Dickens's 'Young Men' This page intentionally left blank Dickens's 'Young Men'

George Augustus Sala, and the World of Victorian Journalism

RD. EDWARDS

Routledge Taylor & Francis Croup First published 1997 by Ashgate Publishing

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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Edwards, Peter D. Dickens's 'Young Men': George Augustus Sala, Edmund Yates and the World of Victorian journalism. (Nineteenth Century series) 1. Sala, George Augustus. 2. Yates, Edmund. 3. Journalism— England—History—19th century. I. Title. 072'.09034

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Edwards, Peter David. Dickens's 'young men': George Augustus Sala, Edmund Yates, and the world of Victorian journalism/P.D. Edwards, p. cm. (Nineteenth century) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-85928-043-9 (acid-free paper) 1. Sala, George Augustus, 1828-95. 2. English fiction—19th century—History and criticism. 3. Dickens, Charles, 1812-70— Friends and associates. 4. Journalism—Great Britain— History—19th century. 5. Novelists, English—19th century— Biography. 6. Journalists—Great Britain—Biography. 7. Yates, Edmund Hodgson, 1831-94. I. Title. II. Series: Nineteenth century (Aldershot, England). PR5299.S2Z69 1997 072'.09034—dc21 97-18805 CIP ISBN 9781859280430 (hbk)

Transfered to Digital Printing in 2009 Contents

List of figures ix Acknowledgements x

Introduction 1 1 Bohemians: 1851-56 5 2 Personal Journalists: 1856-63 41 3 Novelists: 1860-74 73 4 'Specials': 1863-74 101 5 Gentlemen of the Press: 1874-84 136 6 Ghosts: 1884- 171

Bibliography 208 Index 217 This page intentionally left blank The Nineteenth Century General Editors' Preface

The aim of this series is to reflect, develop and extend the great bur- geoning of interest in the nineteenth century that has been an inevitable feature of recent decades, as that former epoch has come more sharply into focus as a locus for our understanding not only of the past but of the contours of our modernity. Though it is dedicated principally to the publication of original mongraphs and symposia in literature, history, cultural analysis, and associated fields, there will be a salient role for reprints of significant texts from, or about, the period. Our overarching policy is to address the spectrum of nineteenth-century studies without exception, achieving the widest scope in chronology, approach and range of concern. This, we believe, distinguishes our project from com- parable ones, and means, for example, that in the relevant areas of scholarship we both recognize and cut innovatively across such param- eters as those suggested by the designations 'Romantic' and Victorian'. We welcome new ideas, while valuing tradition. It is hoped that the world which predates yet so forcibly predicts and engages our own will emerge in parts, as a whole, and in the lively currents of debate and change that are so manifest an aspect of its intellectual, artistic and social landscape.

Vincent Newey Joanne Shattock University of Leicester This page intentionally left blank List of figures

1.1 '"Boz" in his Study'. Engraving on stone by Sala for The Battle of London Life, or Boz and His Secretary by 'Morna' (Thomas O'Keefe). 10 1.2 Sala aged 28. Photograph by John Watkins, reproduced in the Welcome Guest, 8 January 1859: 8. 36 3.1 Yates in 1865. Photograph by Adolphe Beau. 86 3.2 'A Waiting Race'. Once a Week, 27 July 1872: facing p. 78. 94 4.1 'Tame Cats'. Drawing by Sala. 118 4.2 'G.A.S. Dux Est Lux'. One of Sala's visiting cards, in colour; probably his own design. 118 4.3 Sala laid up with gout, 31 March 1874: self-portrait. 119 4.4 Sala invites the Yateses to dinner, 22 April 1874. 119 5.1 'Edmund Yates: The New Archimedes'. Cartoon by Alfred Thompson on the front cover of the Mask, 12 July 1879. 146 5.2 '"G.A.S." in the Historic Fur Coat'. Photograph by Abdullah Freres, Constantinople, reproduced as the frontispiece to Sala's Echoes of the Year Eighteen Hundred and Eighty-Three. 151 5.3 'Punch's Fancy Portraits No. 46: George Augustus Sala' by Linley Sambourne. Punch, 27 August 1881: 94. 155 5.4 'Monday Popular Concerts: Madame Norman Neruda'. The Pictorial World, 14 March 1874: 29. 163 6.1 The Doom of the Editor'. St. Stephen's Review, 3 May 1884. 176 6.2 'The Land of the Golden Fleece' (detail). Melbourne Punch, Almanac for 1886. 186 6.3 'George Augustus Sala 25/10/88'. Photograph by Boussed Valadon, Paris, reproduced as the frontispiece to Sala's Life and Adventures. 191 6.4 'The Late Mr. Edmund Yates'. Photograph by Suscipi, Rome, reproduced in the Illustrated London News, 26 May 1894: 643. 193 Acknowledgements

I owe particular thanks to Rosemary Kaplan (Edmund Yates's great- granddaughter) and the late Ralph Kaplan for delivering the Edmund Yates Papers to me at Paddington Station, and to Spencer Routh for subsequently arranging their purchase by the University of Queensland Library; to Judy McKenzie for generously sharing with me her extensive knowledge of Sala and of Victorian journalism generally, reading the book in draft, and making many corrections and helpful suggestions; to the Australian Research Council, and its predecessor the Australian Research Grants Committee, for two grants which greatly facilitated my research; to the Department of English, University of Queensland, and the University of Queensland Library for many years of support, both moral and material; to the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library for the award of the A. Bartlett Giamatti Fellowship which enabled me to spend a full month working on the Sala Papers in the spring of 1995, and to Vincent Giroud and his colleagues at the Beinecke for their always friendly, thoughtful, and efficient help; to Ruth Blair, Francis Bywater, Andrew Dowling, Susan Gardner, Barbara Garlick, Patricia Morris, Joanne Shattock, Michael Slater, Graham Storey, David Storor, Sue Thomas, Chris Tiffin, Kathleen Tillotson, and Elaine Zinkhan for advice or assistance; and to the staff of the following libraries: Australian National Library; Bath Reference Library; Berg Collection, and Manuscripts and Archives Division, New York Public Library; Birmingham University Library; British Library; British Newspaper Li- brary; Brotherton Collection, Leeds University Library; Carl A. Kroch Library of Rare Books and Manuscripts, Cornell University; Houghton Library, Harvard University; Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas at Austin; Huntington Library; University of Ken- tucky Libraries; University of London Library; John Rylands Library, University of Manchester; National Portrait Gallery; Post Office Records and Archives Centre, London; Punch Library; Princeton University Li- braries; Reading University Library; Rush Rhees Library, University of Rochester; National Library of Scotland. Introduction

They came to be called Dickens's 'young men' during the 1850s. As well as George Augustus Sala and Edmund Yates they included Blanchard Jerrold, Sydney Blanchard, William Moy Thomas, Walter Thornbury, John Hollingshead, James Payn, Percy Fitzgerald, and Andrew Halliday.1 Most of them, but not Yates, were frequent contributors to Dickens's weekly, Household Words. , who rapidly acquired an independent reputation, was never one of them. Sala and Yates took longer than Collins to make names for themselves, and some of the others never did. Sala's celebrity, chiefly as a special correspondent, leader-writer, and weekly columnist, dated from the early sixties; Yates's, as an editor and newspaper proprietor, from the seventies, after Dick- ens's death. In their maturity, Sala and Yates were less strongly influ- enced by Dickens than critics, biographers, and literary historians have often assumed. Their novels, which brought both of them some acclaim in the sixties, are much less 'Dickensian' than the reviewers expected and often perceived them to be, and as journalists both achieved their greatest success in styles and modes that Dickens never attempted at all. At the time of Dickens's death in 1870, and for the remainder of their lives, they continued to proclaim their reverence for him as man and writer and to remind the world how intimately they had been associated with him. But their narratives of their literary careers, Yates's Recollec- tions and Experiences and Sala's Things I Have Done and People I Have Known and The Life and Adventures of George Augustus Sala, make it clear that other mentors and models influenced them at least as strongly in their early years. Both of them knew Thackeray and ben- efited from his advice and encouragement, and as struggling young writers they identified more with Pendennis than with David Copperfield. They both owed much to the friendship and professional guidance of the then-celebrated novelist and entertainer, Albert Smith, before and after they came to Dickens's notice; and Yates as a novice was be- friended by and collaborated with another of the most popular novelists of the forties and fifties, Frank Smedley. When they started to write novels themselves, they believed their inspiration came as much from Balzac as from Dickens. Yet they were Dickens's young men above all, bound to him by shared tastes and experiences, and social, cultural and political sympa- thies, so close as to have made their attraction into his orbit appear almost predestined, in their own eyes at least. Both were the sons of actors, and Sala as a small boy had actually met Dickens backstage, 2 DICKENS'S 'YOUNG MEN'

when Boz's fascination with the theatre and desire to be a dramatist brought him briefly into their parents' milieu; Sala for a time worked in the theatre himself, Yates reviewed theatrical productions for many years, and they both wrote successful plays. Like Dickens's, their up- bringing was less protected, less unequivocally 'respectable', than that of most middle-class children. Both, like him, began the business of making a living while still in their teens, without the advantage of a university education. Growing up in the years when Bozomania was at its peak, relishing and imaginatively reliving the novels of Dickens's youth in the first flush of their own, and rubbing shoulders at home and in the theatre with colleagues of their parents who may well have seemed as motley and eccentric as Boz's own gallery of characters, Sala and Yates were under Dickens's spell practically from their infancy. Later, they naturally reacted against it in some respects, and fell under other influences, not least their influence on each other. Some of these tempered their early commitment to Dickensian humanitarianism, and stirred residual anxieties, partly hereditary, about their own social sta- tus and limited formal education. Rather than learning to turn such anxieties to positive account as Dickens did - by dramatizing and satirizing them in his fiction - they developed an un-Dickensian propen- sity for name-dropping, tuft-hunting, and sterile pedantry. Avowedly they remained staunch enemies of social privilege, false gentility, and all forms of social and intellectual pretension, but in the days of their fame and prosperity they betrayed little of the apologetic sense of wearing borrowed clothes that was Dickens's saving grace. This study of two of Dickens's 'young men', their relationship with him and with each other, and their important journalistic and literary innovations, has a number of aims. Chiefly, I hope it will convince its readers that Yates's and Sala's achievements were more considerable, and their professional and private lives more interesting and revealing, than the near-oblivion that has engulfed them would suggest. Not only were they influential and representative figures in the mid-Victorian and high-Victorian cultural scene; they were also men of unusual and pro- tean talents, and of immense energy and resourcefulness. Other exam- ples could doubtless be found, both in their own and more recent times, of men and women with equal claims to be restored to memory. The case for singling out Yates and Sala rests largely on the amount of previously unpublished material about them still readily accessible, and on the intrinsic interest of much of this, both for the specialized student of history, literature, and, especially, the press, and for the student of human nature in general. Studies of the life and writing of more 'ca- nonical' figures tacitly justify themselves on the grounds of the accepted importance of the subject. A book about less-remembered celebrities, or INTRODUCTION 3

even non-celebrities, must persuade the reader that these can reveal as much, or more, about their age, if the stories of their working and private lives are attentively studied and well told. The many personal letters from Sala and Yates which the recipients considered worth pre- serving afford an accurate measure of the degree of celebrity they did in fact attain. Passing references to them in biographies of Dickens, Thackeray, and Trollope have not done justice to either the importance of their work or the interest of their professional careers and private lives. (Though Yates, in particular, has been better served in some modern studies of Victorian journalism.) In using their association with Dickens as the point of departure, and to some extent the focus, of my book I therefore have no desire to give further currency to the common misconception that, as writers if not as men, they largely lived in his shadow, until after his death at least. Their relations with Dickens, as well as having been so fruitful in many respects, have the crucial usefulness, for my pur- poses, of being the best-known and best-documented set of 'facts' about them. Collating these with other, less familiar material, much of it not available to any of my predecessors, the book also throws a new, or at least novel, light on Dickens himself: conveying, I hope, something of the surprise we experience as we view the Prince of Denmark through the eyes of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern in Tom Stoppard's play, or the Bertrams and Crawfords, and Elizabeth Barrett, through the eyes of their servants in two recent novels.2

Sources

Sala's two autobiographical works (abbreviated throughout this book as Things and People and Life) were published just before his death. By then, his memory, always apt to embellish the facts, was clearly begin- ning to garble them unintentionally as well. Yates's Recollections and Experiences (abbreviated as Recollections) was written soon after he turned fifty and is much more reliable; but except for one new chapter written for the fourth edition, it stops twenty years before his death. Where I give no source for 'factual' information about Sala and Yates, it can be assumed that the source is either Life in Sala's case or Recollec- tions in Yates's. Just over fifty years ago, Sala also inspired a full-length biography, Sala: The Portrait of an Eminent Victorian, by Ralph Straus, whose massive collection of Salaiana now comprises the bulk of the Sala Papers in the Beinecke Library, Yale University. Straus did his work thoroughly and effectively, but far from debunking his subject, as his subtitle seems to promise, he too often erred on the side of generosity, 4 DICKENS'S 'YOUNG MEN'

overvaluing Sala's gifts, exaggerating his celebrity (as Sala himself did), playing down his faults, both personal and literary, and ignoring his secret vices. In addition, one invaluable source of information about Sala's activities, and of insight into his character, surprisingly eluded Straus: the 170 letters from Sala to Yates then in the possession of one of Yates's grandsons, now among the Edmund Yates Papers in the University of Queensland Library. These have been edited by Judy McKenzie and published under the title Letters of George Augustus Sala to Edmund Yates (L.S.Y.). The rest of the Edmund Yates Papers (referred to hereafter as E.Y.P., followed by the relevant catalogue number) represent a major untapped source of material for the study of Yates. In most of their writing, whether journalistic or confessedly fictional, Sala and Yates both tend to be intensely 'personal', often seeming to shed more light on themselves than on their ostensible subjects. As a putative source of evidence about their characters and activities, how- ever, it has to be treated with even more extreme caution than such 'textual' evidence generally requires. The reasons why will quickly be- come apparent. It will also be seen that the book concerns itself with Sala's and Yates's published texts, not primarily as parade grounds for their own egoes (though such they usually are), but as examples of their distinctive contribution to the two categories that Sala, at least, always liked to keep separate: 'literature' and 'journalism'.

Notes

1. Except for Fitzgerald and Halliday, the list is Sala's (Things and People, i. 77). 2. Judith Terry, Miss Abigail's Part (1986). Margaret Forster, Lady's Maid (1990). Bibliography

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