Leif Lenke in Memoriam

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Leif Lenke in Memoriam Leif Lenke in memoriam Kriminologiska institutionen Stockholms universitet Rapport 2009:1 Redaktör: Hanns von Hofer ISSN 1400-853X Leif Lenke in memoriam Valda skrifter Kriminologiska institutionen Stockholms universitet Stockholm 2009 LEIF LENKE 1941 – 2008 Innehåll Den dolda våldsbrottsligheten i Stockholm. En sjukhussurvey 1–14 Alkohol och våldsbrottslighet. Tidsserieanalyser i komparativt perspektiv 15–20 Våldsbrottsligheten i teoretisk belysning. Mot en politisk teori om våldsbrott 21–58 Totalkonsumtionens betydelse för alkoholskadeutvecklingen i Sverige 59–76 Om bedömningarna av restriktionssystemet 77–102 Dryckesmönster, nykterhetsrörelser och narkotikapolitik 103–120 Ungdomsbrott och återfall, 1969-1975 121–140 Ungdomsmissbrukets betydelse för ungdomsbrottslighetens utveckling 141–158 Stöldförsäkring – mot brott – eller för ? 159–184 De "socialpolitiska flyktingarna". Ett fall av "selektiv migration"? 185–194 Criminal Policy and Repression in Capitalist Societies. The Scandinavian Case 195–232 Strafftänkande, nyklassicism och human rights–ideologin 233–246 Kriminalpolitiken som partipolitiskt ”högerprojekt”. En evig självklarhet? 247–264 Leif Lenke avled efter en längre tids sjukdom i september 2008. Han blev 67 år gammal. Leif föddes i Stockholm 1941, där han också växte upp. Hela sitt yrkesverksamma liv tillbringade han vid Kriminologiska institu- tionen vid Stockholms universitet – inklusive flera år innan insti- tutionen formellt bildats – och blev i så måtto Sveriges längst verk- samme kriminolog. Han blev jur. kand. 1970, fil. dr. 1990, docent 1993 och professor i kriminologi 2001. I maj 2007 skulle Kriminologiska institutionen anordna ett narkoti- kapolitiskt seminarium för att hedra att Leif blivit emeritus. Sjuk- domen satte stopp för seminariet. Under förberedelserna var det dock påtagligt hur alla som tillfrågades om att delta med inlägg omedelbart svarade ja, avbokade utlandsresor och uttryckte sin glädje över att få vara med. Bland institutionens yngre forskare är det också slående hur många som framhållit att Leif hade varit viktig för dem i början av deras karriärer. Leif engagerade duktiga studenter och doktorander därför att han gav oväntade perspektiv, satt brottsligheten i sitt politiska samman- hang och gav insikter som fungerade som ögonöppnare. Han var en originell forskare i dess bästa mening. Han levde upp till den goda karaktäristiken av en professor som ”en person som tänker annor- lunda”. Genom att sätta på telefonsvararen och avgränsa sig från vardagens störande rutiner kunde han med hjälp av bland annat sin omfattande allmänbildning producera ny och viktig kunskap. Leifs forskning var innovativ och spände över flera områden som en tidig sjukhusundersökning om utsatthet för misshandel, utveck- ling av kohortstatisk över dömda för brott, studierna av sambandet mellan våld och den totala alkoholkonsumtionen, analys av försäk- ringsbranschens betydelse för stöldutvecklingen och jämförelser av narkotikasituationen och narkotikapolitiken i olika länder. Hans slutsatser var inte sällan politiskt känsliga och för den skull mötte han också motstånd. Men Leif stod emot kritiken. Ett skäl till detta var den värdegrund som fick inspirera hans forskning. Han reagerade starkt mot orätt- visor i samhället och mot politikens repressiva sidor mot dem som redan innan hade det svårt. ”Kontrollskador” blev ett centralt och fruktbart begrepp i hans forskning om kriminal- och narkotika- politiken. Leifs integritet, hans vänlighet och omtanke och hans engagemang i sociala och politiska frågor hängde intimt samman med hans forsk- ningsinsats. Detta är vi tacksamma för. Stockholm den 26 april 2009 Hanns von Hofer Henrik Tham Redaktörens kommentarer Leifs vetenskapliga produktion har varit omfattande, varför det har varit nödvändigt att välja ut ett antal skrifter. Valet styrdes av att skrifterna skulle vara allmänbildande och ha ett tydligt kriminalpolitiskt innehåll. De skulle också helst vara skrivna på svenska och inte ha någon medförfattare. Detta innebar bl.a. att Leifs sena produktion som framför allt rör narkotikapolitiken i ett internationellt perspektiv inte finns med i denna minnesskrift. Det redaktionella arbetet har styrts av principen att rätta så litet som möjligt i texterna. Uppenbara skrivfel har dock korrigerats och några få textställen justerats och likaså en del litteraturreferenser. För att inte störa läsflödet har ändringarna inte markerats. Alla tabeller och de flesta diagrammen har skannats in från originalen. Behövliga tillstånd att eftertrycka texterna har sökts. Den dolda våldsbrottsligheten i Stockholm. En sjukhussurvey Nordisk Tidsskrift for Kriminalvidenskab (1973), årg. 61(2), s. 136 –145. Under 1960-talet kom våldsbrottsligheten att inta en central plats i den kriminalpolitiska debatten. Detta gällde inte enbart för de nor- diska länderna utan kanske framför allt för USA och Storbritannien där omfattande forskningsprojekt igångsattes för att på olika sätt försöka kartlägga våldets omfattning och struktur. De metoder som använts har främst varit av två slag varav den för- sta gällt studiet av polis- och domstolsaktmaterial. Undersökningar av denna typ har genomförts i England vid Cambridge-institutet under ledning av F. H. McClintock som redan 1961 tillsammans med E. Gibson publicerade en undersökning av rån i London (McClintock 1961). Denna följdes sedan av en undersökning av öv- riga våldsbrott (McClintock 1963). Sedan dess har ett flertal under- sökningar utförts bl. a. i Norden. För Sveriges del har de flesta un- dersökningarna utförts under ledning av prof. Knut Sveri (Char- pentier, Flod, Endre, Koch, Nordström, Lenke 1970) som också varit handledare för den här föreliggande undersökningen. 1 Den andra metoden som använts är intervjuundersökningar av sto- ra populationer för att utröna i vilken utsträckning respondenterna blivit utsatta för våld av skilda slag. Denna metod har den fördelen att den även beskriver sådana händelser som inte kommit till poli- 1 Jag vill rikta ett varmt tack till den medverkande sjukhuspersonalen och spe- ciellt till prof. Curt Franksson och bitr. överläkaren Kai Gripe utan vilkas posi- tiva inställning och stöd undersökningen aldrig kunnat genomföras. DEN DOLDA VÅLDSBROTTSLIGHETEN sens kännedom och även i viss utsträckning anledningen till varför detta ibland inte har skett (Lenke 1973B, Wolf 1973). De mest kända undersökningarna av detta slag är de som utfördes av The Presidents Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice (The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society) och som omfattade inte mindre än 10 000 hushåll samt de undersökningar som utförts i Norden på finskt initiativ (Aromaa, Hauge, Lenke 1973 B, Wolf 1971/72) och vars resultat finns sammanställda på ett utmärkt sätt i Nordisk Tidsskrift for Kriminalvidenskab 1973, s. 85 av Preben Wolf. Den här föreliggande undersökningen, som också är av viktimolo- gisk karaktär, skiljer sig i vissa avseenden ifrån de förra. Tillväga- gångssättet har här varit att undersöka i vilken utsträckning perso- ner sökt läkarvård med anledning av att de utsatts för våld men dessutom att i viss mån studera anmälningsbenägenheten hos dessa personer. Den mest markanta skillnaden mellan denna undersök- ningsmetod och intervjumetoden som beskrevs ovan är att denna metod inte beskriver viktimiseringsfrekvensen hos normalpopula- tionen men i gengäld fångar upp den mycket våldsutsatta gruppen av icke bofasta personer som utesovare och utlänningar. Dessa per- soner kan förväntas vara mycket svåra att nå med konventionella intervjuundersökningar eftersom de antingen inte finns registrerade i totalpopulationen eller också kan förmodas utgöra en betydelsefull del av det mycket känsliga bortfallet i dessa undersökningar med viktimiseringsfrekvenser som oftast ligger under 10 % och långt under 1 % för de något allvarligare fallen som berörs i denna un- dersökning (Wolf 1973 s. 98). Metoden medger dessutom kontroll av intressanta bakgrundsdata som t.ex. offrets egen registrerade kriminalitet m.m. och den lider inte heller av intervjumetodikens största gissel, nämligen respondenternas glömska, som inte endast gäller bagatellartade händelser, och trovärdighet. Tidigare har en undersökning utförts där man som utgångspunkt använt en sjukhuspopulation i en viktimologisk undersökning (Ber- gersen Lind). Studien gällde den sociala bakgrunden för 87 våldsof- 2 DEN DOLDA VÅLDSBROTTSLIGHETEN fer som 1967 var inlagda på den neurokirurgiska avdelningen på Ul- levåls sjukhus i Oslo. Målsättningen var här inte att studera an- mälningsbenägenhet och mörktal men man slog fast det samband som nämndes ovan mellan egen kriminalitet, social nöd och risken att bli utsatt för våldsbrott. Samma samband fann man också för 1966 års rånoffer i Stockholm (Endre-Swärd 1967). Undersökningens uppläggning De frågor som denna undersökning försöker besvara är följande: a) Hur många personer besöker Stockholms sjukhus efter att de har blivit utsatta för avsiktligt våld? b) Hur svåra skador hade de åsamkats? c) I vilken utsträckning anmäldes händelsen till polisen? d) I vilken utsträckning var de själva kända av polisen? e) Hur påverkade det faktum att de eventuellt var kända av polisen deras benägenhet att anmäla händelsen till polisen? För att kunna besvara dessa frågor krävs först och främst känne- dom om hur sjukvården fungerar inom detta område och jag hade här en ovärderlig hjälp av med. lic. Björn Lenke som vid tiden för undersökningen tjänstgjorde på Södersjukhuset. Vi kom fram till att för att få optimal täckning måste man bevaka de
Recommended publications
  • What Can We Learn from Sweden's Drug Policy
    BRIEFING PAPER TWENTY January 2010 THE BECKLEY FOUNDATION DRUG POLICY PROGRAMME WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM SWEDEN’S DRUG POLICY EXPERIENCE? Christopher Hallam1 The Beckley Foundation Drug Policy Programme (BFDPP) is an initiative dedicated to providing a rigorous, independent review of the effectiveness of national and international drug policies. The aim of this programme of research and analysis is to assemble and disseminate material that supports the rational consideration of complex drug policy issues, and leads to a more effective management of the widespread use of psychoactive substances in the future. The BFDPP is a member of the International Drug Policy Consortium (www.idpc.net), a global network of NGOs and professional networks who work together to promote objective debate around national and international drug policies, and provide advice and support to governments in the search for effective policies and programmes. the efficacy of restrictive drug laws and policies, a utopia INTRODUCTION against which the allegedly dystopian potentials of more tolerant societies can be measured. At the same time, for drug Sweden is well-known for its commitment to a vision of “the policy reformers and advocates of harm reduction, the country drug-free society”. In recent years, Sweden’s drug policies encapsulates the failures that may be expected to flow from have been the focus of considerable attention and debate, policies driven by an over-arching ideological commitment which may be seen in the context of both the ten year United to abstinence. This briefing paper will analyse Swedish drug Nations General Assembly Special Session on the World Drug control policy in its legal, clinical, political, social and cultural Problem (UNGASS)1 review of international drug control dimensions and consider the claims and policy-objectives it and a much broader discourse of drug policy reform that has has been used to support.
    [Show full text]
  • A Background to Balm in Gilead
    A Background to Balm in Gilead: A little bit of information to give you a deeper look at the time, place, and themes in the play 1 | Page Table of Contents Lanford Wilson ............................................................................... Page 3 Balm in Gilead ................................................................................ Page 6 Book of Jeremiah ........................................................................... Page 7 1960s ............................................................................................... Page 9 History of New York City (1946–1977) ........................................ Page 30 Classic ‘New York’: The 1960s .................................................... Page 35 Important Events of the 1960s .................................................... Page 37 Heroin ............................................................................................ Page 46 2 | Page Lanford Wilson (1937- ) American playwright. The following entry provides an overview of Wilson's career through 2003. For further information on his life and works, see CLC, Volumes 7, 14, and 36. INTRODUCTION A prolific writer of experimental and traditional drama, Wilson launched his career at the avant-garde Caffe Cino during the off-off-Broadway movement of the 1960s. He later co-founded the renowned Circle Repertory Company, for which he wrote many of his major works, including the Pulitzer Prize-winning Talley's Folly (1979). Through his dynamic characters, many of whom are misfits of low social
    [Show full text]
  • A Statement by the WFAD on the International Day Against Drug
    June 5, 2020 For World Drug Day By Robert DuPont, Board Member World Federation Against Drugs Although the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic are dominating our lives, let us not forget the equally deadly pandemic that continues to rage across the globe: drug abuse. This modern scourge, started in the late 1960’s, continues to enslave and kill people of all nations in ever-changing ways. In Sweden, one of the first places the drug use pandemic hit, psychiatrist and professor Nils Bejerot worked with the Stockholm police to fight the rising tide of methamphetamine and heroin use. Dr. Bejerot saw that the government’s initial response of providing users with physician-prescribed opioids and stimulants was futile. Not only did this policy fail to reduce drug use, but many of those drugs were diverted by users and ended up being sold on the street, leading to increased levels of drug use overall. Based on his first-hand experience with hundreds of patients, Dr. Bejerot concluded that providing addicts with drugs only prolonged their addiction and encouraged the spread of drug use throughout Swedish society. He saw that the only way to free users from the grip of addiction was to insist that they remain abstinent from all drugs. The world owes a debt of gratitude to Dr. Bejerot. Thanks to the instrumentality of his efforts over 50 years ago, Sweden’s commitment to abstinence-based drug use prevention and treatment was born. With such a history it comes as no surprise that in 2009 the World Federation Against Drugs (WFAD) was established in Stockholm to create a better drug policy vision for the world by building on the Swedish experience.
    [Show full text]
  • Människan Och Verket Denna Skrift Tillägnas Professor Nils Bejerot På
    Nils Bejerot — Människan och Verket Denna skrift tillägnas professor Nils Bejerot på sextiofemårsdagen den 21 september 1986 Nils Bejerot — Manniskan och Verket Kronologisk bibliografi, recensioner och intervjuer redigerade av Marie-Louise Persson m. fl. CARNEGIE DOKUMENTATIONSSERIE NR 9. Innehåll Företal av Svenska Carnegie Institutets styrelse........................................... 6 Människan och Verket – en intervju av Jonas Hartelius............................. 7 En vägledning till kunskap av Staffan Myrbäck .......................................... 48 Bejerots böcker – en presentation med urval av recensioner av Staffan Myrbäck........................................................................................ 50 Barn – Serier – Samhälle ....................................................................... 51 Dödsolycksfalleni Sverige 56 Läkemedelsinformation......................................................................... 58 Narkotikafrågan och samhället 60 Narkotika och narkomani...................................................................... 65 Inlägg i narkotikadebatten 70 Addiction and Society 75 Addiction – An Artificially Induced Drive 78 Omhändertageni Humlegården............................................................ 80 Narkotikamissbruk och narkotikapolitik.............................................. 83 Missbruk av alkohol, narkotika och frihet ............................................. 86 Missbruk och missförstånd 89 Missbruk och motåtgärder 92 Vardagsbilder.......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Swedish Drug Policy Experience: Past to Present Per Johansson, Secretary General National Association for a Drug-Free Society (RNS)
    The Swedish Drug Policy Experience: Past to Present Per Johansson, Secretary General National Association for a Drug-Free Society (RNS) Sweden’s history of drug abuse began in the late 1940s when abuse was limited to few bohemian circles in Stockholm. As more young people were introduced to nonmedical drug use in the early 1960s, Sweden became one of the first countries in Western Europe to experience a large-scale drug problem among its population, creating the Swedish drug epidemic. At this time, the illegal drug market in Sweden was dominated by stimulants of the amphetamine-type. Because these drugs were seen as non-addicting and had widespread clinical use at the time, it is not hard to understand why many Swedish physicians were attracted to the idea of prescribing drugs in order to keep individuals from obtaining them through illegal sources. This idea was quickly adopted by some health and law enforcement authorities. Between 1965 and 1967 nonmedical drug users in Stockholm could obtain their favorite drugs including not only stimulants, but also opiates, with a prescription from a handful of doctors who took part in a special program sanctioned by the National Board of Health. Initially, around 110 drug-addicted patients were enrolled in the program for whom more than 4 million doses were prescribed. Out of those, about 3.4 million doses were stimulants; most of the rest were opiates. Unsurprisingly, a large percentage of these legally prescribed drugs were resold or given away, flooding the city with drugs and spreading the drug epidemic in Sweden rather than limiting it as the program's sponsors naïvely expected.
    [Show full text]
  • Theories on Drug Abuse: Selected,Contemporary
    DOCUMENT RESUME \E11.203 259- CG 015 242. AUTHOR Lettieri, Dan J., Ed.: And Others TITLE Theories on Drug Abuse: Selected,Contemporary Berspectives.; Research Monograph 30. ' INSTITUTION Metrotec Research Associates, Washington, D.C. '.SPONS AGENCY National inst. on DrUg Abuse (DHHS), Rockville, Md. Div. of Research, REPORT NO , ADM-B0-967 ,l PUB DATE,. Mat 90 CONTRACT ADM-271-7973625 NOTE, 526p. AVAI'LABLE FROM Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. FARE PRICE MF027PC22 Pius. 'Postage. DESCRIPTORS Pnthologies: *Prua rrug Addiction: g Edutation: Family Influence:illegal Drug Use Ind viduai Characteristics: *interpersonal Relationship:, loPersonality Traits; *PsychOlogical Patterns: Self Esteem: *Social Influences: *Theories: Youth Problems ABSTRACT This volume presents various theoreticalOrientations and perspectives, of the drug abuse research field, derived frOm. the social and biothedical sciences. The first section contains a separate theoretical overview.for.each of the 43 theories or perspectives. The second section contains five chapters which correspond:_to the five components of a drUg abuie theory, i.e., initiation, continuation, transition and use to abuse, cessation, and relapse. A series of guides, devised tofacilitate comparison and contrast of the theories, lists: '01 all contributing theorists and their professional affiliations`: (2) classifications of the theories into' fourcategories ofone'sfaationship- to ,self,', to others, to.society, and to nature:: (31, identificationsof
    [Show full text]
  • Swedish Drug Control System
    Zwedenhb.qxd 6-12-97 12:53 Pagina 1 The Swedish Drug Control System Zwedenhb.qxd 6-12-97 12:53 Pagina 2 Zwedenhb.qxd 6-12-97 12:53 Pagina 3 Tim Boekhout van Solinge The Swedish Drug Control System An in-depth review and analysis uitgeverij jan mets cedro amsterdam Zwedenhb.qxd 6-12-97 12:53 Pagina 4 This study was financed by the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport and was made possible with the help of the Swedish National Institute of Public Health Zwedenhb.qxd 6-12-97 12:53 Pagina 5 Contents Foreword 8 Introduction 10 1 Relevance and Methodology 13 1.1 Background and Relevance 13 1.2 Methodology 16 2 Understanding Sweden 18 2.1 Introduction 18 2.2 Geography and the People 19 2.3 History and Economy 23 2.4 Social Democratic Tradition 26 2.5 The Role of Popular Movements 28 2.6 Conclusion 32 3 The Swedish Drug Experience 35 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Traditional Use of Central Nervous System Stimulants 36 3.3 The Experiment of Legal Prescription of Drugs: 1965-1967 41 The Experiment 42 Conclusions and Consequences 44 Discussion 45 3.4 The Definition of a Social Problem: 1968-1980 47 3.5 The Pursuit of a Drug-Free Society: the 1980s 52 3.6 Conclusion 58 Zwedenhb.qxd 6-12-97 12:53 Pagina 6 4 Understanding Swedish Drug Policy 61 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 Alcohol in Sweden 62 Alcohol Consumption 62 Alcohol Policy 66 4.3 Popular Movements and Lobby Groups 72 4.4 Ideological and Scientific Foundations of the Restrictive Model 84 The Theories of Nils Bejerot 84 The Stepping Stone Hypothesis 86 The Dangers of Cannabis 89 4.5 The Function of
    [Show full text]
  • Sweden's “War on Drugs” in the Light of Addicts' Experiences
    Sweden’s “War on Drugs” in the Light of Addicts’ Experiences Jan Blomqvist Mind-altering substances have been used throughout human history. However, the specific substances that have been preferred and socially accepted, or feared, condemned and subjected to bans have varied with time and place. Likewise, there have been varying ways of reacting to and dealing with those whose substance use, or behaviour when under the influence, has been deemed to be deviant. In fact, the extent to which the use of a certain drug is likely to put the user in serious straits or evolve into an addiction, may be just as dependent on these reactions as on the pharmacological properties of the drug in question (cf. Room 1985; Blomqvist 1998a). At the same time, the way in which the environment reacts towards problem users is likely to have a strong impact on these users’ options for coming to terms with their problems (e.g. Klingemann et al. 2001). Moreover, it has been shown that reliance on problem users’ own understanding of their predicament is conducive to a successful outcome of interventions (e.g. Hänninen & Koski-Jännes 1999; Hubble et al. 1999). Thus, one reasonable way of evaluating a certain society’s drug policy might be to examine it in the light of present and former problem users’ own perceptions about their addiction and path out. This chapter gives an overview of the development of the Swedish version of the “war on drugs” and presents a summary of addicts’ and ex-addicts’ experiences of drug use and recovery as they appear in a recent study.
    [Show full text]
  • VOLUME 5, ISSUE 3 - Fall 2011 Evolution Ofdrug Policy
    VOLUME 5, ISSUE 3 - Fall 2011 Evolution ofDrug Policy In this issue, the drug policy ofthree countries will be examined, as subject matter experts outline the evolution and history ofdrug policy from the middle ofthe 19th century to the present. In detail, the drug policies ofSweden, the Netherlands, and Canada, are explained and explored. Historically, in these countries, drug policies have been less restrictive compared to other Western and/or European countries. The authors will offer specific examples ofthe history ofthis trend and how it has impacted society, and how drug policies changed or are evolving. The Swedish approach to drug policy, which is relatively successful, has been restrictive but not repressive. In Sweden, a great majority ofpublic opinion supports a restrictive and balanced policy that includes law enforcement as well as good access to treatment for those who need it. In the Netherlands, there is a shift from a more libertarian, almost laissez faire, policy to a somewhat more restrictive approach that is more in accordance with foreign drug policies. Canada, as mentioned in this issue's commentary, had the first supervised injecting facility in North America. However, as the analysis ofa Lancet study points out, there are questions about whether this approach saved lives. The Journal ofGlobal Drug Policy and Practice, a joint effort ofthe Institute on Global Drug Policy and the International Scientific and Medical Forum on DrugAbuse, is an international, open access, peer-reviewed, online journal with the goal ofbridging the information gap on drug policy issues between the medicaVscientific community, policymakers and the concerned lay public.
    [Show full text]
  • Prepared Remarks of Per Johansson
    PREPARED REMARKS OF PER JOHANSSON SECRETARY GENERAL, SWEDISH NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR A DRUG-FREE SOCIETY (RNS) CO-FOUNDER, WORLD FEDERATION AGAINST DRUGS (WFAD) PRESENTED ON OCTOBER 4, 2010 WASHINGTON, DC I am very proud to receive the John P. McGovern Award here today. I am particularly happy that my long-term affection for the United States and my anti-drug work has come together like this. I was an exchange student in Mancelona, Michigan 40 years ago and since then it’s always been a great pleasure for me to return to America. I am especially happy that my two best friends form my Michigan days, Mark Johnson and Dan Edson, are here tonight. I became involved in drug-prevention in the late 1970s. For many years I was a volunteer activist but for over 15 years now it has been my profession. Early on this was an activity in Sweden only. Gradually my work has become more international. I’ve been involved in projects in former Soviet Union countries and also because Sweden since 1995 has been a member of the EU, I’ve had many more contacts within Europe. A few years ago back I was involved in founding the World Federation Against Drugs. , WFAD, as it is called, is a growing global network for non government organizations (NGOs) that advocate for a balanced and restrictive drug policy. In the mid-70s as a young man I worked at a mental hospital and met drug addicts there. I was intrigued and confused. Why do people do this to themselves when it is obvious that they suffer so badly from it? In the media there was a heated debate going on and it just kept getting hotter.
    [Show full text]
  • Sweden's Successful Drug Policy
    cover_sweden2.qxd 2/14/2007 2:00 PM Page 1 Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 500, A-1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: (+43 1) 26060-0, Fax: (+43 1) 26060-5866, www.unodc.org SWEDEN’S SUCCESSFUL DRUG POLICY: A REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE FEBRUARY 2007 Printed in Slovakia TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE........................................................................................................................................4 PREFACE........................................................................................................................................5 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................7 PART 1: THE SWEDISH DRUG CONTROL POLICY ............................................................9 THE EMERGENCE OF DRUG ABUSE IN SWEDEN .....................................................................9 TOWARDS A NATIONAL DRUG CONTROL POLICY .................................................................9 The Narcotics Drug Committee................................................................................................9 The 1969 ten-point anti-drugs programme.............................................................................10 Drugs on prescription-the Stockholm experiment ..................................................................11 The role of Nils Bejerot in shaping Swedish drug control policy ...........................................12 The introduction of methadone maintenance therapy ............................................................13
    [Show full text]
  • Sweden's Successful Drug Policy: a Review of the Evidence 2006 September
    cover_sweden.qxd 22/08/2006 00:14 Page 1 Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 500, A-1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: (+43 1) 26060-0, Fax: (+43 1) 26060-5866, www.unodc.org SWEDEN'S SUCCESSFUL DRUG POLICY: A REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE 2006 SEPTEMBER Printed in Austria ‘Europe’ refers to the following States: Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 'EU25' refers to the 25 States that make up the European Union since 1 May 2004 (Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland). 'EU15' refers to the 15 States that formed the European Union until the end of April 2004 (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) ‘West and Central Europe’ refers to EU-25 plus EFTA (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland). This document was prepared under the guidance of Sandeep Chawla, Chief of the Policy Analysis and Research Branch, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, by Beate Hammond, Suzanne Kunnen, Aruna Nathwani and Thomas Pietschmann. The contributions of several officials of the Government of Sweden, particularly Ms.
    [Show full text]