N.G. Ravichandra Horticultural Nematology Horticultural Nematology

N.G. Ravichandra Horticultural Nematology Horticultural Nematology N.G. Ravichandra Horticultural Nematology N.G. Ravichandra Professor and Scheme Head, AICRP (Nematodes) Department of Plant Pathology University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, Karnataka , India ISBN 978-81-322-1840-1 ISBN 978-81-322-1841-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-1841-8 Springer New Delhi Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014934835 © Springer India 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Dedicated to My Mother F o r e w o r d Horticulture is an integral and important component in an agrarian economy like India. Horticultural crops constitute a signifi cant segment of the total agricultural production of the nation. The importance of horticulture in improving the productivity of land, generating employment, improving economic conditions of the farmers and entrepreneurs, enhancing exports, and, above all, providing nutritional security to the people is widely acknowl- edged. Horticulture has and will always exist as a matrix of interrelated areas with overlapping and complex relationships. Describing its importance in the physiological, psychological, and social activities of people is the key to expanding understanding of horticulture. Controlling phytonematodes is of great economic importance, when it comes to successful cultivation of horticultural crops cultivated either in open fi elds or polyhouse conditions. Worldwide, they cause signifi cant damage and yield loss. The paradox is that much of the loss can be prevented with a little care. There is clearly a lot that needs to be done to expand our knowledge on plant-parasitic nematodes and our ability to deal with them. These “hidden enemies” are diffi cult to manage as they are soilborne and their populations vary mainly with soil type, soil moisture/temperature, and genotype. Complex diseases involving nematodes and other soilborne fungi and bacteria complicate the problem. Most insidiously, phytonematodes evolve, often overcoming the resistance that is many a time hard-earned achievement of the plant breeder. Major horticultural crops worldwide are subject to nematode attack in the nursery, fi eld, protected cultivation, or even during postharvest stage, which affects both the quantity and quality of the produce, resulting in loss to the grower. The book entitled Horticultural Nematology authored by Dr. N.G. Ravichandra is an attempt to provide a detailed information on nematodes of important horticultural crops and their management. The book is written with the objective of providing a comprehensive and latest information on phytonematodes. An exclusive chapter on novel methods of managing phytonematodes in horticulture without dealing with usual nematode management practices provides a new dimension to nematode management using latest, novel molecules. The book also throws light on the potential and future novel nematode management strategies. I congratulate the author Dr. N.G. Ravichandra, Nematologist, AICRP (Nematodes), Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College, vii viii Foreword University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK campus, Bangalore, Karnataka, India, for providing details of essential topics pertaining to phytonematodes associated with horticultural crops. I am sure that its readers will fi nd it very useful and informative. Bangalore 12 Jan 2014 Director of Research Pref ace Recent advances have shown that horticulture could become an environmen- tally benign technology. Horticulture causes much less degradation of the natural resources than agriculture. It is well known that phytonematodes are of major concern to a wide range of horticultural crops grown worldwide, which cause suffi cient crop damage and severe loss in the yield. Plant- parasitic nematodes pose an enormous problem for global horticultural security. In the fi rst instance, there is a lack of complete knowledge on precise identity/ diagnosis of strains of few damaging nematode pathogens that currently exist. Potentially most dangerous phytonematodes are genetically variable, which stands as a warning that genetic uniformity of even a small part of the genome of a widely grown crop risks the hazard of a major epidemic of a nematode with the ability to exploit the trait(s) that it governs. However, detailed and latest information on major aspects of phytonematodes associated exclusively with horticultural crops is lacking. Hence, it was thought to present a comprehensive book that covers some major nematode topics of relevance to horticulture. The purpose of this book is to highlight the signifi cance of phytonematodes in horticulture. It also provides basic information on plant-parasitic nematodes since it is required for a better understanding of advanced topics. Several popular topics, information on which is already available in plenty, have been avoided. Thus, this book explicates both the essential fundamental and advanced aspects pertaining to nematodes associated with horticultural crops. The book is conveniently divided into 13 chapters, which cover the latest information on the major fundamental and advanced aspects related to phytonematodes including the role of phytonematodes in horticultural industry, phylogenetic and evolutionary concepts in nematodes, major phytonematodes associated with horticultural crops and their diagnostic keys, symptoms caused by phytonematodes and disease diagnosis, nematode population threshold levels, crop loss assessment, nematode diseases of horticultural crops and their management, nematode disease complexes, genetics of nematode parasitism, important nematological techniques, and nematodes of quar- antine importance. One chapter in particular can be singled out for special comment. An exclusive chapter on novel methods of nematode management has been included mainly to provide information on the latest molecules and novel modes of managing nematodes attacking horticultural crops. Routine nematode management aspects, information on which is already available, ix x Preface have not been discussed; instead, this topic refl ects the changing scenario of future nematode management. This comprehensive book can serve as a friendly guide to meet the require- ments of the students, teachers, and researchers interested in these “hidden enemies” of the grower, apart from the research and extension personnel working under public organizations, offi cials of state departments of horticulture and forestry, fi eld workers, and all those concerned and working with plant-parasitic nematodes. Appropriate diagrams, convincing tables, and suit- able graphs/illustrations have been furnished at the right places. A bibliogra- phy providing the list of references cited has also been included at the end. The author appreciates receiving suggestions and constructive criticism that would improve the quality of the book (e-mail: [email protected]). Bangalore, Karnataka, India N. G. Ravichandra 2014 Acknowledgment I am grateful to Dr. M. A. Shankar, Director of Research, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India, who was kind enough to write the foreword for this book, which I greatly acknowledge with thanks. My sincere thanks to Dr. K. Narayana Gowda, Hon’ble Vice Chancellor, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, for his support. I extend my thanks to Dr. R. K. Jain, Project Coordinator, AICRP (Nematodes), and Dr. (Mrs.) A. L. Umarao, Principal Scientist and Head, Division of Nematology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India, for their encouragement and concern. My special thanks to Dr. B. N. Sathyanarayana, Professor and Head, Department of Horticulture, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore, for his moral support. I acknowledge

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