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Entomo-Fauna Associated with Bajra Crop As Observed in an Agro International Journal of Theoretical & Applied Sciences, 4(2): 109-121(2012) ISSN No. (Print) : 0975-1718 ISSN No. (Online) : 2249-3247 EntomoISSN- No.Fauna (Print) : A0975ssociated-1718 with Bajra Crop as Observed in an Agro-ecosystem in Rajasthan, India ISSN No. (Online) : 2249-3247Sima and Meera Srivastava Laboratory of Entomology, Post-Graduate Department of Zoology, Govt. Dungar College, Bikaner, (RJ) (Received 21 September, 2012, Accepted 22 October, 2012) ABSTRACT: Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is the most widely grown type of millet. It is locally known as bajra, and is primarily consumed in the states of Haryana, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. In Rajasthan it forms the staple diet of the local people. Ecologically, insects play many different roles as pests, predators and parasites, pollinators, decomposers and scavengers and so forth. The present study was undertaken to survey the insect fauna in an agro-ecosystem situated in the Indian desert in Jhujhunu district situated in western Rajasthan on bajra crop. The insect visitors were surveyed and collected every week from October 2008 to April 2009. Sweep net was used for insect collection. In all, ninety insect species were found to be associated with the crop. Of these, 14 were coleopterans, 28 were lepidopterans, 12 were hemipterans, 16 were hymenopterans, 6 were dipterans, 2 were dictyopterans, 8 were orthopterans, 3 were odonates and one was a neuropteran. Key words: Pearl millet, insects, Rajasthan desert INTRODUCTION Phytic acid, which is believed to lower cholesterol, and Phytate, which is associated with reduced cancer Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is the most widely risk. Ecologically, insects play many different roles as grown type of millet. Grown in African and the Indian pests, predators and parasites, pollinators, subcontinent since prehistoric times, it is generally decomposers and scavengers and so forth. The present accepted that pearl millet originated in Africa and was study was undertaken to survey the insect fauna in an subsequently introduced into India. Pearl millet is well agro-ecosystem situated in the Indian desert in adapted to growing areas characterized by drought, Jhujhunu district situated in western Rajasthan on low soil fertility, and high temperature. It performs bajra crop. well in soils with high salinity or low pH. Because of its tolerance to difficult growing conditions, it can be MATERIAL AND METHODS grown in areas where other cereal crops would not The study area survive. Today pearl millet is grown on over The state of Rajasthan is the largest state of Indian 260,000 km² worldwide. It accounts for approximately republic located between 23º3' to 20'13 N latitude and 50% of the total world production of millets. India is 69º30' to 78º17'C longitudes. The study area in the the largest producer of pearl millet. It is locally known form of an agricultural field is located at 28°08 as bajra, and is primarily consumed in the states of ′N, 75°24′ E and 28.13°N 75.4°E having an average Haryana, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. In elevation of 323 m (1059 feet) in the district of Rajasthan it forms the staple diet of the local people. Jhunjhunu. The agro-ecosystem in the form of crop Millet is one of the oldest foods known to humans and fields studied lies about 5km away from the city of possibly the first cereal grain to be used for domestic Jhunjhunu, covering an area of 1000 x 500 m. purposes. In India flat thin cakes called roti are often made from millet flour and used as the basis for meals. Methodology Millet is highly nutritious, non-glutinous and like The study concentrated on insect visitors of pearl buckwheat and quinoa, is not an acid forming food so millet (Pennisetum glaucum), a plant of economic is soothing and easy to digest. In fact, it is considered importance and belonging to plant family Poaceae. to be one of the least allergenic and most digestible The insect visitors were surveyed and collected every grains available and it is a warming grain so will help week from October 2008 to April 2009. For the study, to heat the body in cold or rainy seasons and climates. the field area was divided into five stations. Sweep net The seeds are also rich in phytochemicals, including was used for insect collection. Sima and Srivastava 110 The insects collected by the above method were RESULTS AND DISCUSSION transferred to killing bottles, killed and preserved. In all, ninety insect species were found to be The fauna were sorted out and help from the Section associated with the crop. Of these, 14 were of Entomology, Department of Agriculture, Bikaner coleopterans, 28 were lepidopterans, 12 were and Desert regional Station of the Zoological Survey hemipterans, 16 were hymenopterans, 6 were of India, Jodhpur was also taken for identification dipterans, 2 were dictyopterans, 8 were orthopterans, and for confirmation. Besides, the reference 3 were odonates and one was a neuropteran as collection in the Department of Zoology, Dungar presented in Table 1. College was also consulted. Table 1. Entomo fauna documented on millet crop cultivated during April to October in the agro-ecosystem studied. Sr. No. Insect species 25. Mythimna seprata Walker Order: Coleoptera 26. Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel Family: Scarabaeidae 27. Chrysodeixis chalcites Esper 1. Anomela bengalensis 28. Thysanolusia orichalcae Fab. 2. Onthophagus catta 3. Onthophagus bonasus 29. Heliothis peltigera Schiff 4. Adoretus sp. 30. Pericallia ricini Fab. 5. Ochodius sp. Family: Crambidae 6. Peltonotus nasutus Arrow 31. Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee 7. Apogonia ferruginea 32. Hymenia fasciles Cramer Family: Coccinellidae 33. Cnaphalocrocis medinalis 8. Coccinella septempunctata Family: Curculionidae 34. Cryptographis indica Saunders 9. Myllocerus sp. Family: Pyralidae 10. Hypolixus truncatulus Fab. 35. Sphenarches caffer Zell Family: Cicindelidae 36. Scirpophoga nivella 11. Cicindella sp. 37. Etiella zinckenella Treitschke Family: Elateridae Family: Arctidae 12. Melanotis sp. Family: Cerambycidae 38. Utethesia pulchella Linn. 13. Plocaederus sp. 39. Creatonotos gangis Linn. Family : Meloidae Family: Sphingidae 14. Cylindrothorax pictus Fab. 40. Acherontia styx Order: Lepidoptera Family : Geometridae Family: Pieridae 41. Tephrina sp. 15. Catopsila pomona Cramer 42. Unidentified sp. a 16. Colotis vestalis Butler 17. Colias fieldii Menetries Order: Hemiptera 18. Eurema hecabe Family: Pentatomidae 19. Anaphaeis aurota 43. Nezara viridula Family: Lycaenidae 44. Bagrada hilaris 20. Lampides boeticus Linn. 45. Aspongopus janus 21. Euchrysops cnejus 46. Andrallus spinidens Family:Danaidae 22. Danaus chrysippus 47. Alcaeus sp. Family:Papilionidae 48. Piezodorus sp. 23. Papilio demoleus Linn 49. Oncocephalus sp. Family: Noctuidae Family: Pyrrhocoridae 24. Earias insulana Boisduival 50. Dysdercus cingulatus Fab. Sima and Srivastava 111 51. Dysdercus koneigii Order: Diptera Family: Lygaeidae Family: Muscidae 52. Aphanus sp. 71. Musca nibulo Family : Coreidae 72. Musca domestica 53. Clavigrella sp. Family: Bombyliidae Family: Fulgoroidae 73. Anthrax sp. 54. Pyrilla perpusilla Walker Family: Tabanidae Order: Hymenoptera 74. Tabanus sp. Family: Apidae Family: Culicidae 55. Xylocopa fenestrata Fab. 75. Culex quinquefasciatus Say 56. Xylocopa violacea Family: Asilidae 57. Apis cerana Fab. 76. Stichopogon sp. 58. Apis mellifera Linn. Order: Dictyoptera 59. Apis dorsata Fab. Family: Mantidae 60. Apis florea 77. Deiphobe incisa Werner Family: Blattidae Family: Vespidae 78. Periplaneta americana Linn. 61. Polistes sp. Order: Orthoptera 62. Eumens farternus Family:Acrididae Family: Formicidae 79. Chrotogonus sp. 63. Dolichoderus affinis 80. Ochrilidia sp. 64. Formica sp. 81. Schistocerca gregaria Family: Sphecidae 82. Oxya chinensis 65. Sceliphron brunneum Family:Tettigoniidae Family: Chrysomididae 83. Euconocephalus sp. 66. Chrysis dugesi 84. Unidentified sp. A 67. Delta sp. Family: Gryllidae 68. Unidentified sp. A 85. Acheta domestica 69. Unidentified sp. B 70. Unidentified sp. C Coleoptera Anomela bengalensis, Onthophagus catta, O. bonasus, The grey weevil M. undecimpustulatus is a serious Adoretus sp., Ochodius sp., Peltonotus nasutus, polyphagous pest in the Indian union. It causes Apogonia ferruginea, Coccinella septempunctata, damage to cotton, sorghum, maize, soybean and other Myllocerus sp., Hypolixus truncatulus, Cicindella sp., crops and has been found to be active from mid July Melanotus sp., Plocaederus sp.and Cylindrothorax to mid November by Singh & Singh (1997). Falerio pictus were the coleopterans noted on pearl millet crop et al., (1986) observed M. undecimpustulatus as a during the present study. Bionomics of white grub stray insect during kharif while studying the pest Anomela lineatopennis in western Himalaya has been complex in cowpea. A high incidence of this weevil studied by Mishra et al. (1998 b) who found the was recorded on pearl-millet during kharif crop insects to cause damage to almost all the kharif crops season by Singh & Singh (1977 b) who also stated grown under rain fed conditions. Coleopterans were that heavy rainfall followed by bright sunshine under noted on the heads of Mikania by Cerena (2004). high humidity (85±5%) and mean temperature Adoretus adults and larvae are polyphagous (Miller, (20±2oC) favoured the build up of pest population in 1991). Anomela sp. is wide spread and attack many early stage of plant growth and it attained its peak by different plants both as adults and larvae are found first week of August. Swaminathan
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