)1)8.OI tllij t t /It( Ili/t//. 161)tt)!ltl tlht\/.ll .r.'.S & I'$.1. V l')tl7 Ih.cllc.l rl ne\rlirg(on{lili.n ()n / 11rt/dl I sf rrlin3 in mcll,\r fifir\. ,1an, lLfLt . 51:1)\l l(flrki. S. .,/ / l9{)7. Ur.c(lrM ..e\\ ol h rfk gr, r\. rn,l l5] l. (.lh.\t /!/,/ti///n .rp((rillic in tr|rtltiItti rrrrrrrIlirltr.(l,rtl,r Ll(n\ t].! I r. I (;. llinrinn. I). J & Irhillil)s.l) iU l9()7 Scr\(irrl ,)rrlq1) sfr liirl \crl... /r1.,, l() tr)l I l(l hrhil|l s(lccliorrb\ nr:itcir irr r r rtirtt.,l |,l!st frc l.^rtlr. .\. t/ t/ lt)!r7.\\,,1\(r If\ , nt1Lr.ir pn\ l,r i'L,ttr. tr '.t\c. .l lr'il/l llL,rt.r/ . 61 .1tJ7I ll N(,1\x) ai7, ./ iljr/.1< ljt); l1\), ( ,.[k. l{)97 l-tr'g lcrnr.]lccl\ ril N ;\nxarlrI Ininl ,/,r/, Irr \iirt. S & \lc:\rci.lj lLr.,1,\1,,$rrirti( hrhr\i,, I ir ttr.. ri,ron \.rhirl\ in r!.(crn S.orhn(l/t/;i/.!72li.l l: i0r \r)11 .ll!f.tl slunlr..',/.,/,r/'r. i . , / t/. /,,..t l\tt \,''t, tt)) '1..1. Lrri\i.rf. S & NIcs\ler.I lt)66 lriel,lanc(hesir ol nnpcd Roper & K.nrencs.I 1997.Filf.ct ofbk,.king ofentrances \l!rls..t/.f)htt\,Lt'rt \, r\iits h,\l\ttl nc ()ut. lk/t/. on the inLcnuIcn\ irrrnrirol bttlg t M"/f.\ ta'/t \ setr\.J. ,\i/r/r. I l(l:t(l:l 705. An/. [.i?/.. 31:1]1l -1319. Lxfl!i4tu. S. & \rc\sicr. Ir. l9il6. lllrnobili/rtk)n .i \tri|r.d Rou!incn,K. L, Andrrso , D. M. & Alward,S. R. lqg7.Effects \kuDfs$irh T.lx/ol ,t tL//..tn.. aL//..24:t t1 tt6 ol hiShdietxryle\elsol sil!erhdkeandAtlanti!hcning l-rriyiirc. S & Nlessicr.l:. 1997.( har.clcristic\of wrlc ;\rl on grosins lurring pc i,nnNncc and blood clinical- lr.\r detiidrtiur by rhc \rtitctl \kutlk (M"/,Lrl.t ,kf)/ti/i \): chcl)isrr) ol ninl \rttu$fh rrn,t). ( d,. ./. /1"n,. Jii., (an prcdal(^ he idcDlilieillor ]lest rcn insl 'll/"/l 77:5 0(r'5 1 7 . .tlk/l Mttut:, I l'1:l9l lt)6 Ituir-Olm).J.././. 1997.Dislribution. stltus rtrrd.oloniTarxrn of 'l l.ir,.ll.!.I). ?/.t/.,lt)'17. rirntl(Jcrlioool ca'ni!ortsas u orruxtrl rh! Anr.ric.rn nlnink,t/z'lz/a Iiv inSprin.J. tlti/.//.R..'.. i (n lDnnrgingproblclllr r niii!l\: A tc\ it:* . Blo&t (/,tkr. l( l)::1036. 6:12.151157. Schmplir,R., \\'iegrnd. I'. & Hogfefe.H. ll. l{)97 The inrplicr l-odi, l. 19t)6.lfotfiic sratusrndticding h bitsof the IlUtu- lionsol tcrir(riNlityii)r the(Jcial sy\tenr ol lhc Eu()p.rn p.rn folccar ,ttutrr/t/ ?/tk,tut 1,. 1158. MaDr't R.r.. pirc ntf,]'tn l,l/.ut..t ,LDr.i). Z .t:.tt9"ti"t k., 61:2(J9218. 21:11'7181 SoLolo\, V. E.. Chcrtroya.O. F. & Rozhno\.V. V. 1997.A l-ynch. .1.M. "/ d/. 1971.(t,\rioule\.ic varirtxrn in lhe euft\irn li ding ol phntarlhndular orgrnsin a mflhlcd f'olcc l bn(lget,It /".t ,r.L.t. J. ZtDl.,242:31-14. l1rrt./t t.Ertvkl lMuslclidae, Mamnraln). rll./.i I'fabclii. B. l9r)7. Boolr nl nttet in de 6toek.Zaat'.!i"rA(2):33 11. /1tul I't/tl 351:816.81e.(ln Russian) Malnkvist,J., Ik)ubak.B. & Hanscn.S. W. 1997.MLrling tinrc Stewarl,P. D.. Elluu)d, S.A. & Macdor)ald.D. W. 1996.Renrde {nd liLlcrsi/. in lrrm mink sclcctedfor conlidentor limrd vidco surveillanccofwildlil; rn inrrodu.rionliorrr expe h.ha!xNr. /lzl,r .tit, 65:521525. ricnce $ith th. UurcI'ein hrdg.r M"/".t,tr'/..\. d,n,. Maran, T. 1997. Schurr des tsuropnischcnNen.es lMt/.t/?/// Ro.. 27:lt\5 201. /tntz!,/.t1. M///. Zo./. (;(.t?Ut. Arkrt Poltt/.Iin.rrh . Srubbe,Nl. & Srubbe.A. 1997.Dcr I,{ruswiescl(,rr t.t/t/.rri d/t ') t). 1l(l):7 h,j,gr,,Jrr tc'hurrr'srin( 5r(llun!irr Ol'h).Ifl,rnnJ Mrllrrin,S W. ?r tl 1997. The associationbetween lhe bovine 1'\\ Gcscr/.. Bli/t. Jt!<./ l.r'il.t;)tx lft., 22:257 )6). lubercuhsis (atus ofherds in theEasl Oll:ly Projccl Arca. SurhcrlandSnith. M. R. "/ a/. lt)t)1.Vaccine induced canine aod rhe disranre ro badger se(s, 1988 1991. fl"y. nr diftenrrur in ELlropeanmink, Mu.k/.t Lt/,/o/.t- ! Zn ltl..l. 3l:113.125. W /.1/.,11!.1.2u:3 | 7"3 | 1\. Masuko. T. S. ./ul li)96. tlltrirslruciural rn:rlysisol lhe prrotid Swinn)n.J..7/l l99T.(irmparison oi fc||ilityconnolrnd lcthal and \ubnr.rndibuhr Slandsof lhe n:'!Iten. J. D.,/. R?.t., .onLrol ol ho!ine tubercuk)sisin brdgcN: !'he inrpact of 75:1085. pefiurbation indirced lrrnsnrjssion. Prih,.t. Tt.n.r. Ror. Messsengef.L E.. Uidts.L D. & Dn!ison,A. |997-Thc slrrusol Ji'/. LoxLa 352(8):69 6ll. 'Inuson, rhe pinc mrrtcn in Engl.nd and W^le:. Vnt.ul tt'//.//. A. H. ,997.Prolacrin protiles ofpregnanr. hct.tting and fitt/ kr\., 1996:21lt. no 'lrctrtin! llnhll|lc )illk lJlLttu/o riv,t). J. R.raa/. MoriJ. C. J.& Ilirks.J. D. lt).)7.I'rcliminrr) monir,)ring work on ,&"//.5I(S):195-l0l 'I \r(irrs ifn(iwersels. hk"r/ tt'i/./l /irj/ n"t.,l9t)6:19 11. auenr.A. H..l:ink.R. & ('hwdlibo8.A. 1q97.Can grs exchrnge Newell,I). G.. Clihon'Hadley,R S. & Cheeselrrn,C. L. 1991. nrcrsurcDrcnlsbc uscdli)rcrlculrtion ol ntrt!icnt oxidxtion Thc kinelicsol srrun rotibodyresl'onses Lo naturll inlcc tr1\11i111 l ilh^ k,Lt rtt.nt expos.d t(' shon tcfrn chlnges in ti\\1\ \rith tvtobadolt t bori.t ii nne badger socirl ery'- srppl.\'l Z fndhtunt iti..36:111 l)(1. 'Ihonrc, EroW. [/i4",]tu/. l|/;arkat 118:l1l lt\(t. tl. & (;ci!cr. G. l()t)7.A conrparisonol two Incthods Pei.K. & Wxng.Y. I995.Sonrc ohse.\ ntur s on thcrcptr)du.tion br\.d on (nnh $e!r uscdn) dctcmineage in wilil cxrni {,1 rhe Tliw n lerrel hudger t./U./o.qdl rntlrtutd .tu/) !(trcs ol fnowD .!e. ,1r1t. //lnol. Lit/rtr/. /. l1r ,,1/.1. tutrrl.arn in ! thenr'f!iwrn. Z,rl t/.r?f, -1-l:8lt'95. .t2l: a 16:8l-1i.1. 't Pekknrinco,P & lleikkih. J 1t)t)7.Prcy \clecri(nrof the lcrst l) jrnowsti,l'. lllt)7.lrr)o.lofrhcsroDc In^trcn lMt/t..\ htL4n1 sersel nlbr"/tt,itr i.t in lhe laborirl,ny. Attu l)ttui./.. Nietopefek llrl Re\er!e. Z .t;?/r2,t.,1.. 6l:.1lll :110. 4l:179'luil Turchin,P. & thnski. L lt)97.An cfirfiricall)bascd onxlel lor Powcll.R. A. & King.C. M. l9?7.Variation in bodysize. sexual lrlitudinrl grldient io vole pofulaliolrdyfturic\.,1,/.?: dimoryhism and age specific surviv:rl in stDtts.itht ?/.t Ndht:. llt):812-811. {"|rtu \Ma'n alia. earnivora) with llucluating laod Vink. H- & Croe endijk,D. 1997.Winlefse aclivileit \an drssen suppli.s. a/o/. ./. Litut .f.t..62:t65-191 auionrarischgercgi$slfeerd. Z7r?q.h? r8l7): I 1 I 8. I tl /. /..t rtr'L.t ) Poysa.H.. Milonoff.N{. & Vinune . J 1997.N.st tr.drri(m in Wrmb.rg. S.. Elnil J. & Truson,A l{. 1997.Rxres ol urinary hole-ncsringbirds in rchri(nrlo hrhilrr cdgc:An crNri urtcr cleeln)lltcrnd nilfog.rrt\crctrorr in led rrtd lxsreil t11crr.Ll?rn?hr )(l:3)t) 135. \/tlo ') ftnr.rtel)ril)l (,rr.'r,/z ,i/ at) t/. ll,tthntr.f\ri\\..36:l5tl. Ranx)s'Vrra. L A.. t a/. lt)t)]. Su!-ocy\ris in .tlnk \Jttl.tdt Wrd. .| I. /r./ lt)')6.Phlsiologierl rcspon\c ol thr l:u()Nrn t /\otJ. /. h.?1.\r./..8l:llt)8 1201. hedgehog r0 tfedalor rnd non frcdrt(, oilor. lrirri,/ Rrtr.H 199?.ldcntificrli(nr ol li)otprintsof.ionre snmll nrLrrI' Rrhtr..6ll:|16t) |111. IM?/. \ rr,/ri t\ttl: /tldn"ahit 61 131 Ill. 1,Itu.\t.tu?D1nk4. Whitc.P. C.. l-!$is. A. J & Hrris, S. 1997.Ferlilily conrrclrs Rolers. l- M. Cheesenutr.( L. .t L.rngl()n.S. 1997.Body a nrelns ol conlrollingbo!ine r'bereulosis'D brdgcr $erghl a\ !D idencrlionol ilcnsrtyaleFr)dentpopulx(ioll l/tlrl,.' ,k,kn pop\tlntn(t\srn sourh $csr tingland: Predic Itf lall(n in bxdgersr,ir,/.' z,ra) rt Woodch.\lcrPrrk. ti(ns liorn r sprtial nochrnic sifirulrtnnr nx)de1.l/?.1 Gl{nlccsreAhifc J. Za)/.. 21):597-6OS. R0\. t?t. L,k/tn 261\8):11 31 - 1117. Rore.s.1. Nl. !/ a/.. lLtt)1.'I|t.deruogrrphy ol r hilh densir) WilderncssFund.1997.Srodyonthcstrt !ofrherr Iltedfolccrl liltllet |,ll"/..r,L /.tJ pnpulxrionir lhe scn ol Ungland..l (lrrnkld /,!r.!tekl ??t?./tzrzl Guldennidll in * thcrn )zr,)/., )]) 7t)5 1)a l)obru(llr (Bulgi[ir) irnd e]rborurion,rf a flxn li)r lhe l6 nrNnager|enlof its J'oI'ul;rtionin lhc counny.Bullxri!D Procyonids S$is\ Bn)diversilyCorserutirn Pr()g'nlne. '\rl!!r.P R..///l l99lt.The rolc of iDlroduccdpredar)rs:rnd uro$n.C.l. & Szrk.s,.l. G. l99T.R.bies in Newllampshire nnd con'l'clir(rs iD rhc dcclinc nl kal|Jln\N!.t t, ,k'lln,ktitJ vernD)orn:An utdate.,.1,,. (ltit. /.ah..f.i. 2'7:)16-231 tropulrriors in Ncw Zealaftl Bnn. Q,t.t.tt .83 t15,lA5 ( r.rig. L. E. z/ d/. 1996. Ac{lnired-re,iistanccand antibod} | .ltu v./.t .trrikra rcspon\eol rrccoons( P/z/ r r, /r'rrl t()seq uenlirl tc.d I| !\ '\,utrolle. R.. Macl)onald,D. W. & Cheesenrnn,C. t- 1997. ot lto.tu.t .t.d/)L/ltri.\ rAcdi. lxodidae). yt/. Pdtuhiol, fr.'1.\rinc . o'T(l:lli.,n f.{,r r\, rp .r .,h.Irrrin" \rrlr(!r(\ 63:291-101. if rhe Europcullnbadgef (,y./.,t,x,hr. J. Zd..).t1:291 Fox. J.. Yon/on. l, & Podger.N. 1996. Mrppiog con icts 100. betweenbi( ilersiry nd hunrNnneeds in Langhtl! NLr- .:lcs\ki.A. l9t)7.Faclors xllecting selection of restingsire typc rional Pxrl. Nel)al. Qnn,lt Ab/.. 10:562 561) (,!i/mtj h! tine nr.rtenin prirncvrldeciduousti)rc\rs (Biak)wieza Nrri(nral park, Polan.lt. ltL/ rhfft)/..1):21t 2a8. (lchrr,S. l) & Fritrcll,Il K 1997.Scruil ditlerenccsin home ,,!.1).l-. l99T.Sludies on isohtion,scruln,litc culLi!rti(nr Nnd rrngesof rrccoons.I Mttn..78:921 \)11. nrrnnlrctureof nri k cnrerilisvirus otrinrired for yaccine Cinsburg.L.././l ltlqT Discov..) of n anccsrorof rhelcsscr ffetrfriion. ,k,/.1(7:z/i 15:l0l lll flnda in rhe Middlc Nlioccne(n l\4rd,id(Snrir). r: ?? ..|tzL/.,tl /. 5:.,.I tun. A .t i. n!r? l'/dxk,.t325:411 45t. Ilanrir.A. N , Hrololr.C. & Rupprcchr.C. ll. I997.Clpi ariasis \ irerrids ln rhe rr:ichcr of ! frccoon. J. lt.//.//.Di'., l3:8l0-Bat. IIcwilr. N & Mitrnishi. K 1997. Ihe Rte ot minrmatsin ,.Iirrr-,\. A. & l,r!nfle). Ni. I-. 1997 Mrrt]nrrlog) in rhc nirinraioi g plnnr specics richncss ii t ttoltiry rttrd Rcfuhli. olGuinex:An o\or icw (n resclrchnonr l9-1611) nrarshin !)urhern Onr,rfio.aio./n?r. ,( ('dt1u1,..6:1085 lr)90. trclimin,rrychccl list rnd a sunnrar)rol research 1102.l/a/r ro, //rot) lc.onrnrendarios li)r rhcfurure,t/a,L, A\1r;,, 2'7:1 t 5 Kakel:r.R. & Ilyv rinen,IL l996 Sire-spccilicfr y acidconrpo- l6-1. silion in ndiposetissues ol sclcrrl nonhem&tuxric nnd riLInetolT.P A 1997.Muluulis r norg sllle.sclli\h scnrinets: terresilfJal nram als. aotl/). 8it(h.rt. p,|\h/., A dylrrrDc grnre lDkr. Ntu:. l all:a71,392.l //./o.qt /1, ll5(B):50151.1. Kerr.C.I-.. Henke,S. E. & Pence.D. B. 1997 Blylisascrrirsisin l'1.1,\.,/.//. lqqT R(.r.r.,r(c,,tth, l !)tirrr n,n!,'^et,, rirccoon\ IR,nr sourhern coasral 1et1\s ./. trih//. Di.t., srrxloloxlns.7l tntn l5: 115| - 126L :ll:6-51 655. rurnr, S. A. & I-ee.l-. L. 1997.Irood hllblls ol rhreeelrnilorc I-rdine.I- A. 1997.Acti\it) prnernsof co{ccnrringpopularions sptct.\ \l/t1flltdtld, /kr/. H.,t /\,.t/..t L rrd. tt\tl M.h )gdL, ol Virginiri opossums(/r/./.r ltij filtnnut) auttt!ccs't1, ,Jottl\c.n ,naht/./) in Fosl n li)rcsl. l tiwl\t1. J. Z/D/., (tr?t\r,t h/ot). tYo,",a/it 6l:115 154. ll3:7 | 79. Melucr. M. l. l(196.Assessing the cosrs rnd bcncfilsol an orlt r\,hn. S. P. & Mrcdonald.D. M. 1997 Bxnd srrnclurcand vacc'oe lor r{.cooo rrbics: A possiblenx cl. lrz,ry/)rs Iuiluresol rcproductivesupprclsion in a co opeftrli\ely /n/.i Di.t.,2:j13.r,1.9. hrccding c ntivore. thc slcndertriled ncctkat \,ftt!.zr/n Ouelle(c. J. .t d/.. 199'7. l ic}ir accoon ,tssocintion\ rnd rhe turi.u/kt) B4nfinl 131:82'7a4A potenlirl nr l.ynre discrsc spirochetetftnsmission in the LtrxlnraI.S. M.. l-rngrnnd.O. & Rrsolorandrasnn!.B. p t977. cor\Lll plarn ol Norrh Carclinl. I WiL D/r..13:28 39. The lixld hrbits of Orzl.)/,?\ro /?//t in rfie hiSh nx'un Pedlar.J. Il.. tirhrig,t-. & McrrirDr,H. G. | 997 Rrccoorhabiut l.rir zor)c ol thc Andringilr! Miss,f. l\'hdagascar(alar- useat rwo strtial sc{lcs../.Wi/.//. Mad!4. (il:lO2-l 12 ni!orr, Vilerridra). Mdro"t/kr 6lla5 192 Rasnrtslnr, D. D. 1996.Changes i rhc rcsponse oi' 'lrlIeIlJ,Il.&R.y,J.Cl. ti,)penics 1997.UNr pred.rrnlr by s|n llcarnivorcs neuronsrn thevcntroposterior latcral lhllamic nuclcusof in a central Alricrn rainforesr.Z .titurdi.'t:t., 6218692. the raccoon afler peripheral deafttrentation. "/. \.rne. B.. Crcel.S. R. & waler, P M. 1996 No evidenceof N...)t o?h I io/.. 1 5 :241 l -21511. ,nbrceding.i!'oidanceor inbrccdinSd€pressi{nr in a social Rltraswamy, M. !. ?t d/. 1991. Comparisons of terhat and ct|Jnt\ore.B"/I1r. n0/..1:4a0 489. nonlcthaltechniquest(' rcduceraccoon dcpredatioD ot sea \rrits vanOyen. M. 1998.BanderJtolerhet. AR( Wt/dLJb| 6(3):64- turtles. .l Wikll Mora.a". 6l:368-316. 1l). lMah. 1l IUCN/SSCMV&PSG membership Nd| i*dt .'d/t tu.tuF.i'd tud4r Llp /,r L-,a Pa,h , 114i, 1Itr. tlt,t: tltt.-,1 (,^( ?,!l |v,9| un fi- lh? trbl nttu 1,/.rnt!41t, tN t^ tr,u t{,,/rt. \)tu DtLt y!.nr ti^. r/4 ,/tk.itIt\u r!r./ l8 tr\uru ut !41u ti,0t ImportantNotice \rry sc as* evcry ft.nber loproridsusrilh an uDd.leontheirn. ollnt.rsr !nd/n rh.i. prerenl p.o.iFr.nd/or consnarii,n {rion involrrd in ro srlo} he|ltrconfUni. i.,n'tdcoop€mIionrnongn€mh.n.1.histpd!ledlisl$|||b(puhlishdinthrncxrnc*s|e(er']|'tnht^lhtdtno|rttFIjdt,ihiltqlt trill be r.novrd lnn rhc mnhKhip lisr. Plese *nd your.elponsc ro: D., H.\m Ronpdty. Jrn verh?dtQi. t5.:6srr rd€!dn, t|.tpnrnr, l) Subscriptions SubscriptioDlirr 1998(two numbcrsplirnned) is 600 Bclgiarli|ncs. All subscribersplcase send cash:600 Bclgia0 Irilncs (or 2{)US$, or l2f, or |(X)FF,or 30DM). or a Eurochequelin 60t)Belgian tiancs (no bankingctrsts deductedl). On olhcrcheques, please add 507. to covercurrcncy converting and banking costs andsend 1(): HarryVan Ronrpaey JanVcrbcrtlei. l5 2650Edegern tselriu rn The ainr of the Newsletteris to promotecommuuication between all intercstedin mustelid,viverrid and procyonidcons€rv fion and to stinrulate conseNatir)nrelatcd activities lor thc speciesinvolred. In order to do so we shouldbe financiallyindependent. Any assistancein the fornr of donaliurs,sponsorship, and subscriptiots is nmsawelconrc.