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Born in 1953:The Story About a Post-War Swedish Cohort, and A Born in 1953 The story about a post-war Swedish cohort, and a longitudinal research project Sten-Åke Stenberg Published by Stockholm University Press Stockholm University SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden www.stockholmuniversitypress.se Text © Sten-Åke Stenberg 2018 License CC-BY ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7118-2724 Supporting Agency (funding): Åke Wibergs stiftelse First published 2018 Cover Image: Photographer Unknown/DN/TT Nyhetsbyrån Cover Copyright: DN/TT Nyhetsbyrån, License: CC-BY-NC-ND Cover Design: Karl Edqvist, SUP Translator: David Shannon (from Swedish to English) Original version in Swedish: Stenberg, Sten-Åke (2013). Född 1953: folkhemsbarn i forskarfokus. Umeå: Boréa Bokförlag ISBN (Paperback): 978-91-7635-087-4 ISBN (PDF): 978-91-7635-084-3 ISBN (EPUB): 978-91-7635-085-0 ISBN (MOBI): 978-91-7635-086-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.16993/bav This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA. This license allows for copying any part of the work for personal and commercial use, providing author attribution is clearly stated. Suggested citation: Stenberg, Sten-Åke. 2018. Born in 1953: The story about a post-war Swedish cohort, and a longitudinal research project. Stockholm: Stockholm University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.16993/bav. License: CC-BY To read the free, open access version of this book online, visit https://doi.org/10.16993/bav or scan this QR code with your mobile device. Peer Review Policies Stockholm University Press ensures that all book publications are peer-reviewed in two stages. Each book proposal submitted to the Press will be sent to a dedicated Editorial Board of experts in the subject area as well as two independent experts. The full manuscript will be peer reviewed by chapter or as a whole by two independent experts. A full description of Stockholm University Press’ peer-review policies can be found on the website: http://www. stockholmuniversitypress. se/site/peer-review-policies/ Editorial Board (Interim) of Social Sciences Susanne Alm, Associate Professor at the Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI), Stockholm University Ylva B Almquist, Associate Professor at the Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University Felipe Estrada Dörner, Professor at the Department of Criminology, Stockholm University Karin Helmersson Bergmark, Professor at the Department of Sociology, Stockholm University Recognition for reviewers The Editorial Board (Interim) of Social Sciences has applied single-blind review for proposal and manuscript assessment. We would like to thank all reviewers involved in this process: Merete Osler, Professor, Center for Clinical Research and Prevention (Center for Klinisk Forskning og Forebyggelse), Denmark. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6921-220x (review of proposal and manuscript) Martin Diewald, Professor of Social Structure, Bielefeldt University (Universität Bielefeldt), Germany. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000- 0002-9101-1586 (review of manuscript) Amanda Sacker, Professor of Lifecourse Studies, ESRC International Centre for Lifecourse Studies in Society and Health (ICLS), UCL, United Kingdom. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8796-5398 (review of proposal) Contents Foreword ix PART I. PROJECT METROPOLITAN The dream of a Nordic collaboration 3 The project emerges 5 Organising the project 7 Project Metropolitan in Norway 9 Project Metropolitan in Denmark 13 Project Metropolitan in Sweden 17 The School Survey 18 The Family Survey 21 Documentation 23 The Swedish Data Protection Authority, the Data Act, and the Social Scientists 27 The Swedish Sociological Association takes a stand 28 Further attacks on the social scientists 30 Jan Freese, the computers and the scientists 32 Protests from the Faculty of Social Sciences 33 The decision to anonymise the data 35 Catch-22 36 The key tapes and the third and final questionnaire 39 The Debate on Project Metropolitan 43 4,000 register excerpt requests 48 A national security risk? 51 Paper documents are destroyed 52 Bad data and dangerous researchers 54 Metropolitan 2018 63 Nobody was identified 65 A changed situation with the introduction of the Personal Data Act 65 Social Research Then, Now and in the Future 71 New questions – new ethical review 75 Defining scientific research 77 Restrictions that cause complications 80 PART II. THE CHILDREN OF 1953 Progress and a Belief in the Future 87 160 publications from Project Metropolitan 89 Cohorts, Generations and Other Concepts 92 Cause and effect 93 Other surveys 95 Confinement and Being Born in 1953 99 Social class, ill health and life chances 99 Time spent on the postnatal ward 105 Regimentation, or security and naturalness 108 A time of transition 110 Views on child rearing 111 Social class and family 113 Adoptive Children and Foster Children 117 Anonymity as a matter of course 118 Foster children 120 Housing, Moving and Social Class 127 Migration to the suburbs 128 Social stratification 129 Substantial differences 130 Housing, crime and mental health 131 Preschool and School Years 135 Choice of program and upper-secondary studies 136 The significance of social capital 138 Siblings and sibling position 140 The significance of childhood conditions for future prospects as adult 143 Choice of friends, friendship and life after school 145 The significance of friendship choices for adult life 147 Mods, Drugs and the Shift to the Left 153 Did the Mods go on to lead respectable lives? 154 The shift to the left 156 Dreams of the Future 163 What influenced the children’s predictions? 164 Anxious? Competitive? Indifferent? 167 Social mobility 169 The culture of conscientiousness 171 Downward social mobility 173 Occupational aspirations and gender segregation in the labour market 174 Crime and Punishment 179 Who committed offences? 180 Drugs 182 The significance of school 184 Mental illness and crime 185 How did life turn out? 186 Effects across the generations 188 335 years in prison 191 Social Disadvantage, Violence and Ill-health 195 Welfare dependency 202 Suicidal behaviour – attepted and completed suicide 205 Violence against oneself and others 208 Anorexia 210 What are the Results of the Research? 213 PART III. ON THE FREEDOM, UTILITY AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF RESEARCH Project Metropolitan and the Future of Social Research 219 The freedom of research and the media 222 Politics, views of society and Project Metropolitan 225 Scientific methods 226 Endnotes 229 References 249 Swedish Government Official Reports (Statens Offentliga Utredningar, SOU) 263 English – Swedish names of organisations and sources 264 List of illustrations 267 Acknowledgements 271 Special Thanks 272 Foreword I am a child of the Swedish Folkhem,1 born at Sabbatsberg Hospital in Stockholm on May 6, 1953. Twelve days later, my mother carried me home to her modest one-room apartment on Bråvallagatan on the other side of Vasaparken – a park in northwest central Stockholm. As she passed the children playing in the park, she may have thought for a moment about whether she would actually be able to cope with me. If so, her uncertainty would have been justified. At that time, it was still considered shameful to give birth to an “illegitimate” child. Abortion was illegal and for thousands of single mothers, the only alternative was to give the child up for adoption. But my unmarried mother had decided to keep her child. She passed Sankt Eriksplan with its trams and trolley buses and the metro station that had opened a little over six months earlier. In the neighbourhood around Bråvallagatan there were a large number of shops and several cinemas. Cooling water ran down the window of the butcher’s shop, the fishmonger sold dried cod, and the haberdashery on Rörstrandsgatan had everything from fabric to needles and sewing patterns. On the corner of our block there was a radio store, which would start to sell television sets three years later, and further along the street there was a photo shop where my mother used to have her films developed. No father was waiting for us at home, but my mother’s sister, who was four years younger, stood ready with all the equipment deemed necessary for a newborn of the day. Together they would raise me. Little could my mother have suspected that her newborn baby would become a Metropolitan child, that I would come to be included in a uniquely researched and statistically recorded group of 15,117 individuals, who had all been born in 1953 and were living in Greater Stockholm ten years later. This controversial sociological research project, known as Project Metropolitan, and its history, is what this book is about. Sten-Åke Stenberg, Stockholm, August 29, 2018. PART I PROJECT METROPOLITAN The dream of a Nordic collaboration Project Metropolitan was designed to follow people from childhood until adulthood. The overarching question was “Why do some get on better than others in life?” The project was questioned by the mass media and became the subject of considerable national and scientific debate. This debate concerned the freedom of research, the integ- rity of the individual and the task and role of the media vis-à-vis the research community. Since 1964, all those who were living in Greater Stockholm in 1963 and who had been born in 1953, have been part of a Swedish socio- logical research project.2 At the start, the project included 15,117 individuals, of whom over 1,000 have since died. It was called Project Metropolitan, but when it was updated at the beginning of the 2000s, it was rechristened The Stockholm Birth Cohort.3 Project Metropolitan was initiated during a period of optimism. After two devastating wars, the world was to become more peace- ful; the economy was booming, unemployment was low and eco- nomic growth appeared to be limitless.
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