THE SHAKERS A Rich Past Revisited EDITOR'S NOTE

The Future of the Book

t h e SHAKERS The usually staid Ralph Waldo Emerson had a mischievous moment A Rich Past Revisited when it came to books. "A man's library/' he said, "is a sort of harem." Well, without taking the analogy too far, the nature of the harem is changing. Some of the inhabitants are breaking away. In this issue of Humanities we look at the future of the book. Endow­ ment Chairman Sheldon Hackney talks with John Y. Cole, director of the Center for the Book at the Library of Congress, about the sixteen- year effort there to preserve a place for the book in a world of tapes and Blacksmith's Shop, Hancock Shaker Village, CD-ROMs. "I do think that many kinds of books will disappear," Cole Massachusetts. —Photo by Ken Bums tells us. "And as the pace of technology accelerates, books and print culture will probably play an even more diminished overall role in our society." Whether that is a matter for concern is explored in subsequent pages: Charles Henry of Vassar examines what happens when elec­ Humanities tronic tools are applied to the traditional academic disciplines, and A bimonthly review published by the raises questions about what it may mean to definitions of undergrad­ National Endowment for the Humanities. uate and graduate education when doctoral candidates can find in an afternoon's search on a database what it might have taken earlier Chairman: Sheldon Hackney scholars months or years to sift through. And finally, the role played by books in the shaping of our democracy is the subject of a multi­ Editor: Mary Lou Beatty volume work in progress called A History of the Book in America; it is a Assistant Editors: Constance Burr companion to works published or underway in France, Germany, Great Susan Q. Jaffe Ellen Marsh Britain, and Italy. Editorial Assistants: Amy Lifson In this month's pages we also visit with the 1993 winners of the Nadine Ekrek Charles Frankel Prize, whose achievements will have been celebrated Editorial Board: Marjorie Berlincourt, at a White House ceremony by the time we publish. They are George F. Farr, Jr., Guinevere Griest, Ricardo E. Alegria, historian and anthropologist of Caribbean cul­ Marsha Semmel, James Herbert, Thomas ture; John Hope Franklin, scholar of African-American studies; Kingston, Jerry Martin, Carole Watson Hanna Holborn Gray, recently retired president of the University of Marketing Director: Joy Evans Chicago; Andrew Heiskell, magazine executive and philanthropist; and Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, historian and author of the Pulitzer Design: Crabtree & Jemison, Inc. Prize-winning A Midwife's Tale. The Frankel prizes are named for Charles Frankel, a professor of The opinions and conclusions expressed in philosophy for forty years at Columbia University in New York, who Humanities are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect Endowment policy. Material later became a U.S. diplomat and then the first president of the National appearing in this publication, except for that already copyrighted, may be freely reproduced. Humanities Center in North Carolina. "What images of human possi­ Please notify the editor in advance so that bility will American society put before its members?" Frankel asked. appropriate credit can be given. Humanities (ISSN 0018-7526) is published bimonthly by the "What standards will it suggest to them as befitting the dignity of National Endowment for the Humanities, 1100 the human spirit?., .Will it speak to them only of success and Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20506. For editorial comment, telephone: celebrity and the quick fix that makes them happy, or will it find a 202/606-8435; fax: 202/606-8240. place for grace, elegance, nobility, and a sense of connection with the Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C., human adventure?" and additional mailing offices. Postmaster: We visit a community that turned its back on the world in an attempt Send address changes to United States Government Printing Office, Superintendent of to perfect its nature. In the two-hundred-year-old Shaker village of Documents, Washington, D.C. 20402. New subscriptions and renewals: U.S. Government Canterbury, New Hampshire, we recall the nature of their life— Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, celebate, pacifist, communal—"hands to work and hearts to God." P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954. Annual subscription rate: $13.00 domestic, —Mary Lou Beatty $16.25 foreign. Two years: $26.00, $32.50. For subscription questions or problems, telephone: 202/512-2303; fax: 202/512-2233.

2 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1993 4 A Conversation with... Conversation A 4 8 Books at the Speed of Light of Speed the at Books 8 9 A History of the Book the of History A 9

The Book The . John Y. Cole and NEH Chairman Chairman NEH and Cole Y. John Sheldon Hackney discuss literacy literacy discuss Hackney Sheldon Applying electronic tools to the to tools electronic Applying technology. and humanities disciplines. humanities How printed materials shaped shaped materials printed How the democracy. the in America in By Charles Henry Charles By By Janis Johnson By Janis HUMANITIES THE MAGAZINE OF THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES THE FOR ENDOWMENT NATIONAL THE OF MAGAZINE THE

Page 4 Page 13 The Frankel Awards Frankel The 13 22 The Shakers at Shakers The 22 27 New Netherland—Translating New 27 1993 Honorees 1993 The Diaspora The Americans: anthropologist anthropologist Americans: Andrew Heiskell, and author author and Heiskell, Andrew philanthropist Gray, Holborn Hanna educator Franklin, Hope John historian Alegria, Ricardo distinguished five of Profiles Laurel Thatcher Ulrich. Thatcher Laurel Entrepreneurial talent narrowed narrowed talent Entrepreneurial Believers and the outside world. outside the and Believers the between distance the brought together Spaniards, Spaniards, together brought This early pluralistic society society pluralistic early This Village Canterbury native Americans. native and Africans, Croatians, Poles, New York's Dutch Past Dutch York's New By Maggie Riechers By Maggie By Charles T. Gehring T. Charles By

ae 13 Page

36 In Focus In 36 Game Numbers The 32 7 Noteworthy 37 8 Calendar 38 40 Recent NEH Grants NEH Recent 40 6 Deadlines 46 Other Features Other Humanities Guide Humanities it tougher. it finding are graduates Humanities by Discipline by Ross Doran By Jeffrey Thomas By Jeffrey

HUMANITIES Page 22 Page 3 A CONVERSATION WITH... John Y. Cole

When Endowm ent Chairman

Sheldon Hackney met recently with John Y. Cole, director of the

Center for the Book at the Library of Congress, the conversation

turned to the future of the book in the new technology.

4 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1993 Sheldon Hackney: It is generally true that national cooperation between Headstart and when a formal mechanism is set up to sup­ school and public libraries. port something, it means that that Some­ Hackney: Then you must also be thinking of thing is either in trouble or it is too late building an audience for books. actually to save it. So why was the Center for the Book set up? Cole: It's our specialty, and the Headstart project is a wonderful vehicle for encouraging John Y. Cole: There's no doubt that the role children to get to books as early as possible. of the printed book is diminishing in our cul­ ture. And, indeed, that's one of the reasons Hackney: Are role models important? the center was established by Daniel Boorstin Cole: Very much so. Occasionally we are crit­ when he was Librarian of Congress: to There’s no doubt that icized for using sports figures or celebrities in remind people that books and reading are television spots or on posters, but I believe important. He had an institutional reason as that first you get someone's attention and well, to make a stronger cultural connection then you go to work. the role o f the printed between the library and the community at large. He wanted the center to become a Hackney: Then role models in the family strong public advocate on behalf of books would be even more powerful. book is diminishing in and reading. And we have. Cole: Absolutely. Our efforts in this area Hackney: You've been going for sixteen started with a 1981 symposium titled "Read­ years. How's the book doing? ing and Successful Living: The Family-School Partnership." our culture. And, Cole: I ask myself that each day. At one level, I think it's doing well: The book industry Hackney: If we could go back to aliteracy, itself is certainly prospering and becoming why people don't read. Have there been indeed that’s one of the more diversified. However, if one focuses on changes in recent years in reading habits of , the book as an essential carrier of ideas— Americans? Also, in motivation? which I think is its important role—it may Cole: It's hard to tell. The statistics can be not be doing quite as well. read in different ways. Is the glass half full or reasons the center was Several years ago the Center for the Book half empty? Whatever the answer, I think sponsored a survey called "Books in Our that the amount of serious reading taking Future," in which we spent six months pon­ place is probably declining. I think that if one established by Daniel dering this very question. is concerned about education and the contri­ Interestingly enough, one point that every­ bution books make or should make to a one agreed on was that technology provides knowledge-based democracy, there is reason Boorstin when he was many opportunities, especially for the pub­ for concern. lishing and distribution of the printed word. But the panel felt that the future of the book Hackney: Do you believe that in general this gets to the motivation factor? If people was threatened from another direction: by Librarian of Congress: the "twin" problems of illiteracy and aliter- enjoy reading, with kids for instance, even acy. Illiteracy is obviously a serious educa­ if they are reading what we might think of tional problem in our culture and many as trivial material when they are eight, to remind people that groups are involved in the literacy move­ nine, or ten years old or thirteen years old, ment. The problem of aliteracy, which is lack they will eventually find their way to of motivation to read, is the one that directly books that are worthwhile. concerns the Center for the Book. Cole: I believe so. Reading and its results are books and reading Hackney: I notice that you encourage wonderfully unpredictable. We've had many libraries throughout the country to get examples turn up through our network of involved with Headstart programs. What is state centers for the book in a project called are important. the philosophy behind that? "Books That Make a Difference." These are interviews with individuals about books that Cole: Our program is called the Library- influenced them or changed their lives. Headstart partnership. We've developed a Hackney: Was there such a book in your video and workbook to show Headstart own childhood? teachers and parents how libraries can be use­ ful to them in family literacy programs. And Cole: Oh, there have been several. For exam­ we explain to librarians something about ple, about ten years ago I found myself pur­ Headstart programs and encourage both chasing, just to have them with me, I guess, groups to get together at the local level. This my first two "favorite" books: Stuart Little by effort, we hope, will also help strengthen E. B. White, and Make Way for Ducklings by school and public libraries, which are often in Robert McCloskey. Maybe these were the deep trouble in the local community. We books that, thanks to my parents, made me a hope that one long-term result will be a closer reader. Who knows?

HUMANITIES 5 Hackney: I read them to my children, and cism. Books through the years have been the now to my grandchildren. major conveyor of the thoughtful kind of his­ torical analysis that enlightens and ennobles Cole: Clare Booth Luce, who was an origi­ our society. This is the particular role that nal Center for the Book board member, said will and must be saved. It's hard to get a per­ that books are like vitamins: They satisfy spective on this question because the book different needs at different times. Another has existed for centuries and the electronic influential book in my life—and one that revolution is less than two decades old. really got me thinking about research and We're really still at a transition point. scholarship—was Richard Altick's The And there are other questions, emotional Scholar Adventurers. Books through the questions. The reading experience, for exam­ Hackney: Books as voyages of discovery are ple: How will that very personal experience quite important. They are transforming be affected by technology and new techno­ instruments in a lot of lives. I guess that's logical devices? Then there is the physical years have been the your message basically. book itself. Many people like to be sur­ Cole: And that people need to realize it. rounded by books—I know I do. Donald Westlake, the mystery writer, talks Hackney: But why should children in the major conveyor o f the about books on library shelves sitting there future and their parents use a book when as little "time ships," waiting for a reader to they can have a video and sit the child in pick them up. And once that happens, if a front of the video? That child will look at a thoughtful kind of connection is made the result can be an moving picture that is just as charming, and explosion. A new world can open up and it's hear words and see the same illustrations. often a new world of self-fulfillment. Cole: And also, I might point out, place that historical analysis that Hackney: Let7 s come back to that. If you think video on the shelf as if it were a book. What of the purpose of reading books as being sev­ I'm really talking about is the physical pos­ eral—including pleasure, self-improvement, session of something that you care about—a or just getting information—is there a trend book of poems, for example. enlightens and ennobles among those purposes? Are people reading books less these days for pleasure? Hackney: Why is that important to you when you could have a tape or a disk of the Cole: I believe so, and I think it's largely poet reading his or her own poetry. Why is our society. This is the because of the time pressures most of us feel, the book as a form important to you? rightly or wrongly. This is why our reading promotion campaigns emphasize themes Cole: I think it has to do with another dimen­ sion, the individuality of the book. The book particular role that will such as "Take the time to read," "Find a place to read," and "Talk about what you represents something more than just the read." That's an important way of making words on the page or the illustrations. It con­ books and reading part of someone's life: nects with me in my life in a social way. and must be saved. encouraging them to share a book or share There is a social aspect, it seems to me, of an idea from a book with somebody. And I reading and of print culture that a computer should mention that the "Let's Talk about It" cannot replace. program funded by NEH does wonderful However, as I've said, I do think that many things for reading and for libraries. kinds of books will disappear. And as the pace of technology accelerates, books and Hackney: So we've done a good thing. Shall print culture will probably play an even we attack the future here? The inevitable more diminished overall role in our society. question—given the competition from other media, from electronic media—is should the Hackney: The question I think you and I book be saved? have to grapple with is why we should worry about that. If information can be con­ Cole: It depends on how you define "the veyed through other means, through elec­ book." Some books don't need to be saved. tronic means and through pictures and The information in many books is readily animation and videos and film, why should transferable to computers and more effi­ we worry about the book world? Do you ciently delivered in electronic form. There's think there are issues that can't be conveyed? no reason for a telephone book to be a book, I think there are. for example. As technology develops, there are better ways of getting that information. Cole: That's a real question. The printed Databases are wonderful reference tools that word is still the most efficient and effective make vast quantities of information available way of dealing with complicated questions to us in new and convenient ways. and with complex issues that can't be con­ The situation is different when you start veyed on the screen or through a computer. talking about historical analysis or, let's say, Are we going to simplify the issues in works of literature, scholarship, and criti­ response to the best way of communicating

6 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1993 them to a mass public? If that's the case, we If s full of levels of meaning that aren't easily become a technology-driven society rather translated into celluloid or video. than an idea-driven society. Hackney: What is your definition of a book Hackney: Just to be the devil's advocate, these days? wouldn't a good dramatist say that a drama Cole: Our definition is broader than the or even a documentary can present all of the physical book, as you can tell from the way ambiguity, nuances, conflicts, and depth of I've been talking. The word book symbolizes understanding that a person can absorb? what we're about but doesn't describe it Cole: It could if people would sit down and fully. We're talking about print culture, the watch a good drama and take the time to broader social use of books and reading. wend their way through the complexities. Somebody told me once we should be called The individualistic, But ideally, this drama or documentary the Center for the Word, not the Book. would only be the first step and not an iso­ Hackney: Words can be spoken. lated experience. The book has this wonder­ democratic, durable ful advantage of being portable, being Cole: That7s true, but this larger concern about compact, being permanent in the sense that the printed word and its use is how we have you can go back and reread. Moreover, you defined the center's activities. And we sponsor proceed through a book at an individual both oral history projects and essay contests. book has been of pace, whereas the technology comes to you Our concept is that there is a "community of at its own pace. the book" that stretches from the people who The individualistic, democratic, durable create books through the people who read fundamental book has been of fundamental importance in them. It includes the book professionals and shaping civilization by enabling people to educators and writers. The most important grapple with complicated ideas. By contrast, person, however, is the individual reader. there is a built-in tendency within video cul­ Reading, I believe, is simply one of the best importance in shaping ture to accelerate and simplify. ways individual minds enrich society. We've been doing thirty-second spots on In this spectrum of the "community of the CBS television since 1979 that remind people book" we include many groups of people civilization by enabling that there is a world of books and libraries that we think should be part of it, but who out there, too. The star of the program or the don't necessarily see themselves as belong­ announcer will say "the Library of Congress ing. I've mentioned the television networks. suggests these books" and will mention two In our partnership program one of the 120 people to grapple with or three. In a way that's an antitelevision organizations is U.S. Swimming. What books message because what we're saying is we're make a special difference to swimmers, and glad television got your attention, but if why? We are sponsoring essay contests in complicated ideas. you're really interested in actively pursuing a prisons through our partnership with the topic, it's the world of print in a library Correctional Education Association. We have which can enlighten you. quite a bit of leeway since the center depends on private funding for most of its projects By contrast, if # Hackney: Do you then see the electronic and publications. media as a friend in our struggle to enrich Books cover all subjects and most people are the lives of people? interested in something. We try to make the built-in tendency within Cole: I see the relationship more as comple­ connection any way we can. mentary than as "either/or." There's nothing Hackney: I think the advocacy is important that captures attention as quickly as film. The and necessary, though we don't have to be center is always looking for alliances. video culture to adversarial. We are moving into an era when Hackney: There is this aphorism that print text is going to exist with other medi­ mediocre novels or bad novels make the best ums coordinated with it. We have hypertexts movies, which I think is true. You can think in which you can read and look at pictures accelerate and simplify. of a lot of very good novels that have made and look up graphs in an interactive mode. not-very-good movies. Isn't the reason that Cole: And it is a wonderful new experience. the better the novel, with whatever criteria The Library has a national demonstration you are using, it generally means that the laboratory for educational technology, which quality of the language, the imagery, and the among other things is digitizing many of the use of the language are what make it a good center's publications. We are discovering novel, and the complexity of the thought. new ways of taking advantage of this Those things are difficult to capture in a brief remarkable search and access power. span of time on film. Is the book dead? Isn't the book going to be Cole: They certainly are. That gets back to the replaced by technology? Hardly. Through written word: It combines the author's history the book has found a way to coexist. thoughts and words with the reader's transla­ Today it's changing and being changed, but tion or appreciation of thoughts and words. it's here to stay. □

HUMANITIES 7 BOOKS

AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT

BY CHARLES HENRY

he use of computers in the humanities offers ogy" (1991); "Linguistically Based Functions in Informa­ intriguing applications of electronic technology to tion Retrieval: PADOK and the German Patent Information T traditional academic disciplines. What can these System" (1991). Topics of papers presented at recent machines really do, what might they change, and, if Association for Computing in the Humanities and the there are gains, what might be lost when applying Association for Literary and Linguistic Computing (ACH- electronic tools to intellectual inquiry that for centuries ALLC) conferences also speak to the influence of com­ has based the transmission of knowledge through the puter science on literary and linguistic methodology: medium of the book? "Application of a Connectionist Model for Poetic Meter to Accepted methodologies in the humanities are already Problems in Generative Metrics," or "Development and in place. They are, in part, belief systems complete with Testing of a Non-parametric Ergodic Procedure Usable expectations and guidelines. Most formal communica­ for Objective Author Identification of 5000-Word Texts." tion, promotion, recognition, and tenure have been At present, computers are used in areas ranging from the paper-based for generations. The introduction of compu­ study of metaphor to lab annotation. tational machines entails a disruption of the sociology of humanists, as well as a challenge to prevalent method­ CURRENT COMPUTER-RELATED ACTIVITIES ological practice. Yet the use of computers in the Within the humanities disciplines, a variety of organized humanities is by no means a recent phenomenon. programs or projects are currently underway that employ computers in a significant fashion or report on the appli­ A BRIEF HISTORY cation of computers in research. These include the cre­ For those new to humanities computing, it is often sur­ ation and maintenance of large textual databases, prising to learn how long computing in the humanistic centers devoted to humanities computing, professional disciplines has existed. The American Council of societies, annual conferences in numerous disciplines, Learned Societies (ACLS) began in 1964 to give fel­ major initiatives that attempt to instill international stan­ lowships in humanities research that used computers. dards for humanistic computing, publications, imaging CHum, as the journal Computing in the Humanities is projects, and electronic discussion groups. generally called, first appeared in 1966 in response to The following are representative examples from these the need for an international forum for the nascent categories. The more prominent full-text databases applications of computational machines in fields such include the American and French Research on the Trea­ as music, literary studies, and linguistics. sury of the French Language (ARTFL), housed at the CHum continues to be the bellwether of humanities University of Chicago, a very large set of complete liter­ computing, and one can trace the evolution of technol­ ary works, philosophical treatises, political documents, ogy in the humanities through its pages. In the 1960s, and poetry that spans the period from medieval times scholars employed computers for generating concor­ to the twentieth century. The Oxford Text Archive dances, word counts, statistical runs, and measuring (OTA) is an electronic collection of thousands of poems graphemes (space between letters in a manuscript). and literary writing in more than a dozen languages; the The articles in early editions of CHum tended toward Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (TLG) is an essentially com­ more general expositions about computing in music, plete collection of ancient Greek writings. The Perseus literature, and in art. Project, also focusing on ancient Greek culture, is a rare Within the last few years, a selection of titles shows and lovely multimedia program that includes original a continuation of these themes, but also a rise in more Greek texts, dictionaries, footnotes, graphics, and pic­ technically sophisticated applications: 'Teaching Com­ tures of art objects and archeological digs— a hypertext puters in the Humanities" (1992); "Developing and Eval­ version that allows one to delve deeply and widely uating Language Courseware" (1992); "Using a among ideas and artifacts. All of these projects have Morphological Analyzer to Teach Theoretical Morphol­ received support from NEH. Continued on page 34

8 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1993 La Lecture. Drawing by Benjamin F. Nutting;

lithograph by Annin Sc S m ith . B o sto n , ca. 1830.

—Photos courtesy of the American Antiquarian Society.

HISTORY

O F T H E BOOK

IN AMERICA

By Janis Johnson

S SOCIETY MOVES into an elec­ books in the traditional bound format. Atronic age, in which the word Already histories of the book have moves from a sheet of paper to a desk­ been published or are underway in “I f life had top screen, a new field of study is France, Germany, Great Britain, and developing worldwide—the examina­ a second edition, Italy. And an important entry to the tion of the historical role of printed field in the United States is a massive how I w ould materials. This may seem ironic at a collaborative project of the American time when prototypes are already correct the proofs.’ Antiquarian Society (AAS). being developed for such futuristic Called A History of the Book in America, concepts as daily newspapers on this series of four (and possibly five) vol­ pocket-size computers. John Clare (1793-1864) umes will extend far beyond the history Yet, a wide array of scholars in the of print technology and the bibliographi­ humanities are engaged in the subject cal concerns of editions and texts. It of the history of the book, an interdis­ will essentially respond to Alexis de ciplinary approach that involves all forms of printed Toqueville's observation in Democracy in America that cer­ communication. In this context, the "book" includes tain forms of the book have played an extraordinary role newspapers, magazines, almanacs, pamphlets, and in shaping and mirroring American democratic society.

HUMANITIES 9 "Certainly the whole question of the growth of an Ameri­ As the sponsor of this national effort to write the his­ can distinctiveness and an American identity is very tory of the book in America, the AAS plays a distinc­ closely related to the history of the printed object in Amer­ tive role. The society's Program in the History of the ica," said John B. Hench, Ph.D., director of research and Book in American Culture began in 1983 as a means of publication at the AAS in Worcester, Massachusetts. using the society's extensive historical resources to fur­ As part of the international context for the book ther understand how books and other forms of printed history movement, the series will be published by matter helped shape America's past. Founded in 1812 Cambridge University Press, the publisher of A His­ by Isaiah Thomas, the AAS is the oldest national his­ tory of the Book in Britain, which is also in progress. torical organization in the country. Thomas was a poor The National Endowment for the Humanities has boy from colonial Boston who became an influential supported the development of the American project revolutionary patriot and the foremost newspaper edi­ over the past decade. tor, printer, publisher, and bookseller of his generation. "It's fairly rare in American scholarship to have this His newspaper, the Massachusetts Spy, helped stir up kind of fully thought-through collaboration across revolutionary sentiment. fields," said David D. Hall, a cultural historian at Har­ In 1808, Thomas began to write The History of Printing vard Divinity School, general editor of the series, and in America. As a printer, not a learned scholar, he was cogeneral editor and contributor to the first volume. "It sympathetic to material others might ignore, Hall can only succeed if it draws fully on cultural history, pointed out in his James Russell Wiggins Lecture for social history, the history of education, the history of the AAS in 1983. "No man of letters in 1810 would have libraries, the transmittal of texts....Therefore, it's like written a history of printing, and certainly not a history a powerful invitation to specialists and perhaps espe­ of printing that paid so much attention to newspapers," cially to bibliographers to reach out and establish new Hall said. "Nor would a man of letters have collected kinds of connections." newspapers." In fact, Providing a national Thomas considered history of printing, establishing a news­ publishing, and book paper the "crowning trades in an interdisci­ glory" of his trade, plinary context means according to Hall. reframing many tradi­ With his broad ap­ tional questions. For proach to the printed example, Hench noted, word, Thomas collected a logical line of pursuit a substantial library of would explore how the American books, pam­ material form of a phlets, broadsides, and piece of printing might newspapers to serve as have shaped the recep­ primary documents for tion of a text and also his research into the ori­ have embodied chang­ gins of his craft on this ing notions of author­ continent. In 1812, he ship. The study also founded the AAS as a will contribute to the home for his collection. current interest in Today, the AAS holds rehistoricization of the best collection in literary studies—or, the world of Ameri­ looking at the context can printed materials of history and culture from 1640 through that produced a given 1820 and one of the work. "Writers are par­ best through 1876, ticipating in a system Hench said. Its library of production, so the of more that 650,000 role of writer, or the volumes and of thou­ act of writing, is simply not an sands of titles of newspapers from autonomous creative act, but a social across the nation in the eighteenth and act rooted in a specific system of cul­ M e x ic a n iVews. nineteenth centuries amounts to a sub­ tural production," said Hall. stantial archive of the printed word in Painting by R. C. W oodville; Probably the greatest distinction America and the principal center for between the traditional scholarly engraving by Alfred Jones. 1851. bibliographical scholarship on Ameri­ emphasis on printing and bibliography can printing. and on the history of the book The recent surge of interest in the his­ approach is the emphasis on the production and uses of tory of the book began in France with Lucien Febvre and print, according to Hench. Previous concepts tended to Henri-Jean Martin's VApparition du Livre (1958), which stop at the production of printed material, while this chronicled the book trade, technology of printing, events approach will examine how the print culture shaped such as the Reformation, and the social world of printers, history and society. booksellers, and writers. A subsequent four-volume

10 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1993 series by Martin and Roger Chartier, the place where the skill of reading was Histoire de VEdition Franqaise (1982-86), T rade card o f developed. Accordingly, reading (and traced the history of publishing and the 'literacy') developed apart from work practice of reading from the age of man­ Ebenezer Larkin, life, apart from the rhythms of family uscripts to the mid-twentieth century. bookseller and stationer, culture. The system of reading insti­ This work abroad was paralleled by tuted by these schools can be under­ research in the United States by schol­ ca. 1789. stood as flowing from, and serving to ars like Princeton University's Robert create, a social identity that suppressed Darnton, who has written about the impact of print on the particulars of class, region, religion, and ethnicity in the French Revolution. In sum, this new focus trans­ favor of a generalized, 'public' culture....The Bible was formed the history of the book from the concerns of bib­ displaced, as, to a very large extent, were whole books, liography—the physical production of books—into in favor of 'readers.'" social, economic, and cultural history. A clear goal of the And a final broad theme addresses key aspects of AAS program is to blend all these strands, or what American history: How were the processes of building Hench calls this "interconnectedness" from the author, democracy and of mobilizing constituencies affected by to publisher, distributor, reader—and back to the print? How did the book, broadly defined, influence author, who is also a reader. censorship, the colonial relationship to Europe, the poli­ In addition to the history of book trades up to modern- tics of high culture and mass culture, the changing rela­ day conglomerate publishing houses, the series will dis­ tionships between work and leisure, the boundaries cuss the history of literary cultures. This view will between public and private life? encompass not just the so-called serious literary writer, "Print is a multiedged sword," said Hench. "It can func­ but also the vernacular culture (evangelism), the learned tion as a conservative influence in society and as a radical culture (academia and the professions), and popular cul­ influence—and everything in between. In any political ture (everything from seventeenth-century almanacs to battles, print could be used both to maintain the status journalism and romance novels for the contemporary quo as well as to effect change." As an example, during beach vacation). the evangelism of the early nineteenth century, "religious The series also will provide a history of reading and lit­ societies really harnessed the printing press to their cause eracy. Take, for example, this irony: The implementation and paved the way for a truly mass media in the United of a standardized school culture in the nineteenth cen­ States. The press has been used like this for a variety of tury made it harder to learn to read, to Hall's way of causes to rally constituencies in American history." thinking. "Schools had a standardized curriculum related In volume one, which covers the seventeenth and to age," said Hall. "Teachers employed uniform methods eighteenth centuries, scholars will examine such topics of instruction, using textbooks specially developed for as the persistent colonial relationship between European the school. With the emergence of this bureaucracy, a settlements and the Old World, the gradual emergence shift occurred from the household to the school as the of a pluralistic book trade, the transition of print from

HUMANITIES 11 the sacred to the political, the forms of literary culture, the future. Where will the CD-ROM fit into the historical and the efforts by Europeans to introduce written liter­ map? Will books—print, paper and bound covers—exist acy to native Americans and African Americans. in fifty years? Hall is busy studying the widespread importance of On this issue of contemporary fascination, Hench is manuscripts in the colonies long after the establishment willing to weigh in. "My sense is that the book as we of the printing press. "None of the southern colonies in know it will continue to exist for the foreseeable the seventeenth century had printing, but that didn't future. It may not be exactly as we have known it. mean that people didn't have books and distribute There are some kinds of books that still will best be texts," he said. Laws were distributed in this fashion, as read or consumed in a form that is close to what we was literature, particularly poetry. understand, a codex form of bound book where you "Another theme in this volume is the Bible, and the turn the pages individually, a compact thing you can multiple ways in which issues of participation and lit­ read on the beach, in bed, in the bathtub. Escapist or eracy surround the Bible. The politics of culture really devotional literature may be best served by that. It's has much to do with the Bible. A more technical ques­ quite probable that the typical reference book will be tion is the issue of imported books versus native superseded by some form of purely electronic printed books. There was a remarkable dependence of publication and probably in the long run through access learned people on imported books until well into the through the Internet. eighteenth century." "This is not to say," he Volume two will document added, "that books will be the development of a distinc­ published in the same way tive culture of print in the as today, in editions of 500 United States from 1790 to to 500,000 by a single pub­ 1840. As the society points lisher on a gamble that out, there was a ready market readers will be in book­ for novels, newspapers, stores to buy them." Hench tracts, and periodicals. Gov­ speculated that printing ernment promoted the dis­ books may parallel recent semination of print through technological changes in copyright laws, postal poli­ creating compact discs—in cies, and patronage of edi­ which books are printed tors. A variety of institutions, on site, on demand, in a from lyceums to libraries to so-called bookstore, or benevolent societies, formed through the Internet at to educate and mobilize citi­ home, printed on one's per­ zens for many causes. Print, sonal laser printer. in effect, equalled power. All these subjects pose an Volume three, which covers enormous range of material the Industrial Revolution and for the authors of A History the decades from 1840 to 1880, of the Book in America. "We focuses on the emergence of a would be delighted if the national book trade. New book were to make histori­ forms of machinery shaped ans of virtually any subject this network. The authors reexamine their topic to see will explore how various how the printing press may groups—by region, race, or have played a role. People sex—participated in and con­ writing business history, or tributed to the book culture. economic history, or poli­ The last volume (or possibly tical history, might come two) will focus on the twentieth century, away from reading our volumes with a from the institutional structure of the book English -m ade printing press more sophisticated sense of how they trade and the growing power of the book of Isaiali Thomas, might look at the role of the printed word," industry and other media, to the exporta­ Hench said. tion of a national literary culture. In turn, a leading p rin ter, By linking the history of the book with highly diversified and segmented markets publisher, and bookseller the diffusion of knowledge, the project is developed. Magazines and the electronic breaking new ground as it examines the media became key players. The textbook during the age of the development of literacy, the formation of industry gained a major role in education. American Revolution. democracy, and the transmission of culture New technology, such as the computer and in America. □ the copy machine, changed everything. In fact, one of the unanswered questions facing the Janis Johnson is a free-lance writer in Alexandria, Virginia. project's editorial board is how deeply to treat the past twenty years and the tremendous power of the com­ The American Antiquarian Society of Worcester, Massachu­ puter chip over practically everything, and in turn, setts, received a total of $198,000 from Interpretive Research- whether to speculate about the prospects for the book in Collaborative Projects of the Division of Research Programs.

12 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1993 THE 1993 FRANKEL"The Frankel Prize honors the achievements o f a broad arrayAWARDS o f individuals who have been able to stimulate and expand public understanding o f the humanities. ”

—Photo by Gary D. Landsman

OR THE FIFTH YEAR, the National Endowment for the Humanities has chosen five distinguished Americans to receive the Charles Frankel Prize in recognition of their achievements in bringing history, literature, philosophy, and other aspects of the humanities to the gen­ eral public. Those being honored are:

§licwHlox/lIe^dcL 9^'anklub £Kaniui Slolbom ffrw/ jlndmotfGkkell J/uwel ^hitcher Wrick

Anthropologist of Scholar of African- Former president of the Philanthropist and for- Author of Pulitzer Prize- Puerto Rican culture American studies University of Chicago mer Time Inc. Executive winning A Midwife's Tale

"The Frankel Prize honors the achievements of a broad array of individuals who have been able to stimulate and expand public understanding of the humanities," said NEH Chairman Sheldon Hackney in announcing the awards. "Through their scholarship, their writing, their academic and philanthropic leadership, we as a nation are incalculably richer."

HUMANITIES 13 By Maggie Riechers

To his fellow Puerto Ricans, Ricardo Alegria is a cul­ tural hero. He has devoted his life's work to restoring and pro­ moting Puerto Rican art, folklore, and history, and to bringing the island's centuries-old culture to the consciousness of his people. He began his work when in his twenties, and now at age seventy-two is still at it, directing the opening this year of the Museum of the Americas in celebration of the five-hundredth anniversary of Columbus's landing in Puerto Rico. "I don't know how to retire. I work to give more to my country. Even when I was paid, I loved the work. I'm a manic," says Alegria with a laugh in his voice. He is speaking from his office in a restored seminary in old San Juan, which houses the Center for Advanced Studies on Puerto Rico and the Caribbean, a graduate studies pro­ gram he founded in 1976. He wears Ricardo Allegria many hats: historian; anthropologist; and folklorist. He has taught, written books, organized museums, and headed Puerto Rico's leading cultural institutions. What drives Alegria is a providing tax incentives to preserve In 1973, Alegria was honored for his desire for the people of Puerto Rico to historic buildings and to establish a efforts by receiving the Crownin- have a knowledge and appreciation of public policy on historic preservation. shield Award from the National Trust their heritage. He then set out to restore the city of for Historic Preservation "for superla­ "My main work is to make Puerto Old San Juan established by Spain tive achievement in restoration of his­ Ricans more conscious of their own nearly five hundred years ago and in torical buildings." culture and develop a sense of self­ great need of preservation efforts. Alegria has also uncovered many pride, similar to what American blacks "There was very little preservation archaeological sites on the island have undertaken in the United States," before the government established providing evidence of the earliest says Alegria. "The fact is because a policy," he says. "Many historic island inhabitants, the Taino. In 1962, Puerto Rico was so colonized by Spain buildings were being demolished." Alegria and Irving Rouse of Yale and the United States, there was little Among the historic buildings University established a chronology knowledge of our own history." restored under his direction were the of these early cultures of Puerto Rico. Alegria began his cultural crusade church of Porta Coeli, the Convent of Alegria's own ancestors go back in 1955 when he helped organize the Santo Domingo, and Casa Blanca, the many centuries on the island of Institute of Puerto Rican Culture, an home of Juan Ponce de Leon. The Puerto Rico. He was raised sur­ autonomous government agency Museum of the Americas is housed in rounded by books and was instilled established to promote culture. He a restored hospital, the largest build­ with a sense of Puerto Rican tradi­ was its director until 1973. One of his ing Spain built in the nineteenth cen­ tions and folklore. Although he first accomplishments in that position tury. It later served as a U.S. Army grew up in Old San Juan, he fre­ was to secure passage of legislation Hospital during World War II. quently visited his mother's family's

14 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1993 sugar plantation in Loiza, on the northeast coast of the island. It was there, as a young boy wander­ ing the grounds of Hacienda Grande looking for remnants of the past, that he developed his interest in archaeology and anthropology. After receiving his undergraduate degree from the University of Puerto Rico, he left the island to obtain a master's degree in anthropology from the University of Chicago, and a doctorate in anthropology from Harvard University. Upon his return to Hacienda Grande, he discovered evidence of the oldest Indian culture on the island, the Taino, in a cave on the plantation. Alegria's work is far-ranging. He has published numerous books on Puerto Rican and Caribbean culture, including Discovery, Conquest and Colonization of Puerto Rico, 1493-1599 (1971), A History of Our Indians (1971), Institute of Puerto Rican Culture (1979) and Ball Courts and Ceremonial Plazas in the West Indies (1983). He is also responsible for organizing many of the country's museums, including the Museum of the University of Puerto Rico and others devoted to history, sit in a field which strad­ rently in its sixth edition, through his religious art, fine arts, architecture, dles the humanities and most current, The Color Line: Legacy for and the Puerto Rican. the social sciences," says histo­ the Tiventy-First Century, Franklin has The Museum of the Americas is the rian John Hope Franklin. "If I were sought to show how our history main focus of his attention right now, pressed, I'd say I'm more of a human­ reflects on our society. however. The museum shows how ist than social scientist. History is an Franklin didn't start out in college different cultures and races con­ area that lends itself to explaining the with the intention of being a historian. verged in the Americas. Countries humanistic character of our lives." "I was determined to be a lawyer from North and South America have No one would doubt the humanistic and walk in my father's footsteps and provided basketry, pottery, medical approach of Franklin, currently the run his office when he retired," he instruments and folk art for the James B. Duke Professor of History says, recalling his childhood in Okla­ museum's collection. Emeritus at Duke University, and one homa, where his family had lived since The museum is a summation of of the nation's foremost historians. the 1830s. Franklin credits his first his­ everything Alegria has been trying to His lectures, books, and other writ­ tory professor, Theodore S. Currier, do for his country for more than fifty ings have not only enlarged our view with changing the course of his life, years: give the people of Puerto Rico a of the black experience in America when he first met him as a sixteen- sense of pride in their culture by but have brought that history into year-old freshman at Fisk University. learning more about it. step with the history of the nation. "He was the most exciting intellec­ "If you know your country," he From his landmark book, From Slav­ tual I'd ever met and he made history says simply, "you will love it more." ery to Freedom: A History of Negro so exciting," says Franklin. "He was Americans, published in 1947 and cur­ young, white, and a New Englander;

HUMANITIES 15 but we felt a certain kinship, and we such as Carter G. Woodson's The To the benefit of students, began a lifetime friendship until his Negro in Our History, lay dormant. faculty, and all others asso- death in 1979." "There was plenty written about ciated with the University of "He borrowed the money and sent blacks in history and the first year I Chicago, Hanna Gray's career there me to Harvard," he continues. "And, taught (at Fisk University) there were continues. Now, however, Gray he gave me a sense of history and of many black professors, but there had stands behind the lectern instead of believing I could make an impression. never been one black in the Ameri­ sitting behind the president's desk. He prepared me so 1 felt I could go to can Historical Society," he says. After fifteen years at the helm of the Harvard—so much so that I was not Franklin worked to change that situa­ university, she is back to teaching his­ only confident, but cocky." tion and later served as president of tory and instilling in students a way Franklin's Harvard experience, he that organization. of looking at the past to understand believes, was typical of any gradu­ By the mid-1940s Franklin was the present. ate student, even though in 1935 he working on his book, The Militant Gray chose history as her field of was the only black in the history South, when he was approached by an study because she found it offered a department. editor at Knopf to write a history of way of "looking at the past and locat­ "I didn't think much about race and blacks in America. He originally ing one's own time in that stream." had no serious racial experiences," he turned down the offer but agreed after History, she says, affords a way of recalls. "I wasn't so much concerned the editor kept pursuing the subject. analyzing the world around you and with numbers. I was too busy washing The resulting From Slavery to Freedom, the relationship between individuals dishes, taking in typing, and trying to now a benchmark textbook on the and institutions. get decent grades to worry. I didn't topic, wasn't an immediate success. "It seems to me that history helps us understand the past and think about feel a sense of isolation or alienation." "I didn't think it would go into a second edition," says Franklin. "It got the human condition itself," she says. The only serious evidence of prej­ very indifferent reviews. It wasn't "That is the intrinsic interest in the udice that Franklin did run up until the civil rights movement in the study of history, one that I hope stu­ against was anti-Semitism—and he 1960s that the third edition took off." dents will grasp." was shocked. He went on to publish The Militant Gray was born in Heidelberg, Ger­ "It was an awful thing," he says. South in 1956 and other books, includ­ many. When she was four years old, "And, the people guilty of it thought ing Reconstruction after the Civil War her family moved to New Haven, they could say it to me." (1961), George Washington Williams: A where her father accepted a position Franklin had wanted to write his Biography (1985), which won the teaching history at Yale University. dissertation on the beginnings of Clarence L. Holte Literary Prize, and She earned an A.B. at Bryn Mawr Christian socialism, but a thesis on Race and History: Selected Essays (1990). College, was a Fulbright Scholar, that topic had recently been pub­ Franklin's Jefferson Lecture in the and received a doctorate in history lished. He then turned to a paper he Humanities for 1976 was published from Harvard University. She is an had done on free blacks before the under the title, Racial Equality in Amer­ authority on Renaissance history. Civil War. Thus began a career of ica. His current research is "Dissidents "I chose the Renaissance because I research and writing in the field of on the Plantation: Runaway Slaves." was interested in history and also in black America's experience within In reflecting on his approach to his­ the classics and the study of antiq­ U.S. history. He considers it a stereo­ tory, Franklin gives much credit to uity," she says. "The question of type to characterize him as writing on Charles Frankel, whom he counted as what the revival of antiquity meant black history. one of his oldest friends. and the way in which that particu­ "I never considered myself writing "Charlie had a lot to do with my lar time reinterpreted it seemed an on black history," he says. "History view of the relationship between the interesting dynamic." reflects on our society, whether it's humanities and everyday life," says After teaching at Harvard and the the study of slavery, freedom, black Franklin. "He saw how the academic University of Chicago, Gray moved people, or white people." could be involved in bringing the to Northwestern University to teach The problem for blacks, he says, humanities to our lives." and serve as dean of the College of was that white people didn't pay Arts and Sciences from 1972 to 1974. enough attention to black history. As —M.R. In 1974 Gray returned to New a result the works of black historians Haven as provost of Yale. She was

16 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1993 member of the National Council on the Humanities from 1972 to 1978. She believes the state of higher edu­ cation is in much better shape than many may think. "Higher education covers so many institutions, from the small community college to the major four-year liberal arts universities, but in general it's not as bleak as some people make it out to be," she says with conviction. "People tend to see the problems. "We're at a time when public dis­ course is less positive—what with the constraints on education resources and concerns about the cost of education and standards of educa­ tion. So we feel the problems more than see solutions," she says. "But I have come to believe that it's the best system in the world. "It's not without its problems" she continues, "but I'm very optimistic. It is thriving in many ways." One institution she is naturally proud of is the University of Chicago. She calls it a "marvelous place filled with incredibly interest­ ing people." She is especially named acting president in 1977 and and over again, and therefore always pleased that the university has kept remained there until she was named saying new things, and the opportu­ its purpose as a center for the liberal president of the University of nity to engage other minds in discus­ arts. "What I feel best about is that it Chicago the following year. sion," she says. has maintained that integrity of Among the many honors she has According to Gray, today's stu­ intellectual purpose," she says. received are the Medal of Liberty dents are serious about their studies. As she now turns her attention award from former President Reagan "They are trying hard to seek a bal­ back to teaching, Gray is looking and the Presidential Medal of Free­ ance between intellectual interests forward to a life less hectic than dom from former President Bush. She versus personal relationships, and that of a university president. As was also named an honorary fellow trying to make a difference in the much as she enjoyed that role, she of St. Anne's College at Oxford Uni­ world," she says. "They are not join­ is sure she will equally enjoy this versity and a Newberry Library fel­ ing movements but are making indi­ next phase. low at the University of Chicago. vidual commitments that are helping "The great compensating thing Throughout her career in admin­ others enormously. I think students about what I do next is that I won't istration, teaching has remained are terrific." have to divide my attention," she said central to her work. She thrives on In her roles in university adminis­ a few weeks before the fall semester both the act of organizing the sub­ tration, Gray has been a well-known began. "I'll be able to focus on ideas stance of teaching and the dialogue spokeswoman for higher education, and have more time to concentrate." with students. serving as president of the American "I like the combination of having Council on Education and the Associ­ —M.R. to think the subject through over ation of American Universities, and a

HUMANITIES 17 othing makes me hap­ pier than going to the Reading Room of the New York Public Library and seeing all the seats taken/' says Andrew Heiskell. Former chairman of the board and chief executive officer of Time Inc., Heiskel served as chairman of the New York Public Library from 1981 to 1990. In that position he set about to revive the financially ailing institution by raising more than $307 million in ten years. He accomplished this, he says, by "selling, promoting, politick­ ing, and convincing the people of New York that the library is an essen­ tial part of our children's future." During his tenure the eighty-two- S' ! branch library system was rejuvenated 2: u. and the main building restored. He * also expanded the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, oversaw the building of a library for the handi­ capped, which in 1991 was named The Andrew Heiskell Library for the Blind and Physically Handicapped. "The system was practically down to a three-day-a-week schedule and is now back to six days," he says, not without some pride. "It's the best it's been since the 1930s." Arts, a tribute to outstanding Ameri­ To accomplish this, the program pro­ Heiskell also took a long look can patrons and artists. vides special awards and additional around the main library's grounds "My understanding is that the summer courses as incentives for and decided to do something about humanities are terribly important to teachers. It also helps teachers to reach that, too. He formed the Bryant Park the future of civilization," he says. "If out to other community institutions Restoration Corporation to renovate people can enjoy them, they will go for such as colleges and universities, the park adjacent to the building, them; it will be more than a drudge." museums and cultural organizations. which had become an enclave for Making the humanities more enjoy­ Developed as a pilot project in the drug dealers, and to construct under­ able for students and teachers was one Philadelphia public school system, ground facilities for the library. of the goals of the CHART program. CHART was incorporated into school A tireless fundraiser who believes Working in cooperation with the Rocke­ programs. Using the more than $16 private enterprise has a responsibility feller Foundation, the program seeks million raised in private funds since its to support the nation's cultural pro­ to help teachers strengthen arts and inception, it has been adopted by ten grams, Heiskell was appointed chair­ humanities teaching and curricula. major urban and public school systems man of President Reagan's Committee "In trying to improve education in and two statewide systems. on the Arts and Humanities in 1982. the public school system, the idea of "The idea is to make the humanities In that position he helped initiate how to make the humanities more come alive for teachers, and subse­ such programs as the Collaboratives interesting to students was by making quently, their students," says Heiskell. for Humanities and Arts Teaching teachers more interested in the Heiskell's many other roles include (CHART) and the National Medal of humanities," says Heiskell. serving as a trustee of the Trust for

18 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1993 Cultural Resources of the City of New York, as a member of the exec­ utive committee for the Institute of International Education, and as vice chairman of the Lincoln Center Thea­ ter at Lincoln Center. He is also a founder of the National Urban Coalition (and its co-chair from its inception in 1967 until 1979,) and a member of the board of the New York Urban Coalition from 1967 to 1982. Heiskell currently serves as chairman of the executive committee of People for the American Way. Heiskell's background is as varied as his many projects. He was born in Naples, Italy, and spent his formative years in Europe. Educated in Ger­ many, Switzerland, and France, he taught at l'Ecole du Montcel while studying at the University of Paris. Heiskell came to the United States at age twenty and attended the Harvard Graduate School of Business for a year before joining the New York Herald Tri­ bune as a reporter. He joined Time Inc. in 1937 as the science and medical edi­ tor of Life magazine, and was with the corporation until 1980 when he retired as chairman and chief executive officer. Among the many honors he has received are being named Publisher of aurel Thatcher Ulrich the Bancroft Prize for American his­ the Year by the Magazine Publishers believes there is an assump­ tory, proves her point. Based on a jour­ Association in 1982 and being inducted tion by many that women nal kept for twenty-seven years by into the Publishers Hall of Fame in don't have a history, that there were Martha Ballard, a midwife in Hallow- 1986. In 1989 Heiskell received the John "traditional women" and there were ell, Maine, the book offers a rare insight W. Gardner Leadership Award. "modern women" with no variation into the daily life of a rural eighteenth- Much of Heiskell's success lies in in the parts they played in shaping his ability to bridge different groups century New England community and their culture. She knows differently, and bring them together in support of the roles women played in it. however, and through her writings cultural programs. He credits his Martha Ballard steadfastly recorded is revealing the significant roles of early years in Europe with giving him the details of her life as a wife, mother, women in early American history. a greater understanding of the differ­ midwife, and healer. During the years "Women have a history," she says ences among cultures. of her dairy, she attended 814 deliver­ emphatically. "Even in the most tra­ "What I learned is how different all ies in towns around the Kennebec people are from each other," he says. ditional households there were River any time of day or night and in "There is no 'norm.' I just assume all many variations and much complex­ all kinds of weather. She herself, the people are different. It makes me ity in their lives." more tolerant of diversity than people Ulrich's book, The Midwife's Tale: The wife of a surveyor, gave birth to nine who have lived in only one place." Life of Martha Ballard, Based on children. She also provided medical Her Diary, 1785-1812, which in 1991 care through herbal medicines she —M.R. won the Pulitzer Prize for history and grew in her own garden.

HUMANITIES 19 No one was more surprised than twenty years after receiving her Ulrich when she came upon Martha undergraduate degree in English from Ballard's diary in the Maine State the University of Utah. During that Archives in Augusta on an NEH Sum­ time she stayed home to care for her mer Seminar researching another pro­ five children and earn her master's ject. She knew it was a rare find. She from Simmons College in 1971 and had written her first book, Good Wives: her doctorate from the University of Image and Reality in the Lives of Women New Hampshire. in Northern New England, 1650-1750, "My interest in public humanities which also chronicled the lives of projects developed as a result of my women in colonial New England, years at home—doing volunteer activ­ using virtually nothing written by a ities, going to museums, and being a woman. Ulrich saw another book part-time student," she says. stemming from the diary. In 1985 she Besides teaching and writing, Ulrich received a year-long NEH Fellowship has been involved in several humani­ for University Teachers to work on ties projects throughout New Eng­ research and write the Midwife's Tale. land. She was one of the principal "Those who looked at it before prob­ scholars in a project sponsored by the ably thought it was pretty boring", says Maine Humanities Council, "Maine at Ulrich jokingly. "It's not especially Statehood," which examined Maine's introspective, but as a seventeenth-cen­ colonial history. She also worked tury historian I know there were few closely with the New Hampshire women's diaries, and I was very Humanities Council on a program, "It excited. To me it was amazingly rich." Had To Be Done So I Did It," an oral Using materials from other public history project which interviewed fifty records, Ulrich, a professor of history women who had grown up and lived at the University of New Hampshire, in a small New Hampshire town. took a year off on an NEH fellowship She is currently working on a book and began to fill in many pieces in the on textile production in pre-industrial lives of the residents of Hallowell. For America, again looking at it from the Martha Ballard, however, the only women's perspective. public notice of her existence was a Ulrich would like to see more newspaper obituary. women historians and more study in "She was invisible, although she the field of women's history. attended 60 percent of the commu­ "Women's history is history, not a nity's births," says Ulrich. "Doctors subdiscipline," she says. "It is not were very visible in town records, yet something only women are interested they attended about 5 percent of in—it's the human story. I tried to see births." But because Martha Ballard the community through the lens of a worked autonomously and had no woman's diary and saw more of that official schooling in medicine, her community than through the public work remained unrecorded except for records of the time. her diary. "The study of history that brings in "One of the things a scholar can do gender is more inclusive, it presents is see patterns, a meaning in a life over the world in a broader, more compre­ time, and by describing it in a hensive sense," she says. □ thoughtful way, give others a way of looking at their lives in the twentieth Maggie Riechers is a free-lance writer century," she says. based in the Washington, D.C. area. Ulrich became a full-time faculty member at New Hampshire in 1980,

20 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1993 C H ARLES Frankel P rize

he late Charles Frankel was a Columbia University professor of philosophy and an advocate of the role of scholars in public service. He served as an assistant secretary of state for educational and cultural affairs (1965-67) and was the first president of the National Humanities Center in North Carolina. The award commemorating him carries a stipend of $5,000 for each of the winners. — “ ■

HUMANITIES 21 the I SHAKE

B y Maggie Riechers at Canterbury

N 1774 A SMALL

RELIGIOUS SECT

THAT HAD BROKEN

from the Q uakers

left E n g l a n d for

the N ew W o r l d .

The group, radical for its time, followed the preachings of a woman leader. Its religious cere­ monies included spontaneous outbursts o f shaking, dancing, and falling to the floor. Once in America, however, the “Shak­ ers”— as they came to be known because of their frenzied style of worship— etched a place in American culture.

O ver the last tw o hundred years the Shakers have gained a reputation for their simple way o f life, their belief in pacifism and a strong w ork ethic, and their ingenuity, expressed in their architecture, furniture, crafts, and household inventions. They also developed a model of human social organization completely opposite to the American society that sur­ rounded them. While Americans exalted individual achievement, the Shakers believed human potential was best real­ ized collectively. “The Shakers are regarded as the most successful utopian communitarian movement in the United

22 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1993 R S Village

— Photo by Ken Bums

States because of the extent, size, and longevity of their communities,” says Scott T. Swank, director of the Canterbury Shaker Village, Canterbury New Hampshire, a Shaker community now run as a nonprofit educational organization dedicated to preserving its Shaker heritage. “Shakerism is also regarded as one of the most original reli­ gious movements to develop in American society in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, along with Mormonism and Christian Science. And it is one of the few religious movements in American history to be developed by a woman."

HUMANITIES 23 “The Shakers are

The name "Shaker" was originally a derisive regarded as the most When the group settled in upstate New York, term for the small band of inspirationist Quak­ they separated themselves from the mainstream ers in Manchester, England, in the 1750s and by establishing their own communities and 1760s. From this group of "Shaking Quakers," successful utopian developing an agrarian life. Although their Ann Lee, an illiterate, yet charismatic preacher numbers soon grew, they were not without who claimed to have had a series of revelations critics in the New World. and visions from God, emerged as their leader. communitarian movement "In the early years they were an extremely She led her followers to America where the radical group," says Swank. "Ann Lee and group adopted the formal name The United her followers challenged nearly every tenet Society of Believers in Christ's First and Second in the United States of the emerging ideology of the United States Appearing. But the name "Shaker" had stuck of America. and was later adopted by the sect. The zealous "For example, in the midst of war and expan­ Shakers established a community near Albany, because of the extent, sionism from the 1770s to the 1870s, the Shakers New York, and won converts to their cause were staunchly pacifist and anti-expansionist." throughout New England, New York, and even­ Although her illiteracy prevented her from tually Ohio and Kentucky. By the time the mem­ size, and longevity of writing down her principles of Shaker theology, bership peaked in the 1850s, six thousand Mother Ann's oral teachings guided the members lived in nineteen communities. Today Shakers through the early years. She is believed the Shaker movement consists of one commu­ their communities.” to have created the phrase, "Hands to work nity in Sabbathday Lake, Maine, where a few and hearts to God," which became the motto of surviving Shakers still live, and one at Canter­ Shakerism. When she died in 1784 at age 48, bury, New Hampshire, where until September, the Shakers continued to follow the tenets of 1992 when Sister Ethel Hudson died at age the religion while developing their society in ninety-six, there had been a Shaker presence America, very much based on the Protestant since 1792. work ethic and the belief that work is an expres­ The Shakers followed the Quaker beliefs in sion of religious devotion. pacifism and in direct access to divine This work ethic was organized in a communal inspiration, and incorporated spirit posses­ structure with members giving up all personal sion into their worship. This took the form of possessions and property and agreeing to work seizures, trances, speaking in tongues, and for the common good of the community. inspirational dancing. "In retrospect the Shakers may well be of Ann Lee brought her own theology to the most significance because they represent an fledgling religion. "Mother Ann," as she came alternative model of human social organization to be called, founded the religion on two basic and development from that operating in the principles. The first was the duality of God as American society which surrounded them," both mother and father to the world. Lee herself says Swank. claimed to be a female Christ figure. One of the best examples of the Shaker work The second foundation of the religion was the and social model is the Shaker community at belief that the only way to redeem oneself was Canterbury. All the land, buildings, and artifacts to live a chaste life. This belief was the basis of at Canterbury are now owned by the nonprofit the Shakers strict adherence to celibacy. Lee Shaker Village, Inc., and with support from taught that the entry of sin in the world was not NEH, the community was recently refurbished in the form of disobedience to God but through in conjunction with its two-hundredth anniver­ the introduction of sexual feeling and that true Shakers of New Lebanon, New York. sary. The village consists of twenty-three of the spiritual salvation could only be achieved —Library of Congress original buildings. Guided tours inform visitors through a life devoid of sexual activity. of the Shaker movement and way of life. "This is a distinguishing belief of the religion," says Canterbury Shaker Village was founded in the 1780s. At its Swank. "Celibacy is not an option, but central to the reli­ peak in 1860, some 300 people lived, worked, and wor­ gious system. The Shakers believe it is no different from shipped in 100 buildings on 4,000 acres at Canterbury Village. other religious orders where participants are required to They earned their living from farming, selling seeds and take a vow of celibacy." herbs, manufacturing medicines, and making crafts. Lee won over converts through the forcefulness of her The Shakers at Canterbury organized their community into preaching. But a woman preaching pacifism and advocating four smaller units called Families, each having a campus of its celibacy in eighteenth-century England was not the norm of own. Within the community human relationships were the day, so she led her small band of followers to safer ground restructured. For example, men and women were declared in America. equal based on the belief in the male/female duality of God,

24 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1993 THE ACCENT ON UNION AND ORDER IN SHAKERISM DID NOT PRODUCE MIND­ LESS CONFORMITY.

Believers were able to establish a T healthy individualism within the society. Countless family journals from the nineteenth century reveal that members of the society regu­ larly asserted their independence. Believers established their own personalities precisely as they would in bio­ logical families— by cultivating certain traits, learning special skills, nurturing particular friendships, making choices, asserting themselves in word and action, and resisting or defying parental expectations. It was not only the apostates, runaways, and rebels who emerged as individuals, but also the Believers in good standing. Shakerism frowned on selfishness and disobedience, but accepting communal principles did not automatically end the quest for individual identity and autonomy. The primary physical setting for social interaction among Believers was the village. The logic of sectari­ anism called for withdrawal from the world, but Shaker settlements provided only relative isolation from outside influences. Shaker villages varied in loca­ tion, yet all sought to exploit topographical advan­ "As the nineteenth tages. Often they occupied some prominent feature in the landscape from which the sur­ rounding countryside could be viewed— century progressed, a knoll, mountainside, or wide valley. Such a vantage point seemed to confirm the soci­ ety’s sense of superiority and distance from the physical and the world. But total isolation was never the objective. Shaker settlements commonly had easy access to nearby population centers psychological or towns. Roads connected Believers to the outside world and served as arteries for trade and potential converts. As the nine­ Dormer window, center family dwelling in Pleasant Hill, Kentucky. distance between the teenth century progressed, the physical and —Photo by Ken Bums psychologicalFrom The Shaker distance Experience between in America: the Believers andA History the world of the narrowed. United Society CD of Believers, Believers and the by Stephen ). Stein. Reprinted with permission o f Yale University Press, copyright © 1992 by Yale University.

world narrowed.” Yale University Press received a $7,000 grant from the Subventions program o f the Division o f Research Programs.

HUMANITIES 25 “Women members

and elders and eldresses had equal authority. outnumbered men families on hard times and requiring no commit­ Although the role of women in the context of the ment to convert. times was progressive, the work order was "The Shakers placed a great deal of impor­ divided between traditional men's and women's in 1900 by a ratio tance on raising children and on educating jobs. There was also strict enforcement of physi­ them," says Swank. Canterbury had its own cal separation of the sexes: men and women school, which for a time operated as the public entered separate orders when they joined the school for the area. of five to one, Shaker community; they ate at separate tables; Children could remain at Canterbury until were not allowed to speak to each other in pri­ the age of twenty-one, at which time they were vate; and entered rooms through separate doors. required to decide whether or not to accept The basic premise of the social order was that and by 1939 the last Shakerism. Families who came to live among the individual subordinated himself for the the Shakers and decided to sign the Shaker good of the community. There was a uniform "covenant" to become full-fledged members dress code and all members rotated through the Shaker male at had to agree to give up all personal property various jobs to gain an appreciation of every­ and the right to wages and to break up their one's work. family unit. This practice was legally tested The Shakers at Canterbury soon established a Canterbury died.” several times in the nineteenth century by thriving community selling their products to those who left the Shaker community and non-Shakers, whom they called "the world's wanted reparation. As a result, the Canterbury people." They created an entrepreneurial type Shakers consulted lawyers and drew up for­ of socialism and were among the first to pack­ mal applications for membership and releases age seeds for sale in small paper packages, from financial obligations. selling thousands of dollars worth of garden The Shakers continued to thrive through the seeds to non-Shakers throughout the country. middle of the nineteenth century. They weath­ They were also noted for the quality of their ered the legal storms and the first conscription orchards and cattle and for manufacturing of men into the army during the Civil War, many household items such as clothes pins, receiving conscientious objector status and wooden pails, and washing machines. Canter­ giving up all claims to military pensions. But bury herbal medicines and syrups also sold they could not hold back the tide of change nationwide. The print shop established at sweeping across America. Fewer children Canterbury became the publishing center for entered their communities as state-run orphan­ the entire Shaker movement. ages were established. The first Shaker com­ The farmland on which Canterbury was built munity to close its doors was in Tyringham, contained no natural ponds or large streams Massachusetts, in 1875. which could be used to generate power. By 1880 By the mid-1860s membership in Canterbury the need for power had become so great that the dropped from 241 in 1860, to 177 in 1870, and Shakers constructed their own complex and further declined to 106 by 1900. Women mem­ technologically sophisticated mill system, har­ bers outnumbered men in 1900 by a ratio of nessing power from water that originated in nat­ five to one, and by 1939 the last Shaker male at ural springs two miles north of the village. Canterbury died. This change in the balance of "The mills were crucial to the economic viabil­ the sexes moved Canterbury from an economy ity of the Canterbury community, for they pro­ fueled by the male-dominated mill industry vided products and services to be sold to the and agriculture to a female-dominated one outside world," says Swank. Most milling was Canterbury Shaker Village. based on the sales of crafts and baked goods. used to process forest products, but sawmills, —Photo by Ken Bums As the Shaker population declined, buildings wood mills, threshing mills, carding mills and tanneries were at Canterbury were tom down to lower taxes. Canterbury all part of the mill system. survived by helping to close down other failing communities "Almost anything anyone was doing in New England, they and taking in their members. It remains today as a reminder were doing in Canterbury," notes Swank. "Although they of a small, but noteworthy piece of American culture. D separated themselves from the world to carry out a collective life, they were never hostile to the outside world. There was a Canterbury Shaker Village received a challenge grant of $304,000 constant stream of visitors." from the Office of Challenge Grants in 1992 to restore buildings and One important area of interaction with "the world's people" establish an endowment fund. was in the Shakers' need for converts, necessitated by their belief in celibacy. In some ways the Shakers operated as a Maggie Riechers is a free-lance writer based in the Washington, philanthropic social service agency, taking in orphans and D.C., area.

26 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1993 New Netherland— Translating New York’s D utch Past

BY CHARLES T. GEHRING

ihatcdcrr l'd*. \iuiu' ftc^e^d/ulr ffiSS .Vuuu- Cltrt/LnuniZ j/tis urui tihi licJinAx tfi iy /dii U o'tar eft A ten* .tLJununn

Map of Nezv Netherlatid, ca. 1630, copied ca. 1665. Harrisse Collection, Library of Congress.

LTHOUGH IT WAS to survive for only fifty years, the piece of colo­ nial America known as New Netherland was to leave a pattern of assimilation and religious tolerance that continues to influence American character today. The Dutch colony's multiethnic society, strategic location, and adaptive institutions produced a different culture from that of colonial New England. Only 50 percent of the inhabitants were Dutch, and the other half came from almost every country in Europe and elsewhere, providing the broadest spectrum of races, religions, and nationalities of any colony in North America: Caucasians,

HUMANITIES 27 Africans, and native Americans; Fortunately, a large portion of the papers and commentary on Dutch Protestants, Catholics, and Jews; and administrative records of New Nether­ colonial history directed to both all the nationalities of northwestern land has survived. From the years 1646 scholars and the general public. Pro­ Europe together with Spaniards, to 1674 they form a comprehensive ject staff also serve in a variety of Poles, Italians, Croatians, Prussians, body of records of the colony. The scholarly capacities, such as consul­ and Bohemians. 12,000 pages of documents in the cus­ tants for museum exhibitions, and Not merely New York, or as is often tody of the New York State Archives in are working with elementary and thought, Manhattan Island and west­ Albany contain laws and ordinances, secondary school teachers to develop ern Long Island, New Netherland land papers, secretarial records, coun­ curricula that incorporate New stretched from the Connecticut River cil minutes, and correspondence in Netherland documents into social to Delaware Bay, a territory compris­ seventeenth-century Dutch. studies programs. ing the present-day states of Delaware, However, researchers without a read­ As translations of the Dutch Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, ing knowledge of the language have records of New Netherland become and western Connecticut. New had limited or no access to them. With­ available, researchers are seeing the Netherlands position between New out translations, the material is inacces­ colony in a new light. For example, England and the tobacco colonies of sible to scholar and layman alike. The far from a sleepy backwater, by the Maryland and Virginia brought it into language has changed more in the past 1650s Beverwyck (present-day direct conflict with English interests three centuries than has English, so that Albany), had a court, a church, two for most of the seventeenth century. many words in modem Dutch hold a schoolteachers, an almshouse, all nec­ It also established values and tradi­ different meaning than they had in the essary trades from bakers to tailors, tions in this vast area that did not colonial era. Nor is fluency in Dutch and twenty taverns. Other docu­ have an English basis. Although the and English the sole requisite for trans­ ments record fur trade negotiations English brought their own cultural lation: The translator must be steeped with the Indians, the earliest list of patterns to the colonies, non-English in the language and customs of the Mohawk words, and details of their institutions were already firmly seventeenth century. diet, villages, and cemeteries. rooted in the territory where the In the past, only about 20 percent of In the early years the colony strug­ Dutch language was predominant in these records were translated. Personal gled for existence. The Dutch West law, education, commerce, and reli­ matters, domestic records, litigation India Company, which settled and gion. The colony established such between individuals, and anything governed the area, neglected this fur- policies as religious tolerance and considered salacious or offensive to trading colony in favor of more lucra­ welcomed anyone who would nineteenth-century translators were tive interests in Africa and South observe its laws and traditions. It passed over. may be that American political insti­ Twenty years ago the New York tutions were being forged in the State Library in Albany and the Hol­ English colonies; however, the seeds land Society of New York began to of other attributes that characterize support the publication of a complete American society were being sown in translation of the Dutch Colonial New Netherland. Manuscripts. Sponsored by the Indeed, by the time the English library since its inception in 1974, the wrested control in 1664, they were in project has been funded by grants effect, conquerors in an alien land. and donations. Since 1979 it has been Compared to the homogenous popu­ supported by a series of matching lations of New England and New grants from NEH. France, the Dutch colony centered in The New Netherland Project aims to Manhattan became a multiethnic promote awareness and knowledge of enclave. Contact with a variety of peo­ the Dutch colony by translating the ples, intermarriage, and adaptation to a surviving seventeenth-century admin­ new environment shaped the perspec­ istrative records held by the New York tive of the first New Netherlanders. State Archives, and to facilitate What happened in those years is now research by centralizing source materi­ being reconstructed through painstak­ als there. So far fourteen volumes of ing translations of seventeenth-century translations have been published, with Dutch and the piecing together of a fifteenth volume, Council Minutes, damaged manuscripts. In spite of the 1655-1666, scheduled for publication significant role New Netherland by Syracuse University Press later this played in North America, its history year. In addition, the project has pro­ has long been neglected or distorted by duced a Guide to Dutch Records in U.S. contemporary English accounts, Repositories, continues to collect copies causing the early colonial history of of records relating to New Nether­ America to be identified almost com­ land, and sponsors the annual Rensse- pletely with that of New England. laerswijck Seminar, which presents

28 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1993 America. However, after the loss of ally. The board of magistrates was talents, by 1644 Stuyvesant had been Brazil to the Portuguese in 1654, the presided over by a schout, or chief law- advanced to the position of governor company devoted more resources, enforcement officer, a combination of Curasao. At that time he lost his both financial and human, to its North sheriff and prosecuting attorney right leg in a battle against a Spanish- American colony. This attention appointed by the council. Together held fort on the island of Saint Marten. resulted in rapid population growth they functioned both administratively To his superiors he wrote: and expanded trade with neighboring and judicially in governing each town. Mijn laesten was per de Heer Verandt English colonies. Cases were decided by a jury of mag­ in Martio laestleden, waer bij hare E: E: Although only the Reformed religion istrates who rendered verdicts and doenmaels adviseerde mijn voornemen was officially sanctioned by the West determined penalties and fines. op St. Marten, 'twelck soodanigen effect India Company, other religions were Translations of court proceedings niet en heeft gekregen als gehoopt hadde tolerated. Along with policies that document the legal system, as well as waer toe geen kleyne hinderpael geweest encouraged immigration, freedom of the behavior and disputes of the is, 't verlies van mijn rechterbeen door conscience was a hallmark of the Dutch colonists. Fort Orange Court Minutes, een grove kogel wegh genomen. colonial government. Part of the Jewish 1652-1660 (1990) reports cases that My last (letter) was sent with Mr. community left Brazil (Recife) in 1654 deal with nonpayment of debts, slan­ Verandt in March, in which I for New Netherland, where they were der, building permits, land grants, informed your honors of my plans allowed to settle and trade in exchange child molestation, brawls, contract ful­ for St. Marten, which did not have for the commitment to take care of their fillment, blocking of roads, curfew the same results as I had hoped for; own needy. Numerous Lutherans violation, sales of pretzels to Indians, no small impediment having been came from Scandinavia and northern and breach of promise. the loss of my right leg, which was Germany. They joined the Huguenots Researchers will also find that Petrus removed by a rough ball. and Walloons, Protestant minorities Stuyvesant, director of the colony The loss of Stuyvesant's leadership who had emigrated from France and from 1647 to 1664, whose reputation is on the first day of action and the sub­ the Spanish-controlled southern vague at best, was a competent, fair sequent failure to keep the Spanish fort provinces of the Netherlands. administrator and a shrewd diplomat. from being resupplied forced the By 1664 the colonial council had Bom in 1610 in Friesland, he entered Dutch to lift the siege after four weeks. established nineteen towns, each the service of the West India Company To hasten the healing of his leg, governed by a board of magistrates. at the age of twenty-five, after attend­ Stuyvesant returned to the Nether­ The council selected the board from a ing the university at Frankeker. As tes­ lands in the fall of 1644 and was fitted slate the magistrates submitted annu­ timony to his managerial and military with a wooden leg. He found time to court the daughter of the Walloon minister in Breda, Judith Bayard, whom he married in August of 1645. The following year the West India Company commissioned him as director-general of New Netherland, Curasao, Bonaire, Aruba, and other Caribbean dependencies. Stuyvesant arrived in the colony in the spring of 1647 to begin a seventeen-year ser­ vice as commander and chief admin­ istrator of company operations in North America. The day-to-day operations of gov­ ernment revealed in the council min­ utes show a man careful to implement the law. Stuyvesant responds in detail to petitions, proposals, and counter­ proposals, although he was often frus­ trated by uncooperative colonists and merchants, and by jurisdictional dis­ putes with the patroonship of Rensse- laerswijck and the colony on the Delaware. His dealings with the Eng­ lish living within the jurisdiction of New Netherland on Long Island are as fair as those with the Dutch living in New Amsterdam. Dutch merchant ships. Etching by Wenzel Hollar, 1647. —Courtesy of the New Netherland Project

HUMANITIES 29 A Certain Fisk Appeared Before Us

he following is a translation of an entry in the memorandum book of Antony T de Hooges, secretary of the patroonship of Rensselaerswijck. Such an account is rare among mundane business records.

O n the twenty-ninth of March in the year 1647 a certain especially, I say, because it covered a distance of twenty fish appeared before us here in the colony, which we esti [Dutch] miles of fresh water in contrast to salt water, which mated to be of a considerable size. He came from below is its element. Only God knows what it means. But it is and swam past us a certain dis­ certain, that I and most all of tance up to the sand bars and the inhabitants (watched) it came back towards evening, with great amazement. On the going down past us again. He same evening that this fish was snow-white, without fins, appeared before us, we had the round of body, and blew water first thunder and lightning of up out of his head, just like the year. whales or tunas. It seemed very strange to us because there are The memorandum book is in the many sand bars between us and Van Rensselaer Manor Papers Manhattan, and also because it held by Manuscripts and Special was snow-white, such as no Collections of the New York State one among us has ever seen; Library in Albany.

In 1653 the crisis in Europe between Island. After the English takeover, Over the years, major problems in the Netherlands and England spawned Stuyvesant sailed back to the Nether­ translating these materials have been rumors of war with New England. lands to defend his actions before the caused by the loss and damage of Despite an English blockade of ship­ company directors. Before returning to documents in a 1911 fire at the New ping to New Netherland, Stuyvesant his home on Manhattan, he petitioned York State Library and by theft, deter­ was able to build a defensive wall the king of England to allow Dutch ioration, and the use of partly filled north of the city (now known as Wall ships to continue trade with New York books for other purposes. Damage Street), strengthen Fort Amsterdam, so that the inhabitants of his former varies according to the record's shelf and organize a system of defense on colony would not be deprived of nec­ location at the time of the fire. "Coun­ Long Island to combat raiding parties essary goods from abroad. cil Minutes, 1660-1664" suffered the from Connecticut. His actions in coun­ Stuyvesant spent his remaining most severe damage with three cil portray an able leader holding years on his farm, or bouwerij, located inches burned from the top of each together a colony threatened from near St. Mark's Church in the Bowery. page. Recovery of such material is every direction, although his adminis­ In 1672, one year before New York possible only if the document was tration ended with the colony's loss to was recaptured by a Dutch fleet, with previously translated, recopied else­ England in 1664. as much ease as it had been lost nine where, or exists as an original in A fleet of warships funded by the years before, Stuyvesant died at the another repository. English king's brother, James, duke of age of sixty-two. For example, the documents in York and Albany, appeared off the tip The translation and publication of "Council Minutes, 1655-1656" were of Manhattan in 1664 with hostile the records of Petrus Stuyvesant's copied or engrossed in another record intentions during a period of peace. administration will not only illumi­ book. Fortunately, the pages do not Stuyvesant was resolved to defend the nate colonial history, but will also pro­ match up in the two copies, so that colony. However, seeing the hopeless­ vide resources for such fields as damaged areas on one page are often ness of the situation, he decided to anthropology, economics, criminal intact in the copy. It was the custom surrender rather than resist and justice, agricultural history, native of seventeenth-century Dutch secre­ thereby open New Amsterdam to loot­ American studies, African-American taries to extend each line to the ing by English settlers from Long history, and genealogy. paper's edge, leaving no margin on

30 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1993 the right side. During the fire some of the record books were damaged along this side, causing a loss of at least one word at the end of each line. Therefore, the location of related man­ uscripts is important in order to estab­ lish context and to assure that a missing word was not a negative or a significant modifier. The loss of entire record books, espe­ cially letterbooks, presents a more difficult problem. The Delaware Papers, 1648-1664 consist mainly of correspondence relating to the south­ ern region of New Netherland. Stuyvesant's letters were recorded in the letterbooks at New Amsterdam, and his originals were kept among records at Fort Casimier and Fort Altena (now New Castle and Wilm­ ington, Delaware). The letterbooks have been lost, creating a one-way correspondence with responses to unknown questions and questions with no responses. Volumes of corre­ spondence between Stuyvesant and the West India Company directors in Amsterdam, both the originals and letterbooks, were also lost. However, some of the West India Company papers kept at Amsterdam survived and were purchased at auction by repositories in this country. The surviving records of New Netherland at the New York State Archives represent the only copy of materials from this archive. Docu­ ments may still be in private hands; the letters that settlers in New Nether­ land wrote to their friends and rela­ tives in Europe may one day be located. This correspondence would reveal much about the social history of the colony that can only now be inferred from official records. Furthermore, with the awakening of interest in New Netherland, the work of the New Netherland Project will continue to broaden our knowledge of Dutch colonial history and the culture of an early pluralistic society. □

(Above) Passage describing sighting of white whale. From Antony de FLooges' Memorandum Book, 1647. Charles T. Gehring is director of the New Netherland Project at the New York State —Courtesy of the New York State Library Manuscripts and Special Collections Library in Albany.

Since 1979, the University of the State of (Left) A contemporary artist's conception of the 1647 incident. Pen and ink drawing by L. Tantillo. New York received a total of $516,841 from the Translations Program of the Division of Research Programs.

HUMANITIES 31 The Numbers Game: BY JEFFREY THOMAS Humanities Graduates Find It Tougher

OLLEGE GRADUATES with humanities and history degrees are not faring as well as their counterparts in other fields as they enter the labor force: They suffer from higher unemployment rates, they tend to earn less money, they are more C likely to be employed part-time, and their jobs are less likely to be related to their fields of study. These are among the findings of a U.S. Department of Education study on the status of 1989-90 bachelor's degree recipients one year after graduation. The data are from the Department's "Recent College Graduates" survey, which collects information about the occupational and educational outcomes of college graduates and then correlates this information with such variables as field of study, gender, and race.

Figure 1: Status of 1989-90 bachelor's degree recipients majoring in HUMANITIES: 1991

Percent of employed reporting Mean annual salary

Occupations of employed Job related to Job has career 4-yr degree All employed1 Employed (full and part time) 1 major field potential not required full time 37% 50% 72% $16,100 $17,700

■ Educators 86% 83% 18% $15, 000 $19,200 13% ■ ■ ■ ■ Writers/Artists 95% 83% 60% $17,700 $20,800

10% Sales Personnel 47% 64% 73% $14,700 $17,400 10% ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Service Personnel 19% 35% 91% $12,500 $13,400 8% mmamm Business/managers 48% 72% 49% $20,800 $21,700 5% ■ ■ ■ Communications 81% 84% 31% $19,000 $20,400 4% m m Technicians 66% 76% 50% $23,000 $23,900

4% ■ ■ Crafts/operators/laborers 29% 45% 87% $15,200 $16,900 3% ■ ■ Public affairs/social services 68% 86% 40% $16,800 $18,400

ALL HUMANITIES MAJORS 57% 66% 57% $16,600 $19,100

1 • Figure lists only occupations in which at least 3 percent of graduates were employed. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, • Includes both full-and part-time employed. 199 7 Recent College Graduates Survey. • NOTE: Details may not add to totals due to rounding.

Figure 2: Status of 1989-90 bachelor's degree recipients majoring in HISTORY: 1991

Percent of employed reporting Mean annual salary Occupations of employed Job related to Job has career 4-yr degree All employed2 Employed (full and part time)' major field potential not required full time

22% 43% 86% $15,500 $18,200

■ 1 Educators 71% 63% 13% $16,200 $18,600 13% m m m m m m m * Sales Personnel 24% 73% 67% $25,500 $26,700 9% ■ ■ ■ Service Personnel 6% 26% 100% $9,000 $13,800 8% m m m m m Business/managers 15% 92% 42% $28,400 $28,400 4% m m Public affairs/social service 64% 78% 60% $18,100 $20,900 4% m m Biological scientists -- 67% 100% $14,100 $18,700 4% m m Communications 40% 60% 40% $11,700 $14,600 4% m m Technicians 50% 51% 44% $20,100 $20,100 4% ■ ■ Crafts/operators/laborers ~ 51% 100% $18,200 $18,200 ALL HISTORY MAJORS 30% 60% 63% $18,400 $21,300

’• -- Less than .05 percent. • NOTE: Details may not add to totals due to rounding. 2« Figure lists only occupations in which at least 3 percent of graduates were employed. • SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education • Includes both full-and part-time employed. Statistics, 7997 Recent College Graduates Survey.

3 2 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1993 Below are some of the findings from this survey, with a • Of graduates who were employed, 60% of history majors and particular focus on humanities and history graduates. (For 66% of humanities majors said their jobs had career potential. this survey, "humanities" is defined to include foreign lan­ Percentages in other major fields ranged from 67% for biological guages, letters, philosophy, religion, theology, and visual sciences to 92% for health professions. and performing arts. "History" is counted separately in its • More than a third (35%) of graduates had enrolled in further educa­ own category.) tion in the year after their graduation. Half of history graduates and almost half of humanities graduates enrolled in further educa­ • One year after graduation, 85% of graduates were tion, among the highest rates of any major field. This finding may employed (74% full time and 11% part time), 4% were help explain these graduates' propensity for part-time employment looking for work, and 11 % were not in the labor force as well as their relatively high numbers in the "Not looking for because of school or other reasons. (Table 1) work" category. • The percentage of graduates looking for work ranged from • Among recent college graduates employed full time, the average 2% for those with majors in the health professions to 9% salary for women was 87% of the average for men. Ten years for history majors. Humanities graduates were more likely ago, the figure was 79%. In 1991, history was the only major field to be employed part-time than graduates in any other field. in which women's salaries exceeded those of men ($22,100 • More than three-fourths (76%) of graduates who were compared with $21,000). employed reported having jobs related to their major field • For both humanities majors and history majors, administrative of study. Among history majors, only 30% made such a support occupations accounted for the greatest number of claim, by far the lowest of any field. employed graduates (20% in humanities and 26% in history). • The average salary for full-time employed recipients of Educational occupations were second in popularity for graduates bachelor's degrees was $23,600. Average salaries were in both fields. (Figures 1 and 2) highest for majors in the health professions ($31,500) and engineering ($30,900) and lowest for majors in education Jeffrey Thomas is assistant director for Humanities Studies in the and the humanities ($19,100). Office o f Planning and Budget.

Table 1: Mean salaries, employment status, and job characteristics of 1989-90 bachelor's degree recipients 1 year after graduation, by major fields of study: 1991

Major fields of study Mean annual Full time Part time Job related Some career Four-year Total looking Not looking for salary of full time to field of potential degree not for work work employed study of job required for job Dollars All majors $23,600 74% 11% 76% 79% 44% 5% 11%

Professional fields 25,300 82 8 85 85 39 4 6 Business/management 24,700 83 6 81 83 47 6 5 Education 19,100 77 15 87 84 24 3 5 Engineering 30,900 85 3 89 90 19 4 8 Health professions 31,500 81 11 95 92 49 2 6 Public affairs/social services 20,800 77 11 71 71 52 5 7

Arts and Sciences fields 21,700 62 14 61 71 50 6 17 Biological sciences 21,100 51 12 73 67 42 5 32 Math, computer sciences, physical sciences 27,200 71 8 86 85 33 5 15 Social sciences 22,200 68 12 53 72 52 6 13 Humanities 19,100 59 19 57 66 57 6 15 Psychology 19,200 60 14 65 69 53 8 18 History 21,300 58 15 30 60 63 9 18

Other * 20,800 74 11 74 78 51 5 10

Includes agriculture and natural resources, architecture and environmental studies, library sciences, m ilitary sciences, m ulti/interdisciplinary studies, design, area studies and ethnic studies, communications, consumer/personal/ personal and social development, and trade and industrial. miscellaneous services, home economics, industrial arts, law, liberal/general Note: Data may not add to totals reported in figures due to rounding. Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 7 99 7 Recent College Graduate Survey.

HUMANITIES 33 Continued from page 8

More than three hundred full-text projects are under­ grips with the implications of electronic tools in their way in the United States, many of which focus on sin­ fields of research in a lively intellectual exchange. gle authors. Some of these author-related projects One of the most complex and encompassing projects concern the works of Middleton (Brandeis), Nietzsche within the humanities community at present is the Text (Stanford), Kierkegaard (Montreal), Dante (Dartmouth), Encoding Initiative (TEI). With its final document about and Shakespeare (Oregon). to be published, the TEI is an attempt to set interna­ Perhaps the most important feature of these and tional standards for encoding electronic text databases, similar databases is the ability to search large num­ a critical need in a world where a plethora of software, bers of texts swiftly in order to determine stylistic, hardware, and operating systems coexist, often incom­ semantic, or thematic patterns. Numerous anecdotes patibly. The TEI has received continuous support from are told concerning scholars who earned their doctor­ NEH, and was awarded at its inception the largest ates in classics fifteen years ago and now learn that grant of its kind in NEH history. Another initiative current candidates can search in half an hour, with involves scholarly training seminars sponsored by tools such as the TLG, a body of literature that they CETH. These summer workshops introduce to humanist took several months or even years to sift through scholars types of software tools, from word processing when writing their dissertations. Because dissertation- programs to text analysis software, in an attempt to level research assumes long periods of time for com­ show not only what is available, but how it can best be piling supporting materials, the new humanities tools applied to specific research projects. raise questions about the definition of graduate and The development of image databases in the U.S. and undergraduate education. What are the key distinc­ abroad are a recent application of computer technology. tions, if a year's worth of research can be collapsed Museums, art galleries, libraries, and art departments into a weekend's work? One result may be more time have begun digitizing their collections so that students for actual analysis or interpretation of materials; can study art images online. The images are more read­ another is that these tools allow certain projects to be ily available and the ability to break paintings into quad­ undertaken that could not be done before. rants and other sectional displays adds to the Among the more visible centers for humanities and understanding of the contextuality of an assembly of computing research are the Center for Computer Analy­ images within a painting or series of paintings. sis of Texts (CCAT) at Penn; the Center for Electronic Texts in the Humanities (CETH) at Rutgers-Princeton, CONTEMPORARY ISSOES AND CONUNDROMS which has been generously supported by NEH; the Cen­ The above overview suggests that new technologies have ter for Text and Technology at Georgetown; the new become integrated in substantive ways within traditional Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities at humanistic studies. Yet this is misleading; while any dis­ the University of Virginia; and the Centre of Computing cussion of computing in the humanities will point to the in the Humanities at Toronto. gains in computer use over the last decade, an important Standing conferences related to humanities comput­ distinction needs to be made between "passive" use of ing include the annual ACH-ALLC, which alternates technology and actual methodological transformation between the U.S. and Europe; Hypertext and Hyper­ brought about by computers. At present, computing media; the International Congress of Linguistics; as remains somewhat marginal to mainstream humanities. well as a number of "computers and" conferences, A few statistics may reveal why. Currently the MLA such as those for Values, Writing, Museum Informa­ has a paid membership of 31,765; the Association for tion, Learning, and Biblical Studies. For the past sev­ Computing in the Humanities has a steadily holding eral years, the Modern Language Association (MLA) membership of 250. At the MLA annual convention, has also incorporated a few sessions on humanities more than 500 sessions present an often dizzying array computing in its vast agenda. of historical periods, genres, critical theories, and spe­ Humanists also communicate extensively via com­ cialized studies. Of these, only a relative handful are puter bulletin boards. There are nearly sixty of them for devoted specifically to humanities computing. historians alone, including electronic discussion Reasons for this disproportionate representation are groups for Judaic studies, medieval Chinese history, sociological and methodological. There is little, if any, the history of law, eighteenth-century history and cul­ reward in the humanities for computer-assisted ture, the American West, military history, genealogy, research. Tenure is defined almost exclusively by the and archival studies. Thousands of bulletin boards and quality and number of printed books and articles, not for discussion groups provide avenues of communication new teaching software for involvement in computer among the humanities disciplines. The flagship of elec­ projects. The electronic journal Psycoloquy (to cite one tronic discussion groups is perhaps Humanist, begun example of the pressures of academic culture), has in the mid-1980s at the University of Toronto and now almost no contributions from untenured faculty because maintained at Brown. Archived discussions on of the uncertainty that an electronic publication carries Humanist portray a scholarly community coming to any value in a tenure decision. Computers are also

34 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1993 expensive and, until recently, were not available as a associate director of the ARTFL database at Chicago, gave matter of course to humanists. a paper entitled "Signs, Symbols, and Discourses: A New Computer programs and projects often entail collabora­ Direction for Computer-aided Literature Studies." The tive effort, and the traditionally individual nature of paper was noteworthy because it was an articulate cri­ humanities research is at odds with this appproach. tique of much of the way computers are used in the Unlike the sciences, where it is most common to see humanities (limiting computer text searches to single articles with three or even five authors, it is rare indeed works or single authors) by a key figure in the field. The to read an article with other than a single author in the response to Olsen's thesis was also noteworthy, generat­ humanities. The language used by some in humanities ing papers in support of and rebutting his premises. At computing can also jar the more traditional lexicon: "non- MLA 1992, there was an overflow crowd who came to lis­ parametric ergodic procedure" is representative of new ten to a selection of those responses. terminology distant from mainstream literary studies. A recent MLA poll found that over 80 percent of those in FUTURE DIRECTIONS the humanities use a computer for word processing, and It is easy to assume that as computer prices fall, soft­ many use electronic mail for communicating with col­ ware becomes easier to use, and a few tools such as the leagues. The application of computers in private research Dartmouth Dante Project, the TLG, or ARTFL gain accep­ other than for writing, and the use of computers in the tance as enhancements to scholarship, computing will classroom and computer assisted class assignments, on "evolve" along a natural path of integration in the humani­ the other hand, have a very low instance. This discrepancy ties. This is unlikely, given the paradigmatic changes that has given rise to discussions and even full conferences, would be necessary in regard to tenure, promotion, like the one in biblical studies scheduled for 1994 in Am­ undergraduate and graduate teaching, general informa­ sterdam, that confront the issue of "desk or discipline": Have computers simply automated desk activities such as tion access, new kinds of electronic multidisciplinarity writing, collation, and textual word searching, or has this and, by extension, the organization of departments and technology honestly made (or can it make) a methodologi­ programs in higher education. As Greg Cane, chief devel­ cal transformation in a discipline that reveals new and oper of Perseus, once noted, computers do make hard exciting things within a field of inquiry? tasks easier and, in some cases, they make them possi­ In the twenty-fifth anniversary issue of CHum (1991), ble. The complexity of methodological change requires Joseph Rabin, a founder of CHum and a veteran of nearly intensive discussion and evaluation. three decades of humanities computing, expressed some For the near future, humanities computing would benefit ideas concerning computer-based methodology in human­ from a number of new directions. One salient problem is istic fields, particularly in literary studies. Rabin noted that that too few humanists know of the many computational humanities computing would remain marginal until some tools that are available and in progress. Even fewer college application (for example, hypertext) offered new ways of and university administrators know about the develop­ thinking about literature. For now, the prominent literary ments in humanities computing and thereby lack the critics are involved in theoretical aspects of text that com­ knowledge to make informed choices about what projects puters are not built to emulate, and therefore their use ren­ to support or fund. The issue of lack of standards is being ders technology dependent humanities outside the addressed, but requires collaboration among scholars, prevailing intellectual current of the times. technicians, funding agencies, and computer corporations. This observation raises a related issue concerning the Of immediate value would be a forum or series of meet­ nature of computers. They are, as their name suggests, ings whereby representatives from humanities computing mainly computational machines that were developed projects, administrators, publishers, and similarly inter­ principally for numerical operations. Using them for text ested parties could assess the current state of humanities analysis is something far different from their originally computing and begin to plot a course to realize its conceived design and is a kind of overlay on the greatest potential. machine's primary function. The word search or even It may be that enriching humanities computing with strings-of-words search capability as well as linguistic more cross-disciplinary communication would enhance analyses possess an aspect of counting that may be the study of humanities at large. The computer would more correlated with the kind of literary studies of become an agent of change as a shared tool to explore decades past. Herein lies a paradox of humanities com­ some of the most interesting and poignant questions puting— the most sophisticated computational machines about what it means to be human and the life of the may only approximate an older, less currently favored, mind. Within the silent chambers of silicon and the scholarly approach. vibrant crystal displays may indeed lie the ghostlier As a sign of the vitality of humanities computing, these demarcations of a new humanism. □ problems are frequently being discussed. Taken together, two recent MLA conventions may serve as a case in point. At the 1991 meeting in San Francisco, Mark Olsen, Charles Henry is director of the libraries at Vassar College.

HUMANITIES 35 In Focus______Doran Ross African Affairs BY MARTIN L. DUNCAN

FRICAN ART is some of the "Travel becomes a very personal most sophisticated and intel­ thing of being invited into people's lectually engaging art on the homes and getting to know people planet/' declares Doran Ross, deputy that I've previously only worked with director and curator of African collec­ on a professional level," he says. "It is tions at UCLA's Fowler Museum of very gratifying when you can bring Cultural History. Through exhibitions books back to Ghana and have people at the Fowler Museum, Ross aims to look at the books and photographs refocus the public eye on Africa and to that were in the exhibition and get challenge popular myths and negative excited about this art being repre­ assumptions concerning African art sented in major museums in the and cultures. One such effort was the NEH- United States." Ross's interest in the field was funded exhibition "Elephant: The Ani­ It is this personal approach to his inspired by professors at California mal and its Ivory," which portrayed work, in addition to the interdiscipli­ State University-Fresno, especially the importance and use of the animal, nary approach of the Fowler Museum, Raphael X. Reicher. He received a including its role in religious beliefs. that distinguishes the work of Ross bachelor of arts degree in art history African thought and behavior, includ­ and his colleagues. Their exhibitions and one in psychology there and ing wonderful humor and wit, were use folklorists, theologians, linguists, earned a master of arts degree in art reflected in the art, says Ross. historians, archaeologists, anthropolo­ history at the University of California- The upcoming exhibition, "The gists, and art historians to explain the Santa Barbara. "Professors dealt with Sacred Arts of Vodou," has the similar value of each featured subject. Africa in vibrant and kinetic ways. goal of eradicating misunderstandings "I think that mix allows exhibitions They brought these art history tradi­ about what is commonly referred to to go off in multiple directions and not tions to life," he says. as "Voodoo." be merely a retail store of objects, but Ross became especially interested in "I think Vodou and its related reli­ rather a group of materials that inter­ Ghanaian art while working with gions have been misrepresented in the act with each other and with the pub­ Daniel Crowley at the University of Western press," says Ross about the lic," Ross says. "We hope there's going Califomia-Davis and while working on project, which is jointly funded by to be some sheer wonderment at an exhibition at Santa Barbara with NEH and the Rockefeller Foundation. objects that are very beautiful and Herbert Cole in 1977. After traveling to "Vodou combines African belief sys­ some puzzlement at objects that aren't Ghana three years in a row, "I was tems with Catholicism and has a strong easily understood." hooked," he says. "It's an intellectually mix of Masonic rituals as well. The As African art becomes more famil­ engaging body of material, because the three come together to produce some iar to Americans, Ross's greatest chal­ interaction of the verbal arts with the of the finest popular art in the world." lenge is to "get the word out, to get plastic arts in Ghana is so thorough." The exhibition provides an intro­ the object out, to get the ideas out, The rest, as they say, is art history. duction to Haitian history, including and to get the audience in." Getting As a scholar of African art and cul­ ethnic groups, slave routes, and maps, the word out comes down to present­ tures, Ross believes that African reli­ and an overview of Vodou celebra­ ing the art in a manner that clarifies gions suffer from misconceptions that tions and altar artifacts, such as sacred its importance. persist throughout the Western world. bottles, painted calabashes, cloth "We're addressing some of the most "They are still referred to by many figures, and veve, designs drawn in complex issues of today. We're not people—people who should know cornmeal on a temple floor. The instal­ dealing with 'political correctness' at better, in fact—with words like lation features forty-two ritual flags all," he asserts. "We're dealing with 'magic' and 'superstition.' And you that are linked to Kongo and Benin intellectual honesty, cultural accuracy, see 'witch doctor,' 'fetish,' and traditions in Africa, and a recreated and issues of representation that are 'Voodoo' recurring in the literature," hounfor, or temple. more important than some of these he says. "It's part of a whole series of Bringing these exhibitions to a catch phrases." stereotypes about Africa that I think wider audience has meant traveling He hopes that his work will con­ are not just unfortunate, but rooted in throughout much of Africa, Bahia in tinue to bring African art alive and ignorance," he maintains. "The Fowler Brazil, and Haiti. Regardless of the shed light on its enduring beauty. □ Museum has an ongoing interest— location of his fieldwork, Ross finds regardless of the topic we choose to that the fascinating people he meets Martin Duncan is a 1993 NEH fellow in the tackle—in encouraging people to along the way are the most rewarding Office of Publications and Public Affairs. think differently." aspect of travel.

36 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1993 Enduring Pathways The Arizona State Museum is celebrat­ ing its one-hundredth anniversary with a tribute to indigenous peoples. "Paths of Life: Native Peoples of the Southwest" is the most ambitious pub­ lic exhibition ever undertaken by the museum. Consisting of ten sections dealing with the Seri, Tarahumara, Yaqui, O'odham, Colorado River Yumans, Southern Paiute, Pai, Western Apache, Navajo, and Hopi, the exhibi­ tion emphasizes the cultural diversity of the region and the interaction between different cultural groups on values, lifestyles, attitudes, and beliefs. Representing a break with the tradi­ tional mode of ethnographic exhibi­ tions, the museum presents native American cultures as entities with a Art of the Gandolfi," which features Republics, Germany, and other former past, present, and future. more than one hundred paintings and Eastern Bloc countries will research "Others tend to take various groups drawings by the Gandolfi family. the impact of Shakespeare's works and define them in anthropological Because the family was commis­ on the Communist movement. Results terms, treating them more like subjects sioned mostly by wealthy Bolognese of the research will culminate in a than cultures," says Russell Varineau, religious and civic patrons, their sub­ major conference at the Folger Library curator of exhibits. "We don't want jects are mythological and religious. in Washington, D.C., and in a two- our visitors to think of them as frozen Internationally known experts on Ital­ volume study. in time, but rather to know that they ian baroque art will give lectures open The appeal of Shakespeare to Com­ are viable cultures that are alive and to the general public, as well as con­ munist orthodoxy, according to pro­ well and continue to function today." duct workshops for art teachers and fessor of English Literature Joseph For each group, a specific theme is professors who are encouraged to Price at Penn State University, was his traced through three periods—origins, integrate the exhibition's contents into "realist" and "humanistic" art. Maxim history, and life today. Water, for their teaching curriculums. Gorky, a Soviet spokesman for the example, played and continues to play The Arts Center is the only American theatre, extolled the virtues of Shake­ an important role in shaping the cul­ museum that will show the exhibition. speare's humble origins. He called ture of the Tohono O'odham/Akimel Shakespeare a "simple actor," but O'odham (Pima) grouping. therefore a teacher who led the Soviet Renaissance Communism The first seven sections of the exhibi­ people to portray onstage "a real, his­ tion will open in November, and the When contemplating the great expo­ torical figure." final three—Apache, Navajo, and Hopi, nents of Shakespeare, the leaders of Shakespearean texts were not only will be completed in the next year. the Communist movement do not translated as paradigms for Soviet readily come to mind. history plays, but were interpreted by In reality, however, such spokesmen party ideologists and distilled for the All in the Family as Marx, Lenin, and Engels all urged masses. Shakespeare, says Price, was In late eighteenth-century Bologna, their followers to "look back to Shake­ seen as the prophet of a socialist utopia. Ubaldo Gandolfi and his brother speare," viewing the Renaissance play­ "In the final decade of this century, Gaetano, together with Gaetano's son wright as a precursor and cultural scholars will study the rise and fall of Mauro, produced a staggering body of foundation for the Soviet revolution. Communism," says Price. From a baroque artwork. As a result, the works of Shakespeare western humanistic perspective, "a Through November 28, the Arkansas were translated into every language of phenomenon of that rise and fall is Arts Center in Little Rock unveils the the Communist world. the adaptation and reconstruction of artistic, cultural and historic value of With an Interpretive Research grant the works of Shakespeare to advance their artistry with a series of lectures from NEH, five American scholars and reinforce Marxist concepts of and seminars for "Bella Pittura: The and six scholars from the Soviet proletarian rule.

HUMANITIES 37 Calendar NOVEMBER ♦ DECEMBER by amy lifson

"The Art of Early Medieval Spain: 500-1200 A.D." opens November 15 at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. The exhibition covers four periods—Visigothic, Islamic, Mozarabic-Asturian, and Romanesque—and runs through March 13,1994.

"Visions of the Dharma: Japanese Buddhist Paintings and Prints in the Honolulu Academy of Arts," traces the evolution of Japanese Buddhist belief and law from the twelfth through the nineteenth century. At the University Art Museum/Pacific Film Archive in Berkeley, California, through January 2,1994.

"African Zion: The Sacred Art of Ethiopia" continues at the Walters Art Gallery in Baltimore through January 9, Five years in the making, "Africa" opens at the Field Museum in 1994, with works of ancient and Chicago on November 13. This 15,000-square foot exhibition contains medieval Ethiopian religious art seen 350 artifacts from the museum's 16,500-piece collection, and presents for the first time in the United States. a comprehensive view of Africa's past and present.

38 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1993 ENDOWMENT EXHIBITIONS

This photo of the Viking Ship Anno in Worcester's Midsummer Festival Parade in 1912 is part of "ga till Amerika: The Swedes in Worcester, 1868-1993," at the Worcester Historical Museum in Massachusetts through March 1994. The exhibition documents the Swedish immigration to Worcester and its influence on the city that once had the largest Swedish population east of Chicago.

The reinstalled Egyptian Collection of the Brook­ lyn Museum opens December 3 in the renovated west wing. "Temples, Tombs, and the Egyptian Universe" features objects relating to religious practices of ancient Egypt, including a stat­ uette of King Pepy I and the God Horns.

Salt workers of 1886 pose in the shed in a photograph from "Industry and Community," covering two centuries of industry's influence in New York State. The exhibition opens in December at the Tioga County Historical Society in Owego, New York. RECENT NEH GRANTS BY DISCIPLINE

program booklet, and radio rebroadcasts on Johann Sebastian Bach, 1685-1750. GP Brooklyn Philharmonic Orchestra, NY; Archaeology Some of the items in this list are offers, Harvey Lichtenstein: $143,420. Lectures, not final awards. Grant amounts in each symposia, publications, and other programs & Anthropology listing are designated as FM (Federal on Dvorak and Stravinsky, in conjunction Match) and OR (Outright Funds). with performances of relevant works. GP Film Arts Foundation, San Francisco, CA; Division and program are designated Gail K. Evenari: $698,000. Production of a by the two-letter code at the end of Concert Society at Maryland, College documentary film on Polynesian exploration each listing. Park; Jeffrey C. Mumford: $55,457 OR; and settlement, revealed through the con­ $13,000 FM. Seminars on music history, struction and sailing of Hawai'i Loa, a replica theory, and criticism, to be held in conjunc­ Division of Education Programs of an ancient Polynesian voyaging canoe. tion with a series of early music, contempo­ EH Higher Education in the GN rary, and world music performances. GP Humanities IMAGE Film/Video Center, Atlanta, GA; ES Elementary and Secondary FilmAmerica, Inc., East Hampton, NY; Tom Davenport: $344,913. Production of a Education in the Humanities John L. Huszar: $75,000. Scripting of a film adaptation of the Appalachian folk vari­ ten-hour documentary film series on the ant of the Snow White story, for children Division of Public Programs history of music in Europe and America in eight years of age and older. GN GN Humanities Projects in Media the 20th century. GN GM Humanities Projects in Museums U. of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Sharon C. Her­ and Historical Organizations Historical Keyboard Society of Wiscon­ bert: $24,000. A three-day conference to GP Public Humanities Projects sin, Milwaukee; Joan Parsley: $69,875. explore the relationships between Greek cul­ GL Humanities Programs in Seminars, a reading program, publications, ture and Near Eastern societies during the Libraries and Archives and an exhibition on European music, ca. four centuries after the conquest of Alexan­ 1580-1850. GP der the Great, 300 B.C. to A.D. 100. RX Division of Research Programs RO Interpretive Research Projects Institute for Historical Study, Berkeley, U. of Texas at Austin; Theresa J. May: RX Conferences CA; Georgia S. Wright: $103,688. Develop­ $7,000. Publication of an ethnographic nar­ RH Humanities, Science, and ment of a 45-minute video and curriculum rative history of the Kalapalo Indians of Technology guide on three medieval cathedrals. EH Brazil. RP RP Publication Subvention James Madison U., Harrisonburg, VA; RA Centers for Advanced Study Ralph A. Cohen: $189,000 OR; $5,000 FM. U. of Texas at Austin; Theresa J. May: Rl International Research A six-week summer institute in 1995 for $7,000. Publication of an anthropological RT Tools study of lineage as an organizing principle RE Editions 24 college and university faculty members within both the elite and nonelite segments RL Translations on the performance conditions under which of Mayan society. RP RK Archaeological Projects Shakespeare worked. EH U. of Utah, Salt Lake City; Nana L. Ander­ Stanford U., CA; Norris Pope: $7,000. The Division of Preservation and Access son: $7,000. Publication of an analysis of publication of a study of the concept of PS Preservation monumentality in Chinese art and architec­ biological and cultural data on the mortuary PS U.S. Newspaper Program ture from ca. 1500 B.C. to A.D. 500. RP remains at Teotihuacan, Mexico. RP PH National Heritage Preservation U. of Wisconsin, Madison; Jack Kugel- Program Toledo Museum of Art, OH; Joyce E. Smar: mass: $165,617. A five-week summer insti­ $24,245. A symposium and related programs tute for 25 college and university faculty Office of Challenge Grants to illuminate the world of African-American CE Education Programs members on folk narratives and how they dance. GP CP Public Programs are interpreted by folklorists, anthropolo­ CR Research Programs U. of California Press, Oakland; Lynne E. gists, historians, and scholars of compara­ Withey: $7,000. Publication of a study of tive literature. EH the life and career of the American film producer, Walter Wanger. RP U. of California Press, Oakland; Lynne E. Withey: $7,000. Publication of a cross- American Conservatory Theater, San cultural study of the 16th-century Venetian Arts—History & Criticism Francisco, CA; Kathleen Dimmick: $74,379. madrigal. RP Symposia and publications to place in con­ U. of Chicago, IL; Karen G. Wilson: $7,000. text the plays produced during a season at a 92nd Street YM-YWHA, NYC; Omus L Publication of a work that traces the influ­ regional theater. GP Hirshbein: $76,700 OR; $11,000 FM. A ence of Pliny’s country villas on architects symposium, a publication, an exhibition, lec­ Bach Aria Group Association, Inc., Stony and aestheticians from the classical era tures, and discussions on the life and works Brook, NY; Carol K. Baron: $103,640. A through the Renaissance to the present of Franz Schubert. GP series of panel discussions, an exhibition, a day. RP

40 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1993 U. of Massachusetts, Boston; Paul M. history teachers in northern New Mexico on Society of Jesus in the Portuguese empire Wright: $7,000. Publication of volume one in Islamic civilization. ES and in Japan, China, India, Indonesia, and a two-volume study of how the life and Ethiopia. RP California State U., Long Beach Founda­ milieu of the Boston neo-Gothic architect, tion; Donald R. Schwartz: $163,204. A four- Temple U., Philadelphia, PA; Howard Ralph Adams Cram, shaped his art. RP week national institute on the history and Spodek: $215,863. A two-year project to U. of Michigan, Ann Arbor; James A. literature of East Central Europe for 30 high strengthen the teaching of world history at Standifer: $95,000. A feature-length docu­ school history and literature teachers. ES selected colleges and universities in the mentary film about the history of George Philadelphia area in cooperation with the Cornell U., Ithaca, NY; Kathleen A. Kearns: Gershwin’s opera, Porgy and Bess. GN city school district. EH $7,000. Publication of a study of the political U. of Wisconsin, Madison; Rosalie history of Bali from the imposition of Dutch U. of Arkansas, Monticello; Richard A. Robertson: $7,000. The publication of a colonial rule at the turn of the century to the Corby: $176,000. A four-week summer comprehensive illustrated survey of the military coup of 1965-66. RP institute on the history of Islam in West history of the print in the Western world from Africa for 30 secondary school history and Harvard U., Cambridge, MA; George G. 1400 through the 1970s. RP social studies teachers from ten states in Grabowicz: $7,000. Publication of a bio­ the Mississippi Valley. ES Westfield Center for Early Keyboard graphy of Meletij Smotryc’kyj, an important Studies, Easthampton, MA; Lynn Edwards: figure in the Orthodox spiritual renaissance U. of California, Los Angeles; Gail D. $31,635. Planning for public programs on of early modern Ukraine. RP Lenhoff: $41,304. A conference on the the history of the organ and its place in culturally diverse populations of the medi­ John Carter Brown Library, Providence, American life. GP eval Muscovite state during its formative Rl; Norman Fiering: $54,000. Three fellow­ stages. RX Yale U., New Haven, CT; Philip J. Jacks: ships in the humanities. RA $20,530. An international conference on U. of Chicago, IL; Douglas C. Mitchell: Marquette U., Milwaukee, Wl; Lance R. the life and influence of Giorgio Vasari, $7,000. Publication of a translation from the Grahn: $27,856. A masterwork study project 1524-74, a leading biographer and historian French of The History and Power of Writing for 15 secondary school humanities teach­ of Renaissance art and the author of The by Henri-Jean Martin. RP Lives of the Artists. RX ers from Milwaukee on Latin American and Caribbean history and literature. ES U. of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill; Yale U. Press, New Haven, CT; Harry O. Lewis A. Bateman: $7,000. The publication National Italian-American Foundation, Haskell: $7,000. Publication of a critical of a new interpretation of the history of Washington, DC; Maria Lombardo: study of the use of “borrowing” in the music inheritance among the English gentry and $167,160. Lectures, reading and discussion of American composer Charles Ives. RP aristocracy from 1300 to 1800. RP programs, and film presentations focusing Yale U. Press, New Haven, CT; Judy on resistance to the Holocaust in Italy and U. of Notre Dame, IN; Mark D. Meyerson: Metro: $7,000. Publication of a comprehen­ southern Europe. GP $25,060. A conference exploring social sive account of the professionalization and interactions among Muslims, Jews, and Northeastern U., Boston, MA; Patrick commercialization of photography in Paris Christians in Spain from the beginning of Manning: $130,000 OR; $3,000 FM. A from 1848 to 1870. RP Muslim rule until after the extension of regional collaboration among seven insti­ Christian rule to the Iberian peninsula in tutions in the Boston area to strengthen 1492. RX world history courses in the undergraduate curriculum. EH U. of Oregon, Eugene; David J. Curland: $141,500. A four-week national institute for Northern Illinois U., De Kalb; Mary L. 30 secondary school Spanish teachers Lincoln: $7,000. Publication of a complete Classics on the literature and history of modern annotated translation of the personal Mexico. EF College of Notre Dame of Maryland, correspondence of Niccolo Machiavelli. RP Yale U. Press, New Haven, CT; Judith A. Baltimore; Therese M. Dougherty: $107,721. Princeton U. Press, NJ; Margaret H. Case: Calvert: $7,000. The publication of a volume A four-week summer institute on topics in $7,000. Publication of an interpretation of of documentary appendixes, reference classical scholarship and related Latin texts the two-year correspondence between materials, and an index for three previously for 24 high school Latin teachers from the Florentine diplomat Francesco Vettori and published volumes of proceedings of the mid-Atlantic region. ES Niccolo Machiavelli when Machiavelli was English Parliament of 1626. RP Emory U., Atlanta, GA; Christine G. Perkell: writing The Prince. RP $190,000. A six-week institute for 25 col­ SUNY Research Foundation /Binghamton, lege teachers on Virgil's Aeneid, its influ­ NY; Mario A. DiCesare: $7,000. Publication ence, and contemporary approaches to of the third volume in a catalogue of 15th- the text. EH century books printed in Italy which are in U. of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor; Ellen the collections of the Harvard University History—U.S. A. Bauerle: $7,000. The publication of a Library. RP historical study based on archaeological and SUNY Research Foundation /Binghamton, American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, literary sources of the water supply system NY; Mario A. DiCesare: $7,000. Publication MA; John B. Hench: $67,745. Two fellow­ for the city of Rome built over a five- of a critical edition of the most important ships in the humanities. RA hundred-year period. RP work of Filippo Beroaldo the Elder, a 15th- Bay Area Video Coalition, San Francisco, century humanist. RP CA; Domenic J. Stansberry: $20,000. Plan­ SUNY Research Foundation/Binghamton, ning for a 60-minute television documentary NY; Mario A. DiCesare: $7,000. Publication to explore the history of the Italian commu­ of volume 3 in a series of catalogues of nity in the North Beach neighborhood of private book collections in Tudor and Stuart San Francisco. GN History—Non-U.S. England. RP Delaware County Community College, AWAIR:, Berkeley, CA; Audrey M. Shabbas: Stanford U., CA; Norris Pope: $7,000. Media, PA; Sharon A. Smith: $89,329. Con­ $128,000. A national four-week summer Publication of the first volume in a two- ferences, lectures, tours, workshops, an institute to be held for 30 secondary school volume study that will trace the history of the exhibition, and a publication on the develop­

HUMANITIES 41 ment of manufacturing in Philadelphia from programs about African-American inventor the colonial period to 1876. GP Lewis Latimer, 1848-1928. GL Filmmakers Collaborative, Boston, MA; Social Science Education Consortium, Paul J. Stekler: $72,992. Research and Boulder, CO; James Giese: $174,000. A Interdisciplinary scripting for a 90-minute documentary four-week summer institute on the American film about the Alabama politician George West for 30 secondary school teachers of American Asian Cultural Exchange, NYC; Wallace. GN American history and literature from the Shirley Sun: $75,000 OR; $100,000 FM. A western region of the United States. ES one-year project to develop a video series GWETA, Inc., Washington, DC; Tamara E. for use in undergraduate courses on the Robinson: $140,000. Scripting of a three- Southern Regional Council, Inc., Atlanta, Chinese language and culture. EH hour documentary film series about the GA; Stephen T. Suitts: $80,000. Production interstate highway system: how it trans­ American Institute of Indian Studies, of six programs, as part of a documentary formed the landscape, and its effect upon Chicago, IL; Joseph W. Elder: $51,000. Five series for radio, of 27 half-hour programs, people and communities. GN to eight fellowships in the humanities. RA on the history of the civil rights movement in GWETA, Inc., Washington, DC; Tamara E. five southern cities, 1940-68. GN American Library Association, Chicago, Robinson: $650,000 OR; $105,000 FM. IL; Deb A. Robertson: $435,000 OR; Production of a 90-minute documentary film Stone Lantern Films, Inc., Washington, $25,000 FM. A traveling exhibition with cata­ on the life and times of Asa Philip Randolph, DC; Sarah Mondale: $20,000. Planning for logue, reading and discussion unit, video­ 1889-1979. GN a four-part documentary television series tape, curriculum guide, and site personnel on the role of public schools in American training on the evolution of the Arthurian George Washington U., Washington, DC; society over the last 150 years. GN legend in literature, history, and the arts. GL Maurice A. East: $192,896. a four-week national summer institute for 30 social stud­ Twin Cities Public Television, Inc., St. Appalshop, Inc., Whitesburg, KY; Herby E. Smith: $37,200. Post-production of a ies teachers on the role of the United States Paul, MN; Catherine M. Allan: $602,000 60-minute film on the interplay between in post-1945 world affairs. ES OR; $150,000 FM. Production of a one-hour culture and the economy in Appalachia. GN pilot program for a seven-part documentary Inland Empire Educational Foundation, television series about the establishment of Atlanta Historical Society, GA; Rick Beard; San Bernardino, CA; Mary H. Curtin; the American Republic. GN $35,885. Planning for multi-institutional $201,564. A conference, chautauqua pre­ collaborative programs on the ideas of sentations, reading and discussion pro­ U. of California Press, Oakland; Lynne E. Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington, grams, and the production of a reader Withey: $7,000. Publication of volume two and W. E. B. DuBois. GP focusing on Alexis de Tocqueville and the of the papers of Martin Luther King, Jr. RP meaning of democracy in America. GP Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA; Richard U. of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill; Cobb-Stevens: $90,000. A two-year project Johns Hopkins U., Baltimore, MD; Robert Lewis A. Bateman: $7,000. Publication of for 18 faculty members from eight disci­ J. Brugger: $7,000. Publication of a study a history of the Cherokee nation from its plines, who will develop four core courses to of politics in colonial New York and Penn­ westward removal to the end of its sover­ integrate themes from the humanities and sylvania. RP eign status. RP sciences. EW National Humanities Center, Research CUNY Research Foundation/Bernard U. of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, Triangle Park, NC; Richard R. Schramm: Baruch College, NYC; Norman Fainstein: Lewis A. Bateman: $7,000. Publication of a $96,248 OR; $20,600 FM. A three-week $235,000. A three-year faculty study and national institute on religion in America for historical study of the relationship between curriculum development project on Darwin 20 secondary school history teachers. ES the state and the labor movement in Amer­ and Darwinism to encourage coherence in ica since the 1870s. RP the curriculum and intellectual community New Orleans Video Access Center, LA; among the faculty. EW Anne O. Craig: $20,000. Planning for a U. of Pittsburgh, PA; Catherine Marshall: 60-minute documentary film about the rise $7,000. Publication of a volume of the Cambridge U. Press, NYC; Alex Holzman: and fall of America s only legal red-light papers of Robert Morris, United States $7,000. The publication of a book on district in turn-of-the-century New Orleans, superintendent of finance, 1781-84. RP scholastic cosmology during the Middle 1898-1917. GN Ages and the Renaissance. RP U. of Wisconsin Centers, Madison; James Newberry Library, Chicago, IL; James R. J. Lorence: $20,323. A masterwork study Colorado State U., Fort Collins; Bruce A. Grossman: $187,000 OR; $25,000 FM. An project on the use of literature and film in the Ronda: $107,574. A two-year project to develop an American Studies major by exhibition with catalogue, lectures, curricular interpretation of U.S. history for 15 high offering two faculty workshops, released materials, and teacher workshops on how school history teachers from Wisconsin. ES the imagery and myths of the frontier have time for the design of seminar courses, and visits by four consulting scholars. EH influenced national identity and popular cul­ Vermont Library Association, Burlington; ture in the United States. GL Nicholas Boke: $18,000. A masterwork Community College Humanities Asso­ study project for 15 elementary and secon­ ciation, Philadelphia, PA; Robert Badra: Oregon Public Broadcasting, Portland; dary school humanities teachers in southern $140,350. A four-week national institute to Thomas A. Lucas: $20,000. To support Vermont on the role of egalitarianism in engage 25 two-year and four-year college planning of a four-hour documentary film democracy as expressed by prominent faculty members in an interdisciplinary study series about the history of commercial 18th- and 19th-century Americans. ES of technology in American society. EH advertising in America. GN WGBH Educational Foundation, Boston, Community College of Philadelphia, PA; QEO Communications, Inc., Pittsburgh, David C. Prejsnar: $64,630. A one-year PA; Gregory P. Andorfer: $20,000. Planning MA; Peter S. McGhee: $375,000. Partial production of the second two-hour television project for 18 faculty members to study for a series of documentary films on the medieval Japan in a spring lecture series, program in a six-hour documentary series economic development and industrial Western and Japanese conceptions of the growth of America that will emphasize the on the role of Africans and African Ameri­ self in a summer seminar, and Latin Ameri­ 19th and 20th centuries. GN cans in the development of the nation from can culture in a fall lecture series. EH 1619 to the Civil War. GN Queens Borough Public Library, Jamaica, Cornell U., Ithaca, NY; Sheila S. Jasanoff: NY; Constance B. Cooke: $145,000 OR; Yale U. Press, New Haven, CT; Judith A. $136,500. A three-year project to develop $45,000 FM. An exhibition with catalogue, Calvert: $7,000. Publication of a volume of curriculum for a new major in Science symposium, curriculum guide, and school the papers of Benjamin Franklin. RP and Technology studies that will incorpo­

42 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1993 rate humanities perspectives and method­ one in a three-volume English-language edi­ science and the humanities for elementary ologies. EW tion of Albertus Magnus’s De Animalibus. RP education majors. EW Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH; Ronald LeMoyne-Owen College, Memphis, TN; Texas Southern U., Houston; Betty E. M. Green: $95,000. A three-year project con­ Barbara S. Frankie: $57,966. A six-week Taylor-Thompson: $29,192. A masterwork sisting of a multidisciplinary team of faculty seminar for 11 faculty members who will study project on African-American auto­ members who will develop a two-course study and evaluate primary humanities texts biographies for 20 high school teachers sequence on the science, technology, and for inclusion in interdisciplinary courses in a from the Houston metropolitan area. ES ethics of assisted reproduction. EW required core curriculum. EH Thiel College, Greenville, PA; Guru Rattan Eastern Kentucky U., Richmond; Bonnie Long Wharf Theatre, New Haven, CT; K. Khalsa: $135,000. A three-year project to J. Gray: $178,200. The design and imple­ James D. Luse: $85,527. Publications that develop and implement a two-semester mentation of two honors natural science examine the historical, cultural, and literary interdisciplinary required core course, seminars and the modification of existing contexts for plays produced at a regional Global Heritage, complementing the existing humanities and social science core courses theater. GP core course, Western Heritage. EW over the next two- and a-half-years. EW Louisiana State U., Baton Rouge; Leslie E. Trenton State College, NJ; Morton E. Elon College, NC; Jean D. Schwind: Phillabaum: $7,000. Publication of a study Winston: $55,382. A one-year development $70,170. Seminars in interdisciplinary stud­ of the life and work of Nella Larson, a writer project for faculty members to implement a ies for 25 faculty members who are prepar­ of the Harlem Renaissance. RP one-semester course, Society, Ethics, and ing to develop a curriculum. EH Technology, to complete an interdisciplinary Madonna U., Livonia, Ml; Richard A. Sax: core curriculum. EW Eugene School District 4J, OR; Darby $180,000. Collaboration for two years Giannone: $300,000 OR; $60,000 FM. A between education faculty members and Universidad Metropolitana, Rio Piedras, three-year project to develop as a national master teachers to strengthen the role of the PR; Mercedes V. Casablanca: $28,544. A planning project for revising introductory model a curriculum, teaching materials, humanities in K-12 teacher preparation. EH humanities courses and initiating faculty assessment methods, and staff activities to Massachusetts Institute of Technology, development of a multicultural humanities expand a K-12 immersion program in the Cambridge; Shigeru Miyagawa: $100,000 emphasis for disadvantaged students. EH Japanese language and culture. EF OR; $50,000 FM. A project for the produc­ U. of Chicago, IL; Susan E. Abrams: Film Arts Foundation, San Francisco, CA; tion of an interactive video for intermediate $7,000. Publication of a study of early Loni Ding: $693,000. Production of a 90- instruction in the Japanese language and modern science and the ways its content minute television program on the early culture. EF and conduct were inseparable. RP history of the Chinese in America, a pilot for New York Center for Visual History, an eight-part series on the Asian American NYC; Lawrence Pitkethly: $200,000. Pro­ U. of Georgia, Athens; Nancy G. Holmes: experience. GN duction of a 60-minute documentary film on $7,000. Publication of a study of compan­ ionate relationships among 18th-century Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, the life and work of the Nobel Prize-winning poet, Derek Walcott. GN upper- and middle-class women in England, PA; Edward S. Reed: $62,837. A two-year based on primary sources and fictional project that will enable faculty members to Newberry Library, Chicago, IL; Richard H. narratives. RP assess curricula and revise courses for a Brown: $110,950 OR; $35,000 FM. Six to U. of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu; Eliot new interdisciplinary major on the nature seven fellowships in the humanities. RA of mind. EW Deutsch: $200,000. A five-week summer Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA; institute on South Asian culture and civiliza­ Henry Ford Community College, Dear­ Elizabeth Braker: $73,000. A 14-month pro­ tion for 26 college and university faculty born, Ml; Richard E. Bailey: $78,625. A ject for designing a multidisciplinary course members. EH four-week faculty study seminar to exam­ on issues critical to the U.S. Mexico border, U. of Illinois, Urbana; Richard L. Went­ ine the interdependence of work and com­ emphasizing the southern California and worth: $7,000. Publication of a study of the munity in the Japanese and American northern California Baja region. EW cultures, with attention to Japanese Confu­ life and work of the American novelist and cianism and the Protestant work ethic in Rutgers U., New Brunswick, NJ; John W. editor, Jack Conroy. RP the United States. EH Chambers II: $201,100. A series of sympo­ U. of Kansas, Lawrence; George Woodyard: sia to investigate the social and cultural $45,346. A one-year project to teach history, Hollins College, Roanoke, VA; Allie M. dimensions of human conflict and its politics, and culture in Spanish as part of a Frazier: $63,574. A project with teams of resolution. GP new foreign language curriculum. EF four faculty members each who will conduct six-week workshops in the next two sum­ SUNY Research Foundation/College at U. of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Edna A. Coffin: mers to develop seminars for an elective Potsdam, NY; John T. Omohundro: $150,000 OR; $67,000 FM. A materials program in environmental studies. EW $109,565. A one-year project for a multi­ development project that will allow students disciplinary faculty team to develop and pilot to explore a video essay on the history of Holyoke Community College, MA; David a semester-long environmental studies the Spanish-speaking people, narrated in Ram: $106,954. A three-year project for program on the Adirondacks for first and Spanish. EH 15 faculty members who will implement second-year students. EW five general education learning communities U. of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Donald S. linking courses in humanities, social School of American Research, Santa Lopez: $170,000. A five-week summer insti­ sciences, and natural sciences and develop Fe, NM; Douglas W. Schwartz: $94,340 tute for 25 college and university faculty new interdisciplinary courses. EW OR; $50,000 FM. Six fellowships in the members on the role of art, architecture, and humanities. RA ritual in the Manchu Qing dynasty of 18th- Iowa State U., Ames; Alan I. Marcus: century China. EH $158,761. A summer institute for 25 college Southern Connecticut Library Council, and university faculty members who will Hamden; Kathleen J. Oser: $180,000. U. of Missouri, Columbia; Jane H. Lago: examine the relationships among science, Reading and discussion groups, orientation $7,000. Publication of an illustrated study technology, and American culture. EH workshops, and handbooks about issues that shows the growth and development of affecting the history, international relations, Mississippi River towns through maps, Johns Hopkins U., Baltimore, MD; Robert and public policy of the United States. GL prints, and photographs. RP J. Brugger: $7,000. Publication of a volume of the papers of Thomas A. Edison. RP Susquehanna U., Selinsgrove, PA; Patricia U. of Oklahoma, Norman; Gregg A. Mitman: A. Nelson: $42,644. A two-year project for $157,000. A three-year project to develop Johns Hopkins U., Baltimore, MD; Robert faculty in the humanities and the sciences to and implement courses for a minor and a J. Brugger: $7,000. Publication of volume develop and pilot an integrated course in potential major on the historical, philosophi-

HUMANITIES 43 cal, political, and scientific aspects of envi­ Bryn Mawr College, PA; Elizabeth C. Allen: ronmental issues. EW $71,000. A two-year project to develop, test, and disseminate materials and syllabi for U. of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA; Terry A. teaching upper-level Russian. EF Cooney: $143,915. Six summer seminars Literature for faculty members to create a series of College Board, NYC; Gretchen W. Rigol: interdisciplinary courses for the university’s $42,000. Dissemination of information on Cambridge U. Press, NYC; Janet Polata: core curriculum. EW the College Board’s Japanese achieve­ $7,000. Publication of a study of Spanish ment test to college personnel and the theater as it reflected and influenced life in U. of South Carolina, Columbia; Davis W. distribution of additional copies of the Jap­ 19th-century Spain. RP Baird: $40,000. A conference on the scien­ anese curricular framework to secondary Columbia U. Press, NYC; Jennifer Crewe: tific and philosophical work of the physicist school educators. EF Heinrich Hertz, 1857-94, and its impact on $7,000. Publication of the tenth, and final, subsequent developments in physics and ETV Endowment of South Carolina, volume in an edition of the letters of Ralph the philosophy of science. RX Columbia; Ned Schnurman: $20,000. Plan­ Waldo Emerson. RP ning a 90-minute documentary film on the Eastern Montana College, Billings; Melissa U. of Texas at Austin; Frankie W. West­ life of Walter Winchell, 1897-1972. GN brook: $7,000. Publication of a study of the J. Rickey: $36,990. A masterwork study project on native American literature for 15 influence of native American art and culture Montgomery County Public Schools, elementary and secondary school humani­ on the avant-garde art movement in New Rockville, MD; Myriam Met: $256,000. A ties teachers and librarians from Billings, York from 1910 to 1950. RP two-year special project on Francophone African cultures for 30 middle and high Montana. ES Vermont Library Association, Burlington; school teachers of French from metropolitan Espritruth Films, Inc., Potomac, MD; Sally Anderson: $130,000 OR; $15,000 FM. Washington, D.C. EF Sandra W. Bradley: $50,000. Scripting one Library reading and discussion programs program in a three-hour documentary film Ohio State U. Research Foundation, based on children’s literature for adult new on the life of Samuel Clemens and his liter­ Columbus; Frederic J. Cadora: $500,000 readers in Vermont and New Hampshire. GL ary persona, Mark Twain, 1835-1910. GN OR; $150,000 FM. A three-year national Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State project will include a five-week institute each Florida Historical Society, Tampa; Kristy U., Blacksburg; Doris T. Zallen: $160,503. summer on the Arabic language and culture M. Andersen: $20,000. Planning a one-hour Forums and community discussions and for high school teachers of social studies documentary film, with some dramatic re­ the production of videotapes that focus on and languages in Columbus, Ohio, and at enactments, on the life and works of Zora ethical issues in modern medicine and Amman, Jordan. EF Neale Hurston, 1891-1960. GN technology. GP Pacific Lutheran U., Tacoma, WA; Wei Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington, Wheelock College, Boston, MA; Marcia M. Hua: $30,000. A faculty study and curricu­ DC; Lena Cowen Orlin: $354,000. A two- Folsom: $135,000. Workshops in two con­ lum development project to incorporate year program including a seven-week secutive summers on the theme “renais­ Chinese language materials in various summer institute for 15 college and univer­ sance,” to strengthen the liberal arts disciplines and strengthen content-based sity faculty members, two intensive week­ undergraduate majors program. EH instruction in Chinese language courses. EF end seminars, and teaching conference in 1995. EH YMCA of Greater New York, NYC; Micki Teachers College, Columbia U., NYC; Mari Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington, McGee: $20,000. Planning reading/viewing B. Haas: $450,000. A three-year project on DC; Margaret H. O’Brien: $210,700. A four- and discussion programs, a lecture tour, Mexican culture and on writing in Spanish week national summer institute on four will be held in New York City and Mexico and a conference on the human body as it Shakespeare plays from the perspectives has been represented in Western art and City for 40 Spanish teachers of grades four of history, theater, and language study literature. GL through twelve from the New York metropol­ for 35 middle and high school English itan area. EF teachers. ES U. of Maryland, College Park; Stuart H. Foundation for New Media, Inc., Hoboken, Sargent: $474,000 OR; $30,000 FM. A NJ; Robert E. Clem: $40,000. Writing three national two-year project on the Chinese lan­ scripts in a series of 13 half-hour radio guage and culture for 20 precollegiate teach­ programs that dramatize and interpret short Language & Linguistics ers of Chinese who will attend consecutive stories by William Faulkner. GN summer institutes, the first at College Park, Maryland, the next in Beijing, China. EF Hawai'i Library Association, Honolulu; Agnes Scott College, Decatur, GA; Ingrid Medellin Stephens: $115,000. Two confer­ E. Wieshofer: $142,041 OR; $10,000 FM. U. of Oregon, Eugene; Hiroko Kataoka: ences and library reading and discussion A three-year project by faculty members to $150,000 OR; $80,000 FM. The implemen­ programs about transmitting values and develop a foreign language component for tation of a national network for elementary traditions from many cultures through chil­ eight humanities courses. EF school teachers in Japanese immersion dren’s literature. GL programs and the refinement and validation American Association of Community Heman G. Stark Youth Training School, of the Japanese Oral Language Interview Colleges, Washington, DC; James R. Chino, CA; John E. Murphy: $16,573. A Mahoney: $257,856. A 15-month project to and its various subtests. EF masterwork study project on five plays of enable 20 two-year colleges to take part in a U. of Oregon, Eugene; Scott DeLancey: August Wilson for 15 high school humani­ national conference and receive mentoring $20,243. A workshop to collate and evalu­ ties teachers from the Heman G. Stark services to strengthen their foreign language ate data for the comparison of the so-called Youth Training School in Chino. ES programs. EH “Penutian" group of Indian languages to International Dante Seminar, Princeton, determine if they share common origins. RX American Council on Education, Wash­ NJ; Robert Hollander: $20,000. An interna­ ington, DC; Barbara Turlington: $321,000 U. of Rhode Island, Kingston; John M. tional conference on Dante will focus on national differences in Dante criticism and OR; $25,000 FM. A two-year institutional Grandin: $130,000 OR; $25,000 FM. A four- scholarship. RX mentoring project to advance foreign lan­ week institute for faculty members in Ger­ guage study at the college level nationwide; man and other disciplines on approaches Johns Hopkins U., Baltimore, MD; Eric visits between paired institutions and to integrate German into coursework in Halpern: $7,000. Publication of an edition of national meetings will follow. EF various subjects. EF all known surviving letters written by Fanny

44 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1993

I Imlay Godwin, Charles Clairmont, and Claire Syracuse U. Press, NY; Cynthia Maude- Clairmont, intimates of the Byron and Shel­ Gembler: $7,000. Publication of a biography ley circle. RP of the 20th-century English writer and social Louisiana State U., Baton Rouge; Bainard activist, Olaf Stapledon. RP Religion Cowan: $135,000. A summer institute in U. Press of New England, Hanover, NH; 1994 under the general title of “Poetics in the Jeanne M. West: $7,000. Publication of an Media Network, NYC; Menachen Daum: Americas” for 30 college teachers on anthology of poems by 60 British women $700,900. Production of a 90-minute docu­ “Tragedy, Comedy, and Culture.” EH who wrote during the Romantic period. RP mentary film about the Hasidic Jews who Moberiy Area Community College, MO; migrated to America following World War U. of Maryland, College Park; Adele F. II. GN Douglas Wixson: $35,000. Lectures and Seeff: $48,923. A three-day national inter­ readings about the life and work of writer disciplinary symposium, “Attending to Early Pennsylvania State U., University Park; and editor Jack Conroy, 1898-1990. GL Modern Women,” for 300 participants at Sanford G. Thatcher: $7,000. Publication of a study of the Islamization of the Golden National Humanities Center, Research the Center for Renaissance and Baroque Horde in the I4th century, and its ramifica­ Triangle Park, NC; Richard R. Schramm: Studies. EH tions. RP $90,565 OR; $19,400 FM. A three-week U. of Missouri, Columbia; Clair E. Willcox: national institute on the relationships between authors’ biographies and their $7,000. Publication of the third and final texts for 20 secondary school English volume of the topical notebooks of Ralph teachers. ES Waldo Emerson. RP New England Foundation for the Humani­ U. of Virginia, Charlottesville; David T. Social Science ties, Boston, MA; Sarah S. Getty: $195,000 Gies: $188,800. A five-week national sum­ OR; $30,000 FM. Film and reading discussion mer institute on contemporary Spain will Catholic U. of America, Washington, DC; programs for senior citizens about New Eng­ be held in Charlottesville, Virginia, and in David J. McGonagle: $7,000. Publication of land traditions, human maturation, and the Madrid for 20 secondary school teachers a study of the evolution of the Irish constitu­ United States' multicultural social fabric. GL of Spanish. ES tional tradition from 1782 to 1992. RP Newberry Library, Chicago, IL; Lawana L. U. of Virginia, Charlottesville; Cathie Minnesota Department of Education, Trout: $170,175. A six-week national sum­ Brettschneider: $7,000. Publication of a Saint Paul; Suzanne P. Jebe: $150,000 OR; mer institute on native American literature for study of the fragment as a genre in 18th- $25,000 FM. A three-year project to develop 20 secondary school English teachers, century European literature. RP a model for a foreign language curriculum school administrators, and tribal community to include educational communities in Min­ Wedgestone Press, Winfield, KS; Philip college instructors; and two regional work­ nesota at all levels of instruction. EF Kelley: $7,000. Publication of volume 12 in shops for 50 others. ES Oklahoma State U., Stillwater; Carolyn J. an edition of the correspondence of Robert Old Dominion U., Norfolk, VA; Marie A. Bauer: $181,286. A series of summer sem­ and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. RP inars for education and humanities faculty Wegimont: $172,000. A four-week national members who will prepare interdisciplinary institute on Francophone literature and course clusters and related pedagogical geography for 30 secondary school teachers seminars for prospective teachers. EH of French. EF School for International Training, Pennsylvania State U., University Park; Brattleboro, VT; Katherine Boles: $180,820 Frederick A. de Armas: $168,948. A five- Philosophy OR; $10,000 FM. A three-year project to week institute for 25 college and university expand a public school-graduate school faculty members on Spanish Golden Age Temple U., Philadelphia, PA; David M. partnership to strengthen the pre-service drama from 1588 to 1681. EH education of foreign language teachers. EF Bartlett: $7,000. Publication of a study of Poets’ House, Inc., NYC; Lee E. Briccetti: epistemology, logic, and the philosophy of Temple U., Philadelphia, PA; Daniel J. $6,000 OR; $60,000 FM. Discussion pro­ language. RP Elazar: $168,000. A four-week national grams, a seminar with study guide, and summer institute on American federalism for annotated bibliographies of books and other Temple U., Philadelphia, PA; David M. 30 secondary school government and his­ media about the relationship of poetry to Bartlett: $7,000. Publication of a study of tory teachers. ES moral philosophy that incorporates a global other art forms. GL Tulane U. of Louisiana, New Orleans; approach. RP Princeton U. Press, NJ; Margaret H. Case: Martyn P. Thompson: $29,904. A confer­ $7,000. Publication of the fourth volume in U. of California, Santa Cruz; David C. Hoy: ence to discuss the contemporary forms of the seven-volume translation of the Indian $206,068 OR; $5,000 FM. A six-week insti­ European nationalism. RX epic, the Ramayana of Valmiki. RP tute for 25 college and university faculty U. of Maryland, College Park; Karen L. members on mind/body philosophical issues San Diego State U. Foundation, CA; Dawisha: $43,857. Three one-day work­ and how society and history have structured Jerome J. Griswold: $126,500. A three- shops for scholars and government officials the body. EH week institute on children’s literature and from the United States and the independent states of the former Soviet Union to discuss literary criticism for 25 California teachers U. of Notre Dame, IN; Alasdair MacIntyre: factors shaping their foreign policies. RX from elementary schools on year-round $8,796. A conference to evaluate the late schedules. ES American philosopher Allan Donagan’s U. of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapo­ lis; Michael Metcalf: $240,000. A three- San Diego State U. Foundation, CA; Paul thesis that moral principles based on tran- scultural norms coincide with principles of year project to design programs that will Espinosa: $354,288. A feature-length adap­ immerse students in Spanish, French, and Jewish and Christian theology. RX tation of Tomas Rivera’s novel, And the German and to plan workshops for Earth Did Not Swallow Him. GN U. of Pittsburgh, PA; Jennifer E. Whiting: teachers. EF Shakespeare & Company, Lenox, MA; $27,115. A conference of scholars of U. of Missouri, Columbia; Beverly Jarrett: Beatrice K. Nelson: $170,000. A four-week Aristotelian and Stoic ethics and scholars $7,000. Publication of a book on liberal national summer institute on four Shake­ of modern Kantian ethics to reexamine the education that focuses on bridging the gap speare plays for 30 secondary school teach­ traditional view that ancient and modern between the goals of humanistic education ers of English. ES conceptions of ethics are opposed. RX and those of professional training. RP

HUMANITIES 45 DEADLINES DEADLINES DEADLINES

DIVISION OF EDUCATION PROGRAMS James C. Herbert, Director • 606-8373 Area code for all telephone numbers is 202. Deadline Projects beginning

Higher Education in the Humanities • Lyn Maxwell White 606-8380 ...... April 1, 1994 October 1994 Institutes for College and University Faculty • Barbara A. Ashbrook 606-8380...... A pril 1, 1994 Summer 1995 Science and Humanities Education • Susan Greenstein/Deb Coon 606-8380 ...... March 15, 1994 October 1994 Core Curriculum Projects • Fred Winter 606-8380...... April 1, 1994 October 1994 Two-Year Colleges • Judith Jeffrey Howard 606-8380...... April 1,1994 October 1994 Challenge Grants • Thomas Adams 606-8380 ...... May 1, 1994 December 1994 Elementary and Secondary Education in the Humanities • F. Bruce Robinson 606-8377...... December 15, 1993 August 1994 Teacher-Scholar Program • Annette Palmer 606-8377 ...... May 1, 1994 September 1995 Special Opportunity in Foreign Language Education...... March 15, 1994 October 1994 Higher Education • Lyn Maxwell White 606-8380 Elementary and Secondary Education • F. Bruce Robinson 606-8377

DIVISION OF FELLOWSHIPS AND SEMINARS Manor,e A BerimooM. Director ■606-8458

Deadline Projects beginning

Fellowships for University Teachers • Maben D. Herring 606-8466 ...... May 1, 1994 January 1, 1995 Fellowships for College Teachers and Independent Scholars • Joseph B. Neville 606-8466 ...... May 1, 1994 January 1, 1995 Summer Stipends • Thomas O'Brien 606-8466 ...... October 1, 1994 May 1,1995 Faculty Graduate Study Program for Historically Black Colleges and Universities...... March 15, 1994 September 1,1995 Maben D. Herring 606-8466 Younger Scholars • Leon Bramson 606-8463...... November 1, 1994 May 1, 1995 Dissertation Grants • Kathleen Mitchell 606-8463...... November 15, 1993 September 1, 1994 Study Grants for College and University Teachers • Clayton Lewis 606-8463 ...... August 15, 1994 May 1, 1995 Summer Seminars for College Teachers • Joel Schwartz 606-8463 Participants...... March 1,1994 Summer 1994 Directors...... March 1, 1994 Summer 1995 Summer Seminars for School Teachers • Michael Hall 606-8463 Participants...... March 1, 1994 Summer 1994 Directors ...... April 1, 1994 Summer 1995

DIVISION OF PRESERVATION AND ACCESS George F. Farr. Jr.. Director • 606-8570 • . Deadline Projects beginning

Library and Archival Preservation Projects • Vanessa Piala/Charles Kolb 606-8570 ...... June 1, 1994 January 1995 Library and Archival Preservation/Access Projects • Karen Jefferson/Barbara Paulson 606-8570 June 1, 1994 January 1995 National Heritage Preservation Program • Richard Rose/Laura Word 606-8570...... November 1, 1994 July 1995 U. S. Newspaper Program • Jeffrey Field 606-8570 ...... June 1, 1994 July 1995

To receive guidelines for any NEH program, contact the Office of Publications and Public Affairs at 202/606-8438. Guidelines are available at least two months in advance of application deadlines. Telecommunications device for the deaf: 202/606-8282.

46 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1993 DEADLINES DEADLINES DEADLINES

DIVISION OF PUBLIC PROGRAMS Marsha Semmel. Acting Director • 606-8267

Area code for all telephone numbers is 202. Deadline Projects beginning Humanities Projects in Media • James Dougherty 606-8278 ...... March 11, 1994 October 1, 1994 Humanities Projects in Museums and Historical Organizations • Fredric Miller 606-8284 .... December 3, 1993 July 1, 1994 Public Humanities Projects • Wilsonia Cherry 606-8271 ...... March 11, 1994 October 1, 1994 Humanities Projects in Libraries • Thomas Phelps 606-8271 Planning...... February 4, 1994 July 1, 1994 Implementation...... March 11, 1994 October 1, 1994 Challenge Grants • Abbie Cutter 606-8361 ...... May 1, 1994 December 1994

DIVISION OF RESEARCH PROGRAMS Guinevere L. Griest. Director• 606-8200

Deadline Projects beginning Scholarly Publications • Margot Backas 606-8207 Editions • Douglas Arnold 606-8207 ...... June 1, 1994 April 1, 1995 Translations • Helen Aguera 606-8207...... June 1, 1994 April 1, 1995 Subventions • 606-8207...... March 15, 1994 October 1, 1994 Reference Materials • Jane Rosenberg 606-8358 Tools • Martha B. Chomiak 606-8358...... September 1, 1994 July 1, 1995 Guides • Michael Poliakoff 606-8358...... September 1, 1994 July 1, 1995 Challenge Grants • Bonnie Gould 606-8358 ...... May 1, 1994 December 1994 Interpretive Research • George Lucas 606-8210 Collaborative Projects • Donald C. M ell 6 0 6 -8 21 0 ...... October 15, 1994 July 1, 1995 Archaeology Projects • Bonnie Magness-Gardiner 606-8210 ...... October 15, 1994 April 1, 1995 Humanities, Science, and Technology • Daniel Jones 606-8210 ...... October 15, 1994 July 1, 1995 Conferences • David Coder 606-8210...... January 15, 1994 October 1, 1994 Centers and International Research Organizations • Christine Kalke 606-8210 Centers for Advanced Study...... October 1, 1994 July 1, 1995 International Research...... April 1, 1994 January 1, 1995

DIVISION OF STATE PROGRAMS Carole Watson. Director • 606-8254

Each state humanities council establishes its own grant guidelines and application deadlines. Addresses and telephone numbers of these state programs may be obtained from the division.

OFFICE OF CHALLENGE GRANTS Edythe Manza. Acting Director • 606-8361

Deadline Projects beginning

Applications are submitted through the Divisions of Education, Research, and Public Programs May 1, 1994 December 1994

HUMANITIES 47 SECOND CLASS MAIL NATIONAL ENDOWMENT POSTAGE & FEES PAID FOR THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW FOR THE HUMANITIES Washington, D.C. 20506 PUB. NO. 187526 Official Business Penalty for Private Use, $300.00 ISSN 0018-7526