UNEP-WCMC technical report

Review of species which may warrant further consideration in preparation for CoP17

(Version edited for public release)

Review of species which may warrant further consideration in 2 preparation for CoP17

Prepared for The European Commission, Directorate General Environment, Directorate E - Global & Regional Challenges, LIFE ENV.E.2. – Global Sustainability, Trade & Multilateral Agreements, Brussels, Belgium

Published June 2015

Copyright European Commission 2015

Citation UNEP-WCMC. 2015. Review of species which may warrant further consideration in preparation CoP17. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge.

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Review of species which may warrant further consideration in preparation for CoP17 3

As a major importer of wildlife, the EU is considering potential engagement with range States to support their preparation for the upcoming CITES CoP17. To define priorities, the European Commission compiled a selection of species, based largely on Altherr (2014), and initially requested UNEP-WCMC to provide high-level information on these taxa (see UNEP-WCMC, 2015).

Based on the information provided in UNEP-WCMC (2015), the Scientific Review Group (SRG) selected a number of these taxa for further review, and Member States identified additional taxa that may warrant further consideration in this context (Paroedura masobe, Gonatodes daudini, Bitis parviocola, Capra caucasica, Tylototriton spp., Nautilus spp., Allonautilus spp., Anguilla rostrata, and Anguilla japonica).

Preliminary overviews of relevant data for those species that have been selected for a basic review at this stage are presented in Table 1. Trade information was compiled by TRAFFIC and UNEP- WCMC and provides an overview, but not exhaustive information, of the availability of the species in trade within the European Union (see methodology section). TRAFFIC provided overviews for Nautilus spp. and Allonautilus spp. and provided input to Anguilla japonica and Anguilla rostrata overviews, both of which are primarily based on the IUCN Red List assessments.

Member States are invited consider whether any of these taxa may merit further consideration in preparation for the upcoming CoP17.

4 Table 1: Review of species for consideration in preparation for CoP17 Scientific name Distribution Population status Biology Trade Previous CITES/EU Protection status (Common name) and trends discussions Mammalia Bovidae Capra caucasica Western Great Caucasus Categorised as Occurs in the subalpine Overharvesting for food Licenced hunting permitted in (West Caucasian Tur) Mountains of Georgia and Endangered by the IUCN and alpine zones considered a threat and some areas (Weinberg, Russia (Wilson and in 2008 (Weinberg, between 800 and 4,000 caused population 2008). Mittermeier, 2011). 2008). m asl, and undertakes declines (Weinberg, seasonal movements, 2008). High levels of Georgia: Species does not Smallest range in Capra Population estimated at with herd densities poaching in Georgia appear to be protected genus: estimated at 250 5,000-6,000 animals in varying in summer and (Avaliani et al., 2007). (Georgia, 2014), though km in length and 70 km in 2004 (Weinberg, 2004 in winter (various authors in hunting of the species is width (Wilson and Weinberg, 2008), but Weinberg, 2008). Trophy hunting trips reported to be prohibited Mittermeier, 2011). likely to have decreased offered on U.S. and (Avaliani et al., 2007; since then; population Males start mating at six Russian sites, at prices Kopaliani and Gurielidze, decline estimated at years of age while around $10,000- 2009). It is included in >50% over the last three females reproduce at 12,500/trophy. National Biodiversity Strategy generations (Weinberg, three to four years and Action Plan (Kopaliani 2008). (Wilson and Mittermeier, and Gurielidze, 2009). 2011). Sex ratio in favour Classified as Critically of females; one young Russia: national protection Endangered on the born per year (various status unclear. Protected in authors in Weinberg, Russia’s Caucasus Nature national Red List in Georgia (Kopaliani and 2008). Reserve (Bannikov, 1977 in Gurielidze, 2009). Weinberg, 2008) and a number of other reserves (Wilson and Mittermeier, 2011). Reptilia Agamidae Calotes nigrilabris Endemic to Sri Lanka Not yet assessed by Clutches of 2-4 eggs No information was found - In addition to the protection (Black cheeked lizard) (central highlands) IUCN. (Thasun Amarasinghe et reporting trade as a provided in Nature Reserves (Thasun Amarasinghe et al., 2011). threat. and Sanctuaries, the species al., 2011). Classified as is protected, which makes it ‘Endangered’ on the Occurs in tropical moist Offered for sale online in illegal to kill, take or trade the species (Sri Lanka, 2009). national Red List, with an montane forest sites and the EU (Altherr, 2014).

extent of occupancy grasslands between 1000 Adult pairs offered on estimated at less than and 2400 m above sea German website by

500 km2 (Ministry of level (Bahir and Italian vendor without Environment Sri Lanka, Surasinghe, 2005). price details; one person 2012). Smaller area of noted having kept the occupancy (about 300 species in the past. km2) estimated by Bahir

Scientific name Distribution Population status Biology Trade Previous CITES/EU Protection status (Common name) and trends discussions Calotes nigrilabris and Surasinghe (2005). 5 (Black cheeked lizard) Common but restricted to (cont.) 5 isolated mountain-top sites (Bahir and Surasinghe, 2005); population declining (Karunarathna et al., 2011). Ceratophora stoddartii Endemic to Sri Lanka Not yet assessed by Clutch size of 6-13 eggs No information was found - In addition to the protection (Rhino-horned lizard) (central highlands) (Bahir IUCN. (Pethiyagoda and reporting trade as a provided in Nature Reserves and Surasinghe, 2005). Manamendra-Arachchi, threat. and Sanctuaries, the species Classified as 1998). is protected, which makes it ‘Endangered’ on the Offered for €2200- illegal to kill, take or trade the national Red List, with an Restricted to tropical 2500/pair (Altherr, 2014). species (Sri Lanka, 2009). extent of occupancy moist montane forest Juveniles (reportedly estimated at less than sites between 1200 captive bred in Germany) 500 km2 (Ministry of (Bahir and Surasinghe, offered for $430 (price Environment Sri Lanka, 2005) and 2200m above includes shipping to 2012). Smaller area of sea level U.S.); young adults occupancy (about 200 (Bambaradeniya, 2006). offered for €200 on km2) estimated by Bahir German website from and Surasinghe (2005). Italian vendor; also Uncommon and restricted offered for sale without to >10 isolated mountain- price information; interest top sites (Bahir and expressed by one Danish Surasinghe, 2005). buyer. Cophotis ceylanica Endemic to Sri Lanka Not yet assessed by Viviparous (Manamendra- No information was found - In addition to the protection (Pygmy lizard) (central highlands) (Bahir IUCN. Arachchi et al., 2006) and reporting trade as a provided in Nature Reserves and Surasinghe, 2005)). considered rare (Altherr, threat. and Sanctuaries, the species Classified as 2014). is protected, which makes it ‘Endangered’ on the Offered for sale online in illegal to kill, take or trade the national Red List, with an Restricted to tropical the EU (Altherr, 2014). species (Sri Lanka, 2009). extent of occupancy moist montane forest Reportedly captive-bred estimated at less than sites between 1300 and specimens offered for 500 km2 (Ministry of 2200 m above sea level sale on French and two Environment Sri Lanka, (Bahir and Surasinghe, German websites without 2012). Rare and 2005); according to price details. restricted to 4 isolated Manamendra-Arachchi et mountain-top sites (Bahir al. (2006) restricted to and Surasinghe, 2005). forest above 1700 m. Lyriocephalus scutatus Endemic to Sri Lanka Categorised as Near Clutches of 2-4 eggs Use in pet trade reported - In addition to the protection (Hump snout lizard) (southwest wet zone) Threatened by the IUCN (Suranjan Karunarathna (Suranjan Karunarathna provided in Nature Reserves (Somaweera and de in 2009 (Somaweera and and Thasun and Thasun and Sanctuaries, the species Silva, 2010)). de Silva, 2010). Amarasinghe, 2013). Amarasinghe, 2013), and is protected, which makes it considered a threat which

Scientific name Distribution Population status Biology Trade Previous CITES/EU Protection status (Common name) and trends discussions 6 Lyriocephalus scutatus Classified as ‘Vulnerable’ Occurs in tropical moist is reducing population illegal to kill, take or trade the (Hump snout lizard) on the national Red List, lowland forest up to 1650 numbers (Somaweera species (Sri Lanka, 2009). (cont.) with an extent of m above sea level (Bahir and de Silva, 2010). occurrence estimated at and Surasinghe, 2005). 2 less than 5000 km Offered for sale online in (Ministry of Environment the EU (Altherr, 2014). Sri Lanka, 2012). Extent Care sheets available in of occurrence estimated German; two people 2 at less than 17400 km by indicating interest in IUCN (Somaweera and buying the species; Sri de Silva, 2010). Much Lankan website smaller area of highlighting that trade is occupancy (about 800 illegal yet specimens are 2 km ) estimated by Bahir being advertised online. and Surasinghe (2005). Uncommon and restricted to >10 sites (Bahir and Surasinghe, 2005). Unknown population trend (Somaweera and de Silva, 2010). Gekkonidae Cnemaspis psychedelica Endemic to Viet Nam Not yet assessed by Gravid females of with Public access to island - Species does not appear to (Psychedelic rock gecko) (Hon Khoai Island) IUCN. two eggs and clusters of where it occurs is be protected, as not included (Grismer et al., 2014). eggs in rock cracks restricted (Altherr, 2014), in Decree No. 32/2006/ND- Endemic to Hon Khoai reported (Grismer et al., but Grismer et al., (2014) CP (Viet Nam, 2006). Island off south coast of 2014). reported poaching and Viet Nam, about 8 km2 sale of illegally collected (Grismer et al., 2014). specimens.

Offered for €2500- 3000/pair (Altherr, 2014). Breeding pair offered for $2300 incl. shipping to U.S. by German vendor. Goniurosaurus kuroiwae Endemic to Japan Categorised as Clutches of 1-2 eggs, with Illegal collection for pet - Species designated as a (Okinawan ground gecko) (Ryuku Islands) Endangered by the IUCN 1-3 clutches per breeding trade reported (Ota, Prefectural Natural Monument (Ota, 2010). in 2009 (Ota, 2010). season (Ota, 2010). 2010). of Okinawa (since 1978) and of Kagoshima (since 2003) Various subspecies found Five subspecies Offered for (Kanari and Xu, 2012). The Law for the Protection of on Kumejima, recognised; one, €120/individual (Altherr, Cultural Properties prohibits Tokunoshima, G. k. toyami, considered 2014). Juveniles offered for £100/individual, activities that “change the Tonakijima, Akajima, ‘Critically Endangered’, three ‘Endangered’ and apparently captive bred in existing state” of Natural Tokashikijima Iheyajima Okinawajima, Sesokojima one ‘Vulnerable’ UK; one person reported Monuments (Ota, 2010).

Scientific name Distribution Population status Biology Trade Previous CITES/EU Protection status (Common name) and trends discussions Goniurosaurus kuroiwae and Kourijima islands nationally (Ota, 2000). importing the species into 7 (Okinawan ground gecko) [within Okinawa and One extinct subspecies Germany in 2006 and (cont.) Kagoshima Prefectures] recently described someone on a German (Grismer et al. 1994 in (Nakamura et al., 2014). website reported having Ota, 2010). Restricted distribution acquired wild-sourced with extent of occurrence specimens in Japan. of approximately 1600km2 (Ota, 2010). Many populations believed to decline (Ministry of Environment, 2000 in Ota, 2010). Paroedura masobe Madagascar (Bora et al., Categorised as Largest species in the Subject to legal and - Madagascar: Species is fully 2011) and Comoros Endangered by the IUCN genus Paroedura (Rosa illegal collection (Bora et protected (Category I, Class (Rosa et al., 2011). in 2011 (Bora et al., et al., 2011) and al., 2011) and possibly I); take and trade are 2011). considered unique in threatened by collection prohibited, except under terms of coloration and (Rosa et al., 2011). licence for scientific purposes, Extent of occurrence form compared to other breeding or exhibitions estimated no greater than Malagasy geckos, but Considered highly (Madagascar, 2006). 2 410 km ; population little known about its attractive for pet trade Annual export quota of 10 severely fragmented biology (Glaw et al., and large numbers individuals reported (Bora et (Bora et al., 2011). Range 2003). imported into Europe, al., 2011). Protected in the restricted to low elevation although with poor Zahamena-Ankenigeny primary forests of survival in captivity (Glaw protected area and Réserve Zahamena (Glaw and and Vences, 2007). Naturelle Intégrale de Vences, 2007) and Betampona (Bora et al., Betsampora, central Male offered for £200 in 2011). eastern Madagascar UK; captive bred pair (Rosa et al., 2011). offered for €900; kept by Comoros: Gekkonidae are a number of people in partially protected – any take Europe and interest and trade requires permits expressed. (Comores, 2001). Iguanidae Ctenosaura pectinata Mexico; introduced in Not yet assessed by Annual reproductive Commercial exports - Mexico: Categorised as (Mexican spiny-tailed Florida and Texas (Lever, IUCN. cycle, with an average prohibited (Altherr, 2014); Threatened in of NORMA iguana) 2003). clutch size of 31 eggs hunted for food in some Oficial Mexicana NOM-059- Considered to be (Castro-Franco et al., regions (Aguirre-Hidalgo, of-2010 (Secretaria de Medio ‘Threatened’ nationally 2011). Longevity of up to 2008). Ambiente y Recursos (Secretaria de Medio 12 years reported Naturales, 2010) although (Aguirre-Hidalgo, 2008). protection status unclear. Ambiente y Recursos Offered for €1500/pair Commercial exports Naturales, 2010). The (Altherr, 2014). Captive identity of specimens born young specimens prohibited (Altherr, 2014) and

from Guatemala referred offered for hunting reported to be to under this name needs £200/individual; reports prohibited (Reynoso et al., to be verified (Buckley et from keepers of species 2007).

Scientific name Distribution Population status Biology Trade Previous CITES/EU Protection status (Common name) and trends discussions 8 Ctenosaura pectinata al., 2011). Population on websites; mainly (Mexican spiny-tailed densities in Oaxaca offered for sale on U.S. iguana) (cont.) estimated to be 21-102 websites. specimens/km2 (Zurita- Carmona et al., 2009). Scincidae Tiliqua gigas Indonesia, Not yet assessed by Viviparous, with 5-25 Indonesian 2014 MEP Listed on EU Annex D Indonesia: Protected species (Giant bluetongue skink) Papua New Guinea IUCN. neonates (O’Shea and figures include a in 1997 but removed (Republic of Indonesia, 1999); (Noel, 2014). Halliday, 2002). production figure of 1730 from the Annexes in take and trade is prohibited Three subspecies animals from five 2005. (Republic of Indonesia, 1999). identified from New Captive females of facilities. Guinea and adjacent related species reported Papua New Guinea: Not islands (Noel, 2014). to reach maturity in 18-24 Offered for sale online in included in the list of Inhabits remote areas; months, gestation lasts 3- the EU (Altherr, 2014). protected fauna of (Papua population status not well 4 months; 5-22 young per Pair for sale for £4500 New Guinea Department of known (Noel, 2014), but litter (Noel, 2014). (‘caramel’ specimens); Environment and in the 1980s reported to many other specimens for Conservation, 1996; in Van- be widespread in lowland sale on many sites, with Helden, 2001). areas all over mainland prices of £50- New Guinea and some 300/individuals. surrounding islands (Mys, 1988), in the 1990s Imports of 348 wild- described as sourced and source “uncommon” (Shea, 1990 unspecified live in Austin et al., 2008). specimens mainly for commercial purposes into the EU-28 reported over the period 1997-2005; Indonesia reported exporting 395 captive- bred specimens to the EU-28 over the same period. Sphaerodactylidae Gonatodes daudini Endemic to Union Island, Categorised as Critically Discovered in 2005 Some illegal trade and - Not included in the Schedules (Grenadines Clawed St. Vincent and the Endangered by the IUCN (Powell and Henderson, commercial demand of protected species in the Gecko) Grenadines (Powell and in 2011 (Powell and 2005). Very small reported, with IUCN Wildlife Protection Act of Saint Henderson, 2005). Henderson, 2011). geckonid, restricted to dry recommending CITES Vincent and the Grenadines mature upland forest listing (Powell and (Act 16 of 1987, Amended by (Powell and Henderson, Henderson, 2011). Any Act 42 of 1988 and Act 16 of Area of occupancy of 0.5 2 2005). collection thought to 1991) (Saint Vincent and the km , population trend stable (Powell and destroy its already very Grenadines, 1991).

Henderson, 2011). Total No information on life limited microhabitat

population estimated at history. (Powell and Henderson, 6,562 individuals, based 2005).

Scientific name Distribution Population status Biology Trade Previous CITES/EU Protection status (Common name) and trends discussions Gonatodes daudini on extrapolations, which 9 (Grenadines Clawed may be an overestimation Wild-sourced pair offered Gecko) (cont.) (Bentz et al., 2011). in Germany for $1450 and single male for $500 (incl. shipping to U.S.); one male offered by Dutch vendor without price details; unspecified animal for sale for £420/individual; some expressions of interest; noted to be kept by one person. Viperidae Atheris desaixi Endemic to Kenya Not yet assessed by Female reported to have Illegal trade in the A CoP13 proposal by Protected; all activities (Mt Kenya bush viper) (Spawls et al., 2002). IUCN. given birth to 13 young species reported, with Kenya to list the involving specimens of listed (Spawls et al., 2002). capture of specimens for species in Appendix II species require a permit Endemic species to forest Reported to have been trade cited as a primary (CoP13 Prop. 30) was (Republic of Kenya, 2013). patches around Mt. bred in captivity threat (CITES CoP13 withdrawn. Kenya, where two (Meidinger, 1998). Prop 30). isolated populations were known (Ashe, 1968), with Imported specimens possible further offered for €60 by populations reported Swedish vendor; (Spawls et al., 2002). specimen also offered Habitat reported to be without price details; one under threat (Spawls et person stated to have al., 2002). bought species at Hamm reptile show and one No information available person expressed interest on population sizes, but in buying species. decreasing trend inferred (CITES CoP13 Prop 30). Atheris mathildae Endemic to a restricted Not yet assessed by No published information Collection from the wild Does not appear to be (Matilda's horned viper) area in Tanzania IUCN. on life history but considered a potential protected (Tanzania, 2013). (Wallach et al., 2014). establishment of a threat to this species Described in 2011 from breeding programme in (Menegon et al., 2011). Tanzania reported by forest in Southern Menegon et al. (2011). Highlands of Tanzania Slovakian vendor offering and likely to have a small female without price

extent of occurrence and details; female stated to

small area of occupancy have been bought in (Menegon et al., 2011). Austria for €100-200.

Scientific name Distribution Population status Biology Trade Previous CITES/EU Protection status (Common name) and trends discussions 10 Atheris mathildae Menegon et al. (2011) (Matilda's horned viper) proposed categorising the (cont.) species as Critically Endangered according to the IUCN guidelines on the basis of its small extent of occurrence. Bitis parviocula Endemic to south- Not yet assessed by Apparently rare viperid Pet trade mentioned by - Any trade activity in all wildlife (Ethiopian mountain western Ethiopia (Böhme, IUCN. (Maritz et al., 2013) with Sánchez et al. (2011). requires a permit (Ethiopia, adder) 1977). an altitudinal range of Two instances of people 2007). 1700-2800m asl expressing interest; (Wallach, Williams, and discussion on legality of Boundy, 2014). Occurs in imports on one website; montane grasslands and one person suggested adjacent forests or that very expensive in human plantations Europe; interest (Hoser, 2013). Little expressed by some known about its biology people but also difficulty (Maritz et al., 2013). in acquiring specimens; subadult pair offered for £6000 in Holland. Bitis worthingtoni Endemic to the central rift Not yet assessed by Viviparous, 7-12 young Trade was considered to CoP13 Prop. 31 by Does not appear to be (Kenyan horn viper) valley in Kenya (Spawls IUCN. (Spawls et al., 2002). be a primary threat to the Kenya was withdrawn. protected (Republic of Kenya, et al., 2002). species and illegal trade 2013). Some protection Restricted distribution on from Kenya was reported possibly offered by its likely the slopes of central Rift (CoP13 Prop. 31). occurrence in Gate National Valley (Spawls et al., Park and possible occurrence 2002), but no population Captive bred specimen in Lake Nakuru National Park estimates are available offered for (Spawls et al., 2002). (CoP13 Prop. 31). €1000/individual by German vendor; captive bred juveniles thought to cost €500-700/individual; some people reported keeping the species, with one reporting successful captive reproduction. Chelidae Elseya novaeguineae Indonesia, Papua New Categorised as Lower Clutches of 6 eggs (Bonin Harvested for pet trade Assessed as potential Indonesia: Protected species (New Guinea snapping Guinea; introduced into Risk/least Concern by et al., 2006). under synonym candidate for listing for (Republic of Indonesia, 1999). turtle) Palau (Van Dijk et al., IUCN in 2000, based on E. schultzi (Lyons et al., CoP12 at AC19, but Law No. 5/1999 prohibits the 2014). 1994 categories/criteria 2013). Regularly caught although it was capture, killing, possession, (Asian Turtle Trade for food (Bonin et al., believed that “all the transport and trade of Working Group, 2000). 2006) and smuggled for remaining non-CITES protected animals and their listed species of Asian

Scientific name Distribution Population status Biology Trade Previous CITES/EU Protection status (Common name) and trends discussions Elseya novaeguineae Assessed as ‘Least the pet trade (Moll and turtles should be listed nests and eggs (Republic of 11 (New Guinea snapping Concern’ by the IUCN Moll, 2004). under the Appendices Indonesia, 1990). turtle) (cont.) Tortoise and Freshwater of CITES”, as it was Turtle Specialist Group in Indonesian 2014 MEP not considered at risk, Papua New Guinea: Not 2011 (Van Dijk et al., figures include production it was one of the included in the list of 2014). Widely distributed species that was not figure of 2096 animals protected fauna (Papua New in Papua New Guinea put forward in the from three facilities. Guinea Department of (Bonin et al., 2006). interest of time (AC19 Environment and Doc15.1). Damaged individual Conservation, 1966; in Van- offered for €75 (Altherr, Helden, 2001). 2014). Adults offered for €160 and juveniles for Palau: protection status €90 on German site; unclear. German breeder noting that offspring regularly available; offered (for free?) by German vendor and for €40 by other German vendor. Amphibia Salamandridae Tylototriton spp. Widely distributed from Eight species assessed Most species reported to Pairs offered for £60-80; Genus listed on EU Bhutan: protection status Nineteen species the eastern Himalayas, by the IUCN (2015). One inhabit forested areas specimens reported to be Annex D since unclear. recognised by Frost Indochina to central and categorised as Least and breed in small kept. 22/05/2009. (2015) and 13 by Frost southern China Concern, four as Near waterbodies. China: T. asperrimus, (2013). (Nishikawa et al., 2013a). Threatened, two as Low reproductive Collection of Tylototriton T. kweichowensis, No overlap in species Vulnerable and one as potential (Gascon et al., spp. reported to have T. taliangensis, and ranges recorded (Le et Endangered (IUCN, 2005). increased strongly and T. verrucosus are protected al., 2015). 2015). Population trend that the pet trade posed a species (Li, 2010; People’s decreasing for seven threat to the species Republic of China, 2004). species and trend involved; high level of

unknown for one (IUCN, mortality during transport India: T. verrucosus is listed 2015). reported (Bakkers and as protected species (India,

Beukema, 2008). 1972).

No reported trade into the No Tylototriton species

EU-28 2009-2013 at appear to be protected in Lao genus level. PDR (Lao PDR, 2003); Nepal (Nepal, 1973); Myanmar (Myanmar, 1994); or Viet Nam (Viet Nam, 2006).

Scientific name Distribution Population status Biology Trade Previous CITES/EU Protection status (Common name) and trends discussions 12 Tylototriton spp. (cont.) Thailand: only T. verrucosus appears to be protected (Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 2003). Tylototriton anguliceps Thailand, Viet Nam, Not yet assessed by the Found in or near No reported trade into the See Tylototriton spp. See Tylototriton spp. (Angular-headed Newt) (likely also China and Lao IUCN. waterbodies in forest; EU-28 2009-2013. PDR) (Frost, 2015). Described in 2015; unknown clutch size (Le Recognised by Frost geographic limits of the et al., 2015). (2015). species not resolved; no population estimates (Le et al., 2015). Tylototriton asperrimus China, Viet Nam (Frost, Categorised as Near Reported to breed in The major threat in China See Tylototriton spp. See Tylototriton spp. (Black Knobby Newt) 2015). Threatened by the IUCN shallow temporary pools reported to be harvesting (van Dijk et al., 2008). in forested areas (van for use in traditional Recognised by Frost Dijk et al., 2008). medicine (van Dijk et al., (2013; 2015). Formerly common but 2008). population considered to be in decline (van Dijk et Offered for sale by al., 2008). German vendor without price details.

Imports of 247 source unknown, 70 source unspecified and 120 wild- sourced live specimens mainly for commercial purposes into the EU-28 reported over the period 2009-2013. Tylototriton broadoridgus Endemic to China (Frost, Not yet assessed by the Reported to be found in No reported trade into the See Tylototriton spp. See Tylototriton spp. (Sangzhi Knobby Newt) 2015). IUCN. bamboo groves in EU-28 2009-2013. Described in 2012 (Shen mountain areas where it Recognised by Frost et al., 2012); known only breeds in pools (Shen et (2013; 2015). from type locality (Frost, al., 2012). 2015). Tylototriton dabienicus Endemic to China (Frost, Not yet assessed by the No reported trade into the See Tylototriton spp. See Tylototriton spp. (Dabie Knobby Newt) 2015). IUCN. EU-28 2009-2013. Described in 2010; only Recognised by Frost known from type locality (2013; 2015). in Henan province (Frost, 2015).

Scientific name Distribution Population status Biology Trade Previous CITES/EU Protection status (Common name) and trends discussions 13 Tylototriton hainanensis Endemic to China (Frost, Categorised as Reported to breed in Trade not cited as a See Tylototriton spp. See Tylototriton spp. (Hainan Knobby Newt) 2015). Endangered by the IUCN pools and seepages in threat (Haitao and Chan, (Haitao and Chan, 2008). forests (Haitao and Chan, 2008). Recognised by Frost 2008). (2013; 2015). Uncommon with a No reported trade into the decreasing population EU-28 2009-2013. trend (Haitao and Chan, 2008). Tylototriton Endemic to China (Frost, Categorised as Reported to breed It was reported to be See Tylototriton spp. See Tylototriton spp. kweichowensis (Red- 2015). Vulnerable by the IUCN annually and produce collected for use in tailed Knobby Newt) (Datong et al., 2004). clutches of 122 ± 8 eggs traditional Chinese with a rate of hatch of medicine and a small Recognised by Frost Severely fragmented 44% (Yingzhou et al., number of individuals are (2013; 2015). population and believed 1998). also traded in the to be in decline (Datong international pet markets et al., 2004). (Datong et al., 2004).

One person reported buying several specimens in the UK; juveniles are offered for sale for £70 by an online trader (with an indication that they were sold out).

Imports of 858 live source unknown specimens for commercial purposes into the EU-28 reported over the period 2009-2013. Tylototriton liuyangensis Endemic to China (Frost, Not yet assessed by the No reported trade into the See Tylototriton spp. See Tylototriton spp. 2015). IUCN. EU-28 2009-2013. Recognised by Frost (2015). Described in 2014; only known from two localities in one Nature Reserve (Frost, 2015). Tylototriton lizhenchangi Endemic to China (Frost, Not yet assessed by the No reported trade into the See Tylototriton spp. See Tylototriton spp. (Mangshan Crocodile 2015). IUCN. EU-28 2009-2013. Newt) Described in 2012; only Recognised by Frost known from type locality (2013; 2015). in southern Hunan Province (Frost, 2015).

Scientific name Distribution Population status Biology Trade Previous CITES/EU Protection status (Common name) and trends discussions 14 Tylototriton notialis Lao PDR, Viet Nam Not yet assessed by the Reported from mixed Trade cited as a potential See Tylototriton spp. See Tylototriton spp. (Frost, 2015). IUCN. deciduous and pine threat (Stuart et al., Recognised by Frost forest; breeding in 2010). Occurs in Nakai-Nam Theun (2013; 2015). Described in 2010 (Stuart shallow streams (Stuart National Protected Area et al., 2010); known from et al., 2010). No reported trade into the (Stuart et al., 2010). two localities (Stuart et EU-28 2009-2013. al., 2010; Nishikawa et al., 2013b). Tylototriton panhai Endemic to Thailand Not yet assessed by the Reported from moist See Tylototriton spp. See Tylototriton spp. (Frost, 2015). IUCN. forest with pools and Recognised by Frost streams (Nishikawa et al., Occurs in three protected (2015). Described in 2013; 2013). Probably terrestrial areas (Nishikawa et al., reported to occur in three in non-breeding season 2013a). protected areas (Nishikawa et al., 2013). (Nishikawa et al., 2013a). Tylototriton Endemic to China (Frost, Not yet assessed by the No reported trade into the See Tylototriton spp. See Tylototriton spp. pseudoverrucosus 2015). IUCN. EU-28 2009-2013. (Southern Sichuan Crocodile Newt) Described from the Daliang Shan mountains Recognised by Frost in 2012 (Frost, 2015). (2013; 2015). Tylototriton shanjing China, Thailand (likely Categorised as Near Reported to occur in Over-collecting for See Tylototriton spp. See Tylototriton spp. (Yunnan Newt) also Lao PDR and Threatened by the IUCN forest and to breed in traditional medicine Myanmar) (Frost, 2015). (Ohler et al., 2004). pools, ponds, ditches and considered major threat; Recognised by Frost artificial waterbodies small numbers exported (2015) but considered Very common in some (Ohler et al., 2004). for pet trade (Ohler, synonym of T. verrucosus parts of range but has 2004). by Frost (2013). undergone a significant decline (Ohler et al., One person reported 2004). buying several specimens in the UK; three specimens for sale for €170 in Norway; juveniles offered for £70 by an online trader (with an indication that they were sold out).

No reported trade into the EU-28 2009-2013. Tylototriton shanorum Endemic to Myanmar Not yet assessed by the Reported to have been See Tylototriton spp. See Tylototriton spp. Recognised by Frost (Frost, 2015). IUCN. sold in pet shops in (2015).

Scientific name Distribution Population status Biology Trade Previous CITES/EU Protection status (Common name) and trends discussions Tylototriton shanorum Described in 2014; only Japan (Nishikawa et al., 15 (cont.) known from type locality 2014). (Nishikawa et al., 2014). Tylototriton taliangensis Endemic to China (Frost, Categorised as Near Reported to breed in Over-collection for See Tylototriton spp. See Tylototriton spp. (Taliang Knobby Newt) 2015). Threatened by the IUCN pools, ponds and paddy traditional medicine, with (Fei and Xie, 2004). fields (Fei and Xie, 2004). small numbers also Recognised by Frost exported to supply the (2013; 2015). Common but with international pet trade decreasing population (Fei and Xie, 2004). trend (Fei and Xie, 2004). No reported trade into the EU-28 2009-2013. Tylototriton uyenoi Endemic to Thailand Not yet assessed by the Adults thought to be No reported trade into the See Tylototriton spp. See Tylototriton spp. (Frost, 2015). IUCN. semiaquatic; occur in EU-28 2009-2013. Recognised by Frost ponds, slow streams and (2015). Described in 2013; ditches even out of populations reported from breeding season Chiang Mai Province (Nishikawa et al., 2013a). (Nishikawa et al., 2013a). Tylototriton verrucosus Bhutan, China, Nepal, Categorised as Least Clutch size reported to be Reported to have been See Tylototriton spp. See Tylototriton spp. (Himalayan Newt) India, Thailand (taxonomy Concern by the IUCN 117 ± 45 (Roy and used as fishing bait in is not clearly resolved) (van Dijk et al., 2009). Mushahidunnabi, 2001). Myanmar, as traditional Recognised by Frost (Frost, 2015). medicine in India, and to (2013; 2015). Uncommon but with a Age at maturity 2.5 years be in the international pet large, widespread in males and 3.2 years in trade (van Dijk et al., population which was not females; maximum age 2009). considered to be in for males seven years decline (van Dijk et al., and ten years for females Interest expressed by 2009). (Seglie et al., 2010). Hungarian buyer; captive bred juveniles for sale for Common in Darjeeling £15/individual in UK; although breeding pools juveniles offered for £15 prone to drainage (Seglie and adults for £25 by et al., 2013). trader (sold out).

Imports of 300 live source unknown specimens for commercial purposes into the EU-28 reported over the period 2009-2013. Tylototriton vietnamensis Reported from Viet Nam Categorised as Near Collecting for the pet See Tylototriton spp. See Tylototriton spp. and presumed to also Threatened by the IUCN trade or traditional Recognised by Frost occur in China (Frost, (Nguyen, 2008). medicine not considered Occurs in Tay Yen Tu Nature (2013; 2015). 2015). Reserve and Xuan Son

Scientific name Distribution Population status Biology Trade Previous CITES/EU Protection status (Common name) and trends discussions 16 Tylototriton vietnamensis Categorised as to be serious problems National Park (Nguyen Quang (cont.) Endangered nationally (Nguyen, 2008). Truong pers. comm. to (Viet Nam, 2008). Nguyen, 2008). Imports of 10 live source Uncommon, with a unknown specimens for decreasing population commercial purposes into trend (Nguyen, 2008). the EU-28 reported over the period 2009-2013. Tylototriton wenxianensis Endemic to China (Frost, Categorised as No reported trade into the See Tylototriton spp. See Tylototriton spp. (Wenxian Knobby Newt) 2015). Vulnerable by the IUCN EU-28 2009-2013. (Fei and Ye, 2004). Conservation action plan Recognised by Frost reported to be in progress (Li, (2013; 2015). Known from four 2010). locations, declining population trend (Fei and Ye, 2004). Tylototriton yangi Endemic to China (Frost, Not yet assessed by the No reported trade into the See Tylototriton spp. See Tylototriton spp. (Tiannan Crocodile Newt) 2015). IUCN. EU-28 2009-2013.

Recognised by Frost Described in 2012 (Hou (2013; 2015). et al., 2012). Tylototriton ziegleri Endemic to Viet Nam Not yet assessed by the Breeding in pools in Trade cited as a potential See Tylototriton spp. See Tylototriton spp. (Ziegler's Crocodile Newt) (Frost, 2015). IUCN. bamboo forest threat by (Nishikawa et (Nishikawa et al., 2013b). al., 2013b). Recognised by Frost Described in 2013 from (2015). north Viet Nam but No reported trade into the geographic limits of the EU-28 2009-2013. population unclear (Nishikawa et al., 2013b). Actinopterygii Anguillidae Anguilla japonica Southern Pacific coast of Categorised as Larvae develop in pelagic Overfishing, particularly East Asian Japan: capture of glass eels (Japanese Eel) Japan, south to Hainan Endangered by IUCN in ocean areas and drift to of glass eels to stock fish countries/territories are for aquaculture or research Island, China, Taiwan 2014 (Jacoby and their estuarine farms, considered a trying to implement permitted for certain months and the Republic of Gollock., 2014). recruitment areas over 5- threat (Jacoby and regional measures to of the year only and requires a licence; capture of silver eel Korea (Jacoby and 6 months, where they Gollock, 2014). avoid potential CITES Gollock, 2014). metamorphose into glass Recruitment varies year listing (see e.g. China prohibited or restricted since Decline in abundance of eels (Jacoby and Gollock, by year, and when A. et al., undated). 2013 in three of the main mature eels estimated at 50% over the last 30 2014). A proportion of the japonica is not available, glass eel-fishing prefectures

years (Jacoby and glass eels moves other Anguilla species are (Miyazaki, Kumamoto and Gollock, 2014). upstream to feed and sourced, although Kagoshima) (Jacoby and grow as yellow eels, while A. japonica is always the Gollock, 2014). some remain in saline preferred choice waters to mature (Jacoby

Scientific name Distribution Population status Biology Trade Previous CITES/EU Protection status (Common name) and trends discussions Anguilla japonica and Gollock, 2014). (Shiraishi and Crook, China: Not protected 17 (Japanese Eel) (cont.) Matured silver eels 2015). (People’s Republic of China, migrate back to their 2004). Number of licences for spawning area, the region take restricted (Jacoby and along the western side of Gollock, 2014). the seamount chain of the Mariana Ridge (Jacoby Taiwan: glass eel harvesting and Gollock, 2014). season reduced to 4 months for 2014 (Shiraishi and Crook, 2015) and take of eels larger than 8cm TL prohibited in most major rivers (Jacoby and Gollock, 2014).

Export restrictions in place for several eel commodities in East Asian countries/ territories, (see Shiraishi and Crook, 2015). Anguilla rostrata West Greenland Categorised as Egg hatch in the Exploitation and trade of Considered for listing Canada: Categorised as (American Eel) southwards along the Endangered by IUCN in Sargasso Sea and the eels (glass, yellow and at CoP16 by U.S. Fish “Threatened” in 2012; Atlantic coast of Canada 2014 (Jacoby et al., larvae drift with the silver) considered a threat and Wildlife Service Classified as ‘Endangered’ and the Eastern USA, 2014). currents to the continental (Jacoby et al., 2014). (Jacoby et al., 2014). under the Ontario down to the Gulf of coasts to Trade data shows Endangered Species Act Mexico and the Decline in silver eel metamorphosise into dramatic changes in (Jacoby et al., 2014). Caribbean coast of escapement estimated at glass eels within the first “source” regions of live Central America, and ~50% and decline in year (Jacoby et al., eel fry imported into East U.S.: Review under way to some West Indian Islands yellow eel recruitment at 2014). Glass eels enter Asia (EA) over past consider listing as (various authors in 50-60% over three estuaries and a decade, especially ‘Threatened’ under the Jacoby, et al., 2014). generations (Jacoby et proportion of these move increase from Americas Endangered Species Act al., 2014). upstream to mature into (USA, Canada and (Jacoby et al., 2014). yellow eels while the Dominican Republic): others complete their 2004-2010, <10% EA Dominican Republic: yellow phase in estuaries imports from Americas (5- seasonal glass eel (Jacoby et al., 2014). 10 tonnes per year), fishing/export restrictions and Yellow eels take 3-30 or 2011-2014: >30% (20-47 maximum quota of 1800 kg more years inland or in tonnes per year) for 2014 fishing season coastal waters to mature (Shiraishi and Crook, (CODOPESCA, 2014). to silver eels, which 2015). EU imports of live migrate back to their eel (most >20 cm) from Protection status in other spawning area (Jacoby et US, 2008-2011: 200-300 range states not identified. al., 2014). tonnes per year, 2012- 2014:130-160 tonnes per year (most to Belgium, EUROSTAT data).

Scientific name Distribution Population status Biology Trade Previous CITES/EU Protection status (Common name) and trends discussions 18 Cephalopoda Nautilidae Allonautilus spp. and Nautilus pompilius - Declines reported in Little known about N. pompilius is the most Public requested U.S. Indonesia: prohibition on Nautilus spp. throughout Indo-Pacific areas where intensive nautilus reproduction in common species in trade to consider listing at harvest and sale of N. region; other species fisheries exist/existed, the wild, nearly all (mostly shells), but CoP15, CoP16 and pompilius since 1999 (but Generally 6 accepted more narrowly distributed: incl. the Philippines and information obtained in experts are more CoP17. National products still available both species: Allonuatilus Nautilus macromphalus - New Caledonia (Freitas captivity: Females concerned for endemic Marine Fisheries domestically and for export scrobiculatus, Nautilus Southwestern Pacific et al., 2015). Intensive produce low numbers of species (USFWS, 2015). Service (NMFS) and (Freitas et. al. 2015). belauensis, Ocean; Nautilus Nautilus fisheries in the eggs, lay only one egg at U.S. Fish and N. macromphalus, belauensis - Palau, past have been short- a time that require up to a Illegal harvest and trade Wildlife Service (FWS) Philippines: fishery and trade N. pompilius, N. repertus, Western Caroline Islands; lived, lasting a decade or year to develop (USFWS, of N. pompilius reported gathering biological mostly unregulated (Freitas and N. stenomphelus Nautilus repertus - two before becoming 2015). from in Indonesia and and trade data, held et. al. 2015). (also possibly A. Rottnest Island and commercially non-viable substantial harvest and expert workshop in (Aguiar, 2000). For perforatus) Pelsart Island, Western Highly vulnerable due to trade in the Philippines. June 2014. China: N. pompilius listed as Australia; Nautilus example, in the low fecundity; slow U.S. is a large market, protected Class I species, stenomphalus - Great Philippines, catch in 2014 growth; late maturity EU less so (based on harvest is prohibited (Freitas Barrier Reef, eastern at 0-3 individual per trap, (after decade); live as internet survey): mainly et. al. 2015). Australia; Allonautilus while 10 years ago <7 per geographically distinct websites in France, scrobiculatus - Tropical trap; in Indonesia in 2014, populations and adults do Germany and the UK. western Pacific (Freitas et average catch 1-3 per not disperse widely; poor Shells sold individually, or al., 2015) night, while in 2009, 10‐ colonists as do not have as parts of ornaments, 15 (Freitas et al., 2015). larval phase, do not swim such as jewellery, with In comparison, at Osprey in open water and limited the stock usually made Reef, an isolated, by depth; (USFWS, up of only a few pieces. undisturbed, unfished 2015). In 2014, prices ranged Nautilus population in from EUR 12 to 110, Australia shows no depending on size (~5-20 evidence of decline cm), quality and rarity of (USFWS, 2015). the species involved (Freitas et al. 2015).

Methodology In the absence of trade statistics, an internet survey was conducted between the 1st and 19th of 19 June 2015 by TRAFFIC and UNEP-WCMC, in order to investigate whether the selected taxa were being traded into and within the EU, and to assess the demand for the taxa. A list of pet retailers, classifieds websites, fora or online marketplaces within a variety of EU countries was compiled (Table 2) and each website was checked for advertisements relating the selected taxa, using the scientific name as well as local names of the taxa. Google searches were also conducted in a number of EU languages (English, French, German, Hungarian and Spanish), using search terms such as ‘for sale’, ‘buy’, ‘pets’, ‘price’ and ‘wanted’ for all languages, as appropriate, combined with the species’ scientific and local common names.

Where readily available, other legal and illegal trade information was also included, from literature, seizures information and studies carried out by TRAFFIC. Any other indications that this species was being kept as a pet, or that there was demand for it, were also noted. Where a species is already listed in the EU Annexes, this is noted and an indication of the trade levels is provided (trade data exported from the CITES Trade Database on 22/06/2015). Results of this trade assessment are include in Table 1 as summarised overviews (trade column).

Information on the protection status of individual taxa within their range states was identified from available legal resources. However, this information should be verified by the countries concerned, particularly where legislation has been translated from the original language. Table 2: Websites accessed to investigate the trade in and demand for the selected taxa within the European Union.

Website Country Type of site www.tieranzeigen.at Austria Site for advertising

www.willhaben.at Austria Site for advertising

http://reptilienforum.at Austria Forum http://www.mikesreptipark.be Belgium Pet shop http://www.poilsetplumes.be Belgium Pet shop http://rc-reptiles.forumactif.com Belgium Forum http://www.bebesaurus.com France Pet shop http://www.exotus.fr France Pet shop http://www.animaux.fr/ e/vends+differentes+races+reptiles+cambrai- France Pet shop 30645.htm

http://scales.kazeo.com France Pet shop

http://reptimagine-cie.fr France Breeder http://phelsuma-france.forum-actif.net/ France Forum http://lapassiondesreptiles.forumactif.com/ France Forum http://www.aft.asso.fr/ France Forum

http://kleinanzeigen.ebay.de Germany Site for advertising

www.dhd24.com Germany Site for advertising

http://aquaterra-shop.de Germany Pet shop

www.terraon.de Germany Forum

www.quoka.de Germany Site for advertising

www.geckoz.de Germany Forum

www.terra-dom.de Germany Pet shop

www.reptilien-forum.info Germany Forum

www.terraristik.de Germany Reptile breeders’ site

www.markt.de Germany Site for advertising

www.reptilia.hu Hungary Forum http://www.jofogas.hu/#xtatc=INT-75 Hungary Site for advertising www.bichosfera.com Spain Pet shop www.harkitoreptile.com Spain Pet shop http://www.mercafauna.com/app/ Spain Pet shop

Website Country Type of site 20 www.euroreptiles.com Spain Pet shop

www.aqualand-scp.com Spain Pet shop http://lacuevadeldragon.tripod.com Spain Pet shop http://www.mundotortuga.com Spain Pet shop http://www.reptilmadrid.com/coleccion.html Spain Breeder http://www.tritonreptiles.com Spain Breeder www.tropicalmanises.com Spain Pet shop www.animalcenter.es Spain Pet shop http://dnatecosistemas.com/ Spain Pet shop www.mascotasdelvalle.es Spain Pet shop www.directoriomascotas.com.es Spain Forum www.milanuncios.com Spain Forum http://www.terrariofilia.com Spain Forum http://tuatera.com/foro Spain Forum

www.reptileforums.co.uk United Kingdom Forum

www.warringtonpetsandexotics.com United Kingdom Pet shop

www.preloved.co.uk United Kingdom Site for advertising

www.reptiletrader.co.uk United Kingdom Site for advertising

www.exotic-pets.co.uk United Kingdom Pet shop

www.pets4homes.co.uk United Kingdom Site for advertising

www.cityreptiles.com United Kingdom Pet shop

www.captivebredreptileforums.co.uk United Kingdom Forum

www.bluelizardreptiles.co.uk United Kingdom Pet shop

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