ANNUAL REPORT 1998-1999 JUSTIN GUARIGLIA Children Along the Streets of Jakarta, Indonesia, Welcome President and Mrs

Home , Amy Carter, Anne Cox Chambers, Carter Center, Jack Carter (politician), Jane Frank, Jody Powell

M E S S A G E F R O M J I M M Y C A R T E R ANNUAL REPORT 1998-1999 JUSTIN GUARIGLIA Children along the streets of Jakarta, Indonesia, welcome President and Mrs. Carter. WAGING PEACE

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FIGHTING DISEASE

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BUILDING HOPE

The Carter Center One Copenhill Atlanta, GA 30307 (404) 420-5100 Fax (404) 420-5145 www.cartercenter.org THE CARTER CENTER A B O U T T H E C A R T E R C E N T E R C A R T E R C E N T E R B O A R D O F T R U S T E E S T H E C A R T E R C E N T E R M I S S I O N S T A T E M E N T

Located in Atlanta, The Carter Center is governed by its board of trustees. Chaired by President Carter, with Mrs. Carter as vice chair, the board The Carter Center oversees the Center’s assets and property, and promotes its objectives and goals. Members include: The Carter Center, in partnership with Emory University, is guided by a fundamental houses offices for Jimmy and Rosalynn commitment to human rights and the alleviation of human suffering; it seeks to prevent and Jimmy Carter Robert G. Edge Kent C. “Oz” Nelson Carter and most of Chair Partner Retired Chair and CEO resolve conflicts, enhance freedom and democracy, and improve health. the Center’s program Alston & Bird United Parcel Service of America staff, who promote Rosalynn Carter peace and advance Vice Chair Jane Fonda Charles B. Nemeroff, M.D., Ph.D. While the program agenda may change, The Carter Center is guided by five principles: health worldwide. Actress, Activist, and Trustee Reunette W. Harris Professor Field representatives Terrence B. Adamson Chairman of Psychiatry and Behavioral The Center emphasizes action and results. Based on careful research and analysis, also work in 20 Senior Vice President Claus M. Halle Sciences nations in Africa and National Geographic Society International Consultant Emory University it is prepared to take timely action on important and pressing issues. Latin America. The Coca-Cola Company Paul H. Anderson Jr. Joseph L. “Jody” Powell Jr. ★ Partner David A. Hamburg, Ph.D. Chair and CEO The Center does not duplicate the effective efforts of others. Burton & Anderson President Emeritus Shandwick Public Affairs ★ Carnegie Corporation of New York Arthur M. Blank Alice R. Rubenstein The Center addresses difficult problems and recognizes the possibility of failure as an acceptable risk. President and CEO Sidney Harman, Ph.D. Co-founder and Managing Director ★ The Home Depot Chair of the Board and CEO Rhodes Partners Harman International Industries The Center is nonpartisan and acts as a neutral in dispute resolution activities. Michael C. Carlos Tadahiro “Tad” Yoshida ★ Chair and CEO Frank C. Jones President National Distributing Company Partner YKK Corporation The Center believes that people can improve their lives when King & Spalding provided with the necessary skills, knowledge, and access to resources. William M. Chace, Ph.D. The Honorable Andrew Young President The Honorable James T. Laney Co-chair Emory University Former U.S. Ambassdor GoodWorks International The Carter Center collaborates with other organizations, public or private, in carrying out its mission. to South Korea GABRIEL BENZUR Johnnetta B. Cole, Ph.D. Trustee Emeriti Professor John J. Moores Robert J. Lipshutz Emory University Investor and Chair Lipshutz, Greenblatt & King What is The Carter Center? the Center’s programs. They design and disease after smallpox to be eradicated. San Diego Padres The Center is a nonprofit, nongovern- implement activities in cooperation with ■ Fighting river blindness in Africa and mental organization (NGO) founded in President and Mrs. Carter, networks of Latin America through a global coalition 1982 in Atlanta, Ga., by Jimmy and world leaders, other NGOs, and partners in to educate people about the disease and Rosalynn Carter in partnership with the United States and abroad. distribute medicine to control it. Since Emory University. A board of trustees, chaired by President 1996, Carter Center-assisted programs have Carter with Mrs. Carter as vice chair, provided more than 21 million drug What is The Carter Center’s role? governs the Center. (Trustees are listed treatments to people on both continents. “Waging Peace. Fighting Disease. inside the middle back cover.) The board of ■ Working to erase the stigma of mental Building Hope.” These six words embody councilors serves to promote understanding illnesses and improve access to and the The Carter Center’s mission in a world of and support for The Carter Center quality of care for the 50 million Ameri- where people live every day under through prominent regional and local cans who experience mental disorders difficult, life-threatening conditions leaders. (Members are listed on Page 40.) every year. caused by war, disease, famine, and ■ Helping more than 1 million farm poverty. The ultimate goal is to help What are the Center’s major initiatives? families in Africa to double, triple, or create a world where every man, woman, Health quadruple their yields of maize, wheat, and and child has the opportunity to enjoy The Center’s health programs fight disease other grains. For example, the number of good health and live in peace. and hunger by: farmers in Guinea using new growing ■ Leading a worldwide campaign that has methods more than tripled from 1997 to Who directs the Center’s programs? achieved 97 percent eradication of Guinea 1998. During the same period, farmers in Resident experts and fellows, some of worm disease in Africa and parts of Asia. Mali quadrupled the amount of land used whom teach at Emory University, direct Guinea worm will be only the second to grow crops with improved seed varieties.

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1 9 9 8 - 9 9 C A R T E R C E N T E R A N N U A L R E P O R T W A G I N G P E A C E ★ F I G H T I N G D I S E A S E ★ B U I L D I N G H O P E 1 9 9 8 - 9 9 C A R T E R C E N T E R A N N U A L R E P O R T Peace charitable organization, and contribu- ■ The Center’s peace programs address the tions by U.S. citizens and companies are ★ ★ root causes of conflicts at home and in the tax-deductible as allowed by law. To ★ developing world by: make a donation by cash or credit card, ★ ■ Observing multiparty elections in some contact the Office of Development at 20 countries to promote democracy. (404) 420-5119. CONTENTS ■ Seeking peaceful solutions to civil 2 Message from Dr. John Hardman conflicts in places such as Sudan, Haiti, How large is the Center’s staff? Nicaragua, the Korean Peninsula, and the The Center has 160 full- and part- Great Lakes region of Central Africa. time employees, based primarily in Waging Peace ■ Promoting democracy and economic Atlanta. More than 350 field representa- cooperation in the Western Hemisphere. tives are stationed in 20 countries in 4 Conflict Resolution ■ Preventing human rights violations Africa and Latin America. worldwide. 6 Democracy and Elections ■ Strengthening human rights and How do people become involved in the 9 Global Development economic development in emerging Center’s work? democracies. More than 100 undergraduate and 10 Human Rights ■ Helping inner-city families and children graduate students work with Center 12 Latin American and Caribbean Program address such quality-of-life issues as jobs, programs for academic credit or practical early education and after-school programs, experience each year. More than 100 and health care. volunteers donate an average of one day of their time each week to the Center. Fighting Disease Where is the Center located? They work with Center programs, assist 14 Guinea Worm Eradication Program The Carter Center is located in a 35-acre with special events, and conduct a park two miles from downtown Atlanta. limited number of private tours. 16 Lymphatic Filariasis Program Four circular interconnected pavilions For volunteer information, call (404) 18 River Blindness Program house offices for President and Mrs. Carter 420-5105. To learn more about intern- and most of the Center’s program staff. The ships, call (404) 420-5151 or visit our 20 Trachoma Program complex includes the nondenominational Web site at www.cartercenter.org. 22 Urinary Schistosomiasis Program Cecil B. Day Chapel and other conference facilities. Is the Center open to the public? The Jimmy Carter Library and Museum, The Carter Center is open to the which adjoins the Center, is owned and public by business appointment or for Building Hope operated by the National Archives and special events. Individuals or groups may 24 Agriculture Program Records Administration of the federal rent space for meetings, conferences, government. The Center and Library are dinners, receptions, concerts, and other 26 The Atlanta Project known collectively as The Carter Presiden- events. For availability and pricing, call 28 Mental Health Program tial Center. the Events Office at (404) 420-5112. The Jimmy Carter Library is the How is the Center funded? repository for Carter administration Private donations from individuals, records. The Museum of The Jimmy 30 Donors and Support foundations, and corporations financed Carter Library is open Monday through construction of The Carter Center’s Saturday, 9 a.m. to 4:45 p.m., and facilities. These and others supported the Sunday, noon to 4:45 p.m. It features 39 Carter Center Staff 1998-99 budget with donations totaling exhibits on the American presidency, the approximately $68.5 million. The Jimmy Carter administration, and more. Carter Library and Museum, also built with Admission is $5 for adults, $4 for senior 40 Board of Councilors private funds, were deeded to the federal citizens 55 and older, and free for government after construction. children 16 and younger. For more The Carter Center Inc. is a 501(c)(3) information, call (404) 331-0296. 43 Financial Statements

W A G I N G P E A C E ★ F I G H T I N G D I S E A S E ★ B U I L D I N G H O P E 1 A M E S S A G E F R O M D R. J O H N H A R D M A N

o millions of people in Africa, Asia, South and Central America, and even the United States, the notion that they can profoundly influence Ttheir own futures for the better is often a startling – and exhilarating – concept. These people include the poorest of the world’s poor, for whom success is e believe measured not in material terms, but in the simple ability to withstand physi- W cal or emotional pain for another day. They may be oppressed by war or government corruption, suffering from disease or hunger, or economically crippled by generations of poverty. that hope is a basic The Carter Center, working with other nonprofit organizations, governmental agencies, and private industry, is dedicated to alleviating the conditions that foster not only physical poverty, but also the mental toll that oppresses the human spirit. The relentless, difficult work toward achieving a human right, and better quality of life – a future of promise – necessarily begins with the idea that solutions are possible. Everything we do at The Carter Center is guided by a fundamental commitment to human rights and a firm belief in the power of hope. We ap- everything we do proach our work on two fronts – waging peace and fighting disease – through a dozen mutually supportive programs aimed at mitigating specific problems. is guided by a The Center actively works for peace through our Conflict Resolution Program. We monitor all the world’s conflicts – mostly civil wars – and provide behind-the-scenes as well as public commitment to mediation assistance when requested by all parties involved with a conflict. This year, we have been active in Africa and Asia. Peace is fostered, we believe, when individuals this and other have the freedom and ability to participate in their own government. By monitoring elections and working with various government leaders and agencies to ensure that civil society has a voice in policy-making, our Democ- racy Program strives to close the gap that too often exists between the fundamental rights. government and the governed. The program promotes awareness and compliance with the basic democratic concept that the rule of law should apply to everyone. In addition, The Carter Center’s Global Development Program helps countries formulate national development strategies leading to a comprehensive blueprint for economic, social, and democratic development. The process emphasizes consensus, broad-based participation, and a realistic balance among economic, social, and environmental goals.

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We also help citizens determine their own destinies through The Carter Center’s Latin American and Caribbean Program which promotes a common agenda among the nations of the region and the United States to strengthen democracy, reduce corruption, and decrease inequities among citizens. Good health, which is basic to an individual’s ability to influence his or her future, is another fundamental component of The Carter Center’s global he relentless, mission. We are now working to eradicate or control five diseases in develop- T ing countries – Guinea worm disease, lymphatic filariasis, river blindness, urinary schistosomiasis, and trachoma. The conquest of these debilitating diseases involves strong public health difficult work initiatives, improving personal hygiene practices, and medication. In the case of Guinea worm disease, it also involves improving drinking water sources. The infrastructure developed to eradicate Guinea worm has provided a basis for addressing the other diseases because of similarities in treatment-delivery methods. toward achieving a On a day-to-day basis, hunger and malnutrition are perhaps the most important health issues facing millions of the world’s poor. The Center’s Agriculture Program teaches farmers to become self-reliant through tradi- better quality of life – tional agricultural techniques, improved farming methods, and crop diversifi- cation. In addition, the program helps village farmers improve grain storage methods and develop viable commercial markets for their crops. The Carter Center’s Mental Health Program promotes public awareness of the biochemical nature of most mental illnesses and availability of treatment. a future of promise – The program identifies major mental health issues, convenes meetings, and develops initiatives to reduce stigma and discrimination against people with these diseases. The diverse programs of The Carter Center have many things in common. necessarily begins with They strive for outcomes taken for granted by most of us. They do not rely on complex technology for success. Indeed, much of the work simply involves sharing existing knowledge and resources. Their greatest common aspect has the idea that solutions been characterized by Dr. Jim Zingeser, technical director of the Center’s Trachoma Control Program, in the following words: “It’s one thing to know that a particular disease is bad. We want people to know they can do something about it.” The same holds true for those trying to re-build their communities, to are possible. participate in their government, or to stand up for their own rights or those of their fellow citizens. They can do something about it. It also is true for farmers trying to increase food production, for individuals struggling to cope with a mental illness, for a child whose physical and intellectual development is threatened by schistosomiasis. They can do something about it – and The Carter Center is here to help.

W A G I N G P E A C E ★ F I G H T I N G D I S E A S E ★ B U I L D I N G H O P E 3 conflicts. The report, distributed to United Nations and government officials, journalists, NGOs, and others, includes regional and country summaries, statistics, and maps as well as articles by President Carter, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, and other peacemakers. Objectives for 1999-2000

■ Monitor and track developments relating to conflict prevention or resolution in at least 20 countries and seek opportunities where President Carter and INN members might provide strategic mediation interventions. ■ Continue pursuing high-engagement

KIRK WOLCOTT activities, such as assisting to resolve Carter Center observer Andrea Molnar talks with women and children at a police station in armed disputes in Congo-Brazzaville, Maliana, East Timor, where they had gathered for safety after pro-integration militia Sudan, and Uganda, and working to attacked the previous night. Violence often reigned in the days ahead of the Aug. 30, 1999, promote stability in East Timor and North vote on independence. Korea. ■ Convene its sixth INN meeting to seek solutions to specific armed conflicts and follow up on recommendations from the Conflict Resolution 1997 meeting, when members set goals for the INN as it enters its second decade. Mission which resulted in the death of an estimated 200,000 people, East Timor voted Support the efforts of President overwhelmingly in August 1999 for Carter and other peacemakers to independence from Indonesia. Working A Network prevent and resolve armed conflicts with the Center’s Democracy Program, the around the world. In collaboration with CRP co-managed a sustained monitoring its International Negotiation Network program in East Timor, which included for Peace (INN), the Conflict Resolution producing a series of public reports that Program (CRP) monitors many of the drew international attention to the The International Negotiation world’s conflicts and, upon request, violence and intimidation being commit- Network (INN), chaired by offers advice and assistance to resolve ted by pro-integration militias against pro- President Carter, is an informal armed disputes. independence supporters. network of eminent persons, ■ The CRP continued to provide long- Nobel peace laureates, and Highlights of 1998-1999 term recovery and technological advance- conflict resolution scholars and ments to North Korea’s troubled agricul- practitioners who provide third- ■ Since 1997, in the Republic of the tural sector, working closely with The party assistance, expert analysis, Congo-Brazzaville, more than 15,000 Carter Center’s Global 2000 health and and recommendations to parties people have been killed and another agriculture programs and a consortium of in conflict. The INN and the 800,000 displaced in fighting between nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Conflict Resolution Program of President Denis Sassou-Nguesso’s The ongoing Korean Food Security The Carter Center focus pre- troops, backed by Angola, and forces Initiative also fostered dialogue on broader dominantly on armed conflicts loyal to former President Pascal economic and political issues to promote inadequately addressed by the Lissouba and former Prime Minister greater stability in North Korea. international community, ■ Bernard Kolelas. In July 1999, the CRP In January 1999, the CRP published its frequently identifying and calling and INN, after receiving invitations fourth edition of the State of World Conflict attention to lesser-publicized from these three leaders, met each of Report, which details the nature and scope conflicts still in the early stages them to foster a dialogue and begin of armed conflicts around the world and to prevent them from escalating discussions on a peace process. efforts by The Carter Center, the INN, ■ After 24 years of Indonesian rule, and others to prevent and resolve those

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conflict resolution practitioners. A report from the week-long workshop, which included 60 participants from 15 countries, noted that the media’s positive impact on conflict was not well understood and practitioners should pool their experiences to devise guidelines for best practices. KIRK WOLCOTT The workshop also defined two Thousands of houses, like this one on the road from Sarajevo to Tuzla, Bosnia, distinct, yet potentially overlapping, stand as stark reminders of the 1992-1995 armed conflict that killed some groups and raised issues for each to 200,000 people and displaced half the pre-war population. address. One group was journalists reporting on conflicts; the other, conflict resolution groups making programs that Can the Media be an Agent for help people. “Journalists in areas of conflict must Waging Peace? decide when, if ever, to go beyond objective reporting to intervene in a uring times of conflict, the media Ireland, and South Africa. conflict, as well as bridging the journalis- Dbecome powerful tools. Nazi war In Liberia, Wolcott participated in a tic imperative of meeting tight deadlines propaganda, hate radio during Rwanda’s roundtable discussion between govern- with the peace building priority of not genocide, and press manipulation ment security personnel and the media, inflaming a situation with their words,” throughout the fighting in the former organized by the Center’s Liberia field Wolcott says. “Meanwhile, conflict Yugoslavia are stark examples of how the office to bring together two groups that resolution practitioners need to explore media can exacerbate bloody hostilities. were particularly contentious during the most effective ways to reach people But what role, if any, does media have Liberia’s 1989-96 civil war. Wolcott also in active or potential conflict through in preventing and resolving armed met with former Carter Center Field the media.” conflicts? Director John Langlois, who was directing One innovative approach shared at This question was put to The Carter a local radio station called Talking Drum the workshop was a collaboration by the Center in 1998 by the Geneva-based non- Studios, which uses news and drama to Washington-based Search for Common governmental organization Media Action encourage listeners toward more concilia- Ground and the Children’s Television International (MAI), which has been tory behavior. Workshop, the originators of “Sesame spearheading a project aimed at empower- “The use of drama, including successful Street.” Launched in 1999, this new TV ing local, national, and international press radio soap operas in Afghanistan and series for children combines tolerance and community groups to proactively use Burundi, has been an excellent way to building, conflict prevention, and the media to build peace. reach large numbers of people on a human conflict resolution elements to de- Working together, The Carter Center’s level and to begin to build empathy and escalate interethnic tensions in Conflict Resolution Program (CRP) and trust between groups divided by ethnic or Macedonia. MAI identified a number of countries religious differences,” Wolcott says. The workshop concluded that a where groups were working with the After leaving Liberia, Wolcott joined greater understanding of how media and media in ways designed to reduce conflict. MAI co-director Gordon Adam in Bosnia, conflict resolution groups operate, their These peace-building programs included where the media was widely used as an differences as well as their similarities, is tips to help listeners improve their instrument of war during the 1992-95 an essential precursor to the two chances for survival, forums for discussions fighting there. One effort to overcome professions working together successfully among belligerents, and teachings on Bosnia’s strongly ethnocentric reporting in the future. conflict resolution skills. was a radio station in war-ravished Mostar In the summer of 1999, The Carter After identifying promising programs, that employed both Muslim and Croatian Center made inroads in this direction, the CRP, MAI, and others set out to broadcasters. A second effort was a weekly when it opened an office in East Timor survey the most successful approaches so television program called “Fresh,” designed and began producing public reports on that they might be shared and replicated. to decontaminate viewers’ minds influ- the political and security conditions In the middle and latter half of 1998, CRP enced by hate media during the war years. ahead of East Timor’s referendum on Program Coordinator Kirk Wolcott visited In December 1998, Wolcott and the independence. These reports, dissemi- Liberia and Bosnia to examine proactive others presented their field survey findings nated globally by media, cast a bright media projects, while MAI and others at a workshop in Cape Town, South spotlight on illegal militia activities in made similar trips to conflict-ridden Africa, which brought together for the first East Timor and demonstrated the Afghanistan, Guatemala, Northern time a large gathering of media and media’s impact in times of conflict.

W A G I N G P E A C E ★ F I G H T I N G D I S E A S E ★ B U I L D I N G H O P E 5 elections in China, the Democracy Program established an agreement in June 1999 with the China Ministry of Civil Affairs to further its efforts to standardize village election procedures in some 930,000 Chinese villages. Forty computers with software will be installed in one-third of the counties of Hunan Province to gather data input by local election officials in 25,000 villages on local election results. A random survey of 120 villages will check the data’s reliability and accuracy to determine if the data-gathering project might expand

JUSTIN GUARIGLIA to other provinces. ■ At the invitation of the Cherokee An Indonesian poll worker shows Carter Center delegates and voters a presidential ballot, as Nation Election Commission in Okla- President Carter (left) observes from the background. homa, The Carter Center observed the Cherokee Nation elections in May 1999 and returned on July 24 to observe the run-off elections for the principal chief, deputy chief, and two of 15 seats on the Democracy and Elections Tribal Council. Carter Center delegates visited all 32 precincts and concluded Mission educate people in their communities to the election process was conducted at a seek appropriate redress when their rights high standard without flaws that had an Promote democracy and human are violated. The Center also sponsored a impact on the outcome. rights worldwide through programs two-day workshop in August for media ■ In August 1999, an international focused on three overall goals: observe practitioners with the Press Union of delegation organized by the Democracy elections in emerging democracies; Liberia. Program visited Mozambique to observe strengthen the capacity of civil society ■ The Democracy Program teamed with and assess the registration process in to influence public policy and provide the National Democratic Institute for preparation for the country’s December checks and balances on government; International Affairs (NDI) to observe 1999 national elections. Overall, the and increase the awareness of and all phases of Nigeria’s national elections, delegation found very high turnout rates, compliance with international human including local elections held Dec. 5, especially among women, and that party rights standards and the rule of law in 1998, state and gubernatorial elections agents were present and satisfied with all sectors of society. Jan. 9, 1999, national assembly elections the process at almost every post visited. Feb. 20, and presidential elections Feb. The team noted some important logisti- Highlights of 1998-1999 27. The 50-member delegation for the cal problems facing the process, includ- election for president was co-led by ing long distances and scarce transporta- ■ In November 1998, expatriate staff President and Mrs. Carter, former Joint tion resources. returned to the Democracy Program’s Chiefs of Staff Chairman Gen. Colin Liberia field office to begin implement- Powell, and former Niger President Objectives for 1999-2000 ing training programs for local human Mahamane Ousmane. Observers found rights monitors and paralegal profes- serious irregularities in the elections, ■ Continue to support consolidation of sionals and to create mechanisms for including vote tampering, but com- democracy in countries worldwide by improving relations between the media mended the minimal violence, the observing elections, strengthening civil and security forces. removal of the military from power, and society, and increasing awareness of and ■ The Carter Center sponsored a 10- the fresh start toward a truly democratic compliance with international human day paralegal training program con- and equitable society. rights standards and the rule of law. ducted by a local Liberian human rights ■ In June 1999, the Center also co- Particular attention will be given to nongovernmental organization, the sponsored with NDI a delegation to implementing programs in democratic Catholic Justice and Peace Commission observe the Indonesian parliamentary countries at risk of backsliding and to (JPC). Some 40 participants received election (see “Indonesia: An Important countries undergoing critical second and instruction in basic legal and human First Step” on Page 8). third transitional elections. rights principles and designed ways to ■ In a significant step to improve village ■ Expand the program’s civil society

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A Vote for Independence in East Timor

uring his June trip to Indonesia, President D Carter also met with East Timorese leader-in- exile Jose Alexandre “Xanana” Gusmao to discuss the “public consultation” ballot scheduled for August 1999 in which the East Timorese would vote whether to accept or reject an offer of special autonomy within the Republic of Indonesia. Indonesia, Portugal, and the United Nations had agreed to hold the public consultation with the United Nations administering the registration and balloting process, and Indonesia providing security during the consultation period. The conflict in East Timor began in 1975 after Indonesian troops invaded and occupied the territory following Portugal’s withdrawal. Both armed and peaceful resistance to the Indonesian annexation of East Timor quickly surfaced. The Carter Center’s observation involved a KIRK WILCOTT sustained monitoring of the pre-electoral environ- An international journalist takes photos of villagers in Memo, East Timor, ment by both long-term and short-term observers where two people were killed and 22 houses burned down two days in East Timor. The Center released weekly reports before the Aug. 30, 1999, vote on independence. with factual evidence of the security situation in the territory and confirmed the role of the pro-integration nel embarked on a campaign of massive violence against militia and the Indonesian military and police in the the East Timorese. intimidation and harassment of pro-independence support- After intense pressure from the international ers. These reports were widely distributed to the media and community, Indonesia agreed to the introduction of a key government officials in Indonesia and abroad. multinational peacekeeping force in East Timor. The Although many instances of violence and intimidation subsequent establishment of the U.N. Transitional were documented, approximately 90 percent of eligible East Authority in October began East Timor’s transition to Timorese registered to vote. In the Aug. 30 balloting, 98.5 an independent state. percent of registered voters cast a ballot, with nearly 78.5 The East Timorese suffered greatly in the days percent opting for independence. following the consultation, and it will be a challenge to The actual vote itself went remarkably smoothly, with build a new independent East Timor. Still, it is now a few instances of intimidation and violence reported that day. historical fact that an overwhelming majority of East Shortly after the closure of balloting, however, pro-integra- Timorese cast their votes for independence and their tion militia with the support of Indonesian security person- national aspirations now will be realized.

work by strengthening the capacity of ■ Continue to implement technical program’s civil society work will be to local nongovernmental organizations to projects in the areas of human rights strengthen the technical expertise of inform and impact government policy. and rule of law with countries in local human rights organizations, legal Priority will be placed on supporting the democratic transition, focusing on aid societies, and women’s, indigenous, political participation of traditionally judicial training for judges and lawyers, and youth groups so that their capacity marginalized sectors of society, such as improved systems for the administration will be great enough to carry forward women, indigenous peoples, and youth, of justice, human rights training and their programs without further Center in the democratic development of their support for the establishment of human assistance. countries. rights commissions. A key focus of the

W A G I N G P E A C E ★ F I G H T I N G D I S E A S E ★ B U I L D I N G H O P E 7 W A G I N G P E A C E Indonesia: An Important First Step

ndonesia’s continuing transition to Idemocracy received a crucial boost in June 1999 with that Pacific nation’s first-ever truly fair and free election. The Carter Center, along with the National Democratic Institute for International

Affairs (NDI), accepted invitations from YURIAH TANZIL the Indonesian government to observe These Indonesian campaigners wave banners supporting the Indonesia Democracy Party- the balloting process. Struggle (PDI-P) led by party leader Megawati Sukarnoputri. This party won the June 1999 Before the election, The Carter election. Center conducted two missions to assess preparations for the elections and explore how the Center could best vote tabulation and domestic and made difficult because results were support a credible electoral process in international observers can play in slowly tabulated, and official results Indonesia. In February 1999 Associate ensuring the accuracy of the official were not available at the time the Executive Director Ambassador Gordon vote count, as well as transparency at delegation issued a preliminary report. Streeb and political consultant Professor each stage of the entire election process. Notwithstanding these concerns, Dwight King from Northern Illinois On election day, June 7, The Carter President Carter issued a positive University traveled to Indonesia to meet Center and NDI fielded approximately preliminary statement on behalf of the with members of civil society, General 100 observers across Indonesia. The delegation on June 9. The report Elections Commission (KPU) represen- delegation, led by President and Mrs. congratulated the Indonesian people’s tatives, U.S. and Indonesian govern- Carter, included experienced election enthusiasm and commitment to ment officials, and opposition leaders. experts, Indonesian and regional democracy. Overall, the elections were The group reported encouraging specialists, business and labor represen- largely peaceful and free of violence. In movement in Indonesia to create one of tatives, and nongovernmental organiza- most places, the polls were adequately the largest domestic monitoring efforts tion representatives from 20 countries. organized. More important, an esti- in history. However, the team noted Many prominent persons also joined the mated 112 million people, or 95 percent growing concerns regarding security, so- delegation, including Tokyo Sexwale, of eligible voters, came to polling called “money politics,” and the lack of former premier of South Africa; Keun stations to participate in this historic clarity in the election rules and regula- Tae Kim and Sang Woo Kim, members event. tions. of Parliament in South Korea; Chee On July 15, the KPU completed the President Carter also later visited Soon Juan, secretary general of the vote count. Due to charges of fraud by Indonesia, accompanied by Ambassador Democratic Party in Singapore; Julia smaller parties and disagreements Streeb and Professor King. During the Chang Bloch, former U.S. ambassador among election officials, it took several trip, they met with President B.J. to Nepal; and Paul Wolfowitz, former months to ratify the vote count and Habibie, armed forces chief and Defense U.S. ambassador to Indonesia. assign the seats to all members of the Minister Gen. Wiranto, Foreign Minis- The mission posed a number of People’s Consultative Assembly (MPR). ter Ali Alatas, and opposition leaders, challenges, the most important of On Aug. 4, President Habibie signed a including the leader of the Indonesia which was to arrive at a balanced decree validating the results of Democracy Party-Struggle (PDI-P), assessment of an extremely large and Indonesia’s June 7 elections. The party Megawati Sukarnoputri, and the complex election process, which of Megawati Sukarno, PDI-P, garnered National Awakening Party (PKB) included more than 100 million voters the largest number of votes with Golkar, patron, Abdurrahman “Gus Dur” Wahid. and roughly 300,000 polling stations the party of President Habibie, coming In each meeting, President Carter throughout more than 13,000 islands. in second. The new MPR was consti- emphasized the critical role that parallel An assessment of the elections also was tuted in October 1999.

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Children peer from their home’s doorway in the Amerindian village of Kabakaburi, located on the banks of the Pomeroon River in northern Guyana. Amerindians and African and Indian descendants primarily compose Guyanese society. AMY HAMELIN Mission Global Development Seek to broaden public participation in the formulation of national development strategies in developing countries. A National Development Strategy (NDS) is fundraising and initiation of an NDS Guyana, and mobilize international a comprehensive blueprint for economic, process in Albania due to the events in support for Guyana’s strategy. social, and democratic development that neighboring Kosovo. The end of NATO ■ Implement the NDS process in Mali, represents a shared vision of the future and bombing in Kosovo opens the door again Mozambique, and Albania. helps countries attract investment and to resume planning for the NDS process. ■ Convene meetings of international coordinate the assistance of international donor officials to review lessons learned donor agencies. The Carter Center acts as Objectives for 1999-2000 from the NDS initiatives in the GDI’s a catalyst and facilitator in the process of partner countries, and mobilize donor designing these strategies, drawing upon ■ Conclude the NDS process in support for these efforts. its neutrality and experience working with diverse interest groups. The NDS process emphasizes the participation of all Guyana: Promoting Consensus and stakeholders, including business, government, and civil society; the search for consensus and partnership; a sustainable the Common Good balance between economic, social, and uyana is a nation challenged by its ethnic diversity, but people may be coming together environmental goals; and the importance Gto reach for goals they all share — economic prosperity, better health, optimism in the of local ownership. future, and an overall better quality of life. Guyanese society primarily is composed of Amerindians and the descendants of Africans Highlights of 1998-1999 and Indians who were brought to this region of South America to work the plantations under the British and Dutch. Today, Indo-Guyanese and Afro-Guyanese occupy different profes- ■ The Global Development Initiative sions, practice different religions, and support different political parties. (GDI) concluded an agreement with the Despite successful elections in 1992 and strong economic growth for the next five years, Mozambique government, the Maputo- Guyana’s democracy stumbled in 1997 when the losing party contested the national election based Center for Strategic and Interna- results. Street protests and looting in the capital city exacerbated an economic downturn that tional Studies, and the United Nations had started the previous year. Development Program to support a With assistance from The Carter Center, Guyana had completed a comprehensive nationwide process to help Mozambicans blueprint of a National Development Strategy (NDS) in 1996 and held extensive public define a long-term vision and an NDS. A discussions on the recommendations. With political tensions high and the economy faltering, high-level advisory group drawn from all the need to finalize and implement the NDS’ recommendations was apparent. However, the segments of society will lead the process. conflict between the government and opposition threatened progress on many fronts, ■ In Mali, the GDI agreed to assist the including the completion of the NDS. government’s efforts to formulate an In response, and with the government’s support, The Carter Center helped launch a high- integrated, overarching NDS that builds level, nonpartisan committee of respected leaders from the private sector, labor movement, upon specific strategies the government nongovernmental organizations, academia, and the civil service to oversee completion of the already has assembled. The process in Mali NDS. Ethnically and politically diverse, the committee is staking out a new role for civil will be participatory and build upon the society in Guyana as it is helping to identify solutions and promote consensus on issues of country’s ambitious decentralization national importance. program. “This National Development Strategy is put forward by Guyanese civil society both as a ■ The GDI designed an NDS process for compass and framework for realizing potential and releasing our society and economy from Albania with help from governmental, the shackles that now so decisively restrain us,” says Dr. Kenneth King, one of the NDS civil society and private sector representa- Committee chairs. “Indeed, it is perhaps the first truly inclusive and participatory develop- tives. However, GDI postponed ment exercise ever to be undertaken in our country.”

W A G I N G P E A C E ★ F I G H T I N G D I S E A S E ★ B U I L D I N G H O P E 9 Karin Ryan (at microphone), assistant director for Human Rights at The Carter Center, presents the United Nations Human Rights Defenders Award to recipients, including President Carter (not pictured), in New York. The December 10, 1998, event also marked the launching of the U.N.’s Web site on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan (front row, fourth from left) also attended. EVAN SCHNEIDER, UN/DPI PHOTO SCHNEIDER, EVAN

Human Rights

Mission Commissioner for Human Rights from Objectives for 1999-2000 the United Nation’s regular budget and Prevent human rights abuses by: voluntary contributions. ■ Conduct a series of consultations in strengthening the capacity of the U.N. ■ The Center voiced opposition to the coordination with the U.N. Office of the Office of the High Commissioner for United Nation’s adoption of proposals High Commissioner for Human Rights to Human Rights and its fact-finding bodies; advanced by some governments that examine how to improve specific aspects of fostering collaboration among nongovern- would weaken the High Commissioner’s the High Commissioner’s work. Also, the mental, international, and national fact-finding and reporting capacity. initiative will aim to build a greater base of organizations; and responding to human ■ Greater access for nongovernmental political support for the High Commis- rights violations by intervening on behalf organizations within the United Nations sioner among member governments within of individuals whose rights are being was championed so independent voices the United Nations. denied. The Human Rights Committee, can expose human rights problems on the ■ Continue efforts to promote U.S. sup- an internal working group of Center staff, world stage. port for the ICC through regular dialogue and The Carter Center’s International ■ Human rights staff fostered ongoing with the U.S. government and nongovern- Human Rights Council, a coalition of dialogue with the United States governmental organizations. activists and leaders in the field, carry out ment to encourage American support for ■ Develop ongoing activities to promote most of the program’s work. and eventual ratification of the Rome greater access for nongovernmental Statute on the International Criminal organizations throughout the United Highlights of 1998-1999 Court (ICC). President Carter wrote to Nation’s policy-making bodies. every head of state in the Americas to ■ Expand the Human Rights Committee’s ■ The Center promoted efforts to provide urge rapid ratification of the Rome ICC work on individual cases by hiring an greater financial and human resources for statute. experienced attorney who will devote the under-funded U.N. Office of the High greater attention to this activity.

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y definition, the work of the Human The Human Rights Committee of The but the letter suggested that as a result of BRights Committee touches the lives of Carter Center heard of Abankwah’s situa- President Carter’s appeal, the judiciary individuals in profound ways. Sometimes tion, and prepared a letter on her behalf for would evaluate the case “to apply possible the work embraces a large number of Rosalynn Carter to send to the INS commis- measures that could lead to his early people, as in the committee’s efforts to stop sioner, Doris Meissner. release.” the violence in East Timor, and other times Mrs. Carter appealed for Abankwah’s Another illustration of the committee’s it is focused on a single person whose name release into the custody of friends pending efforts during 1998-1999 is represented by may never appear in headlines. the conclusion of the case. The appeals paid its role in the Democracy Program’s project Consider the case of Adelaide off, and Abankwah was granted asylum. to observe the independence vote in East Abankwah, whose refusal to submit to the President and Mrs. Carter often make Timor. ritual of female genital mutilation landed direct appeals to heads of state and other During early deliberations concerning her in a legal nightmare. government officials on behalf of victims of the project, the committee made the case A native of Ghana, Abankwah fled her human rights violations. Another such case for an observation mission that focused on country to avoid becoming a victim of the involves Nizar Nayouf, a Syrian human monitoring election-related violence traditional practice, but instead of freedom rights activist and poet, who was serving the against civilians — a new twist for election- found herself in a detention center operated seventh year of a 10-year sentence he observation. by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization received for belonging to an “illegal organiza- As a result, reports issued by Carter Service (INS). tion” and producing reports of human rights Center observers on the pre-electoral Although the INS recognizes a woman’s violations. environment were critical in establishing a right to asylum if she has a credible fear of In 1998 President Carter wrote to direct link between the Indo-nesian suffering from female genital mutilation, President Hafiz al-Assad of Syria on Nayouf’s military and the violence toward supporters Abankwah languished in the detention behalf, and the Syrian ambassador to the of independence — actions that resulted in center for two years while her case inched United States responded. The ambassador tremendous loss of life and destruction of its way through channels. defended Nayouf’s conviction and sentence, property. The availability of this information was necessary to generate support for intervention by the international commu- The United Nations Honors nity to protect the people of East Timor. President Carter Integrating a Human President Carter’s lifetime commitment to human rights was highlighted by the United Nations when it named him a 1998 recipient of the presti- Rights Perspective gious U.N. Prize in the Field of Human Rights. The prize is awarded every five to 10 years to individuals or organizations for their high level of dedica- Among its objectives for 2000, the tion and effectiveness in promoting and protecting human rights. Past Human Rights Committee has been recipients of the award include Amnesty International and Nelson Mandela. charged with integrating a human rights The 1998 prize was particularly important because it fell on the 50th perspective into all Carter Center anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Also noteworthy programs. To that end, membership on was that the other award recipients were grassroots community activists the Human Rights Committee has been from Brazil, the Czech Republic, Sri Lanka, and Uganda, whose own govern- extended to members of all Center ments often have resented their human rights activism. programs to enhance a knowledge base A sixth award was presented to “human rights defenders at large” in of human rights principles and method- honor of the many people who put their own lives at risk to defend the ologies within each program. rights of others. One of the first Carter Center pro- Although President Carter was not able to attend the ceremony in the grams to integrate the approach was General Assembly of the United Nations, Carter Center Assistant Director Global 2000’s Guinea worm program, for Human Rights Karin Ryan read portions of his acceptance letter to the which examined ways to study the gathering. human rights aspects of the disease eradication effort.

W A G I N G P E A C E ★ F I G H T I N G D I S E A S E ★ B U I L D I N G H O P E 11 corruption initiatives, a proposed anti- corruption bill and the Freedom of Informa- tion Act (FOIA), and encourage a public debate (see also “Building a Foundation” on next page). ■ The LACP hosted the Transparency for Growth in the Americas conference, which convened May 3-5, 1999, at The Carter Center. The event brought together heads of state and high-level leaders from across the hemisphere to evaluate specific anti- corruption efforts and learn from the concrete experiences of countries in the region. Joining them were representatives PEGGY COZART The Carter Center’s Latin American and Caribbean Program held part of its Transparency for from the private sector, multilateral organizations, civil society, and the media. Growth conference May 3-5, 1999, at the CNN Center in Atlanta. The conference reviewed ■ the first eight months of work toward transparency in Ecuador, Costa Rica, and Jamaica. It The LACP fielded a 43-person delega- also offered civic and political leaders from those countries and others an opportunity to tion to monitor the December 1998 share their progress. Venezuela elections. ■ The LACP hosted a Council on Foreign Relations meeting in December 1998 to discuss U.S. foreign policy toward Cuba. Latin American and Caribbean Program The meeting’s final report contributed to President Clinton’s decision to ease certain restrictions on communications, travel, and remittances to Cuba. Mission society in monitoring government contract- ■ In March 1999, the LACP, in collabora- Promote cooperation among the nations ing and concessions. The LACP also began tion with the Council for United States and of the region and the United States toward working with various civil society organiza- Italy, organized a Young Leaders Conference a common agenda to strengthen democracy, tions, public officials such as the comptrol- titled “Latin America on the Edge: Policy increase economic trade, reduce corruption, ler and ombudsman, the president, and the Options in the Relationship with Europe and decrease inequalities. private sector to raise awareness about the and the United States.” The conference importance of combating corruption. The convened 40 young leaders from Latin Highlights of 1998-1999 program also helped them prepare for a America, Italy, and the United States to ■ In September 1998, the LACP initiated a workshop to be held in spring 2000 on civil discuss critical policy issues young leaders multiyear project called Transparency for society monitoring of public contracting. will face in the next millennium. Growth in the Americas. This project works The two-day program will discuss the ■ The LACP collaborated with The Carter with governments, civil society, media, and relevance of corruption at the national and Center’s Democracy Program in sending an the private sector to develop new strategies municipal levels, define the problem and 11-member delegation to observe the and monitoring mechanisms to help ensure possible solutions, and create a mechanism Cherokee Nation tribal elections in May transparency in government transactions. for public monitoring of the contracting 1999 and a run-off election in July. The long-term goal is to improve investor process. confidence, spur economic growth, provide ■ In addition to its extensive support for Objectives for 1999-2000 better public services to the population, and Ecuador’s anti-corruption plan (see “Build- ■ Join the Organization of American States increase public confidence in democratic ing a Foundation of Trust and Accountabil- delegation as election observers in Guate- institutions. The Carter Center began ity” on next page), the LACP sponsored a mala, where legislative and mayoral working with three countries to encourage high school competition in Quito, Ecuador, elections are scheduled for November 1999 their transparency efforts, learn from their for the best speech and essay on bribery and and a presidential contest is set for the experiences, and help develop and assess cheating in school. Two student winners following month. specific anti-corruption tools. visited Atlanta and spoke with President ■ Celebrate the historic transfer of the ■ In Costa Rica, the LACP began studying Carter about transparency issues. The Panama Canal back to the nation of the national consultative process that successful program will be repeated next Panama in December 1999, with LACP recommended a number of legal reforms to year in Guayaquil, Ecuador. Director Dr. Jennifer McCoy accompanying ensure compliance with the Inter-American ■ In Jamaica, the LACP is working with the official U.S. delegation led by President Convention Against Corruption and the government and civil society to increase Carter. developed mechanisms that involve civil civil society’s awareness of two anti- ■ Organize an assessment mission to

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Venezuela in December 1999 to monitor technical aspects of the constitutional Building a Foundation of Trust referendum. Through a field representative in Caracas, the LACP will monitor the and Accountability constitution-making process to share observations with the Venezuelan govern- f all the ingredients that enable Despite an economic crisis of unprec- ment and a scholars network across the Odemocratic governments to win the edented proportions, Ecuador complied with United States. participation and support of their citizens, its commitment to produce a plan to fight ■ Monitor the election campaign process perhaps the most important is trust. That is corruption, a major undertaking in this leading up to the presidential election in why The Carter Center’s Latin American country where corruption brought down a Peru in April 2000, in conjunction with the and Caribbean Program (LACP) currently government just a few years ago. National Democratic Institute for Interna- devotes much of its attention to helping In Jamaica, the fight against corruption was tional Affairs (NDI). The program also is governments in the region establish anti- waged in Parliament with the introduction of considering observation roles in national corruption mechanisms. During 1998-1999, an anti-corruption bill in the fall of 1999. elections in Venezuela and the Dominican LACP activities were focused on supporting Additionally, a Freedom of Information Act Republic in spring 2000. the anti-corruption initiatives of two nations (FOIA) was drafted. Prime Minister P.J. ■ Commission a report on Mexico’s July in particular — Ecuador and Jamaica. Patterson requested that the LACP help 2000 national election, summarizing changes When President Carter visited newly inform the Jamaican public about both of in the electoral law and progress toward elected President Jamil Mahuad in Ecuador these proposals. campaign fairness. Key issues will be use of in November 1998, he obtained President The LACP invited independent Senator state resources and the media, and campaign Mahuad’s commitment to develop a Trevor Munroe and barrister Lloyd Barnett to finance. National Anti-corruption Plan to promote write commentaries on Jamaica’s legal ■ Continue to help implement recommen- transparency in Ecuador. infrastructure for fighting corruption and the dations developed at the Transparency for Working with the World Bank, Trans- content of the proposed law. Together with Growth in the Americas conference in parency International, the government, and The Gleaner, Jamaica’s leading newspaper, the collaboration with other participating civil society, the LACP provided valuable LACP published those evaluations in international organizations, civil society assistance in the development and coordina- Combating Corruption in Jamaica: A Citizen’s organizations, and political leaders commit- tion of a national anti-corruption strategy. Guide and participated in a series of public ted to specific anti-corruption strategies. The effort included a commitment to seminars and media interviews about legal ■ Work with civil society, the government making information available and allowing instruments for fighting corruption. in Ecuador, and the newly formed Carter monitoring of privatization and procure- The Gleaner placed the report on its Web Center Council for Ethical Business ment. page and published portions daily, which Practices to continue implementing the As the plan developed, LACP represen- helped inform public debate as the Corruption National Anti-corruption Plan, adapting the tatives regularly visited Ecuador to help Prevention Act moved through the Lower plan in accordance with surveys mapping assure that civil society had a voice in the House of Parliament and the Senate. Vigorous corruption, and preparing for the April 2000 plan’s formation and to use The Carter public discussions about the effectiveness of workshop in Costa Rica. One project will Center’s convening power to bring disparate the proposed act has included civil society support work to monitor privatization and groups together around the plan’s elements. organizations, the private sector, media, and share information with the public about President Mahuad was invited to present government officials. safeguards against corruption that are the plan six months later at the LACP’s As a consequence, broad public debate of embedded in privatization processes. Transparency for Growth in the Americas the law ensued, and the Parliament reflected ■ Continue promoting debate over the conference, held at The Carter Center in keen interest by amending the legislation to proposed Freedom of Information Act cooperation with “CNN’s World Report.” improve the law’s quality. (FOIA) in Jamaica by bringing experts to Jamaica to discuss the act’s strengths and weaknesses. Once Parliament passes the A Model of Cooperation FOIA, the LACP will hold public workshops on how to use this new tool to An important partner of the Latin America and Caribbean Program is fight corruption. the Council of Presidents and Prime Ministers of the Americas, a group of ■ In the United States, the LACP plans current and former leaders from the Western Hemisphere. The council to organize an Atlanta-based group of 10 works with governments and civil society in the Americas to reinforce international corporations interested in strengthening and implementing their democracy, promote economic cooperation among nations and develop companies’ compliance programs as a means monitoring mechanisms to help ensure transparency in government to address transparency issues in the private transactions that may serve as a model for the rest of the world. sector.

W A G I N G P E A C E ★ F I G H T I N G D I S E A S E ★ B U I L D I N G H O P E 13 F I G H T I N G D I S E A S E THE CARTER CENTER THE CARTER

A staff member prepares to extract a Guinea worm from this child as other villagers await their turn.

Guinea Worm Eradication Program

Mission ■ The Center helped end Guinea worm safe for drinking, from 1 percent in transmission in Chad. 1998 to 2 percent in 1999. Eradicate Guinea worm disease – ■ Excluding the three most endemic ■ Partners aiding the Guinea Worm dracunculiasis – as soon as possible from countries (Ghana, Nigeria, and Sudan), struggle helped increase interventions the remaining 12 African countries the other nine countries have reduced in Sudan as previously mentioned. where it exists. their reported Guinea worm cases by 38 However, the 10 northern states of percent between 1998 and 1999. Sudan recorded a reduction of more Highlights of 1998-1999 ■ The Center distributed 804,178 than 73 percent in cases during the first filters in 1999 to endemic villages in 10 months in 1999 (282 cases), com- ■ The Carter Center and its global Sudan with the help of other nongov- pared to 1998 (847 cases). partners helped decrease the number of ernmental organizations (NGOs). Guinea worm-infected countries from ■ The Guinea worm campaign pro- Objectives for 1999-2000 19 in 1986 to 12 countries in 1999, vided at least one health education reducing the number of cases by 97 session to 55 percent of endemic ■ End Guinea worm transmission in percent. That means the 3.5 million villages in Sudan in 1999, compared to Benin, Cote d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Mali, Guinea worm cases in 1986 had fallen 52 percent in 1998. Mauritania, and Uganda by December to 86,910 cases by the end of 1999. Of ■ The Center assisted in doubling the 2000. those, 67 percent are from Sudan. number of endemic villages in Sudan ■ Reduce transmission by at least 50 ■ Combined efforts helped eliminate that administered Abate, the larvicide percent in the remaining endemic Guinea worm from Asia. that makes Guinea worm-infected water countries, except Sudan.

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racunculiasis. The medical name sounds Also, by displacing people and causing Guinea worm-infected water safe for D hideous enough, but the reality of disruption in health services and in indi- drinking. Guinea worm disease is far worse. viduals’ lives, the war is causing a lot more The most difficult part, Dr. Hopkins says, An unwelcome part of human history for people to be exposed to Guinea worm. The is not the health work itself or convincing thousands of years, the affliction appears as far disease also is carried with refugees to villagers to follow the overall Guinea worm back as the historical record of ancient Egypt. surrounding countries.” eradication regimen. It’s keeping health With the advent of the next millennium, the The Guinea worm infection cycle in a workers and the various agencies focused on parasite is on the verge of another historic village or area stops when people use basic the immediate problem. milestone — its extinction. public-health interventions and receive “We cannot afford to be lackadaisical or People become infected with the disease education. Consequently, The Carter anything less than thorough because at this by drinking water contaminated with the Center’s Global 2000 program, coupled with stage, these are the toughest villages that worm’s larvae. Inside the body, the worms its commitment and drive from President remain,” Dr. Hopkins says. “We have to be spend the next 10 to 12 months maturing to and Mrs. Carter, influenced DuPont to absolutely meticulous in putting the lengths up to three feet before emerging create, Precision Fabrics Group to weave, interventions in place.” through painful blisters on the skin. The and both companies to donate a special The importance of eliminating the burning sensation caused by the emerging nylon filter for villagers to strain their water Guinea worm threat in terms of its effect Guinea worms causes its victims to immerse when using pots and straws. One trained on everyday life cannot be overstated, he themselves in water for relief. Once in the Carter Center Resident Technical Advisor adds. water, usually a pond that also serves as the (RTA) per endemic country partners with “Somebody once said that health, local drinking supply, the worms release the Ministry of Health to help educate education, and agriculture are the building thousands of new larvae, and their life cycle is villagers and volunteers about the disease’s blocks of rural communities,” says Dr. perpetuated. prevention measures. Hopkins. “Guinea worm is working against This particular species of Guinea worm Through continued efforts, The Carter all three of those building blocks. By getting affects only humans, says Don Hopkins, Center promotes securing sources of safe rid of Guinea worm, we are making a big M.D., The Carter Center’s associate execu- drinking water, which involves digging or difference in the lives of a lot of people — tive director for health programs. “Once we drilling new wells and filtering or boiling not just in the abstract, but every day — by can block it from going into people in an area pond water. The Center also collaborates helping them stand better on their own feet. for one year, it’s gone.” with American Home Products, which The results are felt throughout society, and In 1986, when The Carter Center became produces the larvicide Abate that makes that is very gratifying.” involved in the drive to eradicate Guinea worm, an estimated 3.5 million people were infected with the disease, while another 120 million were at risk. By 1998, fewer than 80,000 cases were reported worldwide, a reduction of more than 97 percent. Seven of the original 19 endemic countries have become free of Guinea worm, including all three Asian countries where the parasite recently thrived. But the final mile in the eradication of Guinea worm will be the most difficult. Of the dozen African countries still grappling with Guinea worm disease, most cases are found in Sudan, where a 17-year-old civil war has hampered relief efforts and killed more than 1.5 million people. “The civil war is being fought in the south,

which is where most of the Guinea worm is, MEMORIES JEFF BACH/PHOTOGRAPHIC so we don’t have easy access to it,” Dr. United Kingdom Consul General Peter Marshall presents President Carter with an Hopkins explains. “Besides that, the war was $850,000 check at the Center in January 1999. The donation is part of a multiyear the reason why Sudan got started with the commitment the United Kingdom has made to support the Center’s work in eradicating Guinea worm program late in the first place. Guinea worm disease.

W A G I N G P E A C E ★ F I G H T I N G D I S E A S E ★ B U I L D I N G H O P E 15 THE CARTER CENTER THE CARTER

This woman, who lives in Plateau State of Nigeria, suffers from lymphatic filariasis, a disease that makes limbs swell dramatically. Infection from a parasitic worm causes the disease, and bites of mosquitoes transmit it from person to person.

Lymphatic Filariasis Program

Mission ■ A nationwide postal survey was con- activities in 150 Nigerian villages to ducted in Nigeria, confirming the determine where lymphatic filariasis is Demonstrate in a pilot project in presence of lymphatic filariasis through- found and where intervention measures Nigeria that lymphatic filariasis can be out the country. will be implemented. eliminated in Africa. ■ The program completed a more extensive Knowledge, Attitudes, and Objectives for 1999-2000 Highlights for 1998-99 Practices survey to provide a sound basis for preparing health education materials ■ Expand the treatment program, ■ The Carter Center secured a grant for lymphatic filariasis. capitalizing on the experience with from SmithKline Beecham and began a ■ The Nigerian FMOH adopted a onchocerciasis control to attack lym- lymphatic filariasis project in Nigeria in National Plan of Action for lymphatic phatic filariasis through health education, association with the Federal Ministry of filariasis elimination. and Mectizan and albendazole distribu- Health (FMOH). ■ The program employed assessment tion.

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t is ironic that a tiny mosquito can I transmit a disease whose name suggests the largest land mammal on Earth. But there is nothing tiny or insignificant about the emotional and economic toll of lymphatic filariasis, commonly known as elephantiasis, on the estimated 120 million individuals stricken with the disease. Lymphatic filariasis is a debilitating and deforming condition caused by infection from a parasitic worm and transmitted from person to person by the bites of mosquitoes. The parasite lives in the victim’s lymphatic system where it causes dramatic and grotesque THE CARTER CENTER THE CARTER But there is nothing tiny or Chuwang Gwomkudu (left) administers a test for lymphatic filariasis for residents in the Nyelleng village in Plateau State, Nigeria. insignificant about the emotional and economic toll of lymphatic filariasis, commonly that it belongs to a handful of infectious Program is working to use health diseases considered eradicable by the education and combined drug therapy to known as elephantiasis, on World Health Organization (WHO) and eliminate lymphatic filariasis in Nigeria, the estimated 120 million the International Task Force for Disease the country with the greatest number of Eradication, which convened at The persons infected in Africa and the second individuals stricken with the Carter Center. most affected – after India – in the world. Transmission of the infection can be Building upon its efforts to combat disease. halted by treating infected individuals river blindness, Global 2000 is working once a year for four to six years with a with the government, health authorities, swelling of limbs, usually the legs. In single-dose combination of oral medi- and villagers to establish and implement men, lymphatic filariasis also may lead to cines. The drug combinations include community-based drug treatment plans. swelling of the scrotum, a condition diethylcarbamazine (DEC) and Field staff emphasizes health education called hydrocele. albendazole, DEC and ivermectin, or and the training and supervision of local “Lymphatic filariasis is truly global albendazole and Mectizan. The main drug village health workers. because it involves many countries in for fighting lymphatic filariasis is Mectizan Dr. Richards says that the health care Africa, Asia, the South Pacific, and the in combination with albendazole. delivery infrastructure established in Americas,” according to Frank Richards, Basic preventive measures, such as the Nigeria to control river blindness also M.D., technical director of The Carter use of bed nets or curtains impregnated can address lymphatic filariasis. In fact, Center’s river blindness, lymphatic with insecticide, also help control the medicine used to treat river blind- filariasis, and schistosomiasis programs. transmission of the infection. In patients ness, Mectizan, is also useful for elephan- “We’re talking about a billion people at with elephantiasis, binding affected limbs tiasis. risk.” with compressive bandages and practicing Ultimately, the hope is that lymphatic Although lymphatic filariasis is the proper hygiene help reduce swelling and filariasis will be eliminated from Nigeria second leading cause of permanent and discomfort. within the next 15 years – and from the long-term disability, the good news is The Carter Center’s Global 2000 rest of the world soon thereafter.

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This statue, located on the Carter Center grounds, shows a child leading a blind man with a stick. The man is a victim of river blindness, a disease that affects millions of people in Africa and Latin America. The photo on the right is of an actual river blindness sufferer in Africa. MARY ROWE MARY

River Blindness Program River Blindness: Affecting the Quality of Life Mission Onchocerciasis Control (APOC), the Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for hanks to collaboration among The Reduce the burden of river blindness the Americas, and the Lions Clubs TCarter Center’s Global 2000 River – onchocerciasis – in assisted areas of SightFirst project. Blindness Program (GRBP), government Africa until it is no longer a major public ■ GRBP and its partners reduced the agencies, private industry, and other health concern, and completely elimi- population at risk of onchocerciasis in the organizations, a growing number of villages nate the disease throughout Latin Americas by 85 percent since 1995. around the world are enjoying better health America by 2007. ■ All program partners increased the and re-claiming the farmland they had number of Mectizan treatments in Sudan abandoned because of the scourge brought Highlights of 1998-1999: by 57 percent. by river blindness. River blindness exacts an excruciating ■ The Carter Center’s Global 2000 Objectives for 1999-2000 personal toll on the estimated 750,000 River Blindness Program (GRBP) individuals who are blind or severely assisted in the treatment with Mectizan ■ Assist in treating more than 7.5 million visually impaired because of the disease. Yet of more than 6.5 million people in 10 people in 10 countries with Mectizan. the cost of eliminating river blindness is countries. This represented a 16 percent ■ Certify interruption of disease trans- comparatively a bargain at less than 15 increase compared to 1998. mission in the Americas and strengthen cents a year per person, according to ■ The program worked closely with Guatemalan and Venezuelan programs. estimates by The Carter Center. governmental agencies, other nongov- ■ Expand in partnership with the Lions “Since 1996, GRBP and its partners ernmental development organizations Clubs International Foundation to have provided more than 21 million (NGDOs), the African Programme for Ethiopia. preventive treatments for river blindness,”

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to deliver Mectizan twice a year, in the hope that the parasite can be eliminated forever. “We assist with programs run by the ministries of health in 10 countries,” Dr. Richards explains. Another organization deeply involved in the river blindness control effort is the Lions Clubs Interna- tional Foundation, which has supported The Carter Center’s efforts in Africa since 1996. Last year, 83 percent of all treatments in Cameroon, Nigeria, and Sudan were provided in partnership with the Lions

MERCK & CO. Clubs. In 1999, the Lions Clubs will assist with 98 percent of the treatments in all says Frank Richards, M.D., technical success depends upon developing ongoing, countries where the Center and its partners director of The Carter Center’s river sustainable Mectizan treatment programs. operate. blindness, lymphatic filariasis, and schistoso- The GRBP helps establish the foundation Merck & Co. provides critical help miasis programs. for such programs by stressing the impor- through its generous donations of Mectizan “River blindness is a global problem tance of community ownership, encourag- – more than 100 million doses of the sight- found in 37 countries, mostly in Africa and ing federal and local government support of saving medication since 1988. Latin America,” Dr. Richards explains. “It’s communities, and through advocacy at all So while river blindness remains a estimated that 20 million people are infected levels of government, reducing costs serious public health issue, “it’s becoming with the parasite, but about 100 million involved in administering treatments. less and less of a problem because of a more are at risk of getting the infection and However, in the Americas, The Carter global intervention,” Dr. Richards says. “It’s need preventive Mectizan treatment once a Center is working with ministries of health truly a great success story.” year.” The disease is spread by blackflies. When they bite, the insects deposit the larvae of a parasitic worm in the skin. The female matures and produces millions of tiny worms A Template for Health called microfilariae. The microfilariae migrate throughout the body, causing Care Delivery incessant, debilitating itching and skin rashes. If they enter the eyes, the microfi- The community-based, ongoing programs that The Carter Center lariae cause eyesight damage and eventually developed to control river blindness also are providing a structure blindness. for providing treatment for other diseases. The blackfly breeds in fast-flowing rivers “We want to see how we can use the system we helped put in and streams, which typically border some of place to provide other ‘miracle’ drugs that are effective against the most productive farmland. Onchocercia- other horrible infections of the tropics,” says Dr. Frank Richards of sis affects entire villages, forcing them to The Carter Center. relocate to less productive land to escape the Thus the Center’s river blindness program, which provides a river blindness menace. single annual oral dose of a particular medicine, is a natural avenue Controlling river blindness is deceptively for treating urinary schistosomiasis, the treatment of which also simple with a drug called ivermectin, requires a single yearly dose of medicine — praziquantel. A third marketed under the name “Mectizan®” by compound, albendazole by SmithKline Beecham, can be taken safely Merck & Co. A single dose of the drug with the river blindness medicine Mectizan by Merck & Co., which taken orally once a year in a mass commu- prevents transmission of a third disease, lymphatic filariasis. nity-wide treatment program does not cure The benefit is in the cost effectiveness and efficiency of attacking river blindness, but it does prevent skin and three diseases at one time. eye disease from developing in those who are “By providing health education and single-dose annual therapy infected. More frequent treatment may with different safe oral medications, we can have an impact on all completely stop the parasite from infecting these diverse diseases through the same kind of delivery system that new people. we’ve been so successful in establishing for river blindness,” Dr. Since emphasis is on control rather than Richards says. “The future looks very bright.” eradication of the disease-producing parasite,

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The Carters meet a Malian boy who has trachoma. He is among nearly 147 million people who have the disease. Trachoma Program

Mission ■ The Carter Center initiated discussions Objectives for 1999-2000 with the respective ministries of health in Assist global efforts to control Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Niger, Sudan, and ■ Assist national trachoma control trachoma in selected countries through Yemen to begin assisting national tra- programs in countries where The Carter community-based interventions, choma control programs in those coun- Center has begun them, as well as operations research, and advocacy. tries, as well as with the Operation Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, and Yemen. Lifeline Sudan (OLS) South Consortium. ■ Work with ministries of health and Highlights of 1998-1999 ■ The Carter Center and the government other partners in selected countries to of Mali signed a memorandum of under- promote personal hygiene (face and ■ The Conrad Hilton Foundation standing to begin trachoma control hand washing) and improve water provided a 10-year, $13.6 million grant studies. supplies and sanitation. to support trachoma control activities ■ The Center completed a trachoma ■ Help implement community distribu- in Ghana, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, and prevalence survey in two hyperendemic tion programs in countries where Yemen. regions of Sudan. azithromycin is made available. In 2000, ■ The Lions Clubs International ■ The Center significantly assisted the the Trachoma Control Program Foundation provided a $7 million grant International Trachoma Initiative (ITI) anticipates azithromycin donations to over five years to support trachoma and the ministries of health of Mali and Mali and Ghana. prevention programs in Ethiopia and Ghana which facilitated donations of Sudan. azithromycin to those countries.

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Trachoma: Ending the Huge Cycle of Infection Numbers

rachoma is a disease of many mys- The world’s leading cause of prevent- Reveal the Tteries, including the ways it can be able blindness, trachoma is most likely transmitted. the result of repeated infection over Problem Since three-fourths of its victims are several years, says Dr. Zingeser. women, one theory is that mothers infect “With repeated infections, patients The World Health Organiza- themselves with the trachoma bacterium build up scar tissue on the inside of their tion (WHO) estimates that: by cleaning their infected children’s eyes, eyelids which eventually causes the then wiping their own noses or eyes. eyelids to turn inward,” he explains. ■ 15 percent of all blindness Because men have less intimate contact “The continuous rubbing of the in the world is attributable to with youngsters, they presumably do not inturned eyelashes on the cornea causes trachoma. have as high a risk as women for the corneal opacities which are very painful repeated infection that results in tra- and may result in irreversible blindness.” ■ 6 million people are blind choma. Nearly all of the estimated 146 or at imminent risk for going “Trachoma is a disease that has been million people suffering from trachoma blind from trachoma. recorded for thousands of years, and yet live in developing countries, particularly we still only have a lot of theories about in impoverished and arid areas, such as ■ 146 million people urgently what is happening,” says Dr. Jim Zingeser, in Africa’s Sahel region. need treatment to prevent technical director for the Trachoma Working with ministries of health loss of vision. Control Program. “That is why we are and other partner organizations, The also doing some operations and epidemio- Carter Center’s initial efforts have ■ 540 million people – about logical research. If we find a natural helped establish trachoma control 10 percent of the world’s experiment going on – for example, one programs in Ghana, Mali, and Niger. population – live in areas village has disease and another village These efforts will expand to assist placing them at risk for does not – we look for clues as to what is programs in Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, trachoma infection. happening.” and Yemen.

Following a SAFE Strategy

n important weapon in the war against trachoma education initiatives and low-tech, cost-effective treatment Ais the SAFE strategy. Developed by the World methods. Health Organization (WHO) with support from the In countries where The Carter Center is working and Edna McConnell Clark Foundation, SAFE involves: where azithromycin is made available for treatment of infected ■ Surgery to correct blindness from advanced tra- persons, the Center will work with the ministries of health to choma. distribute the antibiotic, similar to the river blindness pro- ■ Antibiotics to treat early trachoma infections. gram. The International Trachoma Initiative (ITI), estab- ■ Face and hand washing to prevent transmission of lished in 1998 by Pfizer Inc. and the Edna McConnell Clark trachoma. Foundation, will donate azithromycin in five countries, ■ Environmental changes to improve hygiene and including Ghana and Mali, to promote the elimination of sanitation. trachoma. These countries were selected from the priority list The Carter Center’s efforts focus on the “F” and “E” developed by the WHO Alliance for the Global Elimination components of the strategy through village-based of Trachoma by 2020 (GET 2020).

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This child from the Mungkohot village in Nigeria holds a praziquantel tablet that was donated to The Carter Center for the urinary schistosomiasis control program. A single, annual dose prevents illness from the disease. Urinary Schistosomiasis Program

Mission ■ Medochemie Company of Cyprus Practices survey to provide a sound basis and Bayer Pharmaceuticals of Germany for preparing health education materials Demonstrate the integration of each donated 50,000 tablets of for urinary schistosomiasis. community-directed treatment of praziquantel to The Carter Center to ■ The Carter Center and FMOH urinary schistosomiasis, using treat urinary schistosomiasis. launched a treatment program in pilot praziquantel with ongoing community ■ A nationwide postal survey was areas, treating more than 8,000 people treatment of onchocerciasis. conducted in Nigeria, confirming the in highly affected villages. presence of urinary schistosomiasis Highlights for 1998-99 throughout the country. ■ The program employed assessment Objectives for 1999-2000 ■ The Carter Center secured a grant activities in 150 Nigerian villages to from SmithKline Beecham and began a determine where urinary schistosomiasis ■ Expand the treatment program, urinary schistosomiasis project in is found and where intervention capitalizing on the experience with Nigeria in association with the Federal measures will be implemented. onchocerciasis control to attack urinary Ministry of Health (FMOH) there. ■ The program completed a more schistosomiasis through health educa- extensive Knowledge, Attitudes, and tion and praziquantel distribution.

22 1 9 9 8 - 9 9 C A R T E R C E N T E R A N N U A L R E P O R T F I G H T I N G D I S E A S E Urinary Schistosomiasis: Winning the Future for Nigeria’s Children pilot program started in two Niger- a very important segment of society – praziquantel by two pharmaceutical Aian states offers new hope in con- children between the ages of 5 and 14, companies: Medochemie of Cyprus and trolling a widespread disease that says Frank Richards, M.D., technical Bayer Pharmaceuticals of Germany. “You profoundly threatens the future of director of The Carter Center’s river can prevent urinary schistosomiasis from communities around the world. blindness, lymphatic filariasis, and occurring by administering a single oral Although its name may not be schistosomiasis programs. dose of extremely safe medicine once a familiar to Western ears, schistosomiasis “The manifestations of the infection year,” Dr. Richards says. is the world’s second-most destructive include liver disease, intestinal disease, The next day, a similar ceremony was parasitic tropical disease, after malaria. and in the urinary form of the disease to held in the village of Andaha to kick off Truly global in its reach, an estimated which one program is directed, bladder the urinary schistosomiasis-control 200 million people in 74 countries in and kidney disease,” Dr. Richards campaign in Nasarawa state. The deputy Africa, Asia, South American, the explains. “But for children, it’s really governor, a representative of the health Caribbean, and the Middle East are about a profound interference with full commissioner, and the “Chun Mada” – a infected with schistosomiasis. Another physical and mental development.” powerful, traditional leader in the area 600 million people are at risk for In the village of Mungkohot, a who has greatly supported The Carter acquiring the disease. staggering 80 percent of school children Center’s river blindness program there – Schistosomiasis also is a devastating are infected with urinary schistosomia- were in attendance. disease because its most severe effects sis. Thus the village was an appropriate hamper the growth and development of location for a ceremony this past Oct. 11 launching the Global 2000- assisted, disease control A Chronic program for Nigeria’s Plateau state. Hundreds of hopeful Debility J.D. SCOTT J.D. Mungkohot children and their parents attended the event, as Schistosomiasis is a parasitic well as the governor, deputy disease caused by infection governor, and local commis- from small, flat worms that sioner for health. emerge from a certain type On behalf of The Carter of snail, where they penetrate Center and its partners, Dr. the skin and develop into Richards outlined an approach adult worms that live in for combating urinary schisto- blood vessels. The eggs from somiasis that combines rapid these worms are released in assessment to identify villages the urine or feces. with the disease, followed by In developing countries medical treatment and public where raw sewage enters health education, following freshwater sources, the eggs the successful formula used to infect the snails and continue fight river blindness. He also the parasites’ life cycle. acknowledged the contribu- Unreleased eggs remain in tion of 100,000 tablets of the human body to scar and inflame tissue in the intes- tines, bladder, liver, and lungs. In children, the result is a Staff members gather chronic debility that signifi- schistosomiasis posters and cantly impairs a child’s ability other educational materials to to learn and grow and, in distribute among communities extreme cases, leads to in the Plateau and Nasarawa premature death. States of Nigeria.

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espite the optimism borne of the Dindependence movements budding throughout Africa in the 1960s, few saw that this arid, beautiful continent, rich in people and geography, was on a collision course with new famines and hunger. President Carter samples peanuts grown by Malian farmers, while Mrs. Carter inspects a Agricultural expert and 1970 Nobel handful held by Farid Waliya of the International Crop Research Institute for Semi-Arid Peace Prize laureate Dr. Norman Tropics in Mali. Borlaug foresaw this reality, having facilitated a green revolution in India for which he won the coveted honor. He suggested that by the year 2000, the population monster would dwarf food Agriculture Program supplies and an unprecedented disaster loomed. By the mid-1980s, his predic- tion began to materialize as devastating famines hit populous areas of Africa. Mission learned new farming techniques that To address this challenge, former can double or triple their grain produc- U.S. President Jimmy Carter and The Work to end hunger in developing tion. Carter Center joined with Ryoichi countries, teaching farmers to be self- ■ SG 2000 launched a new program in Sasakawa and the Sasakawa Africa reliant by using modern agricultural Malawi in 1999. Association in 1986 to form Sasakawa- technologies. Global 2000 collaborates ■ Nigeria has adopted the SG 2000 Global 2000 (SG 2000). Dr. Borlaug led with the Sasakawa Africa Association approach as its national strategy. the organization to create more robust in the sub-Saharan countries of Benin, ■ In January 1999, the World Bank and resilient food production systems in Burkina Faso, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, agreed to work with SG 2000 on its sub-Saharan Africa, launching first in Guinea, Mali, Malawi, Mozambique, 1999 theme of transportation in Africa. Ghana and later six other countries. Nigeria, Tanzania, and Zambia. Now, after nearly 14 years in Ghana, Through this joint effort, known as Objectives for 1999-2000 the SG 2000 staff is departing, with the Sasakawa-Global 2000 (SG 2000), local project’s goals fully realized and the agricultural extension agents work side- ■ Firmly establish the newly added Ghanaian people able to sustain it. by-side with farmers, teaching them Malawi program. From the beginning, the SG 2000 how to use high-yielding seeds, fertiliz- ■ Collaborate with the World Bank to Program in Ghana was founded on ers, and improved farming methods to improve the infrastructure of roads, sustainability. Its goal was to increase grow more maize, wheat, and other railroads, and communications to crop yields, improve seed production, grains. Farmers also learn how to reduce the high costs of transporting bolster the availability of fertilizers, successfully store their harvest and goods. introduce farmers and government to develop viable commercial markets for ■ Collaborate with the World Bank to simple but effective agronomic technol- their grain. use the agricultural extension service to ogy, and ensure continued research at disseminate health information and the local level to advance new agrarian Highlights of 1998-1999 education materials regarding priority technologies. diseases and conditions, including HIV, The approach included a technology ■ Since SG 2000’s inception, more AIDS, and the Global 2000-targeted demonstration, using a simple Exten- than 1 million African farm families endemic diseases. sion Test Plot (ETP). Farmers planted

24 1 9 9 8 - 9 9 C A R T E R C E N T E R A N N U A L R E P O R T B U I L D I N G H O P E half of the ETP (about a half hectare) Ghana dramatically changed policy by overall increase in farm production by an using traditional methods and half as SG decentralizing control over local agrarian average of 4 percent annually with better 2000 advised. Farmers consequently developments and giving the responsibil- crop varieties and improved management. experienced all the important compo- ity to the district assemblies. While the By comparison, food production is rising nents of new agrarian technology within district assemblies have existed since 2 percent each year in most of Africa. a harvest cycle and significant increases 1977, they traditionally have had little Farmers specifically working with SG in yields themselves. Some entire villages power or infrastructure. However, with 2000 in Ghana have seen their grain adopted SG 2000’s methods. decentralization, the government of production increase by 250 percent, on As farmers learn and teach each other Ghana granted more administrative and average, using basic techniques. the lessons gained from the ETPs, financial support for the district assem- “I dislike seeing miserable people, government agencies, such as the blies. This policy change ultimately whether it is from hunger and starvation, Ministry of Agriculture, and local resulted in more ETPs. or just the plain brutality of poverty itself, universities witness the value of new After more than a decade of work in or sickness – it’s all part of the same technology in their farming communities Ghana, SG 2000 has witnessed an package,” says Dr. Borlaug. and increase resources and research capacity to continue this prosperous agronomy. Research is conducted into crop rotations, along with farmers applying techniques that use “green manure” seeds to enrich the soil. What Participants Think One example of this new technology is Quality Protein Maize (QPM). While of SG 2000 QPM looks like normal maize or corn in every respect, it contains more amino “SG 2000 comes in to revitalize the system. They focus on the acids, good for both humans and animals. critical bottlenecks and give some support to overcome them. The Introducing and sustaining QPM as a people are already in the system – all they need is a bit of support.” staple crop in Ghana has been key to SG —Dr. S. Twumasi-Afriyie, former principal maize breeder, 2000 efforts. Crops Research Institute in Ghana Another critical part of the SG 2000 Program is to assist farmers with post- “With SG 2000, we were taught how to measure the land ... how to harvest technologies. Without storage plant, the spacing, the method of fertilizer application. We have to facilities and ways to get their products to make a hole, put on the fertilizer, cover it. The fertilizer is still there market, farmers had to sell all of their – nothing will tamper with it, except the crop that it is meant for. crops immediately after harvest to avoid With it, the crop will grow vigorously and give the optimum yield.” spoilage. This resulted in lower prices for —Tambaya Ibrahim, extension agent, Nigeria crops and extended periods during which farmers had no income. “When extension built the first improved silo, I learned how To end this unproductive cycle, SG everything is done. Then, when I built the second silo, I didn’t need 2000 has organized and managed small any assistance – I did it myself. And the third one, I will do it even working groups made up of a local better.” technical specialist and agencies already —Zegeye Watiyo, farmer, Ethiopia concerned with post-harvest technology. This initiative focuses on training and “Since my field is along a road, when I was doing a specific field building inexpensive, but sturdy, storage operation, some women passing by would stop to talk to me and bins that ward off insects and rodents. see what was going on. Women still come to learn from me. There Improved economic conditions for entire are four women who I have helped prepare making strings for the communities have resulted from these spacing of maize and they have taken them for use in their fields.” efforts. —Rose Fraten, farmer, Tanzania SG 2000’s field work also has sparked significant change in national agricul- “This year’s crop is better than last year’s because I have more tural policies. Part of the program’s goal is experience in how to row plant, how to weed, how to do everything. to help shape emerging policy develop- It is much easier. The difference between what we did before and ments and proactively encourage govern- what we do now is the difference between the earth and the sky.” mental actions that produce greater —Jamal Adjebel, farmer, Ethiopia agronomy systems. Two years ago, the government of

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President Carter was among more than 7,000 Atlanta Project volunteers who went door-to- door in 1993 identifying which local children needed immuniza- tions. MICHAEL A. MICHAEL A. SCHWARZ The Atlanta Project The Atlanta Project Continues Under New Leadership

fter eight years of partnering with The grant, effective Aug. 1, 1999, preschool and elementary health clinic A local communities to improve their allowed GSU to use existing TAP program, and an early-childhood quality of life, The Carter Center has infrastructure to establish the Neighbor- development program — will continue provided a grant to Georgia State Uni- hood Collaborative, a program that under GSU’s leadership. versity (GSU) to continue The Atlanta unites university resources with commu- “The Atlanta Project was created to Project’s (TAP) groundbreaking work. nity-based organizations and groups in bring government, business, volunteers President Carter and Rosalynn Carter Atlanta’s urban core. and those in need together to help us founded TAP in 1991 to address quality- “TAP has impressive grassroots get to know, understand, and reach out of-life issues in some of Atlanta’s neediest connections in the community,” says to each other,” President Carter says. neighborhoods. David Sjoquist, a GSU economics “We learned many important lessons “We wanted to establish a framework professor and head of the university’s from our successes and failures. Perhaps for addressing difficult issues and eventu- team coordinating the collaborative’s most important, we understand that ally step back to have this framework development. “Using TAP’s resources to building healthy communities is a become a permanent part of the commu- further the community outreach complex, never-ending process that nity,” President Carter says. “Georgia activities already in place at the requires respect among those who need State shares TAP’s commitment to university is a substantial benefit for assistance and those willing to help. nurturing grassroots coalitions. The both programs.” Rosalynn and I are grateful to all who university is an appropriate and effective TAP’s major initiatives — including have shared our vision and to GSU for place to build on what TAP started.” the after-school intervention program, a continuing this important mission.”

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Corporations, along with civic and nonprofit organizations, joined forces with The Atlanta Project in many endeavors. This one united BellSouth, the Metro Atlanta Literacy Network, the Georgia Partnership for Business and Education, and the Telephone Pioneers of America to distribute some 900,000 books to various neighborhoods and organizations. THOMAS ENGLAND TAP’s Legacy Reflects a Shared Commitment to Community

The Atlanta Project’s accomplish- leadership, teamwork, responsibility, ■ Creating community policing ments during its eight years include: and community service among at-risk programs in collaboration with the ■ Establishing six pilot After Three youth. Atlanta Police Department. Programs in area middle schools. ■ Helping establish family resource ■ Rallying banking institutions to offer ■ Immunizing some 16,000 centers and other outreach programs in small business loans to residents of low- preschoolers in one week at area health several communities. income communities. clinics. ■ Working with public health depart- ments to develop the state’s first immunization tracking system. ■ Developing “America’s Youth Passport” to help parents track children’s health records. More than A Model Resource 300,000 Georgia children have received a passport. The America Project was founded alongside The Atlanta Project as a ■ Establishing partnerships with area elementary schools to develop in-school resource for civic groups and other organizations undertaking urban health clinics to serve surrounding revitalization initiatives in other cities. Drawing from the lessons communities. learned in The Atlanta Project, a range of information is made avail- ■ Creating a program for residents to able through publications and videos, and by hosting delegations and report housing code violations and improve city hall responsiveness to these conferences on topics such as teen pregnancy, welfare reform, race complaints. relations, urban sprawl, and school-age care. ■ Forming partnerships with businesses Georgia State University will continue to share relevant experi- and welfare recipients to facilitate hiring and training. ences with other communities as part of its Neighborhood Collabo- ■ Establishing FutureForce, in partner- rative program. ship with the U.S. Army, to promote

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The 1990-2000 recipients of the Rosalynn Carter Fellowships for Mental Health Journalism visited Mrs. Carter at The Carter Center to discuss their projects in September 1999. They are (l-r): Annie Murphy Paul, Paul Raeburn, Emil Vernarec, Pat Bellinghausen, Liisa Hyvarinen, and John Head.

Mental Health Program

Mission Highlights of 1998-1999 Objectives for 1999-2000

Promote public awareness and recog- ■ The program conducted the Fourteenth ■ Expand the advisory board for the nition of the growing body of medical Annual Rosalynn Carter Symposium on Rosalynn Carter Fellowships for Mental evidence that mental illnesses are Mental Health Policy – Promoting Positive Health Journalism to enlarge the fellowship biochemical in nature and therefore not a and Healthy Behaviors in Children Nov. 18- program. matter of the sufferer’s willpower. The 19, 1998. Consequently, the program pub- ■ Continue to pursue four established goals Mental Health Program addresses public lished a report about the symposium and of promoting awareness, initiating educa- policy issues through The Carter Center continues its wide distribution based on tional meetings and symposia, addressing Mental Health Task Force, which iden- ongoing requests. public policy issues, and developing mental tifies major mental health issues, convenes ■ In May 1999, the Rosalynn Carter Georgia health initiatives. meetings, and develops initiatives to Mental Health Forum was held for state ■ Plan for the 1999 Rosalynn Carter reduce stigma and discrimination against mental health organizations to explore the Symposium, which will bring national people with these diseases and improve topic “Recovery: A Journey for Life.” mental health organizations together to their quality of life. The annual Rosalynn ■ The program participated in the White preview the first U.S. Surgeon General’s Carter Symposium on Mental Health House Conference on Mental Health through Report on Mental Health. Policy provides an opportunity for a satellite broadcast from The Carter Center in ■ Assist the World Federation for Mental national mental health leaders to June 1999 that included U.S. Surgeon General Health to organize an international coordinate their efforts on issues of David Satcher at the Center. conference be held at The Carter Center. common concern. The symposia have ■ The program conducted the annual meeting The Inaugural World Conference on the examined such topics as managed care of the Rosalynn Carter Fellowships for Mental Promotion of Mental Health and Preven- practices that serve the public interest and Health Journalism Sept. 14-16, 1999. The tion of Mental and Behavioral Disorders collaboration with schools to foster 1998-1999 journalism fellows’ projects were will be held Dec. 5-8, 2000. children’s mental health. presented and proposals accepted for the 1999- 2000 fellowships.

28 1 9 9 8 - 9 9 C A R T E R C E N T E R A N N U A L R E P O R T B U I L D I N G H O P E Surgeon General’s Report Presents an Educational Opportunity he underlying crisis of mental health the scientific evidence about the efficacy of mental health problem. Twith respect to depression and suicide such treatments on the full range of mental To illustrate, he cites data from the 1993 should receive the same urgency accorded disorders,” Goldman explains. “It may not be a report by the World Bank and the World the AIDS issue. That was one of the policy document, but it has to serve as the Health Organization (WHO), revealing that conclusions presented at a focus group basis for making policy and personal health mental disorders represent four of the top 10 meeting held at The Carter Center in July choices. We wanted to provide a document leading causes of disability in the developed 1999 with U.S. Surgeon General David that reviewed the scientific evidence and that world, with depression ranking first. “Now Satcher. would guide personal health behavior and that gets people’s attention,” he says. The gathering was called to develop a policy-makers, but would not be specific about Identifying mainstream American long-term strategy for placing the Surgeon those recommendations.” attitudes about mental health was the General’s Report on Mental Health, released in Still, the report does dispel public myths purpose of focus group research conducted by December 1999, in the public eye. about the prognoses of mental disorders, Lake Snell Perry & Associates Inc. and “It is critical to alert the public to new according to Thomas Bornemann, Ed.D., reported to the Carter Center meeting by scientific discoveries that are making mental deputy director of the Center for Mental Celinda Lake. illnesses increasingly treatable and to Health Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Two important conclusions can be drawn perform studies that examine the effective- Health Services Administration. from the groups, Lake says. ness of service delivery strategies,” says John “The Surgeon General’s Report represents an “People have a lot of personal experience Gates, Ph.D., former director of The Carter additional opportunity for us to introduce with mental illnesses and readily believe that Center’s Mental Health Program. “The mental health and mental illness into the they can affect any family,” she says. public must get this information in a way larger public health context as relevant, “Personalizing the issue adds to the messages’ that encourages treatment seeking and urgent, compelling, and critical to all discus- power.” reduces the stigma often associated with sions related to health and disease,” he told Secondly, “People responded very mental disorders.” the group. strongly to the fact that mental health The report is the first ever issued by the Steven Hyman, M.D., director of the should be treated like a physical illness and surgeon general’s office on the subject of National Institute of Mental Health, empha- that it is fundamental to good health. They mental health. Its goals, according to sizes that the public needs a powerful image to like the idea of balances being essential to Satcher, include integrating mental health become aware of the scope and impact of the quality of life.” into public health by providing a better definition of the mental health problem as well as its magnitude, nature, and prevalence. Spreading the Word “It will take a public health approach, so that it will help define the causes and risk about Mental Health factors for mental health problems,” Satcher adds. “Additionally, whether they are basic Several approaches for publicizing the contents of the Surgeon bio-molecular factors or social-community General’s Report emerged from the discussion. Among them: factors, we hope this report will help to ■ Stigma is about the fear that mental illnesses are a life sentence. define the causes and the risk factors. The Telling people that therapy works will reduce stigma. report will describe and define interventions ■ Combating stigma should be viewed as a civil rights issue. It should that work for mental health problems.” be called an anti-prejudice and anti-discrimination campaign. Howard Goldman, M.D., Ph.D., who ■ An Internet resource site should be developed. attended the meeting in his role as scientific ■ Faith institutions could spread the message of mental health in a editor of the report, says that the document compassionate setting. does not present specific policy recommen- ■ Research and development should be done about how to educate dations. In fact, he adds, the report contains journalists quickly about mental health issues. a single but succinct recommendation ■ Primary care providers should be sensitized to screening patients related to personal health behavior: Seek for mental health problems. help. A range of effective treatments exists ■ Behavioral research results should be provided to health care for most mental disorders. providers. “The recommendation is supported by

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s The Carter Center’s • Filter cloth for straining water donor base and contaminated with Guinea financial support worm. grow, the Center • Medicine for treating parasitic expands its activities diseases. Ato wage peace, fight disease, and • The use of aircraft, office space, build hope around the world. and cell phones to assist election The Carter Center, a nongovern- observation missions. mental organization, depends almost Making these successes possible is entirely on contributions to carry a Carter Center donor base that out its mission. Donations, gifts, and continues to grow each year. hrough special gifts grants fund nearly all of the Center’s Among its supporters, the Center T $30 million annual budget. Donors now counts more than 140,000 include individuals, corporations, individuals, 60 major corporations, foundations, foreign governments, 50 foundations, and more than 20 U.S. agencies, and international foreign governments, U.S. agencies, from corporations and organizations. Support comes from and international organizations all over the globe – from a Japanese among its supporters. Last year, corporation – to an individual in the Ambassadors Circle members, United Kingdom – to the govern- individuals who give $1,000 or more ment of Finland. in unrestricted support annually, foundations this year, “My wife Mary and I admire the grew to almost 500. Carters for helping people in Ambassadors Circle Member tremendous need to establish better Loris Masterton said,“The Carter lives for themselves and their Center staff is extremely talented the Center was able families,” said Russell Sarner, a and doing worthwhile work.” planned giving donor. “We know Through special gifts from where our money is going and what’s corporations and foundations this being accomplished.” year, the Center was able to greatly Funding is used for: expand its programs and initiate to greatly expand its • Hiring technical advisors and new ones. deploying them in needed areas. The Lions Clubs International • Producing health education Foundation and the Conrad N. materials. Hilton Foundation together gave • Obtaining medical supplies. more than $30 million over five and programs and initiate • Providing vehicles to reach 10 years respectively – the largest distant villages. project-specific cash grants in the • Training village health workers. Center’s history – to further the • Strengthening emerging democ- Center’s efforts to fight preventable new ones. racies through election monitor- blindness. In addition to expanding ing. river blindness programs to 15 • Building human resource capa- countries, the grants enabled the bilities within developing coun- Center to launch a new health tries. initiative to combat trachoma, the In addition to direct funding, the world’s leading cause of preventable Center has received in-kind gifts blindness. worth tens of millions of dollars over “The Carter Center is the the years. In-kind donations have primary grant recipient of our included: newest major funding initiative for • Tractors for the Center’s agricul- trachoma due to the infrastructure it ture program. created for Guinea worm eradica-

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tion in countries Sources of Support 1998/99 where trachoma is also endemic,” said Donald Hubbs, board Individuals 20.1% chairman of the Hilton Foundation. A three-year grant of $780,000 from Corporations SmithKline Beecham Other Revenue 44.0% helped the Center 13.8% launch health initiatives to fight two ooking to the tropical diseases, Governmental L 9.6% lymphatic filariasis, Foundations and schistosomiasis. 12.5% SmithKline Beecham also is providing the drug, alben- gram activities. This year Norway and future, The Carter dazole, to fight lymphatic filariasis, the Netherlands agreed to fund while Bayer A.G. and Medochemie negotiations between the govern- are providing a portion of the medi- ments of Sudan and Uganda to cine, praziquantel, to launch the resolve long-running regional con- effort against schistosomiasis. flicts. And Portugal became a new Center and its “One of SmithKline Beecham’s supporter of the Center, providing a missions is striving to make people’s grant to fund human rights monitor- lives healthier through community ing in advance of the East Timor programs in the developing world,” referendum. supporters feel it is said Dr. Brian Bagnall, director of Looking to the future, The Carter lymphatic filariasis for SmithKline Center and its supporters feel it is Beecham. “We’re grateful to The imperative that the Center’s work Carter Center because we can only continues. To build the Center into a succeed with a broad coalition of lasting institution, several donors imperative that partners.” have focused on increasing the The Center’s Peace Programs also endowment. Extremely generous gifts received strong support this year have been received from John and including a $1.5 million, five-year Rebecca Moores, Lee and Harold grant from The Coca-Cola Company Kapelovitz, Arthur and Stephanie the Center’s to launch the Latin America Blank, and The UPS Foundation. Program’s “Forging a New Partnership Said Arthur Blank, Carter Center in the Americas.” The new initiative trustee, and president and CEO of will address major issues affecting The Home Depot: “I am pleased to work continues. government and business in Central provide the Center with a gift that and South America. signifies the respect that I have for “The Coca-Cola Company be- President Carter and for the institu- lieves The Carter Center is one of the tion that he has created.” most important and influential Expressing confidence in The organizations in Latin America,” said Carter Center’s work through their Pedro Pablo Diaz, vice president of generosity, these and numerous other communications for Latin America, donors enable the Center to continue The Coca-Cola Company. its mission in waging peace, fighting Foreign governments also have disease, and building hope around the been very supportive of Peace Pro- world.

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Donors with cumulative Mr. Holland M. Ware Mr. Robert A. Ipock Jr. and Dr. Kim Mrs. Jane E. Thomas Joseph B. Whitehead Foundation Ipock Mr. George R. Thornton lifetime giving of $1 million Robert W. Woodruff Foundation John Izard, Esq. Mr. Pong Vilaysane or more The World Bank Mr. and Mrs. Robert B. Jackson Mr. George W. Von Eiff YKK Corporation Ms. Diane S. Jacqmin Ms. Barbara Wadkins Anonymous Mr. Tadahiro Yoshida Mr. James S. Johnson Mrs. Margaret M. Wagner AFLAC Japan Ms. Sheelah R. Johnson Mrs. Joan Warzeka American Home Products Corporation Donors who have provided Ms. Susan Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Lew R. Wasserman Mr. and Mrs. Sam A. Way III BellSouth Corporation for support in their estate Mr. and Mrs. Harold Kapelovitz Mr. Arthur M. Blank Mrs. Charlotte Kimelman Mr. Nathaniel Welch Mr. Ronald W. Burkle and financial planning Amb. Henry L. Kimelman Ms. Selma M. Wiener Callaway Foundation Mrs. Sylvia S. Kirkman and Ms. Jo Anne Col. and Mrs. Nat Wisser Carnegie Corporation of New York Anonymous (4) Kirkman Ms. Doris Woods Jimmy Carter and Rosalynn Carter Mr. and Mrs. Holyoke P. Adams The Honorable and Mrs. Philip M. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas T. Woodson The Annie E. Casey Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Charles W. Anderson Klutznick Ms. Adeline Wuslich The Coca-Cola Company Mr. and Mrs. D. C. Anderson Mr. and Mrs. Bill L. Knowles Mr. Hai Tee Young Cox Interests Mr. and Mrs. Colin S. Archibald Mr. and Mrs. Myron Kownacki Mrs. Dominique de Menil Mr. and Mrs. Frederick J. Artz Mrs. Georgia E. Koyl Members of the Mr. and Mrs. Michael G. DeGroote Mr. and Mrs. Anthony B. Baker Mr. Elmer C. Kreisel Jr. Ambassadors Circle who The Delta Air Lines Foundation Mrs. Mary Balfour Mr. and Mrs. Franklin Kuhlman Government of Denmark Mrs. Cecilia T. Banulski Ms. Katharine P. Lanctot contribute between $1,000 E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company Ms. Hildegard Bartkowski Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Laseter and $10,000 to The Carter The Ford Foundation Ms. Martha H. Beach Mr. Earl A. Lash Georgia Power Foundation Mr. Richard S. Beebe Mr. Albert Leyva Center Annual Fund The Honorable Jane Harman and Dr. Mr. and Mrs. Robert F. Bigham Mrs. Mary E. Lord Sidney Harman Mr. and Mrs. Lee N. Blatt Dr. Willa D. Lowery Anonymous (6) Mr. and Mrs. Christopher B. Hemmeter Mrs. Elsie S. Bleimiller Mr. and Mrs. Anthony T. Maggio Mr. W. Randy Abney The William and Flora Hewlett Dr. Amy R. Boscov Mr. and Mrs. Neilson Marshall Mr. and Mrs. Gaby Ajram Foundation Mr. and Mrs. J. Chris Brown Ms. Alice F. Mason Mr. Ben Alexander Conrad N. Hilton Foundation Kenneth E. Bruce, Esq. Mrs. Camille E. McKee Mr. H. Inman Allen The Home Depot Mr. James C. Calaway Ms. Peggy J. Meade-Cohen Mr. and Mrs. Mark Allen IBM Corporation Mr. and Mrs. Harry M. Canavan Mrs. Annie Dix Meiers Ms. Diane I. Amos Inter-American Development Bank The Rev. Dr. F. Andrew Carhartt and Ms. Rosalyn M. Mervis Mr. Malcolm Anderson ITOCHU Corporation Mrs. Virginia Carhartt Mr. Robert Messersmith Mr. David L. Angell and Ms. Lynn E. Government of Japan Mr. Floyd William Carter Ms. Ethel P. Metcalfe Angell The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Mr. Michael K. Casey Mrs. Mildred A. Mitchell Mr. Frederick H. Arend The Thomas M. Kirbo and Irene B. Kirbo Mr. and Mrs. Alvin Chaiken The Reverend L. Katherine Moore Mr. and Mrs. Justin Arnold Charitable Trust Mr. and Mrs. Donald B. Chalker Mr. and Mrs. John J. Moores Sr. Mr. and Mrs. William E. Atchison Mrs. Joan B. Kroc Dr. Jessalyne L. Charles Mr. Lee A. Nascimento Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Attias Lions Clubs International Foundation Mrs. Lois Clark Mrs. Linda Nascimento Dr. and Mrs. Daniel Austin The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Mr. Mark B. Cohen and Dr. and Mrs. Daniel E. Nathan Mr. and Mrs. James H. Averill Foundation Ms. Sheila M. Fyfe Mr. and Mrs. Bruce L. Newman Dr. and Mrs. Emerson M. Babb Mr. and Mrs. Henry K. McConnon Mr. Herbert A. Conley Mrs. Lillian B. Nicolson Ms. Mary Baird Merck & Co. Ms. Margaret Taylor Crandall Mr. and Mrs. Ralph H. Nicolson Mr. and Mrs. Jay G. Baitler Mr. and Mrs. John J. Moores, Sr. Mrs. Margaret S. Crawford Mr. and Mrs. Walter T. Nyberg Mr. and Mrs. Gordon H. Bald The Charles Stewart Mott Foundation Mr. and Mrs. William B. Crowley Mr. and Mrs. John W. Ogletree Mr. and Mrs. J. Gregory Ballentine Government of The Netherlands Mrs. Ann Baker Currie Ms. Geraldine J. Parker Mr. Joe T. Bamberg Government of Nigeria Dr. and Mrs. Paul Cutler Mr. and Mrs. Randy G. Paul Mr. and Mrs. W. Frank Barron Jr. The Nippon Foundation Mr. James F. Dalton Mr. Joseph A. Pickard Mr. William C. Bartholomay Government of Norway Ms. Adalyn Davis Mr. Angus Pitt Mrs. Sheryl L. Bartolucci Precision Fabrics Group Mr. and Mrs. Jon A. de Vos Mr. and Mrs. John M. Pope Ms. Stephanie A. Batsel His Majesty Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al Mr. Bernard S. Derow Mrs. Melba Rice Mr. Douglas B. Bauer Said of Oman Mr. Michael R. Edmonds Mr. Cecil L. Russell Ms. Roxanne W. Beardsley River Blindness Foundation Mr. William D. M. Elfrink Mr. and Mrs. James Sallen Mr. Richard S. Beebe The Rockefeller Foundation Mr. and Mrs. William C. Finch Ms. Irma Sandage Dr. and Mrs. Seth Bekoe The O. Wayne Rollins Foundation Mr. Kurt E. Findeisen Mr. and Mrs. Russell G. Sarner Mr. Frederick B. Bierer The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Mr. Guy Formichella Ms. Vikki A. Schick Mr. and Mrs. Waddell A. Biggart II Walter H. and Phyllis J. Shorenstein Mrs. Virginia L. George The Honorable William B. Schwartz Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Robert D. Billinger Jr. Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Darwin Gervais Dr. Martha L. Shaw Dr. Virginia Y. Blacklidge Mrs. Deen Day Smith Ms. Elizabeth Gibbons Mr. and Mrs. Robert Shellenbarger Dr. Amy R. Boscov and Dr. Terrence SmithKline Beecham Corporation Mr. Harland Gibson Ms. Marjorie F. Shipe Ellen Southern Company Mr. and Mrs. Martin A. Gilman Ms. Ruth Singleterry Mr. and Mrs. Richard C. Bost Mr. and Mrs. Theodore R. Stanley Mrs. Leanore Goodenow Mr. and Mrs. Brent L. Slay Mr. and Mrs. Cabell Brand The Starr Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Claus M. Halle Ms. Dorcas Smith Ms. Rebecca S. Brinkley Government of Sweden Ms. Kay Hamner The Honorable and Mrs. Milton D. Ms. Nancy Britz Turner Foundation Mr. and Mrs. David H. Harris Stewart Mr. Charles Kent Brodie U.S. Agency for International Mr. and Mrs. Hubert L. Harris Jr. Mrs. Beverly M. Stoy Mr. and Mrs. Reade Brower Development Ms. Joan E. Hayes Mr. and Mrs. Joseph I. Subers Mr. and Mrs. Charles H. Brown Government of the United Arab Emirates Mr. John W. Henry and Dr. Rachel Henry Mr. and Mrs. W. B. Temple Lt. Col. William T. Browne and Government of the United Kingdom Mr. and Mrs. Wayne E. Hochstetler Ms. Anne G. Thomas Dr. Evelyn W. Browne The UPS Foundation Ms. Edith E. Holiday Dr. Gail E. Thomas Dr. C. Hal Brunt

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Ms. Margaret C. Buck Nola Maddox Falcone Charitable Dr. and Mrs. Scott J. Hopkins Ms. Georgia Longsdon Mr. and Mrs. Steven Bernard Buechele Foundation Dr. Janet Horenstein Mr. Steven M. Lovinger Mr. and Mrs. William J. Bugg Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Bruce Falconer Mr. and Mrs. Karl F. Hubner Mr. Hugh Lowrey and Ms. Mary Orr Mr. Mark J. Buhler Dr. and Mrs. Roy H. Fanoni Mr. and Mrs. John Huffstetler Sr. Mr. and Mrs. Edward W. Lukasiewicz Mr. and Mrs. John P. Buie Mr. Michael G. Feinstein Mrs. J. Gibson Hull Mr. and Mrs. John R. Luongo Mr. Bruce Burg Mr. and Mrs. William Ferguson Ms. Ann Hampton Hunt Ms. Jean W. Lutz Mr. and Mrs. Ronald E. Burmeister Dr. and Mrs. Richard D. Finucane Mr. and Mrs. Paul C. Hunt Mr. and Mrs. Theodore C. Lutz Mr. and Mrs. Henry L. Burton Dr. Robert A. Fish Mr. and Mrs. Alan D. Husak Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Lynch Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John Bush Dr. Emile T. Fisher Mrs. Opal S. Huskey Ms. Anne Marie Macari Mr. and Mrs. Andrew W. Byrd Mr. and Mrs. Stephen S. Flaum Admiral Bobby R. Inman Mr. Christopher M. Mackey and Ms. Donna Mr. and Mrs. Jeremiah M. Callaghan Mr. Jason R. Flom International Union, UAW L. Cherniak Mr. Timothy J. Cambias Sr. Mr. and Mrs. Jerome Forkosh Mr. George Inverso and Ms. Emma Mr. Bryan F. MacPherson and Ms. Pamela The Walter G. Canipe Foundation, Inc. Ms. Linda C. Frank Garkavi M. Van Hine Mr. and Mrs. Charles E. Carlston A. J. Frank Family Foundation Ms. Diane S. Jacqmin Ms. Susie W. Margolin Mr. Gary Carlston and Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Frankel Dr. Henry G. Jarecki Mr. Colin A. Marshall and Ms. Maureen A. Ms. Nancy Carlston Mr. and Mrs. Andrew D. Franklin Mr. Steve Baughman Jensen and Dr. Ulicny Ms. Susan A. Carr The Reverend Frederick William Frick Rebecca McGowan Jensen Mr. and Mrs. Robert F. Massey Mr. and Mrs. Ken Carreker Mr. and Mrs. John C. Furlong Mr. and Mrs. C. Gene Jester Mr. and Mrs. William L. Masterton Mr. Charles W. Carson Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Gagarin Mr. Charles S. Johns Mr. and Mrs. Oscar G. Mayer Jr. Mr. Michael Carter and Dr. Jean Carter Ms. Stephanie Garber and Mr. David M. Ms. Marilyn Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Mazurek Mr. Thomas C. Carter Collins Ms. Phyllis Cady Johnson Dr. Barbara Ellen McAlpine Dr. and Mrs. Lloyd Chapman Mr. and Mrs. Ronald J. Gibson Mr. and Mrs. T. Stephen Johnson Mr. Randall R. McCathren Mr. and Mrs. Edward L. Chase Mr. W. B. Gillam Dr. Warford B. Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Russell McCaughan Dr. and Mrs. Paul M. Christensen Ms. Mabel Gilpin Mr. and Mrs. John R. Jones III Mr. and Mrs. Alonzo L. McDonald Jr. Georgia A. Christopher Mr. Paul M. Ginsburg Mr. and Mrs. Zagloul Kadah Mr. and Mrs. Richard D. McFarland Mr. David R. Clark Ms. Susan Gale Gleghorn Mr. Louis Katsikaris Mr. and Mrs. Robert McGuire Mr. and Mrs. Terry M. Clark Mr. and Mrs. Bobby D. Godbee Mr. Fred Katz and Ms. Linda Kotis Katz Mr. and Mrs. Hugh J. McLellan Mr. and Mrs. James R. Cochran Ms. Sybil Walzer Goepper Mr. and Mrs. David E. Kelby Mr. and Mrs. Mathias Meinzinger Mr. David H. Cofrin and Mr. Martin J. Goldberg Mr. and Mrs. David A. Kennedy Mr. and Mrs. George A. Menendez Ms. Christine Tryba-Cofrin Mr. and Mrs. Jack Goldstein Mr. and Mrs. Richard C. Kerns Mr. and Mrs. W. Peter Metz Dr. and Mrs. James S. Cole Mr. and Mrs. David T. Green Mrs. Collier C. Kimball Mr. and Mrs. Victor A. Milewski Mr. and Mrs. Bruce C. Coles Mr. Gary B. Green Mr. Jack H. Kimball Mr. and Mrs. C. David Miller Drs. Camille and Bill Cosby Dr. E. Rawson Griffin III and Ms. D. Mr. Bernie D. Kimbrough Mr. and Mrs. Donald L. Miller Mr. and Mrs. Donald H. Cowan Clark Griffin-Eddings Mr. and Mrs. Philip Kind Mr. and Mrs. Francis W. Miller Mrs. Margaret S. Crawford Mr. Charles W. Grigg Mr. and Mrs. Howard L. Knaack Mr. and Mrs. George P. Mitchell Mr. and Mrs. Jeremy Croggon Mr. and Mrs. Frank Grobman Mr. and Mrs. Wyck Knox Drs. Mary and Masakazu Miyagi Mr. Walter L. Cronkite Mr. and Mrs. Ronald Gustafson Mr. William C. Kohler Margaret G. Molarsky Charitable Fund Col. and Mrs. Louis C. Crouch Mr. Edward E. Haddock Jr. and Ms. Edye Dr. and Mrs. George Kozmetsky Ms. Judith Moore Mr. Warren L. Culpepper Murphy-Haddock Mr. Bruce Krawisz and Ms. Jane Kennedy Mr. and Mrs. Earl M. Morgan Dr. Janet A. Cunningham Ms. Alexis B. Hafken Mr. Edward H. Kreusser Ms. Kathleen A. Moskal Mrs. Helen S. Curry Mr. Robert S. Hagge Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas W. Krughoff Mr. and Mrs. David A. Mount Mr. B. Scott Custer Jr. Mr. Martin Haig Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence N. Kugelman Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth F. Mountcastle Jr. Mr. Barry H. Custer Ms. Anne Cathcart Hall Mr. and Mrs. E. T. Laird Mr. Don A. Mueller Rear Admiral and Mrs. Ben S. Custer Mr. and Mrs. Donald Hall Mr. and Mrs. Peter Lamm Mr. and Mrs. Arnold Mullen Mr. Phillippe Daniel Mr. and Mrs. Frank P. Hall III Mr. and Mrs. David L. Lammert Dr. Gail Mullen Mr. Alf Danzie Mr. and Mrs. Claus M. Halle Dr. James T. Langland and Dr. Penny I. Dr. and Mrs. Robert S. Munford III Ms. Alice K. Davis Mr. and Mrs. Herman H. Hamilton Langland Mrs. Fred E. Murphy Jr. Ms. Ruth F. Davis Dr. and Mrs. John B. Hardman Dr. Anne P. Lanier Mr. and Mrs. John Murphy Ms. Kathleen Day and Mr. Bruce Gunter Mrs. L. G. Hardman Jr. Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Laseter Mr. David Muston Dr. Klaus Dehlinger Mr. and Mrs. Lam Hardman Mr. and Mrs. Paul F. Le Fort Mr. and Mrs. T. Joseph Natale Ms. Aphrodite E. Demeur Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence R. Hardy Mr. and Mrs. Arden O. Lea Mrs. Daisy B. Nelson Mr. Steven A. Denning and Mr. and Mrs. J. Mark Harrington Mr. Michael Lebowitz Mr. and Mrs. George R. Nichols Ms. Roberta D. Bowman Ms. Patricia G. Harrington Mr. and Mrs. Robert N. Lehrer Mr. James R. Nichols Mr. Daniel W. Dennison Ms. Helen Jacobi Harris Mr. David O. Leiwant Mr. and Mrs. Joe Nicholson Mr. and Mrs. Charles F. Dewald Ms. Ellen W. Hartman Ms. Darcy J. Lenzgrinden Mr. and Mrs. George O. Nokes Mr. and Mrs. James Dimon Dr. and Mrs. Daniel F. Haskins Mr. and Mrs. Paul R. Leonard Jr. Ms. Pamela K. Nolen Mr. and Mrs. Larry Dodd Mr. and Mrs. William L. Haskins Dr. Lotte Leschly Mr. and Mrs. Leon Novak Mr. David Elgin Dodge Mr. and Mrs. James W. Heavener Mr. and Mrs. Larry N. Lesh Mr. Paul M. O’Gara Mr. Michael D. Douglas The Honorable and Mrs. John W. Mr. Charles E. Letts Jr. Mr. George W. O’Quinn Mr. Marlan W. Downey Hechinger, Sr. Mr. Dalton N. Lewey Ms. Kay D. O’Rourke Mrs. Gertrude M. Drew Mr. and Mrs. George M. Hecht Ms. Christine Lewis Mr. and Mrs. John W. Ogletree Ms. Catherine W. Dukehart Dr. and Mrs. Boo Heflin Ms. Eleanor N. Lewis Ms. Deborah R. Olson Mr. and Mrs. Mark W. Dundon Ms. Judith Henderson Mr. and Mrs. Kwok-Leung Li Ms. Jennie M. Olson Mr. and Mrs. Lee P. Durham Ms. Regina R. Hewitt Mr. Wilbert Lick Mr. and Mrs. Jennings Osborne Mr. and Mrs. Frank M. Eccles Mr. and Mrs. Philip J. Hickey Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Kurt Limbach Ms. Barbara Ottinger Mr. and Mrs. David Eggert Mr. B. Harvey Hill Jr. Mr. Eugene M. Link and Ms. Anne Marie Ms. Ruth Paddison Mrs. Martha H. Ellis Mr. and Mrs. Wayne E. Hochstetler Hirsch Ms. Diana J. Park Mr. and Mrs. Jack K. Ellison Mrs. Carol J. Hogan Ms. Vera G. List Dr. Tae K. Park Mrs. Walter B. Elsee Mr. John L. Holland Mr. and Mrs. Robert C. Livsey Mr. and Mrs. W. Stephen Parker Dr. and Mrs. Robert B. Erichson Dr. Joseph G. Hollowell Jr. and Ms. Emily Mr. and Mrs. Murray Lloyd Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Parry Mr. and Mrs. Robert J. Ewersmann Jr. A. Russell Ms. Wilma H. Logan Mr. and Mrs. Mike Peaden

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Mr. John W. Peifer and Dr. Deborah S. Lee Mr. and Mrs. Murali Sivarajan Mr. and Mrs. Robert G. Werner Jr. River Blindness Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Godfrey Perrott Mr. Milford Skog Ms. Edith Jean Werts The Rockefeller Foundation Mr. John T. Peterson and Ms. Mary Vander Ms. Susan Slaughter Ms. Helen H. West Walter H. and Phyllis J. Shorenstein Maten Mr. Morris Slingluff Mr. and Mrs. D. Michael Weston Foundation Mr. Frederick D. Petrie Ms. Cherida C. Smith Mr. and Mrs. David White Mr. and Mrs. Brent L. Slay Mr. and Mrs. John R. Phillips Mr. and Mrs. Douglas Smith Mr. and Mrs. Per H. Wickstrom SmithKline Beecham Corporation Mr. D. C. Pickard Mr. and Mrs. Layton F. Smith John and Marcia Wilkinson Mr. and Mrs. Theodore R. Stanley Dr. Elizabeth Plunkett-Buttimer and Mr. Mr. and Mrs. Oscar M. Smith Dr. John S. Willis and The Starr Foundation Dan Buttimer Mr. Richard M. Smith Dr. Judith Horwitz Willis Tull Charitable Foundation Mr. Allen A. Posner Mr. and Mrs. Stephen R. Smith Dr. Joseph N. Wilson and Dr. Selma Wilson Turner Foundation Ms. Karen D. Powell Mr. and Mrs. Iain Somerville Mr. and Mrs. Robert O. Wilson U.S. Agency for International Develop- Mr. Daniel G. Rabe Mr. and Mrs. Joachim R. Sommer Mr. John H. Wineinger ment Mr. Ronald C. Rak Ms. Margaret J. Spencer and Ms. Pat Lahti Ms. Bertha B. Wiseman Government of the United Kingdom Ms. Amelie L. Ratliff Mr. Billy L. Spruell and The Honorable and Mrs. Milton Albert The UPS Foundation Mr. and Mrs. William T. Ratliff III Ms. Barbara H. Aiken Wolf The Wachovia Foundation Mr. Bennie C. Reagan Mr. and Mrs. John P. Squires Mr. and Mrs. Richard L. Wolfe Mr. and Mrs. Lew R. Wasserman Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Rearden Jr. Mr. and Mrs. James N. Stanard Dr. Patricia A. Woodall The World Bank Ms. Eleanor Regnery Mr. and Mrs. John R. Stanish Mr. and Mrs. J. Allen Woodward Mr. Daniel L. Reiber Mr. Thomas O. Stanley Mr. and Mrs. C. Angus Wurtele $25,000 to $99,999 Mr. and Mrs. Kurt Reichle Ms. Elizabeth Steele Ms. Adeline Wuslich Dr. and Mrs. Charles C. Reith Mr. Ted Stefanik and Ms. Diana L. Gill Mr. and Mrs. Gordon Y. Yarborough Anonymous Mr. and Mrs. Howard O. Reynolds Ms. Wilhelmina M. Stemmer Mr. Charles M. Yeagle AFC Enterprises Mr. and Mrs. David A. Richardson Mrs. Malcolm S. Stevens Mr. Robert A. Yellowlees Alabama Power Company Mr. and Mrs. Richard K. Riess Mr. Frank Stiebel Mr. Jay S. Young Archer Daniels Midland Foundation Dr. Jane Ann Roberts Mr. Robert D. Stillman Peggy and Lee Zeigler Bank of America Ms. Teresa L. Roberts Dr. and Mrs. Verner Stillner Ms. Clare P. Zens Bass Hotels & Resorts Mr. Victor Roepke Mr. N. Stewart Stone Mr. Homer G. Zimmerman Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Lee N. Blatt Mr. and Mrs. Phil Roman Ms. Susan Storms The Samuel Bronfman Foundation Mr. Rod Roquemore Mr. and Mrs. Wally Stover $100,000 or more Estate of Shirley M. Carson Mr. Cy Rose Mr. and Mrs. Daniel W. Stroock Jimmy Carter and Rosalynn Carter Mrs. Andrew Rose Mr. and Mrs. Maynard F. Stukey Anonymous The Honorable Anne Cox Chambers Mr. Harold Rosen Mr. and Mrs. William C. Stutt AGCO Corporation Chevron Corporation Mr. and Mrs. Gerald A. Rosenthal Mr. and Mrs. Ronald A. Swanson American Home Products Mr. Gustavo Cisneros Mr. and Mrs. Alexander N. Rudelic Dr. and Mrs. Zia E. Taheri The Annenberg Foundation The Coca-Cola Company Mr. Alvin Ruml Mr. Tom Tanenbaum Mr. and Mrs. Michael A. Ashcroft Mr. and Mrs. William E. Conway Jr. Mr. Cecil L. Russell Mr. Mark E. Taylor City of Atlanta Mr. and Mrs. Lodwrick M. Cook Dr. George Rust and Dr. Cindy T. Rust Ms. Nancy J. Taylor BellSouth Corporation Delta Air Lines Mr. and Mrs. Mark W. Safranek Ms. Nancy J. Taylor Mr. Arthur M. Blank Mr. Richard N. Goldman Ms. Virginia D. Samplawski Lelia L. Teague Trust Mr. Richard C. Blum and The Honorable The Philip L. Graham Fund Mr. Myron L. Sandberg and Mr. John M. P. Thatcher Jr. Dianne Feinstein H.R.H. Prince Moulay Hicham Ben Dr. Marva J. Dawn-Sandberg Mr. and Mrs. Mike P. Thayer Mr. Ronald W. Burkle Abdallah of Morocco Mr. and Mrs. Nathan M. Sarkisian Professor Homer L. Thomas Canadian International Development The Home Depot Mr. and Mrs. Russell G. Sarner Mr. and Mrs. Thomas E. Tietz Agency The Hunter-White Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Maynard Sauder Mr. and Mrs. Edward O. Tilford Carnegie Corporation of New York ITOCHU Corporation Ms. Marjorie Sauers Mr. and Mrs. Clayton M. Timmons Mr. and Mrs. Leon H. Charney Mr. James S. Johnson Mr. Thomas R. Saunders Mr. and Mrs. James D. Timmons Mr. and Mrs. Charles Clark Ambassador and Mrs. Henry L. Kimelman Mr. Philip A. Schaefer Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Topolsky The Coca-Cola Foundation The Thomas M. Kirbo and Irene B. Kirbo Ms. Nancy G. Schaub The Reverend Dr. and Mrs. Gordon M. Cox Interests Charitable Trust Mrs. Elizabeth B. Schley Torgersen The Delta Air Lines Foundation The A.G. Leventis Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Lanny D. Schmidt Ms. Dorset Townley Government of Denmark Robert R. McCormick Tribune Foundation Dr. and Mrs. Steven A. Schroeder Mr. Charles I. Trainer Mr. J. B. Fuqua Mr. and Mrs. Jason McLeod Mr. and Mrs. Robert S. Scott Mr. and Mrs. Charles H. Trillich Georgia Power Foundation G. Edward and Constance M. Miesel Mrs. Palacia S. Seaman Mr. and Mrs. LeRoy S. Troyer The Honorable Jane Harman and Dr. Family Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Timothy H. Self Mr. Ronald T. Turner Sidney Harman Mrs. Kenneth F. Montgomery Dr. Thomas F. Sellers Jr. Mr. James R. Uber Conrad N. Hilton Foundation Mutual of America Mr. and Mrs. Jerry W. Seneker Mr. and Mrs. James P. Volcker Mr. Victor Q. Hindman National Democratic Institute for Mr. David A. Shafer Dr. Judith Elaine Wade IBM Corporation International Affairs Mr. and Mrs. Gregory J. Shaia Mrs. Margaret M. Wagner Government of Japan Mr. Kent C. Nelson and Ms. Ann Starr Ms. Katharine Shaw Mrs. Marcia D. Walden The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation The OPEC Fund for International Mr. and Mrs. Michael Shaw Ms. Linda L. Walters and Mr. Jud Wambold LG Group Development Sheffield Harrold Charitable Trust Mr. and Mrs. Friedrich Walther The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Government of Portugal Mrs. Gail W. Shepard Mr. Jeffrey C. Ward and Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Sol Price Mr. Joseph A. Shepard Ms. Dorothy J. Moore Merck & Co. Mr. and Mrs. William T. Ratliff Jr. Mr. Frank M. Sheridan and Mrs. Helen E. Warmer Mr. and Mrs. John J. Moores, Sr. The Rich Foundation Ms. Paula R. Marmont Ms. Ruth Warrick Government of The Netherlands Ms. Christina Lyn Cooley Rivers Mr. and Mrs. Daniel B. Shinkle Dr. and Mrs. J. Dix Wayman Government of Nigeria The Rockdale Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Sudheer Shirali Mr. and Mrs. George T. Wein The Nippon Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Gary W. Rollins Mr. and Mrs. William Silver Mr. Stanley P. Weiss Mrs. Susan Packard Orr Mr. and Mrs. Gerald A. Rosenthal Mr. Lawrence E. Silverton Mr. and Mrs. Richard Weissman The Prudential Foundation Sacharuna Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Steven J. Simmons Mr. and Mrs. James L. Wells His Majesty Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al Mrs. Deen Day Smith Ms. Justine M. Simoni Ms. Willy Werby Said of Oman Mr. and Mrs. Stephen R. Smith

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Southern Company Genuine Parts Company National Institute of Child Health and Ms. Raydean Acevedo Sprint Foundation Georgia Health Foundation Human Development Mr. and Mrs. W. Dane Adkinson Mr. and Mrs. John P. Squires Ms. Elizabeth Gibbons Mr. Paul Newman and Mr. and Mrs. Gaby Ajram Mr. William G. St. James Mr. Paul Goldenberg Ms. Joanne Woodward Alan Inn Mr. and Mrs. James N. Stanard Mr. and Mrs. Kevin J. Gorman Mr. and Mrs. Leon Novak Mr. Ben Alexander SunTrust Bank Dr. and Mrs. Stephen L. Graham Mr. and Mrs. Walter T. Nyberg Mr. and Mrs. Steven J. Allard John Templeton Foundation Great Gatsby’s Auction Gallery Ms. Kay D. O’Rourke Mr. H. Inman Allen Time Warner Margaret E. Haas Fund The Sultanate of Oman Mr. and Mrs. Mark Allen United Parcel Service Mr. Edward E. Haddock Jr. and Mr. and Mrs. Jennings Osborne Mr. Philip H. Alston Jr. E. M. Warburg, Pincus & Co. LLC Ms. Edye Murphy-Haddock Mr. Daniel L. Ostrander The American Support Foundation Wasserman Foundation Dr. David A. Hamburg Parkland Foundation Ms. Diane I. Amos Dr. Joseph N. Wilson and Dr. Selma Wilson Mr. William T. Harper Mr. and Mrs. Robert J. Patrucco Ms. Elena D. Amos Mr. and Mrs. Robert O. Wilson Mr. Philip D. Harvey Mr. and Mrs. Mike Peaden Mr. Malcolm Anderson Yoshida Scholarship Foundation Ms. Joan E. Hayes Penguin Books USA Dr. Charles A. Andrews Mr. Rick Meeker Hayman Mr. Joseph A. Pickard Mr. David L. Angell and Ms. Lynn E. $5,000 to $24,999 Mr. and Mrs. George M. Hecht Mr. and Mrs. Joseph L. Powell Jr. Angell Dr. and Mrs. Francis C. Hertzog Jr. Ms. Joan E. Puckett ARCO Foundation Anonymous (4) Ms. Regina R. Hewitt Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Rearden Jr. Mr. Frederick H. Arend AAA Auto Club South Mr. and Mrs. Philip J. Hickey Jr. Mr. Victor Roepke Ms. Susan Slider Argentine Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth J. Abdalla Mr. and Mrs. James D. Hier Mr. Claude N. Rosenberg Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Justin Arnold AdRemConcepts Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. Holder Jr. Mr. Cecil L. Russell Mr. and Mrs. G. H. Arscott Mr. and Mrs. Colin S. Archibald Holder Corporation The Charles and Betti Saunders Foundation Kazuko K. Artus Mr. and Mrs. James H. Averill John C. and Kay Hughes Mr. R. K. Sehgal Estate of Paul R. Ashbrook Mr. and Mrs. Jack L. Bacon International Foundation for Dr. Martha L. Shaw Mr. and Mrs. W. F. Askins Estate of Muriel V. Baker Election Systems Mrs. Gail W. Shepard Mr. and Mrs. William E. Atchison Mr. and Mrs. Gordon H. Bald International Union, UAW Mr. Joseph A. Shepard Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Attias Dr. W. Andrew Baldwin INVESCO Capital Management Mr. Lawrence E. Silverton Dr. and Mrs. Emerson M. Babb Mrs. Mary Balfour Dr. Henry G. Jarecki The Simmons Family Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Dana Bacon Mr. Joe T. Bamberg Mr. Patrick Jennings Mr. James D. Sinegal Ms. Kathleen M. Bader Bayer AG Ms. Lorraine S. Jensen Mr. Robert C. Slack Ms. Mary Baird Mr. and Mrs. Robert F. Bigham Mr. and Mrs. Robert Wood Johnson IV Mr. and Mrs. Peter J. Solomon Mr. and Mrs. Jay G. Baitler Mrs. Elsie S. Bleimiller Mr. and Mrs. T. Stephen Johnson Southern Company Services Mr. and Mrs. J. Gregory Ballentine Ms. Kristi D. Bradford Mr. William E. Johnson Southern Energy Mrs. Margaret L. Banister Mr. and Mrs. Eli Broad Mr. and Mrs. Frank C. Jones Southwire Company Mr. Leo T. Barber Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Reade Brower The Fletcher Jones Foundation Staples Mr. and Mrs. Jim F. Barlow Mr. and Mrs. J. Chris Brown Mr. Stanley E. Kehl Dr. and Mrs. John Steck Mr. Walter J. Barngrover Dr. C. Hal Brunt Mr. and Mrs. Richard C. Kerns Mr. Ted Stefanik and Ms. Diana L. Gill Mr. George D. Barnhart Mr. and Mrs. John Bush Mr. Jack H. Kimball Mr. N. Stewart Stone Dr. Linda C. Barr Ms. Clara Caldwell Mr. and Mrs. Philip Kind Ms. Nancy J. Taylor Mr. and Mrs. W. Frank Barron Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Charles E. Carlston Mrs. Helen C. King Mr. and Mrs. W. B. Temple Mr. and Mrs. Francis E. Barse Mr. Gary Carlston and Ms. Nancy Carlston King & Spalding Texas Health Resources Mr. William C. Bartholomay Mr. and Mrs. John W. Carter Mrs. Sylvia S. Kirkman and Ms. Jo Anne Mr. George R. Thornton Mrs. Sheryl L. Bartolucci The Annie E. Casey Foundation Kirkman Mr. and Mrs. Thomas E. Tietz Ms. Stephanie A. Batsel Mr. and Mrs. Donald B. Chalker Dr. Sterling B. Kitchens The Tinker Foundation Mr. Douglas B. Bauer Mr. and Mrs. Raymond G. Chambers Mr. and Mrs. Wyck Knox Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Topolsky Ms. Roxanne W. Beardsley Ms. Thelma I. Chapman Konu Town Mr. and Mrs. LeRoy S. Troyer Mr. Richard S. Beebe Mr. and Mrs. Edward L. Chase Ms. Georgia E. Koyl Joseph Bishop Van Sciver Fund Dr. and Mrs. Seth Bekoe Chick-Fil-A Krispy Kreme Doughnut Corporation Vestergaard Frandsen Mr. Logan M. Belleville China Nikken Company The Kroger Company The Honorable Paul A. Volcker Ms. Lila W. Berle Mr. and Mrs. Bruce C. Coles Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence N. Kugelman Mr. George W. Von Eiff Ms. Geneva G. Bernik Estate of Arthur W. Combs Mr. and Mrs. Franklin Kuhlman Waitt Family Foundation Mr. Goodwin F. Berquist CommonHealth Mr. and Mrs. Paul R. Leonard Jr. Walton Family Foundation Ms. Elaine Berwitt Drs. Camille and Bill Cosby Ms. Christine Lewis Mrs. Helen E. Warmer Mr. Frederick B. Bierer Ms. Eleanor Butt Crook Mr. and Mrs. Kwok-Leung Li Mr. and Mrs. Jack H. Watson Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Waddell A. Biggart II The Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank Ms. Diane M. Loucks Mr. and Mrs. Richard Weissman Dr. and Mrs. Robert D. Billinger Jr. Mr. and Mrs. F. T. Davis Jr. The LWH Family Foundation Mr. and Mrs. John F. Wieland Dr. Virginia Y. Blacklidge Mr. Roy C. DeLamotte Dr. and Mrs. Steven P. Lynch Dr. John S. Willis and Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Blessing Mr. Bernard S. Derow Ms. Gail S. MacColl Dr. Judith Horwitz Willis Mr. Robert S. Blossom Double Quick Marathon Oil Company Mr. Jonathan A. Wilson Ms. Susan D. Boone Mr. Michael D. Douglas Ms. Susie W. Margolin Mr. and Mrs. Richard L. Wolfe Mr. and Mrs. James F. Boreham Douglas Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Neilson Marshall Mr. and Mrs. Thomas T. Woodson Mr. John Borghard Episcopal Health Charities Mr. and Mrs. William K. McCormick Mr. and Mrs. Gordon Y. Yarborough Dr. Amy R. Boscov and Evergreen International Aviation Mr. and Mrs. Theodore I. McDaniel YKK Corporation of America Dr. Terrence Ellen Mr. Kurt E. Findeisen MEDOCHEMIE LTD Mr. Richard W. Zahn Mr. and Mrs. Richard C. Bost Estate of Carey J. Finley Mrs. Annie Dix Meiers Mr. Homer G. Zimmerman Jr. Ms. Roseann H. Bove Mr. Sander A. Flaum Ms. Helen H. Mills Mr. John Boyd and Mr. Frank Ross Ford Motor Company-Atlanta Mrs. Mildred A. Mitchell $1,000 to $4,999 Mr. and Mrs. William Boys Mr. and Mrs. James C. Free Mr. and Mrs. Arnold Mullen Mr. and Mrs. J. M. Branch Mr. Robert E. Friedman and National Christian Charitable Anonymous (5) Mr. and Mrs. Cabell Brand Ms. Kristina Kiehl Foundation Dr. Jean Abbott Ms. Katherine Brandstrom Mr. and Mrs. Frederick K. Gale National Council of State Garden Clubs Mr. W. Randy Abney Ms. Margaret Brenton

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Ms. Nancy Britz Mr. Ben R. Condray Nola Maddox Falcone Charitable Mr. and Mrs. Frank Grobman Mr. Charles Kent Brodie Mr. Peter D. Conlon Foundation Joanne and Peter Haas Jr. Fund Mr. and Mrs. Rexford C. Brooks Mrs. Ruth M. Conroy Mr. and Mrs. Bruce Falconer Evelyn and Walter Haas Jr. Fund Mr. and Mrs. Stephen L. Brotman Mr. Robert Cook Dr. and Mrs. Roy H. Fanoni Ms. Alexis B. Hafken Mrs. Charles L. Brown Mr. and Ms. James M. Copeland Jr. Far East Broadcasting Company Mr. Robert S. Hagge Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Edward J. Brown Mr. and Mrs. Warren N. Coppedge Mrs. Marjorie Farley Mr. Martin Haig The Hoorable and Mrs. Harold Brown Dr. John R. Cornell Mr. Phillip Fauver Ms. Anne Cathcart Hall Lt. Col. William T. Browne and Mr. and Mrs. Paul Costello Dr. Primla Fazalud Din Ms. Brijetta Hall Dr. Evelyn W. Browne Mr. Paul B. Costello Mr. Michael G. Feinstein Mr. and Mrs. Donald Hall Ms. Margaret C. Buck Mr. and Mrs. Donald H. Cowan Mr. and Mrs. William Ferguson Mr. and Mrs. Frank P. Hall III Dr. and Mrs. G. Scott Budge Ms. Ruthann R. P. Cpe Ms. Alice Field Ambassador Kathryn W. Hall and Mr. and Mrs. Steve Buechele Mrs. Margaret S. Crawford Mr. and Mrs. Robert Finnigan Mr. Craig Hall Mr. and Mrs. William J. Bugg Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Gordon C. Creel Dr. and Mrs. Richard D. Finucane Mr. John W. Hall Mr. Mark J. Buhler Mrs. F. R. Crouch Dr. Robert A. Fish Mr. and Mrs. Harry Halladay Mr. Robert Bukar Col. and Mrs. Louis C. Crouch Mr. James L. Fitch Mr. and Mrs. Claus M. Halle Mr. Bruce Burg Mr. and Mrs. Jeremy C. Croggon Mr. and Mrs. Stephen S. Flaum Mr. and Mrs. Robert A. Halmi Jr. Dannie O. and Rita Burk Mr. Warren L. Culpepper Mr. and Mrs. Richard Flood Mr. and Mrs. Herman H. Hamilton Mr. Christopher M. Burke Mr. John F. Cummins Mr. A.L. Florence Dr. and Mrs. John B. Hardman Mr. and Mrs. William A. Burke Dr. Janet A. Cunningham Mr. Falko Forbrich Mrs. L. G. Hardman Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Ronald E. Burmeister Mrs. Helen S. Curry Mr. and Mrs. Jerome Forkosh Ms. Laura M. Hardy Mr. and Mrs. Ned H. Burns Rear Adm. and Mrs. Ben S. Custer Ms. Sara Forzcz Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence R. Hardy Mr. and Mrs. Lee Burrows Jr. Mr. and Mrs. George C. Dannals Ms. Lorraine Fournier Mr. Steve Harkreader Mr. and Mrs. Henry L. Burton Ms. Sharon L. Dallstream Mr. and Mrs. Cameron H. Fowler Harley Davidson Motor Company Mr. and Mrs. Eliot Butler Mr. James F. Dalton Mr. and Mrs. Leslie C. Francis Mr. and Mrs. J. Mark Harrington Mr. and Mrs. Andrew W. Byrd Mr. Phillippe Daniel Ms. Ydeen Francis Ms. Patricia G. Harrington Mark and Cynthia Caldwell Mr. Alf Danzie Ms. Linda C. Frank Ms. Helen Jacobi Harris Mr. and Mrs. David Calfee Dr. William H. Daughaday A. J. Frank Family Foundation Dr. and Mrs. Leo O. Harris Mr. and Mrs. Jeremiah Callaghan Mrs. Robert S. Davies Sr. Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Frankel Mr. and Mrs. Robert Harris Mr. David G. Calley Ms. Alice K. Davis Ms. Therese Frankena Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Harris Mr. and Mrs. Douglass Campbell Ms. Margaret K. Davis Ms. Helene J. Freed Mr. and Mrs. R. M. Hart Ms. Jane Campbell Mr. Ossie Davis Ms. Margaret R. Fuller Mr. and Mrs. William L. Haskins Mrs. Janet D. Cancell Ms. Ruth F. Davis Dr. Virginia S. Furrow Mr. and Mrs. Victor E. Hazel The Walter G. Canipe Foundation Ms. Stella E. Davis Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Gagarin Mr. and Mrs. R. Douglas Hazen Mr. David Canzler Edwin W. and Catherine M. Davis Courtney Knight Gaines Foundation Mr. and Mrs. James W. Heavener Mr. Steven Capella Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Henry C. Galant The Honorable and Mrs. John W. Hechinger Mr. John E. Carl Ms. Kathleen Day and Mr. and Mrs. David Gambrell Sr. Ms. Patricia A. Carlson Mr. Bruce Gunter Ms. Stephanie Garber and Heights Advisors, LLC Mr. Charles A. Carmack Mr. and Mrs. David L. Deford Mr. David M. Collins Mr. and Mrs. Carson Heil Mr. and Mrs. John L. Carr Mr. Robert B. DeHoney Ms. Lorraine F. Gardner Mr. and Mrs. George L. Heilman Ms. Susan A. Carr Ms. Elin Dehoyos Mr. W. Alan Gary Mr. and Mrs. Jeffrey A. Heimbuck Mr. and Mrs. Ken Carreker Mr. James Deily Mr. David L. Geller Ms. Judith Henderson Mr. Charles W. Carson Ms. Aphrodite E. Demeur General Electric Company Mr. Larry L. Henderson Mr. Fehl Carter Mr. Steven A. Denning and Mr. and Mrs. John H. Gerber Mr. and Mrs. David R. Herbst Mr. and Mrs. Kermon A. Carter Ms. Roberta D. Bowman Dr. and Mrs. T. Richard Giblin Dr. George H. Hess Mr. Michael Carter and Dr. Jean Carter Mr. Daniel W. Dennison Ms. Rebecca Gibson Dr. and Mrs. Carlton T. Hicks Mr. Thomas C. Carter Mr. Robert D. Devere Mr. and Mrs. Ronald J. Gibson Mr. and Mrs. Vern D. Hiebert Ms. Louisa B. Cartledge Ms. Caroline M. Devine Mr. Ron Gifford Mr. B. Harvey Hill Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Otis Cary Mr. and Mrs. James Dimon Mr. W. B. Gillam Ms. Sara S. Hinckley Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Wilson Cathcart Mr. and Mrs. Larry Dodd Mr. and Mrs. John R. Gillig Mr. and Mrs. Ken Hines Miss Julie Ann Chalker Mr. Marlan W. Downey Mr. Michael F. Gilligan and Mr. Charles M. Hinton Dr. and Mrs. Lloyd Chapman DPIC Companies Ms. Anne K. Helgen Mr. Robert Hitchcock Ms. Pin Pin Chau Mr. and Mrs. Dean T. Drake Ms. Susan Gale Gleghorn Mr. and Mrs. Wayne E. Hochstetler Mr. and Mrs. Albert L. Christensen Ms. Kathleen E. Duffy Mr. and Mrs. Sol M. Gleser Mrs. Carol J. Hogan Dr. and Mrs. Paul M. Christensen Ms. Catherine W. Dukehart Mr. and Mrs. Bobby D. Godbee Dr. Joseph G. Hollowell Jr. and Georgia A. Christopher Mr. and Mrs. Mark W. Dundon Dr. John Godersky Ms. Emily A. Russell Mr. and Mrs. Yuet-Ming Chu Ms. Kathleen Durdin and Ms. Barbara Covey Mr. and Mrs. Peter W. Holm Cisneros Group of Companies Mr. James P. Durkin II Mr. Kenneth D. Goebel and Ms. Madeline Ms. Alicia M. Homrich Mr. Ben C. Clark Mr. and Mrs. Frank M. Eccles Chinnici Dr. and Mrs. Scott J. Hopkins Mr. David R. Clark Mr. and Mrs. David Eggert Mr. Daniel Goldberg Mr. and Mrs. Vernon L. Hopkinson Mr. and Mrs. Terry M. Clark Mr. Mohamed El-Ezaby Mr. Martin J. Goldberg Dr. Janet Horenstein Mr. Thomas D. Cleland Mr. William D. M. Elfrink Mr. and Mrs. Jack Goldstein Mr. Donald H. Hubbs Mr. Joe R. Clement Ms. Mary Finley Ellanson A. Good Mr. and Mrs. John Huffstetler Sr. Ms. Jean M. Cluett Mr. George Elliott III Mr. and Mrs. Richard Good Mr. and Mrs. Walter E. Hughes Ms. Marge Coahran Mr. and Mrs. Jack K. Ellison Mr. and Mrs. Richard B. Goode Mrs. J. Gibson Hull Coca-Cola USA Operations Mrs. Walter B. Elsee Mrs. Dorothy Goodman Ms. Ann Hampton Hunt Mr. and Mrs. James R. Cochran Mr. William M. Emmons III Mr. and Mrs. Donald Goodwin Mr. and Mrs. Paul C. Hunt Mr. David H. Cofrin and Ms. Christine Mr. Gregory N. Eppler and Mr. and Mrs. David T. Green Mr. and Mrs. Alan D. Husak Tryba-Cofrin Ms. Jo Ann Morris Mr. Douglas Green Mrs. Opal S. Huskey Dr. and Mrs. James S. Cole Mr. and Mrs. Warren A. Essner Dr. E. Rawson Griffin III and Ngoc Phuong Huynn Dr. and Mrs. J. Richard Collins Mr. John Evancho Ms. D. Clark Griffin-Eddings Ms. Margaret M. Hyatt Ms. Leamel A. Comparette Ms. Lucia P. Ewing Mr. Charles W. Grigg Ms. Susan Inchauspe

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Admiral Bobby R. Inman Dr. Lotte Leschly Mr. James P. Merryweather Mr. John W. Peifer and Dr. Deborah S. Mr. George Inverso and Ms. Emma Mr. and Mrs. Larry N. Lesh Mr. and Mrs. W. Peter Metz Lee Garkavi Mr. James R. Lesperance Microsoft Corporation Mr. Frank L. Perry Mr. and Mrs. Donald J. Israel Mr. Charles E. Letts Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Victor A. Milewski Mr. John T. Peterson and Mr. Kenneth H. Ives Mr. Dalton N. Lewey Mr. and Mrs. Donald L. Miller Ms. Mary Vander Maten Mr. and Mrs. O. Sterling Jackson Ms. Eleanor N. Lewis Mr. and Mrs. Francis W. Miller Mr. Frederick D. Petrie Ms. Diane S. Jacqmin Mr. Wilbert Lick Mrs. Louda C. Miller Mr. D. C. Pickard Mr. Steve Baughman Jensen and Dr. Mr. and Mrs. Kurt Limbach Mr. and Mrs. James T. Mills Jr. Estate of Jack H. Pigott Rebecca McGowan Jensen Mr. and Mrs. Robert D. Lindau Ms. Mary Ann Mills Pine Tree Charitable Trust Mr. and Mrs. C. Gene Jester Lindell Charitable Trust J.C. Mingle Mr. John H. Piper Ms. Grace H. Jester Dr. Beverly Lindsay Mr. and Mrs. George P. Mitchell Mr. and Mrs. Nicholas Platt Mr. Charles S. Johns Mr. Eugene M. Link and Drs. Mary and Masakazu Miyagi Dr. Elizabeth Plunkett-Buttimer and Mr. and Mrs. Charles A. Johnson Ms. Anne Marie Hirsch Ms. Sharon K. Mohler Mr. Dan Buttimer Ms. Judith C. K. Johnson Ms. Vera G. List Margaret G. Molarsky Charitable Fund Mr. Ben G. Porter Ms. Marilyn Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Robert C. Livsey Mr. and Mrs. Paul A. Montavon Mr. Allen A. Posner Ms. Phyllis Cady Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Walter M. Lockett Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Richard L. Moody Ms. Alice M. Powell Ms. Vonnie Johnson Ms. Wilma H. Logan Ms. Judith Moore Ms. Karen D. Powell Dr. Warford B. Johnson Ms. Georgia Longsdon Mr. Sergio R. Moreno Mr. Thomas A. Power Mr. Bill C. Johnston Mr. Hugh Lowrey and Ms. Mary Orr Mr. and Mrs. Earl M. Morgan Mr. and Mrs. Donald Preslan Ms. Deborah Jones Mr. and Mrs. John R. Luongo Mr. and Mrs. N. Hart Morris Mr. and Mrs. Gabriel L. Pugliese Mr. and Mrs. John R. Jones III Ms. Jean W. Lutz Ms. Josephine H. Morrison Mr. Ronald C. Rak Ms. Lucille M. Jones Mr. and Mrs. Theodore C. Lutz The Honorable Alfred H. Moses Mr. and Mrs. William L. Raiser Ms. Mitzi G. Jones Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Lynch Jr. Mr. Jerry A. Moss RARE Hospitality International Mr. and Mrs. Zagloul Kadah Ms. Augusta Wallace Lyons Mr. and Mrs. David A. Mount Ms. Amelie L. Ratliff Mr. and Mrs. John Kahler Ms. Anne Marie Macari Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth F. Mountcastle Mr. and Mrs. William T. Ratliff III Mr. Stephen D. Kahn Mr. Christopher M. Mackey and Ms. Mr. Don A. Mueller Ravenswork Mrs. Margaret M. A. Kaiser Donna L. Cherniak Mr. William Muhlenfeld Mr. Ben Rawlings Mr. and Mrs. Roland Kampmeier Mr. and Mrs. David MacMurdo Dr. and Mrs. Robert S. Munford III Mrs. Carol H. Ray The Karma Foundation Mr. Bryan F. MacPherson and Ms. Pamela Ms. Bonnie Munson Ms. Thoreau Raymond Mr. Louis Katsikaris M. Van Hine Mrs. Fred E. Murphy Jr. Ms. Catherine E. Rayne Mr. and Mrs. Harry Katz Maharashtra Foundation Mr. and Mrs. John Murphy Mr. Bennie C. Reagan Mr. Peter H. Kaufmann Mozhdeh Malakan Mr. David Muston Ms. Gertrude K. Reagan Mr. and Mrs. Walter Kaye Dr. and Mrs. Frank J. Malinoski Mr. Yumiko O. Nagato Mrs. E.B. Redd Mr. and Mrs. David E. Kelby Mr. James F. Marchman Mr. and Mrs. T. Joseph Natale Mr. and Mrs. Paul L. Reeder Mr. and Mrs. Myron T. Kelley Mr. Kennan Marsh Mr. Raymond Neill Mr. and Mrs. Kurt Reichle Mr. and Mrs. Peter G. Kelly Mr. Robert Marsh Mrs. Daisy B. Nelson Mr. Ed Reilly Mr. and Mrs. David A. Kennedy Mr. Colin A. Marshall and Mr. Edward Nelson Dr. and Mrs. Charles C. Reith Donald and Marilyn Keough Foundation Ms. Maureen A. Ulicny Mr. and Mrs. George Nelson Research Management Consultants Mrs. Collier C. Kimball Mr. and Mrs. Robert F. Massey Mr. and Mrs. Lloyd E. Nelson Ms. Jeanie Retherford Mr. Bernie D. Kimbrough Dr. Raymond E. Masters and Quentin and Jeanne Nesbitt Charitable Dr. and Mrs. John Reuwer Kimsey Foundation Dr. Ruth S. Masters Fund of The Greater Cincinnati Mr. and Mrs. William Revelle Mr. and Mrs. Roger S. Kintzel Mr. and Mrs. William L. Masterton Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Howard O. Reynolds Ms. Vicky Kleinman Mr. and Mrs. Randall Matthews Mr. and Mrs. Frederic Neuburger Mr. Clinton S. Rhoads Mr. and Mrs. Howard L. Knaack Mr. and Mrs. Oscar G. Mayer Jr. Mr. and Mrs. George R. Nichols Mr. and Mrs. Anthony J. Richards Mr. William C. Kohler Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Mazurek Mr. James R. Nichols Mr. and Mrs. David A. Richardson Ms. Marielena Kolker Dr. Barbara Ellen McAlpine Mr. and Mrs. Joe Nicholson Mr. and Mrs. Richard K. Riess Mr. Bruce Krawisz and Ms. Jane Kennedy Mrs. Dorothea J. McArdle Mr. Mark Nigro Mr. Richard Rinehart Mr. Edward H. Kreusser Mr. and Mrs. Russell McCaughan Mr. and Mrs. George O. Nokes Dr. Jane Ann Roberts Mr. and Mrs. Neil Krivanek Mr. and Mrs. Henry K. McConnon Ms. Pamela K. Nolen Ms. Teresa L. Roberts Mr. and Mrs. Thomas W. Krughoff Ms. Nina S. McCullaugh The Honorable and Mrs. Sam Nunn Mr. and Mrs. Wilbert T. Roberts Ms. Marlene Kutz Mr. and Mrs. James M. McCurry Mr. Paul M. O’Gara Ms. Olive W. Robinson Mr. John R. Laing Mr. and Mrs. Alonzo L. McDonald Jr. Mr. George W. O’Quinn Ms. Kirby Rodriguez Mr. and Mrs. Philip L. Lambert Mr. and Mrs. Ben G. McDow Mr. and Mrs. John W. Ogletree Dr. Jim L. Rogers Mr. and Mrs. Peter Lamm Mr. and Mrs. L. S. McDowell Ms. Erica Olmsted Mr. and Mrs. Phil Roman Mr. and Mrs. David L. Lammert Mr. and Mrs. Bruce McDuffie Ms. Deborah R. Olson Mr. William J. Roos Lands’ End Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Richard D. McFarland Ms. Jennie M. Olson Mr. Rod Roquemore Dr. James T. Langland and Mr. and Mrs. Sam G. McFarland Ms. Eunice B. Ordman Mr. Harold Rosen Dr. Penny I. Langland Ms. Ann McGreevy Ms. Anne V. Osborn Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence C. Ross Dr. Anne P. Lanier Mr. and Mrs. Robert McGuire Ms. Barbara Ottinger Ms. Molly Rowan Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Laseter Mr. and Mrs. Thomas A. McGurk Mr. Milton Owens Mr. and Mrs. Alexander N. Rudelic Mr. and Mrs. Robert Layman Mr. and Mrs. Hugh J. McLellan Ms. Nancy Ozturk Mr. Alvin Ruml Mr. and Mrs. Paul F. Le Fort Dr. Christie E. McLeod Ms. Ruth Paddison Mr. and Mrs. Albert H. Rusher Mr. and Mrs. Arden O. Lea Mr. Irving McNayr Mr. and Mrs. Perry K. Pahlmeyer Dr. Henry F. Sadovsky Mr. and Mrs. Vincent R. Learned Mr. and Mrs. John McQuade Pamplin Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Mark W. Safranek Mr. Michael Lebowitz Ms. Oneida B. McQuarrie Mr. and Mrs. Robin Paquette Ms. Virginia D. Samplawski Dr. Helen Lehotsky Mr. Craig A. Mebane Ms. Diana J. Park Mr. Jay Samuelson and Mr. and Mrs. Robert N. Lehrer Mrs. Eunice R. Medhurst Dr. Tae K. Park Ms. Susan Schaeffer Mr. David O. Leiwant Mr. and Mrs. Mathias Meinzinger Mr. and Mrs. W. Stephen Parker Mr. Daniel J. Sandin and Ms. Harold and Pamela Lenhart Ms. Elizabeth G. W. Meirs Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Parry Mary L. Rasmussen Mr. Jay Leno Meridian Beverage Company Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Paulien Dr. Henry F. Sandovsky and Ms. Darcy J. Lenzgrinden Ms. Eileen Merritt Ms. Bente Pedersen Ms. Jane Mastro-Sandovsky

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Mr. and Mrs. Jonathon D. Saphier Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth P. Stapp Dr. Mark Vonnegut Founders Mr. and Mrs. Russell G. Sarner Mr. Richard Starr Mr. Bud Vos The Carter Center and The Jimmy Carter Ms. Candy Sastri Mr. Warren Stauffer Dr. Judith Elaine Wade Library were built in large measure thanks to Mr. and Mrs. Maynard Sauder Ms. Elizabeth Steele Mrs. Margaret M. Wagner the early leadership and financial support of Mr. Thomas R. Saunders Mr. Steven Steinberg The Andree Wagner Peace Trust The Carter Center Founders. Ms. Priscilla Sawa Ms. Wilhelmina M. Stemmer Mrs. Marcia D. Walden Mr. Seymour H. Schaa Dr. and Mrs. Daniel L. Stephenson Ms. Juanita Z. Walker Agha Hasan Abedi Mr. Philip A. Schaefer Mr. and Mrs. Sheldon B. Stephenson Mr. Andy Warner Senator Hajime Akiyama Mr. and Mrs. Paul D. Schaeffer Mrs. Malcolm S. Stevens Mr. and Mrs. Roger D. Warren Ivan Allen III Mr. and Mrs. Sterling W. Schallert Ms. Connie W. Stewart Ms. Ruth Warrick Dwayne O. Andreas Ms. Nancy G. Schaub Mr. Frank Stiebel Mr. Richard F. Warton Arthur and Diana Blank Mr. James M. Schewe Mr. Robert D. Stillman Ms. Katherine J. Watkins Richard C. Blum Mrs. Elizabeth B. Schley Dr. and Mrs. Verner Stillner Dr. and Mrs. J. Dix Wayman W. Michael Blumenthal Mr. and Mrs. Lanny D. Schmidt Mr. Robert D. Stokes Ms. Cecilia Weiman Edgar M. Bronfman Ms. Margaret M. Schrader Robert and Barre Stoll Fund of the Mr. and Mrs. George T. Wein James C. and Connie Calaway Mr. Merle F. Schreiber Oregon Community Foundation Mr. Joseph Weinstock Mr. and Mrs. Michael C. Carlos Ms. Lori Dumont Schroter Mr. and Mrs. C. Eugene Stollings Mr. Robert J. Weissman Anne Cox Chambers Mr. and Mrs. Carl E. Schweitzer Ms. Susan Storms Mr. and Mrs. Ben W. Wells Warren Christopher Mr. and Mrs. Robert S. Scott Dr. Argyle Stoute Mr. and Mrs. James L. Wells Dominique de Menil Ms. Sherry Scott Ms. Elizabeth O. Strang Mr. and Mrs. Thomas K. Welty Charles W. Duncan Jr. Mrs. Palacia S. Seaman Mr. and Mrs. Clyde Strickland Ms. Willy Werby His Majesty King Fahd of Saudi Arabia Mr. and Mrs. Timothy H. Self Mr. and Mrs. Daniel W. Stroock Mr. and Mrs. Robert G. Werner Jr. J.B. Fuqua Dr. Thomas F. Sellers Jr. Mr. and Mrs. William C. Stutt Ms. Edith Jean Werts Roberto C. Goizueta Mr. and Mrs. Jerry W. Seneker Mr. Paul Sullivan and Ms. Karen Sullivan Ms. Helen H. West Walter and Elise Haas Mr. David A. Shafer Surmet Corporation Mr. and Mrs. D. Michael Weston Armand Hammer Mr. and Mrs. Gregory J. Shaia Mr. and Mrs. Gary K. Swaner Westvaco Corporation Sidney Harman and Jane Frank Harman, Esq. Mr. Lloyd S. Shapley Mr. Donald J. Swanson Mr. Michael J. Wetherbee and Governor and Mrs. W. Averell Harriman Mr. Bradlee H. Shattuck Mr. and Mrs. Ronald A. Swanson Ms. Leigh W. Brooks Jess Hay Ms. Katharine Shaw Mr. and Mrs. John E. Swords Mr. and Mrs. David White Christopher B. and Patricia K. Hemmeter Mr. and Mrs. Michael Shaw Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church Mr. and Mrs. Donald E. Whiting Philip M. and Ethel Klutznick Sheffield Harrold Charitable Trust Dr. and Mrs. Zia E. Taheri Ms. Dorothy G. Whitmore Mathilde and Arthur Krim Ms. Marie F. Shepard Ms. Margarete Talarico Mr. Charles Whitworth George P. Livanos Mr. Frank M. Sheridan and Mr. Tom Tanenbaum Mr. and Mrs. Per H. Wickstrom Fraydun Manocherian Ms. Paula R. Marmont Ms. Elsie B. Terral John and Marcia Wilkinson G. William Miller Ms. Hallie Phillips Sherry Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children Mr. James Willoughby Guy W. Millner Mr. and Mrs. Sudheer Shirali Mr. John M. P. Thatcher Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John D. Wilson George P. and Cynthia Mitchell J.R. Shirley Mr. and Mrs. David Thayer Mr. John H. Wineinger Set Charles Momjian Mr. Claudio Sibata Mr. and Mrs. Mike P. Thayer Mr. and Mrs. Gary Winnick David Packard Ms. Christiane Siewers Professor Homer L. Thomas Ms. Bertha B. Wiseman George and Thelma Paraskevaides Mr. Joseph Sikorski Mr. and Mrs. Wilmer J. Thomas Jr. Ms. Mildred Wittel Allen E. Paulson Mr. William C. Silberman Dr. and Mrs. J. Dan Thompson Mr. and Mrs. Wendel A. Witkay Lamar and Frances Plunkett Mr. and Mrs. William Silver Mr. and Mrs. Edward O. Tilford The Honorable and Mrs. Milton Albert John and Betty Pope The Honorable and Mrs. Paul Simon Mr. and Mrs. Clayton M. Timmons Wolf James D. Robinson III Ms. Justine M. Simoni Ms. Anne E. Tolleson The Wonderful Foundation Hasib J. Sabbagh Mr. and Mrs. Gregory R. Simpson The Reverend Dr. and Mrs. Gordon M. Mr. and Mrs. Charles O. Wood Ryoichi Sasakawa Mr. and Mrs. Murali Sivarajan Torgersen Dr. Patricia A. Woodall Walter H. and Phyllis J. Shorenstein Mr. Milford Skog Ms. Dorset Townley Mr. and Mrs. J. Allen Woodward Deen Day Smith Mr. Morris Slingluff Mr. Charles I. Trainer Mrs. Norris Wootton Richard R. Swann Ms. Alicia W. Smith Mr. and Mrs. R. Joseph Trammell Mr. and Mrs. C. Angus Wurtele R.E. “Ted” Turner Ms. Cherida C. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Charles H. Trillich Ms. Adeline Wuslich Robert and Ann Utley Mr. and Mrs. Douglas Smith Mr. William C. Trotman Mr. Charles M. Yeagle Edie and Lew Wasserman Mr. and Mrs. Layton F. Smith Tsunami Films Mr. Robert A. Yellowlees Thomas J. Watson Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Oscar M. Smith Mr. Howard M. Turner Dr. Harley Yoder Milton A. Wolf Mr. and Mrs. Richard C. Smith Mrs. Laura J. Turner Ms. Ida Yoder Robert W. Woodruff Smith Richardson Foundation Mr. James R. Uber Mr. Jay S. Young Tadao Yoshida Mr. and Mrs. Iain Somerville Mr. and Mrs. Marcus Uhler Mr. and Mrs. Erwin Zaban Erwin E. Zaban South Moon Under Ms. Jane R. Uhlig Ms. Irene Zaino Ms. Margaret J. Spencer and Ms. Pat Lahti United Way of Metropolitan Atlanta Peggy and Lee Zeigler Volunteers Mr. Billy L. Spruell and Ms. Barbara H. Mr. and Mrs. James Utt Mr. Joseph W. Zeiser Approximately 104 volunteers donated Aiken Dick and Lisa Van Ryn Ms. Clare P. Zens 10,318 hours of service in 1998-99. Their Mr. and Mrs. John R. Stanish Dr. Cynthia L. Vitko Ms. Virginia Allen Zimmerman energy and devotion help the Center achieve Mr. Thomas O. Stanley Mr. and Mrs. James P. Volcker much more with the resources it receives from its financial contributors. We thank our volunteers for their support.

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John B. Hardman, M.D. Executive Director

Peace Programs Health Programs Directors and Fellows Directors and Fellows

Gordon L. Streeb, Ph.D. Cynthia R. Hooks Donald R. Hopkins, M.D. Frank O. Richards Jr., M.D. Associate Executive Director- Director M.P.H. Technical Director Peace Programs Educational Programs Associate Executive Director- Global 2000 Health Programs River Blindness Program Harold J. Berman Jennifer L. McCoy, Ph.D. Fellow Director Norman E. Borlaug, Ph.D. Ernesto Ruiz-Tiben, Ph.D. Russian Law and Latin American and Senior Consultant Technical Director U.S.-Russian Relations Caribbean Program for Agriculture Global 2000 Global 2000 Guinea Worm Eradication Charles E. Costello Ellen P. Mickiewicz, Ph.D. Director Fellow William H. Foege, M.D., Craig Withers Democracy Program Commission on Radio M.P.H. Director of Program Support and Television Policy Senior Health Policy Fellow Global 2000 Steven H. Hochman, Ph.D. Director of Research Kenneth W. Stein, Ph.D. Gregory Fricchione, M.D. James A. Zingeser, D.V.M., and Faculty Assistant Fellow Director M.P.H. to President Carter Middle East Studies Mental Health Program Senior Epidemiologist Global 2000 Ben Hoffman, Ph.D. Director Conflict Resolution Program

Office of the Chair Operations

Faye Perdue Nancy R. Konigsmark Phillip J. Wise Jr. Kay T. Hamner Executive Assistant to the Chair Director of Scheduling Associate Executive Director- Director of Administrative Operations; Board Secretary Services Madeline F. Edwards Melissa M. Montgomery Special Assistant Executive Assistant Iris D. Frank Carrie E. Harmon to Rosalynn Carter Director of Finance; Director of Public Information Board Treasurer Michael J. Turner Director of Human Resources

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The Carter Center Donald R. Keough Jean B. Bergmark Thomas F. Chapman Board of Councilors Allen & Company Chair & CEO J. Veronica Biggins Equifax The board of councilors serves Robert J. Lipshutz Partner as a vital channel to opinion Lipshutz, Greenblatt & King Heidrick & Struggles Pin Pin Chau leaders in Atlanta and Georgia President and CEO in the areas of law, finance, John W. McIntyre Arthur M. Blank Summit National Bank education, business, govern- C&S Georgia Corporation President and CEO ment, and communications. The Home Depot Carol Cherry The board meets regularly to William B. Schwartz Jr. President and Chair review and discuss Carter Charles W. Brady Shop ’n Chek Center programs and initia- Franklin Skinner Executive Chair tives. BellSouth Telecommunications AMVESCAP William A. Clement Jr. Chair and CEO Members include: William B. Turner Ben W. Brannon DOBBS RAM and Co. W. C. Bradley Company Trustee James S. Balloun Livingston Foundation Gaylord O. Coan Chair, Board of Councilors Erwin Zaban CEO and Chair of the Executive Chair, President & CEO National Service Industries Charles M. Brewer Committee National Service Industries Chair and CEO Gold Kist Limited-Term Members MindSpring Enterprises James R. Lientz Jr. Bruce C. Coles Vice Chair, Board of Leone L. Ackerly-Hinzman Amanda Brown-Olmstead Chair and CEO Councilors President President LAWGIBB Group President Mini Maid Services A. Brown-Olmstead Associates Bank of America Michael J. Coles F. Duane Ackerman Dr. Mary Brown Bullock Life Members Chair and CEO President Thomas H. Coley BellSouth Corporation Agnes Scott College Chair and CEO Mrs. Philip H. Alston Jr. SouthTrust Bank of Georgia H. Inman Allen Kenneth S. Canfield W. Frank Barron Jr. Chair and CEO Partner John M. Cook Rome Coca-Cola Ivan Allen Company Doffermyre, Shields, Canfield, Chair and CEO Bottling Company Knowles & Devine The Profit Recovery Group Ronald W. Allen International President Jimmy Carter Michael C. Carlos Tricia Allen Chair and CEO Alston D. Correll Rosalynn Carter National Distributing Co. Chair and CEO Gerald Allison Georgia-Pacific Corporation John L. Clendenin Chief Executive Officer James B. Carson Jr. BellSouth Corporation AJC International Chair Ann Cousins Carter & Associates A.W. “Bill” Dahlberg Mrs. John G. Alston Ann Wilson Cramer Southern Company Amy Carter Regional Manager Community Ray C. Anderson Relations and Public Affairs J. B. Fuqua Chair Chip Carter IBM Corporation The Fuqua Companies Interface Elizabeth Carter Bradley N. Currey Jr. T. Marshall Hahn Jr. Gregory T. Baranco Chair Georgia-Pacific Corporation President Jack Carter Rock-Tenn Company Baranco Automotive Group Robert M. Holder Jr. Jeff Carter Elkin A. Cushman The RMH Group Frank J. Belatti Chair and CEO Dan Cathy Edward M. Davis Boisfeuillet Jones AFC Enterprises Executive Vice President President and CEO Chick-Fil-A NAC International

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F. T. Davis Jr. Luck F. Gambrell R. Glenn Hilliard Thomas W. Kitchin Partner Chair and CEO Chair and CEO Long, Aldridge & Norman LLP Lawrence L. Gellerstedt III ING Financial Services Jameson Inns International Harold A. Dawson Jr. William L. Gibbs Joel M. Koblentz Chief Operating Officer Senior Vice President John R. Holder Managing Partner Harold A. Dawson Company Wachovia Bank of Georgia Chair and CEO Egon Zehnder International Holder Properties C. Burke Day Jr. W. Reeder Glass James B. Langford Jr. President Partner Janice I. Holyfield, M.D. President Burke Day & Associates Holland & Knight The Coosawattee Foundation L. Phillip Humann Rene Diaz John T. Glover Chair, President and CEO Paula Lawton-Bevington President and CEO President SunTrust Bank Chair Diaz Foods Post Properties Servidyne Systems John P. Imlay Jr. David A. Dodd Jonathan Golden Chair Robert N. Lehrer President and CEO Director Imlay Investments Solvay Pharmaceuticals Livingston Foundation Liane Levetan M. Christine Jacobs Chief Executive Officer Roderick A. Dowling Nathaniel R. Goldston III Chair, President, CEO DeKalb Board of Managing Director Chief Executive Officer Theragenics Corporation Commissioners The Robinson-Humphrey Gourmet Services Company T. Stephen Johnson Scott A. Livengood Jack Guynn President President and CEO Michael J. Eckert President T. Stephen Johnson Associates Krispy Kreme Doughnut President & CEO Federal Reserve Bank of Video Networks Atlanta W. Thomas Johnson Thomas J. Malott Chair & CEO President and CEO Robert G. Edge Robert P. Guyton Jr. Cable News Network Siemens Energy & Automation Partner President Alston & Bird Monarch Capital Partners Ingrid Saunders Jones Marilyn R. Marks Vice President of Corporate President and CEO Anna C. Ellis Robert R. Harlin External Affairs Dorsey Trailers President Chair & Chief Executive The Coca-Cola Company Atlanta Classic Cars Partner James H. McClung Powell Goldstein Frazer & W. Hamilton Jordan President Barbara Faga Murphy Co-Chair Lithonia Lighting Company Chair of the Board GoodWorks International EDAW William T. Harper Robert F. McCullough Blaine Kelley Jr. Chief Financial Officer David Farr H.L.“Herky” Harris Chair AMVESCAP PLC MarketOne Chief Executive Officer The Urban Group INVESCO Individual Services James F. McDonald H. Allen Franklin Group James P. Kelly President and CEO President and COO Chair & CEO Scientific-Atlanta Southern Company Elizabeth A. Heddens United Parcel Service of America C. Douglas Miller Shirley Clarke Franklin Philip J. Hickey Jr. President and CEO President President and CEO Roger S. Kintzel Norrell Corporation Urban Environmental Solutions RARE Hospitality Publisher International The Atlanta Journal- Robert Minkhorst J. Rex Fuqua Constitution President & CEO Chair B. Harvey Hill Jr. Philips Consumer Electronics Fuqua Enterprises Alston & Bird

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E. R. Mitchell Jr. Herman J. Russell W. Thomas Smith Jr. Jackie M. Ward President Chair VP, Small & Medium Business President and CEO E. R. Mitchell & Company H. J. Russell & Company IBM Corporation Computer Generation

Leo F. Mullin Thomas G. Sampson Shelton g. Stanfill Helen Ballard Weeks Chair, President & CEO Managing Partner President Chief Executive Officer Delta Air Lines Thomas, Kennedy, Sampson & Robert W. Woodruff Arts Center Ballard Designs Patterson Kent C. Nelson and Ann Cathey W. Steinberg Livia Whisenhunt-Johnson Starr R. K. Sehgal Partner Founder and CEO Retired Chair and CEO Vice Chair Ahead of the Curve PS Energy Group United Parcel Service of H. J. Russell & Company America Scott G. Stephenson Sam Williams S. Stephen Selig III Vice President President Thomas E. Noonan Chair & President Boston Consulting Group Metropolitan Atlanta Chamber President & CEO Selig Enterprises of Commerce ISS Group Carolyn A. Stradley Jerry W. Seneker Founder and CEO Virgil Williams Colleen Nunn Executive Vice President C & S Paving Chair and CEO Old Fashion Foods Williams Group International Dorothy B. Padgett Junichi Takahashi William Sharp President Charles R. Wolf Elizabeth Plunkett-Buttimer Sharp Advertising YKK Corporation of America President and CEO Chair and CEO Wolf Camera and Video Bowdon Manufacturing Co Jane Shivers Betty Talmadge Partner/Director Robert R. Woodson Mark C. Pope IV Ketchum/Atlanta D. Gary Thompson President CEO, Georgia and Florida Robert A. Yellowlees Geographics Horace H. Sibley Banking Chair & CEO Senior Partner Wachovia Bank of Georgia National Data Corporation Robert J. Ratliff King & Spalding Chair Timothy C. Tuff Ex-Officio Members AGCO Corporation Paul Smith President and CEO President John H. Harland Co. Roy Barnes Robert L. Rearden Jr. The Kroger Company Governor Vice Chair R.E. “Ted” Turner State of Georgia Sedgwick James of Georgia Scott S. Smith Vice Chair Vice President Time Warner Bill Campbell Roy Richards Jr. Coalition America Mayor Chair and CEO Erik Vonk City of Atlanta Southwire Company Sean S. Smith Chief Executive Officer President Randstad Staffing Services William M. Chace, Ph.D. Spurgeon Richardson Coalition America President President and CEO Emory University Atlanta Convention and Visitors Bureau

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Financial Statements as of August 31, 1999 and 1998 Together With Auditors’ Report REPORT OF INDEPENDENT PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS

To the Board of Trustees of The Carter Center, Inc.:

We have audited the accompanying statements of financial position of THE CARTER CENTER, INC. (a Georgia nonprofit corporation) as of August 31, 1999 and 1998 and the related statements of activities and cash flows for the years then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the management of The Carter Center, Inc. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of The Carter Center, Inc. as of August 31, 1999 and 1998 and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles.

Atlanta, Georgia October 22, 1999

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AUGUST 31, 1999 AND 1998

ASSETS

1999 1998

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, including restricted cash of $8,933,674 and $9,208,858 in 1999 and 1998, respectively $ 17,664,004 $ 17,007,301 ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE: Related parties (Note 6) 40,063 183,388 Due from federal government 983,490 1,115,607 Other 119,927 146,507 1,143,480 1,445,502 PLEDGES RECEIVABLE (Note 3) 10,306,121 8,570,848 INVENTORY 10,420,623 4,691,543 ENDOWMENT INVESTMENTS 109,510,722 92,915,550 PROPERTY, PLANT, AND EQUIPMENT, at cost or fair market value at date of gift, net of accumulated depreciation (Note 4) 12,818,030 13,166,497 ARTWORK 1,294,300 1,171,450 OTHER ASSETS 410,055 497,911 $163,567,335 $139,466,602

LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETS

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUED EXPENSES $ 1,878,628 $ 1,316,248 MEDICATION DUE TO THIRD PARTIES 0 2,028,000 COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

NET ASSETS: Unrestricted 87,503,248 79,993,261 Temporarily restricted 20,825,880 12,724,358 Permanently restricted 53,359,579 43,404,735 Total net assets 161,688,707 136,122,354 $163,567,335 $139,466,602

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

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FOR THE YEAR ENDED AUGUST 31, 1999

Unrestricted Temporarily Permanently Total Restricted Restricted

REVENUES AND SUPPORT: Contributions: Operating $11,544,035 $ 546,883 $ 0 $ 12,090,918 Programs: Peace–international 0 3,170,547 0 3,170,547 Peace–domestic 0 115,156 0 115,156 Health 0 10,301,826 0 10,301,826 Cross-program 0 1,184,566 0 1,184,566 In-kind goods and services: Peace–domestic 0 262,816 0 262,816 Health 0 31,366,527 0 31,366,527 Endowment 0 0 9,990,734 9,990,734 11,544,035 46,948,321 9,990,734 68,483,090 Endowment fund earnings 3,801,293 0 0 3,801,293 Appreciation of restricted endowment investments 3,990,771 0 0 3,990,771 Depreciation of office building 0 0 (35,890) (35,890) Facilities use income 503,474 0 0 503,474 Interest and investment income 391,401 120,473 0 511,874 Net assets released from restrictions: Peace–international 4,212,574 (4,212,574) 0 0 Peace–domestic 3,635,272 (3,635,272) 0 0 Health 30,402,761 (30,402,761) 0 0 Cross-program 300,828 (300,828) 0 0 Operating 415,837 (415,837) 0 0 Total revenues and support 59,198,246 8,101,522 9,954,844 77,254,612

EXPENSES: Program: Peace–international 3,947,365 0 0 3,947,365 Peace–domestic 3,120,135 0 0 3,120,135 Health 32,960,607 0 0 32,960,607 Cross-program 257,926 0 0 257,926 Fund-raising office 5,932,207 0 0 5,932,207 General and administrative 3,374,814 0 0 3,374,814 Common area and depreciation 2,095,205 0 0 2,095,205 Total expenses 51,688,259 0 0 51,688,259

CHANGE IN NET ASSETS 7,509,987 8,101,522 9,954,844 25,566,353

NET ASSETS AT BEGINNING OF YEAR 79,993,261 12,724,358 43,404,735 136,122,354 NET ASSETS AT END OF YEAR $87,503,248 $20,825,880 $53,359,579 $161,688,707

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

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FOR THE YEAR ENDED AUGUST 31, 1998

Unrestricted Temporarily Permanently Total Restricted Restricted

REVENUES AND SUPPORT: Contributions: Operating $10,077,568 $ 1,989,089 $ 0 $ 12,066,657 Programs: Peace–international 0 3,157,402 0 3,157,402 Peace–domestic 0 918,042 0 918,042 Health 0 10,546,809 0 10,546,809 Cross-program 0 731,261 0 731,261 In-kind goods and services: Peace–domestic 0 334,143 0 334,143 Health 0 27,501,729 0 27,501,729 Endowment 0 0 2,849,421 2,849,421 10,077,568 45,178,475 2,849,421 58,105,464 Endowment fund earnings 3,745,388 0 0 3,745,388 Appreciation of restricted endowment investments 2,152,905 0 0 2,152,905 Depreciation of office building 0 0 (35,890) (35,890) Facilities use income 404,309 0 0 404,309 Interest and investment income 573,441 39,360 0 612,801 Net assets released from restrictions: Peace–international 2,535,741 (2,535,741) 0 0 Peace–domestic 3,024,137 (3,024,137) 0 0 Health 40,389,279 (40,389,279) 0 0 Cross-program 329,150 (329,150) 0 0 Operating 65,350 (65,350) 0 0 Total revenues and support 63,297,268 (1,125,822) 2,813,531 64,984,977

EXPENSES: Program: Peace–international 2,881,604 0 0 2,881,604 Peace–domestic 2,778,935 0 0 2,778,935 Health 41,548,993 0 0 41,548,993 Cross-program 248,295 0 0 248,295 Fund-raising office 4,980,470 0 0 4,980,470 General and administrative 2,835,619 0 0 2,835,619 Common area and depreciation 2,090,107 0 0 2,090,107 Total expenses 57,364,023 0 0 57,364,023

CHANGE IN NET ASSETS 5,933,245 (1,125,822) 2,813,531 7,620,954

NET ASSETS AT BEGINNING OF YEAR 74,060,016 13,850,180 40,591,204 128,501,400 NET ASSETS AT END OF YEAR $79,993,261 $12,724,358 $43,404,735 $136,122,354

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

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FOR THE YEARS ENDED AUGUST 31, 1999 AND 1998

1999 1998

CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Change in net assets $25,566,353 $ 7,620,954 Adjustments to reconcile change in net assets to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation 707,578 1,998,492 Increase in fair market value of endowment investments (3,990,771) (2,152,905) Donated artwork (122,850) (123,700) Contributions restricted for investment (7,604,902) (1,616,836) Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable 302,022 547,362 Pledges receivable (1,735,273) (1,517,072) Donated inventory (5,729,080) 424,908 Other assets 87,856 66,389 Accounts payable and accrued expenses 562,380 191,480 Medication due to third parties (2,028,000) 2,028,000 Total adjustments (19,551,040) (153,882) Net cash provided by operating activities 6,015,313 7,467,072

CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Purchase of property and equipment, net of related payables (334,969) (405,123) Endowment investments (12,628,543) (3,540,269) Net cash used in investing activities (12,963,512) (3,945,392)

CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Proceeds from contributions restricted for: Investment in endowment 7,474,902 1,516,836 Investment in plant 130,000 100,000 Net cash provided by financing activities 7,604,902 1,616,836

NET INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS 656,703 5,138,516

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT BEGINNING OF YEAR 17,007,301 11,868,785 CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF YEAR $17,664,004 $17,007,301

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

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AUGUST 31, 1999 AND 1998

1. ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION Carter Presidential Library, Inc. (“CPL”) was organized on October 26, 1981 under the laws of Georgia as a not-for-profit corporation to be operated exclusively for charitable and educational purposes. During 1986, CPL changed its name to Carter Presidential Center, Inc. (“CPC”). Effective January 1988, CPC changed its name to The Carter Center, Inc. (“CCI”). CCI is exempt from federal income taxation under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. The board of trustees of CCI consists of 22 members, which include President and Mrs. Carter, the president of Emory University, 9 members appointed by Emory University’s board of trustees, and 10 members appointed by President Carter and CCI trustees. Additionally, Emory University’s board of trustees has the authority to approve amendments to CCI’s articles of incorpora- tion and bylaws and to approve the annual and capital budgets of CCI. CCI is related by common control to Carter Center of Emory University (“CCEU”). The financial data for this organization is not included in these financial statements. CCI operates programmatically under three main action areas, Peace, both domestic and international, and Health. In addition, CCI has received broad-based support which is beneficial to all programs and is categorized as “cross-program.” Initiatives in Peace--international include preventing and resolving conflict, protecting basic human rights, promoting open forms of media, and monitoring elections in emerging democracies. The Health area strives to improve health in the United States and around the world. Initiatives include eradication of dracunculiasis, control of onchocerciasis (“river blindness”), mental health reform, and collaborations between congregations and public health agencies. CCI discontinued its program efforts in Peace--domestic at the end of fiscal year 1999. Peace--domestic focused its efforts on helping the city of Atlanta’s neediest communities gain access to the resources they needed to address the problems that most concerned them. Experiences were then communi- cated to other interested communities throughout the country.

2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND OTHER MATTERS

Contributions CCI records gifts, including promises to give, of cash and other assets as restricted support if they are received with donor stipulations that limit the use of the donated assets. When a donor restriction is met, such temporarily restricted net assets are reclassified to unrestricted net assets and are reported in the statements of activities as net assets released from restrictions. CCI records gifts of land, buildings, and equipment as unrestricted support unless explicit donor stipulations specify how the donated assets must be used. Gifts of long-lived assets with explicit restrictions that specify how the assets are to be used and gifts of cash or other assets that must be used to acquire long-lived assets are reported as restricted support. Absent explicit donor stipulations about how long those long-lived assets must be maintained, CCI reports expirations of donor restrictions when the donated or acquired long-lived assets are placed in service.

Donated Goods and Services Donated materials and equipment, including artwork, are reflected as contributions at their estimated fair market values when an unconditional promise to give is received. Donated services are reflected as contributions if the following criteria are met: (1) the services received or to be received create or enhance nonfinancial assets or (2) the services require specialized skills, are provided by individuals possessing those skills, and would be purchased if not provided by donation. Donated services are recognized as the services are performed. The services of loaned executives for The Atlanta Project (“TAP”) and certain other services have been recorded in the accompanying financial statements. No amounts are recorded in the accompanying financial statements for other donated services (volunteers, organizational planning, and meeting facilitation), since the criteria discussed above were not met with respect to these services. The components of donated goods and services for the years ended August 31, 1999 and 1998 are as follows:

1999 1998 Health: Water filtration material and chemicals $ 541,912 $ 1,001,529 Medication 30,673,000 26,500,200 Transportation 151,615 0 Peace–domestic: Loaned executives 156,000 196,502 Operating expenses and utilities 106,816 137,641 Total $31,629,343 $27,835,872

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Artwork CCI has capitalized artwork since its inception at the estimated fair market value at the date of acquisition.

Inventory Inventory consists of Mectizan tablets, which are used to treat river blindness. Inventory is received as an in-kind donation and is valued at market value at the time of the gift. Inventory is valued using the first-in, first-out method.

Medication Due to Third Parties From time to time, CCI receives loans of medication from various parties for its River Blindness Program in Nigeria. These loans are received when CCI does not have sufficient inventory on hand to carry out its desired program activities and other organizations have excess inventory. As all such medication used in this program is provided to CCI and all other organizations directly by the manufacturer at no cost, any loans due are satisfied by future in-kind donations received from the manufacturer.

Net Assets

Unrestricted As of August 31, 1999 and 1998, unrestricted net assets are as follows: 1999 1998

Unrealized gain on restricted endowment investments $48,921,761 $44,930,990 Designated by the board of trustees for maintenance of property and equipment 500,000 566,853 Designated by management as an addition to: Endowment investments 14,522,108 9,108,760 Program funds 1,483,026 545,091 Undesignated 22,076,353 24,841,567 Total $87,503,248 $79,993,261

The board of trustees has authorized the designation of a portion of the unrestricted net assets for maintenance of property and equipment. The annual designation amount is $116,000. During 1999, the board’s executive committee resolved that the Plant Maintenance Fund be capped at $500,000. Unrealized gains on restricted endowment investments (Note 5) are classified as increases in unrestricted net assets. Unre- stricted net assets also include funds designated by management as additions to endowment and program funding. These amounts are classified as unrestricted net assets due to the lack of explicit donor stipulations which would temporarily or permanently restrict their use.

Temporarily Restricted As of August 31, 1999 and 1998, temporarily restricted net assets are available for the following purposes: 1999 1998

Peace–international $ 2,213,199 $ 2,637,676 Peace–domestic 156,529 4,507,150 Health 13,269,666 1,867,868 Cross-program 3,131,701 1,787,925 Time-restricted 2,054,785 1,923,739 Total $20,825,880 $12,724,358

Permanently Restricted In 1989, CCI began its campaign to raise an endowment fund. An endowment fund represents a fund subject to restrictions of gift instruments requiring that the principal of the fund be invested in perpetuity and only the income be used for operations. Permanently restricted net assets are invested in perpetuity, and the income from these assets is expendable to support any activities of CCI.

Cash and Cash Equivalents CCI’s cash equivalents represent liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less. Restricted cash is restricted by the donor for a specific purpose.

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Reclassifications Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform with the current year presentation.

Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

3. PLEDGES RECEIVABLE Pledges are recorded as of their pledge dates at the net present value of their estimated future cash flows. The amount of periodic amortization of the discount is recorded in subsequent periods as contribution income according to each respective donor-imposed restriction, if any. Pledges receivable as of August 31, 1999 and 1998 are classified as follows:

1999 1998

Unrestricted: Operating $ 48,413 $ 70,339 Quasi-endowment 0 200,000 Temporarily restricted: Peace--domestic 130,000 989,579 Health 299,896 0 Construction 309,524 439,524 Time-restricted 2,054,785 1,923,739 Permanently restricted: Endowment 7,463,503 4,947,667 Total $10,306,121 $8,570,848

The anticipated receipts of these receivables are as follows at August 31, 1999 and 1998:

1999 1998

Less than one year $ 3,257,151 $2,244,732 One to five years 7,092,551 7,114,175 Five to ten years 953,046 946,825 Less unamortized discount (996,627) (1,734,884) $10,306,121 $8,570,848

Pledges were discounted based on rates ranging from 4.17% to 8.28%.

4. PROPERTY, PLANT, AND EQUIPMENT The components of property, plant, and equipment, which, except for land, are depreciated on a straight-line basis, are as follows at August 31, 1999 and 1998: 1999 1998 Useful Lives

Land $ 296,732 $ 296,732 N/A Buildings 15,581,071 15,581,171 30 years Grounds and land improvements 723,997 711,343 10 years Furniture and fixtures 1,262,143 1,279,146 5 to 10 years Office equipment 1,522,419 1,424,164 5 years Computer equipment 842,607 671,803 3 to 5 years Vehicles 1,409,836 1,459,123 3 years Building improvements 517,108 506,541 15 years 22,155,913 21,930,023 Less accumulated depreciation (9,337,883) (8,763,526) $12,818,030 $13,166,497

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5. INVESTMENTS As of August 31, 1999 and 1998, CCI has invested a portion of its endowment in a pooled investment fund, which invests in a composite of cash equivalents, bonds, common stock, mutual funds, and other assets. These investments are presented in the accompanying statements of financial position at their fair values. The cost basis for these investments was $59,633,012 and $47,004,469 as of August 31, 1999 and 1998, respectively. Total return on investments was unrestricted for the years ended August 31, 1999 and 1998 and was as follows:

1999 1998

Investment income included in operating support and revenue, including net realized gains or losses $3,801,293 $3,745,388 Net unrealized gains 3,990,771 2,152,905 Total return on investments $7,792,064 $5,898,293

CCI purchased an office building with endowment funds during 1990. As of August 31, 1999, the building was substantially occupied by CCI program and department staff. Accumulated depreciation on this investment was $340,254 and $304,354 as of August 31, 1999 and 1998, respectively.

6. RELATED PARTIES There is a receivable from Emory University related to program expenses for which Emory University has agreed to reimburse CCI. In addition, CCI leases office space to CCEU (Note 7).

7. LEASES CCI leases space to various entities under noncancelable leases with various terms. CCI leases to CCEU approximately 20% of CCI’s space under a lease for a term of 99 years with a rental payment of $1 per year. A business agreement with CCI’s caterer has no annual rent; rather, CCI receives 5% to 10% of the tenant’s gross revenue, as defined. Rental income from these leases is included in facilities use income in the accompanying statements of activities.

8. THE ATLANTA PROJECT PROGRAM Headquarters LEASE CCI leased space for TAP headquarters under an agreement with an initial term of two years, which commenced May 1, 1992, and two renewal terms of two years each. During fiscal year 1998, this lease agreement was extended through August 31, 1999. CCI was not obligated to pay any base rents during the initial or renewal terms of the lease, as CCI expended more than $500,000 toward leasehold improvements. The space leased by CCI was provided as is, and all leasehold improvements funded by CCI became a part of the lessor’s property. The value of the contributed space is not reflected in the accompanying financial statements, since it is not susceptible to objective measurement or valuation. Prepaid rent is being amortized over the initial term of the lease, including the two renewal options, commencing with the date the space was occupied. Rent expense for this space was approximately $33,500 and $221,000 during the years ended August 31, 1999 and 1998, respectively.

W A G I N G P E A C E ★ F I G H T I N G D I S E A S E ★ B U I L D I N G H O P E 51 1999 1998 3,823,367 2,835,943 Total and Depreciation and Depreciation Costs Costs Raising Raising 0000 0000 Program Program —domestic —domestic TH TH N O T E S T O F I N A N C I A L S T A T E M E N T S T E M N A T A L S A N C I T O F I N T E S N O HEAL HEAL Program Expenses Supporting Expenses Total PEACE PEACE Cross- Fund- Administrative Common Area Expenses PEACE PEACE Cross- Fund- Administrative Common Area Expenses $3,947,365 $32,960,607 $3,120,135 $257,926 $5,932,207 $3,374,814 $2,095,205 $51,688,259 $2,881,604 $41,548,993 $2,778,935 $248,295 $4,980,470 $2,835,619 $2,090,107 $57,364,023 —international —international SalariesConsultingCommunicationsOther servicesSuppliesTravel/meetingsOther 236,651 $1,487,087Grants 516,876 183,074 $ 3,721,911 1,158,018 381,114 575,570 $1,170,436 174,542 1,423,927 460,937 113,444 22,286,319 $169,493 97,629 351,587 93,488 122,912 37,571 $1,290,484 21,031 1,504,850 34,060 2,605,979 $2,189,841 59,129 387 2,788 1,912,683 166,225 1,123,900 $ 520,393 5,098 344,310 1,547,047 579,623 $10,549,645 245,748 58,858 133,430 212,947 0 53,361 16,751 56,412 171,844 199,202 2,927,422 14,890 3,803 2,536,691 2,251,880 3,165,460 483,075 45,954 22,661,243 1,321,570 3,772,551 1998 Program Expenses Supporting Expenses SalariesConsultingCommunicationsOther servicesSuppliesTravel/meetingsOther 225,823 $1,422,769Grants 249,005 148,536 $ 3,802,620 612,746 508,529 939,169 $1,319,093 140,937 112,848 1,558,105 106,705 28,670,041 $165,926 74,288 297,347 7,500 32,851 101,389 $1,160,744 14,248 121,288 3,548,654 2,409,027 1,894 $1,997,604 50,368 3,383 1,542,644 380,846 5,014 $ 564,163 419,416 556,487 1,157,907 $10,432,919 322,733 184,549 7,462 53,300 269,380 92,920 43,505 14,354 186,655 48,536 14,657 2,596,852 156,918 4,668 199,125 2,327,939 1,705,363 51,687 2,693,514 1,283,660 29,090,803 5,680,690 9. SCHEDULE OF FUNCTIONAL EXPENSES program and supporting expenses by their natural classification: The following schedules reflect the components of CCI’s 1999

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