Integration in Energy and Transport Amongst Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Integration in Energy and Transport Amongst Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey The London School of Economics and Political Science Integration in Energy and Transport Amongst Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey Alexandros Petersen A thesis submitted to the Department of International Relations of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, August 16, 2012. 1 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 84,608 words. 2 Abstract A limited process of integration has been occurring amongst the countries of Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Turkey. From the mid-1990s to 2008, integration amongst the three countries has occurred in the energy and transport sectors, but not in other sectors, such as security, politics or trade beyond energy and transport. In the energy sector, this integration can be explained through neo-liberal institutionalist theory. Integration in the transport sector occurs due to a mixture of elements from the neo-liberal institutionalist, security communities and neo-functionalist theories of integration. In both sectors, transnational extra-regional actors (TERAs) are the explanatory variable in the integration. 3 Table of Contents - Introduction – p. 6 o What is Integration? o A Definition of Integration o What is a Transnational Extra-regional Actor? o Conclusion - Chapter 1 – Toward a Theory of Integration – p. 17 o Security Communities Theory . Deutsch’s Classical Security Communities Theory . Refining Deutsch’s Theory At the End of the Cold War . Linking Security Communities and Constructivist Theory . The Relevance of Deutsch’s Model in the Modern World . A Security Communities Theory of Integration o Neofunctionalism . Classical Functionalism . Ernst Haas and Neofunctional Theory . The Decline of “Spillover” Theory . Revived Neofunctionalism as Partial Theory . Toward a Synthesis . A Neofunctional Theory of Integration o Neo-liberal Institutionalism . The Theory of Neo-liberal Institutionalism . Developing a Theory of International Institutions . The Neorealist Critique of Neo-liberal Institutionalism . A Neo-liberal Institutional Theory of Integration o Conclusion - Chapter 2 – Evaluating Integration in Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey – p. 64 o Security . Evaluation o Political . Evaluation o Social and Cultural . Evaluation o Economics and Trade . Evaluation o Energy . Evaluation o Transport . Evaluation o Transnational Extra-regional Actors o Conclusion - Chapter 3 – Transnational Extra-regional Actors: The World Bank Group – p. 103 4 o Overview o Azerbaijan . Energy Sector Development and Local Community Outreach . State Oil Fund and Resource Revenue Transparency . Non-Oil Sector Development . Governance and Rule of Law o Georgia . Energy and Transport Sectors . Crisis Response . Building Institutional Capacity o Turkey . Energy Sector and Risk Mitigation o Coordination With Other Extra-regional Actors . Azerbaijan . Georgia . Turkey o World Bank Group Rankings o Conclusion - Chapter 4 – Transnational Extra-regional Actors: TRACECA and INOGATE – p. 118 o TRACECA . The Nuts and Bolts of TRACECA . TRACECA’s Evolution o INOGATE o Conclusion - Chapter 5 – The China-Central Asia Pipeline: A Counterfactual on the Role of TERAs – p. 135 o The China-Central Asia Pipeline and Energy in Central Asia o Similar Energy Sectors o A Lack of Integration Amongst the China-Central Asia Pipeline Countries o Less Foreign Investment o International Organizations But Lack of Integration o Conclusion - Conclusion – p. 152 o Implications and Shortcomings o Summing Up 5 Introduction A limited process of integration has been occurring amongst the countries of Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Turkey. From the mid-1990s to 2008, integration amongst the three countries has occurred in the energy and transport sectors, but not in other sectors, such as security, politics or trade beyond energy and transport. In the energy sector, this integration can be explained through neo-liberal institutionalist theory. Integration in the transport sector occurs due to a mixture of elements from the neo-liberal institutionalist, security communities and neo- functionalist theories of integration. In both sectors, transnational extra-regional actors (TERAs) are the explanatory variable in the integration. These theories will be analyzed in greater depth below. This process occurred during this thesis’ time period of study (mid-1990s to 2008) despite sometimes flaring tensions between Russia and Georgia, which led to a brief but hot conflict in 2008, the ongoing Nagorno-Karabakh conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia, and a history of non-cooperation between Georgia, an Orthodox Christian country, and its Turkic Islamic neighbors.1 This integrative trend possesses characteristics distinct from analogous processes in regions such as Western Europe and Southeast Asia, which have helped to transition constellations of small countries into dynamic regional trading blocs to their mutual benefit.2 First, the integration amongst Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Turkey is largely restricted to the high value and highly regulated spheres of energy and transport. It has not spilled over into political and economic integration writ large. In part, this may be a self-perpetuating phenomenon: as the energy and transport sectors are treated differently because they are harmonizing, they will continue to be treated differently in the future. This is not the entire story. Highly regulated sectors such as these lend themselves to standardization and therefore harmonization when it is in the interests of the countries to do so. Energy resources, such as oil and natural gas in Azerbaijan, are extremely valuable and governed outside the legal-rational state apparatus. Consequently, energy as a sector is treated as sui generis by the countries of the region. In addition to this major distinction, the countries of Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Turkey possess another difference as well: the organic integration that is occurring in these three countries is cultivated, that is, it is orchestrated as a top-down process by international institutions operating in the region in pursuit of a broader agenda.3 Identified here as transnational extra-regional actors (TERAs), these institutions have provided financial, material, and legal support of harmonization of the transport and energy sectors not solely for purposes of resource extraction and profits, but also for purposes of transparency, proper accounting of state finances, good governance, and most importantly a predictable business environment that is attractive to foreign investors. This process of integration, even limited to the energy and transport sectors, is multifaceted and not necessarily progressive or even unidirectional. Nor are the two sectors themselves proceeding in the same manner. The energy sector, particularly in Azerbaijan, is a 1 See generally, Thomas De Waal, The Caucasus: An Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010). 2 Compare, e.g., Frank Moller, Thinking Peaceful Change: Baltic Security Policies and Security Community Building (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2007); Amitav Acharya, Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order (New York: Routledge, 2009); 3 See, e.g., Paul Stephenson, “Let’s Get Physical: The European Commission and Cultivated Spillover in Completing the Single Market’s Transport Infrastructure,” Journal of European Public Policy, 17(7), 2010, pp. 1039-1057 (explaining cultivated integration from the top down in a neo-functionalist framework). 6 shadowy realm governed from the highest levels of government, outside the reach of ordinary parliamentary legislation and outside the political constraints of the ordinary electorate. TERAs and other international institutions that attempt to influence energy policy in Azerbaijan must do so from the very top—it is here that production and extraction agreements with foreign oil companies are negotiated; here where state oil profits are divided and dispersed; and here where major foreign policy decisions concerning the export of Azerbaijani oil and gas are made.4 By sharp contrast, the transport and communications sector (treated as one for the moment because the two components possess similar structural characteristics) affects ordinary lives, shapes broad social transformations, and engages highly public regulatory reform such as harmonization of customs and border controls, public infrastructure financing, such as the sale of bonds, and tariff and trade policy. This is not to overstate the binary distinction—pipeline security, for instance, is an aspect of energy integration that affects local control and requires local cooperation—but nonetheless, two separate processes are underway. While integration in the energy sector is almost entirely cultivated by TERAs and international financial institutions, integration in the transport and communications sector is a more diffuse process. Why has this
Recommended publications
  • It-Tlettax-Il Leġiżlatura Pl 1156
    IT-TLETTAX-IL LEĠIŻLATURA P.L. 1156 Dokument imqiegħed fuq il-Mejda tal-Kamra tad-Deputati fis-Seduta Numru 80 tas-7 ta’ Frar 2018 mill-Ispeaker, l-Onor. Anġlu Farrugia. ___________________________ Raymond Scicluna Skrivan tal-Kamra 1st Part of 2018 Ordinary Session of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 21 – 26 January 2018 Strasbourg, France Hon Emanual Mallia, MP Hon David Stellini, MP Hon Jason Azzopardi, MP Hon Etienne Grech, MP Hon Stefan Zrinzo Azzopardi, MP CONSEJL DE t'EUROPE DELEGATION TO THE PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE First Part-Session- 22 to 26 January 2018 The Assembly brings together 324 men and women from the parliaments of the Council of Europe's 47 member states. Though it contains many voices, reflecting political opinion across the continent, its mission is to uphold the shared values of human rights, democracy and the rule of law that are the "common heritage" of the peoples ofEurope. Delegates Attending the First-Part Session 2018:- Hon Emanuel Mallia- Head- 22 to 26 January Hon David Stellini- Member- 22 to 26 January Hon Jason Azzopardi - Substitute Member - 23 - 26 January Hon Etienne Grech- Substitute Member - 22- 23 January ,, Hon Stefan Zrinzo Azzopardi -Substitute Member- 21-23 January Jolm Vella- delegation secretary- 22 to 26 January 2018 Annex A- Agenda of Plenary and Committees ,, Annex B - Resolutions and Recommendations adopted by the Assembly Annex C- Synopsis of Committee Meetings Annex D- CVs of candidates for Human Rights Commissoner Annex E- Motion for a Resolution no. 144 79 AIJ11ex F- Written question no.
    [Show full text]
  • State Report Azerbaijan
    ACFC/SR(2002)001 ______ REPORT SUBMITTED BY AZERBAIJAN PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 25, PARAGRAPH 1 OF THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES ______ (Received on 4 June 2002) _____ TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I............................................................................................................................................ 3 II. Aggression of the Republic of Armenia against the Republic of Azerbaijan..................... 9 III. Information on the form of the State structure.................................................................. 12 IV. Information on status of international law in national legislation .................................... 13 V. Information on demographic situation in the country ...................................................... 13 VI. Main economic data - gross domestic product and per capita income ............................. 15 VII. State’s national policy in the field of the protection of the rights of persons belonging to minorities ...................................................................................................................................... 15 VIII. Population awareness on international treaties to which Azerbaijan is a party to........ 16 P A R T II..................................................................................................................................... 18 Article 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 18 Article
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    IIUM JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND CIVILISATIONAL STUDIES (IJECS) 2:1 (2019); 24-38. Copyright © IIUM Press A Critique of Tadeusz Swietochowski’s Works on the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918- 1920) under the Prism of Edward Said’s Orientalism Elchin Shahinovich Huseynov1 and Tunku Mohar Tunku Mohd. Mokhtar2 Abstract: The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918-1920) (which shall, henceforth, be referred to as ADR) was an independent state which existed for 23 months and laid the ground for the future of Azerbaijan. Today’s Azerbaijan is the inheritor and successor of the ideals and values of the ADR. In 2018, Azerbaijanis around the world celebrated the 100th anniversary of the ADR that showed the importance of this political event in the socio-political life of the nation. This article investigates the “Orientalist” points of view on the ADR in the works of “Azerbaijanist”, Tadeusz Swietochowski. It analyses the standpoints that relegate the importance of this political event. The article provides a contextual analysis in order to find those points. The research found that not all the points on the ADR in Swietochowski’s works are reliable. Some of Swietochowski’s works were written decades ago before the USSR’s dissolution, when the archives were under Soviet confidentiality. Despite the monopoly of Swietochowski in this field, the research suggests taking into consideration the newly discovered documents while studying the political events of the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries for the objective outcomes. 1 Elchin Shahinovich Huseynov (corresponding author) is an independent researcher who lives in Azerbaijan. He can be reached at elchin.huseyn91@ gmail.com.
    [Show full text]
  • UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title On the Threshold of Eurasia: Intersecting Discourses of Empire and Identity in the Russian Empire Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3053917v Author Feldman, Leah Michele Publication Date 2013 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles On the Threshold of Eurasia: Intersecting Discourses of Empire and Identity in the Russian Empire A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Satisfaction of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy In Comparative Literature by Leah Michele Feldman 2013 © Copyright by Leah Michele Feldman 2013 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION On the Threshold of Eurasia: Intersecting Discourses of Empire and Identity in the Russian Empire by Leah Michele Feldman Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature University of California, Los Angeles, 2013 Professor Aamir Mufti, Co-Chair Professor Azade-Ayse Rorlich, Co-Chair This dissertation considers the foundation of discourses of Orientalism and Postcolonialism in representations of the Caucasus in the literature of Russians and Muslims of the empire from 1828 through 1920. From the mid-nineteenth century through World War I, the Russian empire continued an era of expansion, colonizing the diverse ethnic and cultural territories of the Muslim Caucasus and Central Asia. The oil boom, the creation of an international Turkic language press, the spread of Russian language education and the construction of
    [Show full text]
  • European Stability Initiative the Country Haydar Aliyev Built
    European Stability Initiative The country Haydar Aliyev built June 2011 Soviet Azerbaijan Soviet Baku, year unknown. Photo: DerWolF / Wikipedia After the dissolution of the Russian empire in 1917 and during the ensuing civil war Azerbaijan became an independent state the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR). Throughout its brief existence from 1918 to 1920, the young state found itself at war with neighbouring Armenia and under assault. In 1920, the Bolsheviks took control in Azerbaijan. The Soviet Union was created in 1922. Initially part of the so-called "Transcaucasian Federation" within the Soviet Union, Azerbaijan gained the status of a full-right Union republic in 1936. Soviet rule in Azerbaijan lasted for nearly seven decades until, on 30 August 1991, Azerbaijan declared independence from the crumbling Soviet Union, following the example of several other Soviet republics. Azerbaijanis' identity has long been complex. In Tsarist Russia, Muslim inhabitants of the Caucasus were often referred to as 'Tatars' or simply 'Muslims'. By the end of the 19th century a growing number of Azerbaijanis defined themselves as 'Turks' or 'Azerbaijani Turks.' Although their language is very similar to Anatolian Turkish, Azerbaijanis have never lived under Ottoman rule. Unlike the majority of (Sunni) Turks, most practice Shia Islam, something they share with more than twenty million ethnic Azeris living south of the Araks river in the northwest of Iran. In 1916 62 percent of Muslims in Azerbaijan were Shiite and 38 percent were Sunni. In the 1920's the Soviet authorities pursued a policy of korenizatsiya, or nativization. It consisted of promoting natives to positions of responsibility in the government and the communist party and instituting the equality of Russian and local languages in the public sphere.
    [Show full text]
  • No.8: Writing National Histories: Coming to Terms with the Past
    caucasus analytical caucasus analytical digest 08/09 digest analysis A Short Sketch of One Century of Azerbaijani Historical Writing By Zaur Gasimov, Mainz Abstract After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Azerbaijani historians gained the opportunity to take a new perspective on their country’s past, before, during, and after the Communist era. The history of Azerbai- jan’s short-lived independence during 1918–1920 was, and remains, among the favorite research topics. Also, the subject of Karabakh and the history of Southern Azerbaijan figure prominently on the research agenda of historians. Obstacles for their work include the fact that many Azerbaijani historians have limited facility with foreign languages, problems created by the authoritarian conditions imposed by the Aliev regime, and corruption in the country’s science and educational system. Writing History in Soviet Times amin Rasulzade (1884–1955). These authors completely During the Soviet era, Azerbaijani historiography devel- revised the historical role of Russia. They portrayed the oped within the paradigms of Marxist theories, which role of the Soviet Union in annexing Azerbaijani terri- regarded historical development to be the result of a per- tory and eliminating its independent statehood as neg- manent struggle among the classes. Most Soviet Azer- atively as the Tsarist Empire’s colonial war against the baijani historians (e.g. Pista Ezizbeyova) viewed Russia Azeri Khanates in the first quarter of the 19th century. and the Soviet Union as progressive forces. They glo- Challenged by the liberalization brought on by rified Russia’s “progressive proletariat” and intelligen- Gorbachev’s Glasnost and the conflict with Armenia tsia for having a positive impact on the modernization over Karabakh, the Institute of History’s main journal of Azerbaijan from the time of colonization in the early became a forum for Azerbaijani historians who sought 19th century and after the beginning of Sovietization to revise the national version of history.The Karabakh in the early 1920s.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Foreign Policy Analysis of Weak States: the Case of the Caucasus States Yasar Sari Charlottesville, Virginia B.A
    A Comparative Foreign Policy Analysis of Weak States: The Case of the Caucasus States Yasar Sari Charlottesville, Virginia B.A., Istanbul University, 1993 M.A., Old Dominion University, 1997 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The Woodrow Wilson Department of Politics University of Virginia December 2008 Abstract Keywords: Caucasus states, Russia, foreign policy analysis, weak state The key features of foreign policy formulation and execution in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia are selected in an attempt to reveal the sources of foreign policy-behavior of new, post- Soviet (and in effect post-imperial) states during the 1990s. More specifically, this is a comparative study of the foreign policies of the Caucasus states as new states toward the Russian Federation as the ex-imperial center. The purpose of the dissertation is to verify the relative significance of internal factors and level of external assistance in shaping the foreign policy of weak states. Therefore, the key theoretical contribution of the dissertation is to understand foreign policy change in weak states during their early years of independence. The newly independent Caucasus states are weak states. The most urgent problems facing these newly independent states following their independence were domestic ones. The time period covered is between 1991 and 1999, which in turn is divided into two sub-periods: 1991- 1995, the period of confusion and 1995 to 1999, the period of consolidation. This dissertation centers upon the explanation of two factors: the level of domestic strain of weak states and their relations to the external world.
    [Show full text]
  • Security First Approach: Causes of Security Prioritization and Implications of This Prioritization on Democracy in the Cases of Singapore and Azerbaijan
    SECURITY FIRST APPROACH: CAUSES OF SECURITY PRIORITIZATION AND IMPLICATIONS OF THIS PRIORITIZATION ON DEMOCRACY IN THE CASES OF SINGAPORE AND AZERBAIJAN A Master’s Thesis by NUR ALKIŞ Department of International Relations Bilkent University Ankara December 2009 SECURITY FIRST APPROACH: CAUSES OF SECURITY PRIORITIZATION AND IMPLICATIONS OF THIS PRIORITIZATION ON DEMOCRACY IN THE CASES OF SINGAPORE AND AZERBAIJAN The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by NUR ALKIŞ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA December 2009 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ersel Aydınlı Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. Assist. Prof. Dr. Pınar İpek Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. Assist. Prof. Dr. Aylin Güney Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT THE SECURITY FIRST APPROACH: CAUSES OF SECURITY PRIORITIZATION AND IMPLICATIONS OF THIS PRIORITIZATION ON DEMOCRACY IN THE CASES OF SINGAPORE AND AZERBAIJAN Nur AlkıĢ M.A.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of Azerbaijan (1900-1920)
    Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies Year 2, Issue 2, June 2019, pp. 31-55. Nation-Building in Southern Caucasus: The Case of Azerbaijan (1900-1920) Cengiz Çağla Abstract: This article deals with the specificities of Azerbaijani nation-building between 1900 and 1920. To do this, first it explores the rise of nationalism and the main theoretical approaches trying to illuminate this process. Secondly, it investigates the scholarship about the Azerbaijani national movement in the beginning of the XXth century using first and second hand sources. It shows that, backed by the wealthy classes, the Azerbaijanis first looked for the recognition of their particularity in a colonial context to protect their rights and culture and that gradually the movement evolved from a rights-based reformism founded on religious identity to a secular political movement of national autonomy and independence. The article defends also that the success and popularity of the movement was due to its leaders’ rich intellectual formation and political experience which enabled them to formulate a strong ideology rooted in the national identity, conditioned by regional political facts and a realistic understanding of western civilization including its modern political institutions. Keywords: Azerbaijan, nation-building, reformism, autonomy, independence Prof. Dr., Department of Political Science and International Relations, Yıldız Technical University, e-mail: [email protected] The author thanks Ahmed Senih, Ilgar Agayef and Hacıbala Nuriyev for their collaboration to transliterate the texts originally published in arabic and cyrillic alphabets. CENGİZ ÇAĞLA Introduction The opening of the XXth. century was an important period for the Russian Azerbaijanis in terms of articulating their national aspirations.
    [Show full text]
  • TRACECA Co-Ordination Team for Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria
    The European Union’s Tacis TRACECA programme for Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Romania, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan TRACECA Co-ordination Team For Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Romania, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan Progress Report III May 2003 TR A N STEC This project is funded by A project implemented by the European Union Dornier Consulting Gmbh / Transtec SA HBCP Monthly Report February – March 2003 Report Cover Page Project Title: TRACECA Co-ordination TEAM Project Number: 01-0186 Countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Romania, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan Local operator EC-Consultant Name: National Secretaries Consortium Dornier Consulting – Transtec Address: Zeppelin-Werftgelaende 31 Postfach 1307 D-88003 Friedrichshafen Germany Tel. number: +49 7545 85306 Fax number: +49 7545 85447 e-mail: martin.both@dornier- consulting.com Contact persons: Dr. Martin Both Signatures Date of Report: May, 2003 Reporting Period: November 2002 – May 2003 Author of Report: DORNIER Consulting Gmbh / TRANSTEC SA EC M & E team (Name) (Signature) (Date) EC Delegation (Name) (Signature) (Date) Tacis Bureau Efstathios (Task Manager) DALAMANGAS (Name) (Signature) (Date) TRACECA Co-ordination Team Progress Report III May 2003 2 Local Counterparts IGC - TRACECA Name: Mr YUNUSOV, Deputy Prime Minister Address: House of Government, Mustakillik Ave. TASHKENT Contact person: National Secretary PERMANENT SECRETARIAT OF THE IGC-TRACECA Name: Abdurashid Tagirov Secretary General of “IGC TRACECA” Address: 370000 8/2, Aliyarbekov str. BAKU Tel. number: (99412) 982718 Fax number: (99412) 982718 e-mail: [email protected] Name: Zviad KVATCHANTIRADZE Executive Secretary of “IGC TRACECA” Address: 370000 8/2, Aliyarbekov str.
    [Show full text]
  • Upcoming Events
    OO iill && GGaass BBuulllleettiinn ► 06.12.2013 Flow of N. Iraqi oil delayed Hürriyet Daily News, 04.12.2013 For almost a week, we have been talking about the comprehensive energy agreement that Turkey signed with northern Iraq. When the deal was struck without seeking the approval of Iraq’s central administration, moreover signing it after declaring “we have not signed it,” things went wrong when it was met with a harsh reaction. Energy and Natural Resources Minister Taner Yildiz had to rush to Baghdad after the harsh reaction displayed by the Iraqi central government. He said the Iraqi central government’s approval will be sought as part of energy cooperation efforts with North Iraq. On his way back from Baghdad, Yildiz went to Arbil and advised who his contacts were to N. Iraq officials who he had talked to one week ago. When at home, Yildiz said, “Iraqi and N. Iraqi officials should agree.” It is not openly said but the truth behind these visits is this: the oil that will flow through the planned pipeline from N. Iraq, the one that N. Iraq Prime Minister Nechirvan Barzani said will begin to flow around the New Year, or ‘even sooner,” is likely to be delayed at least two or three months. This is a possibility in the case that N. Iraqi and Iraqi administrations agree soon. If they do not agree, then that means oil flow through the pipelines to Turkey will be delayed further. If the administrations of Iraq and N. Iraq never agree on oil exports to Turkey, then things will get even more complicated.
    [Show full text]
  • Soviet Azerbaijan Today: the Problems of Group Identity
    NOT FOR CITATION WITHOUT PERMISSION OF AUTHOR #211 SOVIET AZERBAIJAN TODAY: THE PROBLEMS OF GROUP IDENTITY Tadeusz Swietochowski This paper was prepared for and presented at a seminar at the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies on May 6, 1985. Copyright July 1986 by the Wilson Center Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars The following essay was prepared and distributed by the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies as part of its Occasional Paper series. The series aims to extend Kennan Institute Occasional Papers to all those interested in Russian and Soviet studies and to help authors obtain timely feedback on their work. Occasional Papers are written by Kennan Institute scholars and visiting speakers. They are working papers presented at, or resulting from, seminars, colloquia, and conferences held under the auspices of the Kennan Institute. Copies of Occasional Papers and a list of Occasional Papers currently available can be obtained free of charge by writing to: Occasional Papers Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Smithsonian Institution 955 L'Enfant Plaza, Suite 7400 Washington, D.C. 20560 The Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies was established in 1975 as a program of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. The Kennan Institute was created to provide a center in Washington, D.C. where advanced research on Russia and the USSR could be pursued by qualified U.S. and foreign scholars, where encouragement and support could be given to the cultivation of Russian and Soviet studies throughout the United States, and where contact could be maintained with similar institutions abroad.
    [Show full text]