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The Author’s in Jack London’s The Nasrum, Afifah Faiqah Call of The Wild

The Author’s Worldview in Abstrak Jack London’s The Call of The Wild Penelitian ini membahas tentang strukturalisme genetik dalam The Call

of the Wild Novel karya Jack London 1Nasrum, 2Afifah Faiqah yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui cara 1,2Alauddin State Islamic University pandang penulis terhadap dunia. of Makassar Penelitian ini didasarkan pada teori [email protected] strukturalisme genetik Lucien [email protected] Goldmann membahas tentang unsur

ekstrinsik yang tidak hanya mengacu

pada unsur intrinsik saja. Metode Abstract penelitian yang digunakan adalah

metode kualitatif. Peneliti This research discusses the genetic menggunakan pencatatan sebagai structuralism in Jack London’s The instrumen untuk mengungkap data Call of the Wild, aiming to find the yang valid. Hasil penelitian author’s world view. This research is menunjukkan bahwa penulis based on Lucien Goldmann’s theory berbicara tentang persaingan kejam of genetic structuralism, which refers kapitalisme sebagai pekerja. Peneliti to intrinsic elements and discusses the menemukan semua unsur pandangan extrinsic elements. The study applied dunia yaitu 1) Tuhan, 2) Sains, 3) the qualitative method. The Realitas, 4) Diri, 5) Etika, dan 6) researchers used note-taking as the Masyarakat dalam Novel. Peneliti instrument to reveal the valid data. menyimpulkan bahwa penulis The findings show that the author menggambarkan kondisi sosial talked about the cruel competition of masyarakat yang tidak lepas dari capitalism as a worker. The perjalanan hidupnya yang keras. researchers found all of the elements Kata Kunci: Pandangan Dunia, of worldview, namely 1) God, 2) Strukturalisme Genetik, Fakta Science, 3) Reality, 4) Self, 5) Ethics, Manusia, Karya Sastra. and 6) Society in the Novel. The researchers conclude that the author described society's social conditions that cannot be separated from his hard A. INTRODUCTION life journey.

As a social institution, Keywords: World View, Genetic literature presents life and consists in Structuralism, Human Facts, Literary large part of social realities that are Work

Journal of Culture, Language, and Literature 30 Vol. 1 No. 1 Juli-Oktober 2020

Nasrum, Afifah Faiqah The Author’s Worldview in Jack London’s The Call of The Wild very important in life. Therefore, inner or objective world of the literature responds to a reaction, individual are also subject to literary response, criticism, or description of a 'imitation'. Besides, Laurenson & certain situation. The author himself is Swingewood (1972) argue that a member of the community, he lives literature is an interest in human life, in the middle of the community. Then which is cultural history. In this sense, it is appropriate that he investigates it is necessary to carry out historical carefully what happens around him, analysis to understand history, various already also if there are various customs, norms, race, politics, and unequal things that he wrote as a sign social interests related to a particular of sympathy and protest (Damono, society in a certain historical period. 2002: 145). Meanwhile, literature has As a normative pattern in become a part of human experience, humans or society, what is considered both from human beings' aspect for good, right, and which is considered his life experience and from the aspect bad and wrong shape the desired of its creator, expressing his inner behavior of a system related to the experiences into literary works. In surrounding environment without terms of its creator, literary work is its distinguishing the function of its parts, creator's inner experience about so that these values function as the people's lives within a certain cultural maintenance of the social system. period and time. Literary works Likewise in al-Qur'an surah al- describe the situation and social life of Hasyr, verse 18 contains Islamic a society, events, ideas and thoughts, educative values both ethics, as well as the valuesmandated by the aesthetics and Islamic logic. In human creator through the characters in the beings or society, regarding things story. that are considered good, right, and Literature is about human beings in things that are considered bad and various lives. Moreover, as Wellek wrong shape the desired behavior of a and Warren (1956: 94) stated in their system that is related to the book Theory of Literature that surrounding environment without literature is a social institution, used as distinguishing the functions of its its intermediate language, a social parts, so that the value functions as a creation, traditional literary devices maintenance of the social system. such as symbols and rulers. This research discusses the Measurements are social in nature. author's world view from The Call of They are conventions and norms that the Wild novel by Jack London, in this can only arise in society, but case, using literature as a medium to moreover, literature represents 'life'; describe the social phenomenon in the and 'life' is generally a social reality, novel, which also becomes the although the natural work and the influence of the novel was created. This novel was published in 1903 and

Journal of Culture, Language, and Literature 31 Vol. 1 No. 1 Juli-Oktober 2020

The Author’s Worldview in Jack London’s The Nasrum, Afifah Faiqah Call of The Wild

set in Yukon, Canada, USA. Buck as the novel. By using the genetic a dog becomes the main in structuralism approach, then the the novel. The story opens on a farm author's worldview will be known. in Santa Clara Valley, California From the explanation above, where Buck was abducted from his the researchers are interested in using home and sold as a sled dog in Alaska. the genetic structuralism approach to Buck becomes increasingly hungry in analyze the author's worldview, so a harsh environment, where he is that the novel The Call of the Wild forced to fight to survive and rule was created the novel is a masterpiece others At the end of the story, he pulls from Jack London, which uses out a civilization, and relies on the literature to convey their aspirations original nature and learned the and feelings. This research aims to experience of appearing as a wild describe the structural elements of leader. The Call of the Wild novel and According to Goldmann, an describe the world view of the author. author it is impossible to have your This research is expected to be able to views. He gave his voice the world of add insight and treasures of a social group, trans-individual knowledge regarding literary studies subject (Fananie, 2000: 117). That in particular about the theory of view is not a reality, but something genetic structuralism in literary that can only be imaginatively stated works. Practically with this research is and conceptual in the form of major expected to help readers to better literary works. In other words, great understand the content of the story in literary works by Goldmann is the call of the wild novel by Jack considered a social fact of the trans- London is primarily the author's individual subject because it is an worldview studied with the theory of outcome activity whose objects are genetic structuralism and can be used the universe and human groups as a reference for research in the (Fananie, 2000: 118). That is why the future. worldview reflected in literary works bound by space and time which causes B. METHOD it to be historical. This research The researchers used qualitative emphasizes the approach of genetic research which applied descriptive structuralism to analyze The Call of technique. The data collection method the Wild novel by Jack London was through library research. The because the researchers are interested researchers read and understood the in seeing how the author's worldview novel, books, articles, and other based on his life's social background writings that support the research and the state of social background in topic.

Journal of Culture, Language, and Literature 32 Vol. 1 No. 1 Juli-Oktober 2020

Nasrum, Afifah Faiqah The Author’s Worldview in Jack London’s The Call of The Wild

The researchers also use the Internet arrive at the little flag station known to obtain additional information on the as College Park. This man was talking subject of research. Then, researchers to Manuel, and money flowed quote important facts related to the between them (London, 1903: 2). research problem. Data analysis used 3) Climax a approach. Buck is kidnapped from his ranch in California and taken to the primitive C. RESULT realm of the Alaskan gold rush where, to survive, he unearths internal forces 1. Structural Elements he never knew he possessed. He is Jack London's novel The Call of the really a red-eyed demon, as he curls Wild has both internal and external up together for spring, a mess of hair, elements, inner elements including a frothy mouth, a pair of eyes that , character, , point of view glitter madly like his blood. Surcharge and theme. by the pent-up passion of two days a. The plot and nights (London, 1903: 5). 1) Exposition 4) Falling action The story begins with Buck's Arriving in the cold North, Buck is comfortable life. Buck lives on Judge amazed at the cruelty he sees around Miller's estate in Santa Clara Valley, him. He restores his wild ancestor's California. There were other dogs. It instincts: he learns to fight, hunt for could only be other dogs in such a big food, and sleep under the snow on place, but they didn't matter (London, winter nights. 1903: 1) They were all too soft, dead under 2) Rising action labor, frost, and famine.Buck was the When thousands of men stormed into exception. He suffered and flourished Northland, these men wanted dogs, on his own, pairing the husky in and the dogs they wanted were heavy strength, savory, and cunning. Then dogs with strong muscles to work on he was a masterful dog, and what and furry shores to protect them from made him dangerous was the fact that the frost. Manuel, one of the the man's club in the red jumper had gardener's aides, made an unwanted beaten every blind and rash feather out acquaintance. The youth was at a of his desire for mastery. He was meeting of the Raisin Growers' spontaneous cunning, and could bide Association, and the boys were busy his time with patience that was organizing a sports club on the nothing less than primitive (London, memorable night of Manuel's 1903: 19). betrayal. Nobody saw him and Buck 5) Resolution walking through the orchard the way Buck attacks the Indians, kills several Buck had imagined. And except for and disperses others, and then goes one lonely man, nobody saw them into the wild, becoming the leader of a

Journal of Culture, Language, and Literature 33 Vol. 1 No. 1 Juli-Oktober 2020

The Author’s Worldview in Jack London’s The Nasrum, Afifah Faiqah Call of The Wild

wolf group. He becomes a famous 2) John Sawton is Buck's last master figure, Ghost Dog, who breeds many and a gold hunter experienced in the lambs and instills fear in the Yeehats Klondike way. Thornton saves Buck — But every year he returns to the from death with Hull's hand, and Buck place where Thonnton died, to mourn gives Thornton fierce loyalty. The his master before he returned to his relationship between Thornton and life in the wilderness. Buck is an ideal human-dog All of that aroused old passions which relationship. Dedicated to other at certain times drove men from people's backs and completely to sensitive cities to the jungle and others. The strength of their bond is openly to kill things with chemical- enough to prevent Buck from acting driven leaden pills, blood lust, on the force he feels calling him wild. murderous pleasure — all this 3) Spitz is Buck's rival and the original belonged to Buck, only the closest leader of Francois' dog team. The intimacy. He was in front of the packet Spitz is an animal called the "Devil head, moving a wild object on the Dog", a fierce animal that is used to ground, live meat, with which to kill fighting and winning other dogs, but his teeth and wash his mask in the eyes meets a match at Buck. Stronger and with warm blood (London, 1903: 22). more cunning as Spitz, Spitz is a b. The character moral being who ignores right and The novel's main character is Buck wrong and fights for survival with all and has an additional character, his might. namely John Thorton, Spitz, Francois, 4) Francois is a French Canadian Perrault, Hal, Marcedes, Charles, postalist who buys Buck and adds Dave, Sol-lex, Curly, Judge Miller him. His Tim Francois is an and Manuel. experienced man familiar with 1) Buck is a powerful dog, half St. northern life and impresses Buck with Bernard and half a sheep dog, stolen his fairness and good sense. Ferro is a from California real estate and sold as French-Canadian who, along with sled dogs in the Arctic. The bag François, turns Buck into the gradually evolves from a spoiled pet Canadian government's sled dog. to a ferocious and stunning animal that Perrault and Francois speak strongly you can keep. In the cruel world of accented English that sets London murder in the north, he loves his last apart from the rest of the conversation master, John Thornton, but longs for in the novel. the wild to keep him away from 5) Hal is an American gold seeker and civilization and reconnect with the Hal goes to Canada in search of primitive roots of his species. I feel adventure with her sister Mercedes that I am. and her husband, Charles. coming.

Journal of Culture, Language, and Literature 34 Vol. 1 No. 1 Juli-Oktober 2020

Nasrum, Afifah Faiqah The Author’s Worldview in Jack London’s The Call of The Wild

The three buy bucks and his team tries Miller's real estate gardener in his to drive them, but without their gambling debt. experience they make them terrible c. The setting owners because food runs out and The setting of the novel the call of the quarrels between them during the trip. wild is generally in California and Hull and his companions represent the Canada-Alaska. The two remaining weaknesses of over-civilized men, regions are small in population, yet and at worst aim to embody the highly distinctive. Alaska is both a relationship between humans and state and region, or group of proto dogs regions. It still a frontier area with low 6) Marcedes is Charles' wife and Hal's percentage of native born aside from sister. Mercedes has been devastated the Indians and Eskimos. The latter and pampered, and her irrational have profited recently from a demands have reduced her, Hal, and settlement in the courts concerning Charles on their journey and they have their mineral and oil rights. They now contributed to its catastrophic demise. have enough wealth to become a However, her sophisticated way of life permanent force in the area. contrasts with that of her brother and Nevertheless, the culture of Alaska is her unprepared husband because she an amalgam of that of the fortyeight initially felt sorry for her old team states of the continental United States. members. His conduct, London It does not yet have a positive image suggests, shows that civilized women that goes beyond subsisting in who are fit for wildlife, have become adversity for the exploitation of corrupt and abandoned by the people natural resources. Because of its around them. climate and the high cost of living it 7) Charles is Hal's brother-in-law and seems unlikely to soon become a Mercedes' husband. Charles shares stable cultural area. (Luedtke, 2005: their experience with stupidity. Dave 131) is a dog in Buck's team. Dave is ill on Meanwhile, the social setting seen in one of the group's trips but refuses to the novel is the exploitation of nature leave the harness, preferring to die by in Yukon. Conditions for the Yukon dragging a sled. By his perseverance province east of the Canada-Alaska in this work, Dave is an example of border during the Klondike Gold Rush subtle determination. Sollex is an period of the 1890s. The discovery of older, more experienced dog on the a gold mine in the Area triggered a back team. massive migration wave creating new 8) Curly was a friend of Buck and met settlements. on a trip north. Former Master Manuel d. Point of view of Judge Miller Buck, the owner of a This novel used a third narator large property in Santa Clara Valley, perspective. As quoted in the novel: California, is a helper for Judge

Journal of Culture, Language, and Literature 35 Vol. 1 No. 1 Juli-Oktober 2020

The Author’s Worldview in Jack London’s The Nasrum, Afifah Faiqah Call of The Wild

Buck did not read the newspaper, social relationships, and our Long hair, from Puget Sound to San surrounding culture. Diego. (London, 1903: 1) Based on the the explanation above. Based on quotation above, it can be The researchers found the fact that the concluded that the author’s used the central character Buck is a tame “name” and “he” as point of view. dog (Nurture), who is kidnapped and e. The theme lives in the wild grows into a wild The underlying theme of this novel is animal (Nature), an environment that (civilization vs. wild) The main forces him to survive and become conflict of wild calls is the struggle strong and an instinct to be the best to between civilization and the wild. The lead the journey (primitive instinct) novel follows the gradual transition makes humans escape from the noise from a tame dog to a wild dog in the city. Buck felt so alive and happy in bag. The wild call described in this nature. study is the existence of historical “It was inevitable that the clash for background connections that leadership should come. Buck wanted condition the social depiction of the it. He wanted it because it was his story. nature.” (London, 1903: 19). 6) Human Fact And not only did he learn by Goldman defines human facts as all experience, but long dead instincts human activities and actions, both come to life again. The tame verbal and physical that science seeks generations fell from it. In vague ways to understand, and can be social or he remembered back to the breed's individual activities, including youth, to the time the wild dogs ran in cultural works, paintings, musical packs through the primitive forest, and works, and literary works. slaughtered their meat as they ran it Based on the novel, there are 2 down. (London, 1903: 14). characters in carrying out life namely: “he was a thing of the wild, come in a. Nature from the wild” (London, 1903: 44). Nature refers to all of the genes and Based on quotations above, it hereditary factors that influence who can be concluded that Buck is actually we are from our physical appearance a wild animal but he grows into a to our personality characteristics. domestic animal. When he faced a b. Nurture harsh environment his ancestral Nurture refers to all the environmental nature appears instantly in him. It was variables that impact who we are, no task for him to learn to fight with including our early childhood cut and slash and the quick wolf snap. experiences, how we were raised, our In this manner had fought forgotten ancestors. They quickened the ols life

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Nasrum, Afifah Faiqah The Author’s Worldview in Jack London’s The Call of The Wild within him, and the old tricks/which No one can deny that London was they had stamped into the heredity of very respectful of nature, and it would the breed were his tricks. not have been so easy to focus on 2. Author’s worldview religion. The story of his many works According to Thomas (2001:16) a (Call of the Wild or The Sea-Wolf for worldview is determined by the example) is about the supernatural individual's understanding of six the power, or the pure truth, of nature areas of discussion that are: 1) God, 2) without the pitfalls of human Science, 3) Reality, 4) Self, 5) Ethics, behavior. He once wrote about and 6) Society. In this findings, the "Atavism" in his book, the notion that researchers found all of worldview as ancestral traits inherited (inherited or mentioned by Thomas. some other spiritual concept) by 1) God descent. The worldview of capitalism can be 2) Science interpreted as the beliefs, mental Capitalism is an attitude towards attitudes, and perspectives of Western modern science, modern humans and society on ways of fulfilling their the ways modern science is material needs. In Max Weber's developed. From this attitude of life, theory, the human attitude to meet his then emerge capitalist art (capitalist material needs is called the Spirit of art) and a capitalist lifestyle (capitalist capitalism. And most importantly the style of life). purpose of life for him is to get Because of the influence of prosperity and wealth. Economic rationalization of behavior and activity is a task in order to serve God. thoughts, rationalization also affects For this purpose one must remember their attitudes towards metaphysical time is money. Utilizing capital beliefs, mystics, and other ideas, so according to its interests, being honest that all of them will hone the method and timely in generating loans, willing in achieving the final goal. The to work hard will help increase freedom to think and see the world savings. If in the Islamic worldview pragmatically occurs naturally. the concept of and belief in God is In the novel, Jack London portrays central, in the capitalist worldview, Buck to bring out his true wild nature wealth, welfare and material wealth after being forced to survive in the are central. wild. This is called atavism. Atavism Finally, London disbelieved in the is a characteristic appearance in existence of God, saying: organisms after being absent for I believe that when I die, I am dead several generations. This is due to the and I believe that by my death I almost opportunity for various genes to died as the last mosquito and you. recombine or reunite. Thus, there will (Kershaw, 2013). be a repetition of previous traits or behaviors, after being lost for a long

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The Author’s Worldview in Jack London’s The Nasrum, Afifah Faiqah Call of The Wild

time. The main subject of all this economic system of capitalism interpreted as an allegory, is the adheres to the theory that economic confrontation of the wild and civilized development is determined by the nature and culture, the strong the market, which in economic books is weak. called perfect competition, or in Adam London writes novels from nonhuman Smith's terms, the invisible hand. animals with human emotions and 4) Self perspectives. Jack London from around the age of 3) Reality 13 has already experienced poveerty As a result, about 100,000 people at and cruelty in his life and supported Klondike Stampede tried to reach the himself with some hard and dangerous Klondike gold mine, but only 30,000 work. On July 12, 1897, He set sail to to 40,000 of them reached, which participate in the Klondike Gold Rush. formed the height of the Klondike So he regarded his life as "a struggle gold rush from the summer of 1897 to for beings whose quarters are always the summer of 1898. Economically denied." after a sudden public reaction, the Out of these sometimes harrowing news reached the United States in the experiences - and his fascination with 1890s at the peak of a series of the theories of such thinkers as financial recessions and banking Darwin, Spencer, and Marx. failures, and the gold standards at the Marxists generally view literature is time tied banknotes to gold not as words created in accordance production. The 19th century meant with timeless artistic criteria, but as that gold dollars were rising and products of the economic and accumulating in value faster than ideological determinants specific to banknotes, which contributed to the that era. Literature reflects an author’s panic of 1893 and the panic of 1896, own class or analysis of class leading to unemployment and relations, however topierce that financial uncertainty. For developed analysis are possible (Islam, 2016: countries and individuals that 96). Klondike promised to achieve, the Marx believed that social situations region promised higher wages or and conditions are greatly helped by financial stability. aspects. Marx divides society into two The Western worldview is a typical structural forms, namely the economic description of theories of economic structure which is represented in the growth. This view of life is based on form of relations of production and the the utopian assumption that means of production which then economics is a value-free, rational, determines social classes, as a result analytical and technical science. The of these relations. Literature is the

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Nasrum, Afifah Faiqah The Author’s Worldview in Jack London’s The Call of The Wild boundary of economic structure. social activist. He concluded that his Another structure that grows on top of only hope of escaping the "trap" of the an economic structure is a job was to get an education and "sell superstructure. The production system his brain". 1898, London began to moves dynamically and continuously work for publication, a struggle influences social relations. Changes in described in his book, Martin Eden the production system not only affect (serialized in 1908, published in changes in social relations, but also 1909). affect the dynamics of people's Influenced by Nietzsche's worldview consciousness, ideas and intellectual argued that the world was made up of concepts. (Anwar, 2012: 26). masters, those who possess the “will Bourgeoisie, for Marx, is only a new of authority” he refers to, and slaves design to control and regulate the who do not possess this, will fight and production process socially and a new win in battles for mastery. pattern to deprive the proletariat of its Based on the ideology and world view rights, control its freedom, and turn of the author, it can be seen how Jack society into a giant factory. This London describes the attitude of the situation, in Marx's view, will have main character in the story. After implications for the position of experiencing long events between writers. In a capitalist system, a writer many adventures, to an extreme, Buck must earn money in order to survive saves Thornton from drowning, but and also write literary works, but in when his master is killed by the the same situation a writer feels he Yeehat Indians, he succumbs to his doesn't have to live and write to get true nature, responds to wild calls, and money. This paradoxical situation is a joins a flock of wolves. "Here, big ironic “threat” for writers. How London isn't just writing about dogs. could a writer be willing to sacrifice He expressed his belief, which owes his existence for the sake of his work? something to Rousseau, that humanity Literary freedom and independence is always in a state of conflict, and that lies in the position of literary works the struggle for existence strengthens which are not merchandise. A writer human nature. will only humiliate himself if he treats 5) Ethics his literary works as material goods. In fact, in an industrial society, there Marx was very worried about the fate is a spiritual humanitarian crisis and a of literature which in Lenin's natural ecological crisis at the same perspective "fell into a bourgeois time. When the environment is commercial prison"(Anwar, 2012: polluted, people's spirits also suffer 29). the consequences of civilization. As In fact, London left Oakland with a soil erosion, species decline, and guilty conscience and a socialist depletion of resources change the disposition; He turned out to be a ecological environment, loss of trust,

Journal of Culture, Language, and Literature 39 Vol. 1 No. 1 Juli-Oktober 2020

The Author’s Worldview in Jack London’s The Nasrum, Afifah Faiqah Call of The Wild

integrity, and moral sense also Buck heard the chaffering, saw the transforms people. money pass between the man and the With the boom of mechanization and Government agent, and knew that the industrialization, many philosophical Scotch half-breed and the mail-train thoughts emerged and competed with drivers were passing out of his life on each other in a highly civilized the heels of Perrault and Francois and society. Jack London's mind took the others who had gone before. shape in this age. (London, 1903: 32) Influenced by the theories and Based on quotations above, it can be thoughts of Charles Robert Darwin, concluded that Perrault and Francois Herbert Spencer, Nietzsche, Marx, work for the Canadian government to and Freud, London almost accepted deliver goods around the Yukonn in all the ideas that had an effect on line in northern Canada. society at that time. The authors drew inspiration from the 6) Society reputation of Western America as a American society as gold prospectors. wild setting, London is the single most Mine seekers to satisfy the hunger for memorable of expanding the Western wealth and greedy competitive dynamics of opportunity, risk, and instincts. violence in the Alaska region. Perrault grinned. Considering that the price of dogs had been boomed DISCUSSIONS skyward by the unwonted demand, it Some researches had been done was not an unfair sum for so fine an within this Novel as the object. Based animal. The Canadian Government on GAO (2015) entitled “An Eco- would be no loser, nor would its criticism Reading of The call of the despatches travel the slower. Perrault wild.” He said that the Novel told knew dogs, and when he looked at about relationship between human Buck he knew that he was one in a and nature. However, this recent the thousand “ one in ten t’ousand. “ he researchers focused on how the eco- commented mentally. (London, 1903: criticism issues are described in the 7) Novel. It was not the dead-tiredness that In contrary, the researchers see comes through brief and excessive different perspective, which is the effort, from which recovery is a matter practical concept of worldview in the of hours, but it was the dead-tiredness Novel. The call of the wild showed us that comes through the slow and the light story of the adventure of the prolonged strength drainage of dog in the challenges place to survive. months of toil. (London, 1903: 31) But if we analyze the world view of

Journal of Culture, Language, and Literature 40 Vol. 1 No. 1 Juli-Oktober 2020

Nasrum, Afifah Faiqah The Author’s Worldview in Jack London’s The Call of The Wild the Novel, we can find another structural elements of the novel were perspective. arranged in good composition and Goldmann (2012: 66) explains that the order, and there was a correlation world view is a comprehensive term among what appeared to be coherent for ideas, aspirations, and feelings that components and balance within the connect members of certain social elements, and all elements which are groups and which contrast them with reflected in the theme of the works. groups other social aspects. Besides, From the plot, Character and setting, the relationship between the author's there is a relationship with the socio-cultural background with the author’s life. The fact is Jack London novel he produced. came from the bottom of society. The structural analysis of the novel From the age of thirteen, he supported studied is an intrinsic element. After it himself with some hard and dangerous is known that the structure that builds jobs, experiencing the bitterness and the literary work, then analyzes the cruelty of life. He was tired of facts of humanity and the world view competition and modern life after contained in the novel and the genesis seeing too many tragedies in life. He or origin of the formation of the novel was inspired to go out into the wild to using the genetic structuralism find his worth and realize his dream. approach. After that, the Researchers On July 12, 1897, London set sail for also connected all of the elements of the Klondike Gold Rush, where it saw worldview by Thomas (2001:16) a life as "a battle for existence where the worldview is determined by the quarter was always rejected". it was a individual's understanding of six the critical and dangerous time, damaging areas of discussion that are: 1) God, 2) to his health. He had not found gold Science, 3) Reality, 4) Self, 5) Ethics, and developed scurvy. He stopped his and 6) Society. adventure and returned home earlier 1) Intrinsic elements than he had planned. He came back The researchers used the home with little money, but had structural study to analyze the novel, gained rich experiences of the desert. besides there are three kind of intrinsic and learn some hard lessons from life. elements that can be obtained by the The rich life experience enriched researchers. Those three kind of London's writing materials. The social intrinsic elements are Plot, Character setting seen in the novel is the and Setting, or can be called as factual exploitation of nature in Yukon. structure. The researchers goal Conditions for the Yukon province actually is to find out the facts of the east of the Canada-Alaska border story and the relationship between during the Klondike Gold Rush period them. The structural elements of the of the 1890s. The discovery of a gold novels built a unified structure to the mine in the Area triggered a massive full meaning of the work, because the

Journal of Culture, Language, and Literature 41 Vol. 1 No. 1 Juli-Oktober 2020

The Author’s Worldview in Jack London’s The Nasrum, Afifah Faiqah Call of The Wild

migration wave creating new excessive cruelty. There is a moral or settlements. ideological lesson from the bloody 2) Human fact table presented here at work, which Based on the novel, 2 characters in must therefore be regarded as a carrying out life the nurture and nature postnaturalist fairy tale. experienced by the central character London combines naturalist Buck actually also experienced by determinism into sociological fairy human. Human nature is to be able to tales. The main subject of all this survive in harsh realms, humans interpreted as an allegory, is the sometimes do not realize that their confrontation of the wild and civilized nature can appear when he is exposed nature and culture, the strong the to the wild. Instinct to control food weak. with savage to kill each other. London writes novels from nonhuman The time of the narrative that occurs is animals with human emotions and when Buck is kidnapped from his perspectives. This personified ranch in California and taken to the viewpoint allows London to work primitive realm of the Alaskan gold through the and rush where, to survive, he unearths experiences that inspired his book. internal forces he never knew he Jack London's inspirations for texts possessed. By doing so, Buck became ranged from literal to philosophical to the wild and dangerous animal he was existential. supposed to be. 3) Author’s worldview This phase of London life is the As literary naturalists, the author drew setting for the call of the wild. He inspiration from the reputation of dragged heavy equipment through Western America as a wild setting, narrow mountain roads, he made beds London is the single most memorable in snow cliffs, and he witnessed the of expanding the Western dynamics of dangers that result from dependence opportunity, risk, and violence in the on man-made rules by male Alaska region. colleagues. The only rule in the Jack London lived in an era of wilderness is survival. “For man’s no friendship between people, while chief purpose is to live, not to exist.” life was full of competition, London The story go beyond anecdotes and lived in this terrifying era witnessed adventure stories to reveal primordial the cruelty of society. truths (in terms of the title given by the At that time, America was London of The call of the wild. The starting its industrialization. The dominant primordial beast “the law of ecology of London's consciousness the flesh, etc.) truth is revealed with was formed in that particular era. With the rest with violence and sometimes the rapid development of

Journal of Culture, Language, and Literature 42 Vol. 1 No. 1 Juli-Oktober 2020

Nasrum, Afifah Faiqah The Author’s Worldview in Jack London’s The Call of The Wild industrialization and mechanization, structure of American society picture, the United States has changed from a in which he describes the workers’ traditional agricultural country to an struggles, violence, oppression and industrialized country. Social wealth overexploitation of nature. Because of accumulates rapidly with economic empathy and to put it simply, they growth. These issues relate not only to have the power and capital to do the environment but also to the human anything but they can't do it, they just psyche. In this case, the battle of life focus on creating their own victories becomes very cruel. People believe and prosperity. Perrault and Francois that work is the essence of life, they work for the Canadian working day and night, they gradually government to deliver goods around lose their energy, and become slaves. the Yukonn in line in northern Canada Based on the explanation is clearly depicted in the novel as above, the researchers can conclude workers who have to endure a journey that there is a relationship between the for months. The behavior of the main whole elements of worldview, the character, plot, style, and exposed by social context within novels with real the subject matter creates a coherent life social contexts, and there is a relationship between the elements. relationship between the author's In his work, London writes the same socio-cultural background with the story, He tried to describe the novels it produces. As we know that worldview by claiming that the the author's world view is the whole meaning of human life was more than idea, aspirations and feelings that success and parameters of victory, connect together the members of a success and achievement of victory certain social groups with groups that were not the only aspects that could the author represents as part of the create human happiness, but there community. were other aspects that develop Meanwhile, there is also a happiness might like mutual respect, reflection of the author's view of the empathy, sympathy, love, loyalty and main character. Jack London found social values. An adventure story that his writing in the voice of a dog is not just an adventure but also about learning to live on the edge of struggle, affection and loyalty. There civilization. "by the people, for the was a dialectical conception that people, their power comes only from brought the author's worldview into a the consent of the rulers. new equilibrium. The dialect of understanding and interpretation refers to the CONCLUSION structure of the work and the First, Jack London created a understanding of the structure of the coherent structure in his works during whole work (Goldmann, 1980; 68). which the structural elements of the Jack London in his work wrote a novels were organized in a very

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The Author’s Worldview in Jack London’s The Nasrum, Afifah Faiqah Call of The Wild

sensible composition and order. There with groups that the author represents was a correlation among the weather as part of the community. that appeared as a coherent and Meanwhile, people in Author’s circles balance elements inside the elements, believe that job is that the essence of and designed a unified structure to the life. Operating day and night, they bit entire works. Every one the elements by bit lost their strength and vitality. mirrored to the theme of the works. They become slaves to machines. Second, London writes novels from When individuals really became nonhuman animals with human slaves to life, money, competition, and emotions and perspectives. This interests increasingly replaced things personified viewpoint allows London like love, friendship, and different to work through the philosophy and pure relationships. experiences that inspired his book. Jack London's inspirations for texts ranged from literal to philosophical to existential. Third, the Researchers found all of BIBLIOGRAPHY the element of worldview as mentioned by Thomas: 1) God Al-Attas, S.M.N. 1996. The (Capitalism is the beliefs, the material Worldview of Islam Kuala wealth are central). 2) Science Lumpur: ISTAC. (Survive ability in nature namely Anwar, Ahyar. 2012. Teori Sosiologi atavism), 3) Reality (Economic is Sastra. Yogyakarta: Ombak competition), 4) Self (Ideology of the Arikunto, Suharsimi. 1986. Prosedur Author), 5) Ethics (Humanitarian Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan crisis and natural ecological crisis at Praktek. Jakarta: Bina Aksara the same time), and 6) Society (The Damono, Sapardi Joko. 2002. cruelty of society). Sosiologi Sastra: Sebuah The Researchers can conclude that Pengantar Ringkas. Jakarta: there is a relationship between the Depdikbud. whole elements of worldview, the Endraswara, Suwardi. 2013. social context within novels with real- Metodologi Kritik Sastra. life social contexts, and a relationship Yogyakarta: Ombak between the author's socio-cultural Fananie, Zainuddin. 2000. Telaah background and the novels it Sastra. Surakarta: produces. As we know that the Muhammadiyah University author's world view is the whole idea, Press. aspirations and feelings that connect the members of certain social groups

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Nasrum, Afifah Faiqah The Author’s Worldview in Jack London’s The Call of The Wild

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The Author’s Worldview in Jack London’s The Nasrum, Afifah Faiqah Call of The Wild

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