ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Primary Sources

Speeches/Lectures

Kennedy, John F. “Remarks Upon Signing a Bill for the Construction of Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers, 1963.” John F. Kennedy Presidential ​ Library and Museum [Boston, MA], National Archives and Records Administration, ​ 31 Oct. 1963. www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKWHA/1963/JFKWHA-236-002/JFKWHA- 236-002

This source provided me with audio of John F. Kennedy’s speech on the Community Mental Health Act of 1963. In his speech Kennedy talks about what he hopes to accomplish through this act, and what issues it addresses. I used this on my website.

Reagan, Ronald. “President Reagan on Mental Health Crises 1986-PART 1”.1986. 2 April, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&v=V9UdthvnmD8

This source was on President Reagan’s thoughts on the then current mental health crisis. This source provided me with audio to use in the legacy section of my website. This gave me a better understanding as to why President Reagan repealed President Carter’s act.

Oral Histories

Begab, Michael J. “Michael J. Begab, Oral History Interview - 3/21/1968.” John F. Kennedy ​ Oral History Collection, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum [Boston, ​ MA], National Archives and Records Administration, 21 Mar. 1968. www.jfklibrary.org/sites/default/files/archives/JFKOH/Begab%2C%20Michael%20J/JFK OH-MJB-01/JFKOH-MJB-01-TR.pdf

This source provided me with information on the perceptions of mental health in the 1960’s, and how they evolved, via the perspective of “Begab, a consultant on mental retardation for the Children's Bureau.” This provided me with background information.

Boggs, Elizabeth M. “Elizabeth M. Boggs, Oral History Interview - JFK#2, 2/17/1969.” John F. ​ Kennedy Oral History Collection, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum ​ [Boston, MA], National Archives and Records Administration, 17 Feb. 1969. www.jfklibrary.org/sites/default/files/archives/JFKOH/Boggs%2C%20Elizabeth%20M/J

1 FKOH-EMB-02/JFKOH-EMB-02-TR.pdf

This source provided me with information on the National Association for Retarted Children’s, perspective on mental health in the 1960’s, which helped me to see the different angles of the act.

Brown, Bertram S. “Bertram S. Brown, Oral History Interview—JFK#1, 8/6/1968.” John F. ​ Kennedy Oral History Collection, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum ​ [Boston, MA], National Archives and Records Administration, 6 Aug. 1968. www.jfklibrary.org/sites/default/files/archives/JFKOH/Brown%2C%20Bertram%20S/JF KOH-BSB-01/JFKOH-BSB-01-TR.pdf

This source was on Bertram Brown’s (a psychiatrist at the Mental Health Study Center) perspective on mental health, as well as the Kennedy’s influence on the Mental health system. It helped me to see the way barriers were broken in the treatment of the mentally ill.

Celebrezze, Anthony J. “Anthony J. Celebrezze Oral History Interview—JFK #2.” John F. ​ Kennedy Oral History Collection, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum ​ [Boston, MA], National Archives and Records Administration, 1965. www.jfklibrary.org/sites/default/files/archives/JFKOH/Celebrezze%2C%20Anthony%20 J/JFKOH-AJC-02/JFKOH-AJC-02-TR.pdf

This source was on the Secretary of Mental Health’s opinion on Kennedy's mental retardation programs. It helped me to understand how others saw the far-reaching impact of the bill.

Cooke, Robert E. “Robert E. Cooke Oral History Interview—JFK #2, 7/25/1968.” John F. ​ Kennedy Oral History Collection, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum ​ [Boston, MA], National Archives and Records Administration, 25 July 1968. www.jfklibrary.org/sites/default/files/archives/JFKOH/Cooke%2C%20Robert%20E/JFK OH-REC-02/JFKOH-REC-02-TR.pdf

This source described Robert Cooke’s opinion on mental health issues, as well as creation of “Special Assistant to the President for mental retardation.” It gave me background information, which helped me understand the topic.

Doyle, Patrick J. “Patrick J. Doyle Oral History Interview - 3/4/1968.” John F. Kennedy Oral ​ History Collection, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum [Boston, MA], ​ National Archives and Records Administration, 4 Mar. 1968.

2 www.jfklibrary.org/sites/default/files/archives/JFKOH/Doyle%2C%20Patrick%20J/JFK OH-PJD-01/JFKOH-PJD-01-TR.pdf

This source was on Patrick Doyal’s (“Deputy Special Assistant to the President for Mental Retardation during 1963”) perspective on Kennedy's mental retardation and mental health policies. His history gave me a look at some of the difficulties the committee was encountering from places like the American Psychiatric Association and the AMA. I used this source to build a better understanding of the mental health treatment system at the time.

Lesser, Arthur J. “Arthur Lesser Oral History Interview - JFK#1, 09/24/1976.” John F. Kennedy ​ Oral History Collection, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum [Boston, ​ MA], National Archives and Records Administration, 24 Sep. 1976. www.jfklibrary.org/sites/default/files/archives/JFKOH/Lesser%2C%20Arthur%20J/JFK OH-AJL-01/JFKOH-AJL-01-TR.pdf

This interview provided me background on the passage of the legislation. It was on Aurther Lesser ‘s (“a member of the Children’s Bureau in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare”) experience with passing legislation for the mentally handicapped. I used this source to understand the mental health system in the 1970’s.

Ray, David B. “David B. Ray Jr. Oral History Interview - JFK#1, 3/5/1968.” John F. Kennedy ​ Oral History Collection, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum [Boston, ​ MA], National Archives and Records Administration, 5 Mar. 1968. www.jfklibrary.org/sites/default/files/archives/JFKOH/Ray%2C%20David%20B/JFKOH -DBR-01/JFKOH-DBR-01-TR.pdf

This source was on David Rays (a member of the Office of the Special Assistant to the President for Mental Retardation) and his efforts to pass legislation on mental retardation, and the conflict over seperating the services for the mentally retarded and mentally ill. He spoke about what he saw Kennedy’s Panels doing, saying the President's Panel defined the different needs of the two groups in the federal government, and that services for the mentally ill were not part of the mental health institutes. I used this to learn more about the effects of Kennedy’s act.

Rogers, Paul G. “Paul G. Rogers Oral History Interview - JFK#1, 3/25/1968.” John F. Kennedy ​ Oral History Collection, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum [Boston, ​ MA], National Archives and Records Administration, 25 Mar. 1968. www.jfklibrary.org/sites/default/files/archives/JFKOH/Rogers%2C%20Paul%20G/JFKO H-PGR-01/JFKOH-PGR-01-TR.pdf

3 This source described Paul Roger (a Representative from Florida) and his experience with implementation of legislation during the Kennedy presidency. I used this source to understand how Kennedy’s act was implemented in Florida.

Shriver, Eunice Mary. “Eunice Kennedy Shriver Oral History Interview - JFK#1, 5/7/1968.” John F. Kennedy Oral History Collection, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and ​ Museum [Boston, MA], National Archives and Records Administration, 7 May 1968. www.jfklibrary.org/sites/default/files/archives/JFKOH/Shriver%2C%20Eunice%20Mary %20Kennedy/JFKOH-EKS-01/JFKOH-EKS-01-TR.pdf

This source was on Eunice Shriver (President Kenndedy’s sister) and her perspective on issues concerning mental retardation, and her fight for the cause. I used this source to understand what the Kennedy family was doing to help the mentally ill.

Tarjan, George. “George Tarjan Oral History Interview—JFK #1, 5/12/1977.” John F. Kennedy ​ Oral History Collection, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum [Boston, ​ MA], National Archives and Records Administration, 12 May 1977. www.jfklibrary.org/sites/default/files/archives/JFKOH/Tarjan%2C%20George/JFKOH-G OT-01/JFKOH-GOT-01-TR.pdf

This source described George Tarjan (“Vice Chairman of the President's Panel on Mental Retardation between 1961 and 1962.”) and his attitudes towards people with mental disabilities, as well as his fight to improve the stigma around those people. I used this source to help me understand how Kennedy’s act came to be signed.

Government Documents

Kennedy, John F. “Special Message on Mental Illness and Mental Retardation.” John F. ​ Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum [Boston, MA], National Archives and ​ Records Administration, 05 Feb. 1963. www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKPOF/052/JFKPOF-052-012

This source helped me gain a better understanding of John F. Kennedy’s intentions for the Community Mental Health Act, this source also helped me gain an understanding of the views and perceptions of mental health at the time. I worked this into the backstory of my project.

Moynihan, Daniel Patrick. “Text - S.225 - 101st Congress (1989-1990): Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act of 1989.” United States Congress, Library of Congress, ​ ​ 25 Jan. 1989. www.congress.gov/bill/101st-congress/senate-bill/225/text

4

This was a source that explained the amendments made to the community mental health act of 1963 (it helped to give more funding). It described what the community mental health act was and what it helped to achieve. This source gave me lots of useful information on the amendment that was made, that was useful to my short term legacy.

“Rules and Regulations of the Colorado State Insane Asylum.” Board of Lunacy Commissioners ​ [Pueblo, CO], 5 Dec. 1899. www.cmhipmuseum.org/rules-and-regulations.html

This source provided me with much background information on what asylums in the early 1900’s required, it gave me information on the environment in asylums, and what patients were expected to do.

Smith, Stephen. “Care of the Filthy Cases of Insane.” Proceedings of the National Conference of ​ Charities and Correction, 1885, pp. 148-153. ​ https://archive.org/details/proceedingsnati04sessgoog/page/n169

This source documented the uncleanly habits of the mental patients in 1885. This source also described the layout of the mental hospital and the daily routines and rituals of the patients inside it.

United States, Congress. “Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act of 1963.” Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 31 Oct. 1963. www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-77/pdf/STATUTE-77-Pg282.pdf

This source was the “Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act of 1963.” what it aimed to do, and how it would accomplish this. The act taught me by describing the money and budget cuts required to do this.

United States, Congress. “Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981: Titles III, VI, IX, XI, XXVI.” Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1981. https://legcounsel.house.gov/Comps/97-35.pdf

This source was on the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981, it helped me gain a better understanding as to what the act was and what President Reagan wanted to accomplish with it.

5 United States, Congress, Presidential, and Jimmy Carter. “‘Mental Health Systems Act.’” "Mental Health Systems Act.” Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1980, pp. 1-50. www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-94/pdf/STATUTE-94-Pg1564.pdf#page=2

This source was on the Mental Health Systems Act, helped me develop a better understanding as to Jimmy Carter’s impact on mental health.

Periodicals

“5,600,000 of Us Are Mentally Retarded.” The New York Times [New York, NY], 22 Nov. 1964. ​ ​ www.nytimes.com/1964/11/22/archives/5600000-of-us-are-mentally-retarded.html

This source taught me what President Kennedy did to meet the challenges of the mental health system. The source also described the stigma against mentally ill peoples, and what Kennedy did to improve that stigma.

“Action for Mental Leaders to Meet” Arizona Sun [Phoenix, AZ], 01 Nov. 1962. Retrieved from ​ ​ https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84021917/1962-11-01/ed-1/seq-4

This source documented the progression towards deinstitutionalization in 1962 a year before the community mental health act of 1963. The newspaper described the changes towards community mental health treatments happening specifically in Arizona. The resource also gave me important insights on the impact of the research act of 1955.

Bly, Nellie. “Behind Asylum Bars; The Mystery of the Unknown Insane Girl.” New York World ​ [New York, NY], 09 Oct 1887: pp. 25-26. http://sites.dlib.nyu.edu/undercover/sites/dlib.nyu.edu.undercover/files/documents/upload s/editors/Behind-Asylum-Bars-Nellie-Bly-1.pdf

This source was on Nellie Bly’s expose, where she managed to get into an asylum by faking a mental disorder. This source gave me insights on the conditions of mental hospitals at the time.

Davenport, W.H. “Blackwell’s Island Lunatic Asylum.” Harper’s Magazine 189(32): 273-294, ​ ​ Feb. 1866. https://books.google.com/books?id=WXsCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA273

This source gave me insights as to what the environment of the Blackwell’s Island Lunatic Asylum was like, as well as other asylums in the late 1800’s.

6 “Detained for 15 Years as ‘Feeble-Minded’; Then Pronounced Insane Is Declared to Be of Sound Mind.” The New York Times [New York, NY], 26 Oct. 1901. ​ ​ www.nytimes.com/1901/10/26/archives/detained-for-15-years-as-feebleminded-girl-thepr onounced-insane.html

This source described the account of a woman who was wrongly institutionalized as a child, for being “feeble minded”. The woman had spoken about the harsh conditions, and had mentioned that there were others like her who were also wrongly institutionalized.

“Nellie Bly Led the Way; The Grand Jury Reports on Abuses at Blackwell’s Island Asylum.” New York World [New York, NY], 03 Nov. 1887. ​ http://dlib.nyu.edu/undercover/sites/dlib.nyu.edu.undercover/files/documents/uploads/edi tors/Nellie-Bly-Led-the-Way.pdf

This source is in response to Nellie Bly’s “10 Days In a Mad House.” It describes the abuse the patients received at the Blackwell’s Asylum.

“Rats at Bellevue Hospital; The Case of the New-Born Child Gnawed by Vermin.” The New ​ York Times [New York, NY], 27 Apr. 1860. ​ www.nytimes.com/1860/04/27/archives/rats-at-bellevue-hospital-the-case-of-the-newbor n-child-gnawed-by.html

This source described the rat infested Bellevue hospital, and the newborn child that had been mutilated because of it.

Robblet, James R. “Here I Am in an Insane Asylum, 1936.” Sunday Oregonian [Portland, OR], ​ ​ 14 June 1936. http://oshmuseum.org/here-i-am-in-an-insane-asylum-1936

This source is a personal account of what it’s like to live inside the Oregon State Hospital. This source helped me to gain knowledge on the conditions inside asylums in the 1930’s and what daily life entailed.

“Sen. Sam Ervin.” Tabor City Tribune [Tabor City, NC], 05 June 1963. Retrieved from ​ ​ https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn91068761/1963-06-05/ed-1/seq-14

This source gave descriptions of the barriers to deinstitutionalization, the short term effects, and the studies done (at the time) that supported the movement. The act described in the article was a precursor to the Community Mental Health Act of 1963, that helped

7 me gain a better understanding of what happened at the time in terms of mental institutions.

“State Hospital Districts; Under the New Law for Caring for the Insane.” The New York Times ​ [New York, NY], 04 Sept. 1890. www.nytimes.com/1890/09/04/archives/state-hospital-districts-under-the-new-law-for-ca ring-for-the.html

This source talks about new legislation that was passed in the state that made changes to the way they cared for the mentally ill. This source helped me gain more knowledge on legislation that was passed, as well as advancements in mental health treatments made on a state level.

“Still a Mystery: Nellie Mareno’s Friends as Silent as She Was Herself.” The New York Times ​ [New York, NY], 07 Oct 1887, p. 8. https://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.denverlibrary.org/hnpnewyorktimes/docview/94501 334/DBE0A7BC1DF54E98PQ/1

This source documents Nellie Bly’s affairs in the mental hospital, as she acted insane. This source helped me gain an understanding as to Nellie Bly’s efforts in creating a realistic impression that she was mentally ill.

Toth, Robert C. “President Seeks Funds to Reduce Mental Illness.” The New York Times ​ [New York, NY], 6 Feb. 1963, pp. 1-7. timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/02/06/89517937.html?pageNumber=1.

This source described President Kennedy’s efforts towards signing the Community Mental Health Act, in which he stated his ideas and plans to establish community mental health centers.

Wilmerding, Marie F. “Sane Among Lunatics.” New York Journal and Advertiser [New York, ​ ​ NY], 21 Aug. 1898. Retrieved from www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030180/1898-08-21/ed-1/?sp=1&q=insane%2Basylum&r=-0. 012%2C0.708%2C0.705%2C0.406%2C0

This source described the account of a patient who claims to have been wrongly institutionalized. This source describes the patients experience, and fears around being in an institution.

8 Books

Bly, Nellie. Ten Days in a Mad-House. New York, NY: Ian L. Munro, 1887. ​ ​ www.gutenberg.org/files/59899/59899-h/59899-h.htm

This source was Nellie Bly’s original “Ten Days in a Mad House” that documented her experience in Blackwell’s Island Mental Hospital. This source provided me with a solid understanding of the conditions inside a mental hospital in 1887.

Curwen, John. History of the Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions ​ for the Insane, from 1844 to 1884, Inclusive. Warren, PA: E. Cowan & Co., 1885. ​ https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=loc.ark:/13960/t39038h9x

This source documented the meeting of the Medical Superintendents of American Institutions, and their argument for better living conditions for the patients in their institutions. This source helped to cement my understanding of the conditions in a mental hospital.

Dix, Dorothea L. Memorial to the Legislature of Massachusetts. Boston, MA: Munroe & ​ ​ Francis, 1843. https://archive.org/details/memorialtolegisl00dixd

This source was a book written by Dorthea Dix, a lobbyist for better treatments of the mentally ill. The source documented the lifestyles of people outside of institutions, and the need for more.

Hunt, Isaac H. Astounding Disclosures! Three Years in a Madhouse: A True Account of the ​ Barbarous, Inhuman and Cruel Treatment of Isaac H. Hunt, in the Maine Insane Hospital. New York, NY: A.A. Mann, April 1851. ​ https://books.google.com/books?id=pVE_AAAAYAAJ

This source was a first hand account on asylums in the Maine Insane Hospital, this source gave me important insights as to what the conditions were like inside the asylums.

Page, Charles Whitney. The Care of the Insane and Hospital Management. Boston, MA: ​ ​ W. M. Leonard, 1912. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=loc.ark:/13960/t2m62rd26

9

This source described the treatments mental hospitals used to care for their patients successfully (such as restraints). This source helped me to better understand the environment of the mental hospitals in 1912.

Television/Radio

Rivera, Geraldo, director. “Willowbrook: The Last Great Disgrace.” WABC-TV Channel 7, 1972. ​ ​ www.youtube.com/watch?v=xPvQpWEdxoY

This source described the abuses and neglect within the Willowbrook State School for Children With Intellectual Disabilities. The source described the underfunded and understaffed facility, this source helped me to understand the state of the issue.

Rivera, Geraldo, director. “Willowbrook II.” 20/20, ABC, 1982. ​ ​ www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvUSnfvGQgU

Rivera visited the same mental hospitals he did in the first “Willowbrook, '' but 10 years later to see if they had improved. While the mental hospitals had gotten much more staff after the expose 10 years prior, there were still many issues. This source helped me to understand the legacy of the Community Mental Health Act and how it directly affected many patients.

Films/Videos

“Mental Health (Keeping Mentally Fit).” Encyclopaedia Britannica Films, 1952. Web. ​ ​ https://archive.org/embed/MentalHe1952

This was a Britannica Films source from the 1950’s that was meant to educate the general public about standard mental health practice. This helped me gain information on the attitude towards mental disorders at the time.

Wiseman, Frederick, director. Titicut Follies. Zipporah Films, 1967. ​ ​ https://denverlibrary.kanopy.com/video/titicut-follies

This source was a documentary on the Bridgewater State Hospital for the Criminally Insane, in Massachusetts. It provided me with lots of (visual) information on the conditions and daily rituals of the patients in that mental hospital. I also used some media from this source and exported it to my website.

10 Secondary Sources

Archives

Desrochers, Alyssa. “Dorothea Dix: Mental Health Reformer and Civil War Nurse.” Smithsonian Institution Archives, 29 Mar. 2012. Accessed 23 Nov. 2019. ​ siarchives.si.edu/blog/dorothea-dix-mental-health-reformer-and-civil-war-nurse.

This source helped me gain an understanding around what Dorothea Dix did for the mental illness movement in the mid 1800’s.

E, Dyck. “Deinstitutionalization.” The Eugenics Archives, 28 Apr. 2014. Accessed 18 Sept 2019, ​ ​ http://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/connections/535eeb1a7095aa0000000219. ​

This was a source that explained the impact of deinstitutionalization on the country of Canada, the source also went into the eugenics laws that were passed in Canada as a result of deinstitutionalization.

“John F. Kennedy and People with Intellectual Disabilities.” John F. Kennedy Presidential ​ Library and Museum [Boston, MA], National Archives and Records Administration, n.d. ​ www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/john-f-kennedy-and-people-with-intelle ctual-disabilities

This source was on Kennedy's presidential panel on mental retardations, and the factors that pushed Kennedy to create a panel for such issues. This source gave me more insights on my backstory.

Interviews

Kushihashi Reina. “Interview with Daniel Yohanna.” Personal Interview. 20 Dec. 2019.

This interview provided me with more perspectives on the stigma of mental health and how it has changed overtime.

Kushihashi Reina. “Interview with E. Fuller Torrey.” Personal Interview. 23 Dec. 2019.

This personal interview helped me gain lots of knowledge on the mental health system today, it’s downsides, and how it broke barriers. Dr. E Fuller Torrey is a renowned psychiatrist, who founded the Treatment Advocacy Center, and wrote various books.

11 Books

Torrey, E. Fuller. American Psychosis: How the Federal Government Destroyed the Mental Illness Treatment System. Oxford University Press, 2014.

This source was on how JFK’s Community Mental Health act, as well as the idea of a “Federal mental health system” has ruined the current treatment system for the mentally ill. This source was helpful as I got an interview from the Author and it helped to solidify my understanding of the legacy.

Academic Journals

Flory, Curtis, and Rose Marie Friedrich. “Half a Million Mental Patients Liberated from Institutions to Community Settings Without Provision for Long-Term Care.” Catalyst ​ 1(2), Nov/Dec 1999. Mental Illness Policy, Treatment Advocacy Center, 15 Jan 2020. ​ ​ http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/imd/deinstitutionalization-flory.html. ​

This source went into specific data points and statistics on how the deinstitutionalization of mental hospitals affected the mentally ill today, the statistics were very helpful for my legacy.

Grob, Gerald N. “Mental Health Policy in America: Myths and Realities.” Health Affairs ​ 11(3):7-22, Fall 1992. Accessed 14 Sept 2019. www.healthaffairs.org/doi/pdf/10.1377/hlthaff.11.3.7. ​

This source went into the evolution of the mental hospital, and mental health treatments over time. The source taught me why these changes occurred, and what policies and governmental changes helped to evolve the mental illness treatments we know today

Grob, Gerald N. “Public Policy and Mental Illnesses: Jimmy Carter’s Presidential Commission on Mental Health.” The Milbank Quarterly 83(3):425-456, Blackwell Publishing, Inc., ​ ​ Sep. 2005. Accessed 12 Dec 2019. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690151/pdf/milq0083-0425.pdf. ​

This source talked about Jimmy Carter’s impact on mental health during his presidency, and the outreach he had. This helped me to understand how he broke barriers in mental health during his presidency.

Hallam, Richard S., and Michael P. Bender. “Looking Back: The Journal of a Mental Hospital User in the 1960s.” The Psychologist 25(5): 394-395, May 2012. ​ ​

12 http://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-25/edition-5/looking-back-journal-mental-hospi tal-user-1960s

This was a source that documented the experience of a mental patient through letters and documents he had written. This source helped me develop an understanding for what the attitude towards mentally ill people was in the 1960’s.

Harcourt, Bernard E. “An Institutionalization Effect: The Impact of Mental Hospitalization and Imprisonment on Homicide in the United States, 1934-2001.” The Journal of Legal ​ Studies 40(1): 39-83, Jan. 2011. ​ www3.law.columbia.edu/bharcourt/documents/harcourt-jls-final-2011.pdf.

This source made clear the connection to incarceration and deinstitutionalization rates in America. The source provided me with lots of important information for my legacy, and graphs.

Lindamood, Wes. “Thorazine.” Chemical & Engineering News 83(25), American Chemical ​ ​ Society, 20 June 2005. http://pubsapp.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8325/8325thorazine.html?

This source talked about Thorazine and how it helped to progress deinstitutionalization. The source taught me about Thorazine’s side effects, and chemical properties.

Mechanic, David, et al. “Mental Health Services Then And Now.” Health Affairs 26(6): ​ ​ 1548-1550, Project Hope, Nov/Dec 2007. www.healthaffairs.org/doi/pdf/10.1377/hlthaff.26.6.1548

This source taught me about the changes in mental health from 1970 and on, the source also went into the effects of these changes whether they be positive or negative.

Thomas, Alexander R. “Ronald Reagan and the Commitment of the Mentally Ill: Capital, Interest Groups, and the Eclipse of Social Policy.” Electronic Journal of Sociology 3(4), ​ ​ Aug. 1998. Accessed 9 Oct, 2019. www.sociology.org/ejs-archives/vol003.004/thomas.html

This source was on the effect of several different mental health acts passed overtime, the source taught me about the effects of the Community Mental Health Act, as well as Jimmy Carter's impact on mental health.

13 Yohanna, Daniel. “Deinstitutionalization of People with Mental Illness: Causes and Consequences.” American Medical Association Journal of Ethics 15(10): 886-891, ​ ​ Oct. 2013. Accessed 2 Sept 2019. https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/deinstitutionalization-people-mental-illness-ca uses-and-consequences/2013-10

This article described the early history of mental institutions dating back to ancient Greece and Rome. The article taught me how communities slowly progressed towards mental institutions and the benefits and downfalls institutions have.

Periodicals

Magazines

Ford, Matt. “America’s Largest Mental Hospital Is a Jail.” The Atlantic, Atlantic Media ​ ​ Company, 08 June 2015. www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/06/americas-largest-mental-hospital-is-a-jail/ 395012

This source taught me the amount of mentally ill people in the Cook County Jail, and how America tends to criminalize the mentally ill for small crimes.

Lenz, Lyz. “The Secret Lobotomy of Rosemary Kennedy.” Marie Claire, 31 Mar. 2017. ​ ​ www.marieclaire.com/celebrity/a26261/secret-lobotomy-rosemary-kennedy

This source helped me gain an understanding as to why the Community Mental Health Act was signed, and what role Rosemary Kennedy, the sister of President Kennedy, had on the mental health system we know today.

Newspapers

Lyons, Richard D. “How Release of Mental Patients Began.” The New York Times [New York, ​ ​ NY], 30 Oct. 1984. www.nytimes.com/1984/10/30/science/how-release-of-mental-patients-began.html

This source documented the changes made in the 1950’s and the 1960’s that lead to the mass reduction of Mental Patients over time. This helped me solidify my main event, and the effects of my main event.

Nelson, Bryce. “Nation’s Psychiatrists Give ‘High Priority’ to the Homeless.” The New York ​ Times [New York, NY], 10 May 1983. ​

14 www.nytimes.com/1983/05/10/science/nation-s-psychiatrists-give-high-priority-to-the-ho meless.html

This source discusses the direct correlation to emptying the mental hospitals and heightened rates of homelessness. This source helped me develop a better understanding as to why deinstitutionalization causes homelessness

Smith, Michelle R. “50 Years lLater, Kennedy’s Vision for Mental Health Not Realized.” The Seattle Times [Seattle, WA], 20 Oct. 2013. ​ www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/50-years-later-kennedyrsquos-vision-for-mental-hea lth-not-realized

This source described the areas that America still has to grow in terms of the mental health treatment system. I quoted this source in my bibliography, and it helped me see the effects of the acts made.

Radio/Television

Goldstein, Jackie. “Community-Based Care Can Reduce the Stigma of Mental Illness.” NPR, ​ ​ National Public Radio, 2 July 2016, 14 Sept 2019. www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/07/02/484055668/community-based-care-can-re duce-the-stigma-of-mental-illness

This source was very informative, and gave me new insights on the pros and cons of deinstitutionalization, while using a chronological format to explain the history from the beginning to the end. I used this source early on for visuals, and to see when the mental health acts were created.

Ko, Lisa. “Unwanted Sterilization and Eugenics Programs in the United States.” Independent ​ Lens, Public Broadcasting Service, 29 Jan. 2016. ​ www.pbs.org/independentlens/blog/unwanted-sterilization-and-eugenics-programs-in-the -united-states

This source taught me about the unwanted sterilization in the US, where the eugenics laws were enacted, when they were enacted, and why they were enacted.

Placzek, Jessica. “Did the Emptying of Mental Hospitals Contribute to Homelessness?” KQED, Northern California Public Broadcasting, 7 Apr. 2017. ​ www.kqed.org/news/11209729/did-the-emptying-of-mental-hospitals-contribute-to-home

15 lessness-here

This source was a timeline with important photos and explanations for events for my topic. This source helped me to understand the effects of the main event, and it’s legacy.

Raphelson, Samantha. “How The Loss of U.S. Psychiatric Hospitals Led to a Mental Health Crisis.” Here & Now, National Public Radio, 30 Nov. 2017. ​ ​ www.npr.org/2017/11/30/567477160/how-the-loss-of-u-s-psychiatric-hospitals-led-to-a- mental-health-crisis

This source was on the effects of deinstitutionalization on America’s current mental health system. This source helped me gain a better understanding of the legacy of the Community Mental Health act of 1963.

“Treatments for Mental Illness.” American Experience, Public Broadcasting Service, ​ ​ 4 Oct, 2019. www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/nash-treatments-mental-illness

This was a timeline taught me about the treatments for mental health in 400 B.C, all the way up to 1992, and the progression in both technology and knowledge that helped make the changes possible. The timeline also included specific information on the treatments that changed over the years such as institutions, from therapy to drugs that helped change society's perspective on those with mental illness.

Websites

“Biography of Rosalynn Carter.” Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum [Atlanta, GA], ​ ​ National Archives and Records Administration, 2010. Accessed 13 Nov. 2019. www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/about_us/biography_of_rosalynn_carter

This source helped me develop an understanding of what Rosalynn Carter, the wife of President Carter, did for American mental health standards that we know today.“

“CMHI Pueblo Museum.” Colorado Mental Health Institute at Pueblo Museum [Pueblo, CO], ​ ​ 2014. www.cmhipmuseum.org

This source was on the Colorado State Insane Asylum museum, the museum’s website features photos of artifacts, and articles documenting the history of the center.

16 Community Mental Health Act.” National Council for Behavioral Health, 2020. ​ ​ www.thenationalcouncil.org/about/national-mental-health-association/overview/commun ity-mental-health-act

This source focused on the Community Mental Health Act, and it’s legacy. I used this source for quotes, and to cement my understanding of the Community Mental Health Act and what it caused.

“The Community Mental Health Act of 1963 and Its Deinstitutionalizing Effect on Saint Elizabeth's Hospital.” The History Engine, University of Richmond, 2015. ​ ​ historyengine.richmond.edu/episodes/view/5681

This source showed me a brief history of St Elizabeth’s hospital. Why it was created, what it is, and what happened to it after the Community Mental Health Act of 1963.

D’Antonio, Patricia. “History of Psychiatric Hospitals.” Penn Nursing, University of ​ ​ Pennsylvania, n.d. Accessed 13 Dec 2019. www.nursing.upenn.edu/nhhc/nurses-institutions-caring/history-of-psychiatric-hospitals

This source taught me about the history of early American mental hospitals, and the conditions inside them. The source described the changes that were made to these hospitals, and environmental factors that influenced these changes.

“Diseases of the Mind: Highlights of American Psychiatry through 1900 - Early Psychiatric Hospitals and Asylums.” U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of ​ ​ Health, 18 Jan. 2017. Accessed 10 Nov. 2019. www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/diseases/early.html

This was a timeline that dove into the early history of mental institutions, specifically in the American colonies. The years the timeline covered date all the way back to 1752, and the information was very beneficial to my backstory.

Guerra, Elaine Carmen. “U01: Ronald Reagan and the Federal Deinstitutionalization of Mentally Ill Patients.” PSY 833 Ethics and Leadership Wheeler, Penn State Liberal Arts Online, ​ ​ 8 Feb. 2017. Accessed 12 Jan. 2020. https://sites.psu.edu/psy533wheeler/2017/02/08/u01-ronald-reagan-and-the-federal-deinst itutionalization-of-mentally-ill-patients/comment-page-1

This source taught me about the effects of the mental health policies, budget cuts Ronald Reagan made during his presidency, that in turn affected the mentally ill.

17 Haddad, Peter, et al. “Chlorpromazine, the First Antipsychotic Medication: History, Controversy and Legacy.” British Association for Psychopharmacology, 25 Jan. 2019. Accessed ​ ​ 23 Jan. 2020. www.bap.org.uk/articles/chlorpromazine-the-first-antipsychotic

This source taught me about chlorpromazine or thorazine, the first antipsychotic drug on the market. The source went into the drug’s discovery, as well as its use, and legacy.

Hussung, Tricia. “A History of Mental Illness Treatment.” Concordia University, 14 Oct. 2016. ​ ​ https://online.csp.edu/blog/psychology/history-of-mental-illness-treatment

This source taught me about the different types of mental health treatments that were used throughout the 17th century, all the way to the 1980’s and 2000’s.

“National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH).” National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of ​ ​ Health and Human Services, 17 Feb. 2017. Accessed 11 Nov 2019. www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nih-almanac/national-institute-mental-health-nimh

This was a very quality source that demonstrated the history of the National Institute of Mental health and its impact on American mental health standards. I used this source in my legacy to demonstrate the National Institute of Mental Health’s impact on the mental health treatment system.

Norwood, Arlisha R. “Dorothea Dix.” National Women’s History Museum, 2017. ​ ​ Accessed 4 Mar. 2020. www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/dorothea-dix

This source gave me new insights into Dorthea Dix’s life, and factors that helped influence her championship of instigating mental institutions.

“OSH Museum.” Oregon State Hospital of Mental Health [Salem, OR], n.d. http://oshmuseum.org

This source was on the Oregon State Museum, which offers education on their staff and patients. This source helped me develop an understanding of the conditions inside the state hospital.

Pan, Deanna. “TIMELINE: Deinstitutionalization and Its Consequences.” Mother Jones, ​ ​ 25 June 2017. Accessed 18 Jan. 2020. www.motherjones.com/politics/2013/04/timeline-mental-health-america

18 This source was a timeline that provided many different pictures, as well as important changes in mental health over time.

Pearson, Steve. “1960s Important News and Events, Key Technology Fashion and Popular Culture.” The People History, 2020, 14 April 2020. www.thepeoplehistory.com/1960s.html. ​ This source helped me build a better understanding as to what was going on when my topic occured. This helped me in writing my main event, and in seeing the cause and effect.

“The Prevalence and Treatment of Mental Illness Today.” Harvard Health, Harvard Health Publishing, Mar. 2014, 11 Mar 2020 www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/the-prevalence-and-treatment-of-mental-illness -today. ​ This source was on the current mental health treatment system today, it detailed what needs to be done and what America is lacking. This source helped me gain a better understanding for my long term legacy.

Prioleau, Brian. “JFK’s Legacy of Community-Based Care.” SAMHSA. Substance Abuse and ​ ​ Mental Health Services Administration. 19 Apr. 2016. Accessed 26 Aug. 2019. www.samhsa.gov/homelessness-programs-resources/hpr-resources/jfk%E2%80%99s-leg acy-community-based-care

This was a very informative source, and it went into lots of details on President John F. Kennedy’s influence on deinstitutionalization, and what he did for the movement. I used this source to help me create my thesis statement.

Riddle, Mark A. and Susan dosReis. “22 Psychiatric Medications for Monitoring in Primary Care.” Center for Mental Health Services in Pediatric Primary Care, Johns Hopkins ​ ​ School of Public Health, July 2011. Accessed 23 Jan. 2020. http://web.jhu.edu/pedmentalhealth/images/Monitoring%20Meds.pdf

This source provided lots of helpful information surrounding psychiatric drugs, when they were used, what they were used for and side effects. This will be helpful in both my legacy and my backstory

“Rosalynn Carter on the Mental Health Crisis.” John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and ​ Museum [Boston, MA], National Archives and Records Administration, n.d., ​ www.jfklibrary.org/events-and-awards/forums/past-forums/transcripts/rosalynn-carter-on

19 -the-mental-health-crisis. 12 Jan 2020 ​

This source was an interview with Rosalynn Carter, on her view of the mental health systems in America. This source helped me gain a background on what led to President Carter’s act.

Runchie, Ayanna. “‘This Is Going to Compound Your Problems’: Coronavirus Poses New Challenge for Many with Mental Illness.” CBS News, CBS Interactive, 16 Mar. 2020, 7 Apr. 2020 www.cbsnews.com/news/coronavirus-outbreak-and-mental-illness/. ​ This source documented the effect of the Coronavirus and social distancing on the mentally ill population. This will help me better develop my long term legacy as the information pertains to current world events.

Sebelius, Kathleen. “Increasing Access to Mental Health Services.” The Obama White House, ​ ​ National Archives and Records Administration, 10 Apr. 2013. Accessed 21 Nov. 2019. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2013/04/10/increasing-access-mental-health- services

This source documented the budget for mental health spending in 2014. I used this source to understand the financial workings of the federal budget during President Obama’s Presidency.

Sheffield, Wesley. “The Community Mental Health Act of 1963: Still Pursuing the Promise of Reform Fifty Years Later.” Young Minds Advocacy, 25 Apr. 2019. Accessed ​ ​ 26 Aug. 2019. www.ymadvocacy.org/the-community-mental-health-act-of-1963

This was a quality source, and it helped me gain new insights on the Community mental health act, and the aftermath of it.

Smith, Michelle R. “50 Years Later, Kennedy?s Vision for Mental Health Not Realized.” The Seattle Times [Seattle, WA], 20 Oct. 2013. Accessed 10 Mar. 2020. ​ web.archive.org/web/20131023010233/seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2022091710_ mentalhealthxml.html

This was a source that helped me gain an understanding on the effects of the Community Mental Health Act of 1963. This information will be very beneficial to my main event

20 Torrey, E. Fuller. “The Shortage of Public Hospital Beds for Mentally Ill Persons.” Treatment Advocacy Center, n.d. Accessed 10 Sept. 2019. ​ www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/the_shortage_of_publichospital_b eds.pdf

This report described the decrease in hospital beds over the course of 50 years. The report also gave me reasons why this decrease happened and how many hospital beds are needed for mentally ill persons.

“What Is Deinstitutionalization?” Open Society Foundations, May 2019. Accessed 9 Oct. 2019. ​ ​ www.opensocietyfoundations.org/explainers/what-deinstitutionalization

This source was very important to understanding the barriers to deinstitutionalization, and the controversy over the community based treatments (such as increased homelessness). This article describes why community based treatments are better than institutions, as well as the restraints people have in terms of leading an independent life in a community.

Blog Posts

Amadeo, Kimberly. “Deinstitutionalization, Its Causes, Effects, Pros and Cons; How Deinstitutionalization in the 1970s Affects You Today.” The Balance, 4 Nov. 2018. 13 ​ ​ Dec 2019 www.thebalance.com/deinstitutionalization-3306067

This act was a timeline as well as an article that described changes made to the mental health treatment system, and factors that triggered these changes. This source helped strengthen my understanding of my topic’s legacy.

“A Brief History of Mental Illness and the U.S. Mental Health Care System.” Unite for Sight, ​ ​ n.d. Accessed 2 Sept. 2019. www.uniteforsight.org/mental-health/module2

This source was very useful to the backstory and the legacy, it explained the history of deinstitutionalization, the impacts, the opposing viewpoints, and the legacy. The article was also helpful for understanding the controversy over mental health.

Mertes, Alyssa. “64 Popular Colors for Awareness Ribbons and What They Mean.” Quality ​ Logo Products Digest, 25 Feb. 2020. ​ www.qualitylogoproducts.com/blog/awareness-ribbon-color-symbolism

21 This source was about the meanings of different colored ribbons. This source helped me to decide the color for the background of my website.

Roberts, Joel John. “Did Reagan’s Crazy Mental Health Policies Cause Today’s Homelessness?” Poverty Insights, 14 Oct. 2013. Accessed 22 Nov. 2019. ​ www.povertyinsights.org/2013/10/14/did-reagans-crazy-mental-health-policies-cause-tod ays-homelessness

This was an informative source that gave me insights on Reagan’s effect on homelessness in America, and what happened when he repealed a part of the Omnibus Budget Act.

22