Mountain Valley Pipeline, LLC Mountain Valley Pipeline Project Docket No. CP16-10-000

Responses to FERC Environmental Information Request Dated December 24, 2015

ATTACHMENTS

Attachment RR4-20e

Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

VDHR File #2014 1194 FERC Docket #CP 16-10-000

New South Associates, Inc.

Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

FERC Docket #: CP 16-10-000

VDHR File # 2014 1194

by Ellen Turco, David Price, and Robbie Jones

Prepared for

Tetra Tech, Inc. 1000 The American Road Morris Plains, New Jersey, 07950

Prepared by

New South Associates, Inc. 6150 Ponce de Leon Avenue Stone Mountain, Georgia, 30083

New South Associates Project 4613 Report 2512

March 2016

Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

ABSTRACT

The proposed Mountain Valley Pipeline (MVP) natural gas pipeline route runs approximately 301 miles from northern West Virginia to southern Virginia. As an interstate pipeline, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) will regulate the project. The project has been assigned Virginia Department of Historic Resources (VDHR) file #2014-1194. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) has assigned the project Docket #CP 16-10-000.

New South Associates, Inc. (New South) conducted a Phase I reconnaissance level architectural survey along the 105-mile Virginia pipeline route, which crosses Pittsylvania, Franklin, Roanoke, Montgomery, Craig, and Giles counties. The total corridor Area of Potential Effects (APE) for architectural resources is approximately 61,000 acres and includes areas of direct and indirect effects as approved by the VDHR on April 21, 2015. The goals of the architectural survey were to record resources over 50 years of age within the APE and to identify resources that appear potentially eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) that merit Phase II intensive survey. Survey was limited to properties visible from public rights-of-way. Tetra Tech and New South Associates archaeological teams also provided some information about historic architectural resources including structures and cemeteries that were observed by them when traversing the direct effects APE.

New South has compiled the results of the Phase I architectural reconnaissance survey in five reports organized by county. Roanoke County is contained within this report. This report describes survey results for the APE that covers Roanoke County and a small area within Floyd County.

The APE for historic architectural resources includes Roanoke and Floyd counties and is 9.4 miles in length and encompasses 9,167 acres, 8,941 acres in Roanoke County and 226 acres in Floyd County. The historic architecture survey was conducted in May, June, and November 2015. In total, 64 architectural resources were recorded in the online database Virginia Cultural Resources Information System (V-CRIS), 61 resources in Roanoke County and three resources in Floyd County. Thirty-four of these resources were previously recorded and had existing VDHR site identification numbers. Thirty were newly recorded resources, and each was assigned a site identification number by VDHR.

Of the 64 resources recorded, 14 (080-5161-0341, 080-0322, 080-0326, 080-0487, 080-0488, 080-0490, 080-0494, 080-0495, 080-0496, 080-0497, 080-5297, 080-5666, 080-5669, and 080- 5675) were recommended potentially individually eligible for the NRHP and New South recommends Phase II study to determine NRHP eligibility. In addition, New South recommends a Phase II study of the Bent Mountain community to determine its eligibility as a historic district (080-5677). As part of the new Bent Mountain Historic District (080-5677), New South recommends that 42 resources including 10 of the 14 (080-0322, 030-0326, 080-0487, 080-0490,

i Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

080-0494, 080-0495, 080-0496, 080-0497, 080-5666, and 080-5669) already noted potentially eligible resources and 32 resources recommended not eligible individually, (080-0047, 080-0050, 080-0323, 080-0493, 080-0498, 080-0527, 080-0528, 080-0529, 080-0530, 080-5004, 080-5326, 080-5630, 080-5631, 080-5653, 080-5654, 080-5655, 080-5656, 080-5657, 080-5658, 080-5659, 080-5660, 080-5661, 080-5662, 080-5663, 080-5664, 080-5665, 080-5667, 080-5677-0001, 080- 5677-0002, 080-5677-0003, 080-5668, 080-5681) undergo Phase II study to determine if they contribute to the proposed Bent Mountain historic district. Three resources (080-0491, 080-5161, 080-5161-0188) have already been listed or determined eligible for listing in the NRHP, and no change is recommended in the NRHP status of these resources. The remaining 14 resources (031-0019, 031-5045, 080-0489, 080-0516, 080-0580, 080-5312, 080-5324, 080-5670, 080-5671, 080-5672, 080-5673, 080-5674, 080-5676, 080-5680) are recommended not eligible for the NRHP, and no further work is recommended under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended.

ii Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ...... i TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... iii LIST OF FIGURES ...... vii LIST OF TABLES ...... vii LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS ...... vii

I. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 Description of Undertaking ...... 1 Area of Potential Effects ...... 4

II. LITERATURE SEARCH, FIELD METHODS AND EVALUATION CRITERIA ...... 7 NRHP Evaluation Criteria ...... 10

III. HISTORIC CONTEXT ...... 13 Settlement to Society (1607-1750) ...... 13 Colony to Nation (1750-1789) ...... 13 Early National Period (1789-1830) ...... 15 Antebellum Period (1830-1860) ...... 16 The Civil War (1861-1865) ...... 19 Reconstruction and Growth (1865-1917) ...... 19 World War I to World War II (1917-1945) ...... 22 The New Dominion 1945 to Present ...... 23

IV. RESULTS OF THE PHASE I SURVEY ...... 25 Description of APE ...... 25 Survey Results ...... 25 Blue Ridge Parkway Historic District,VDHR No. 080-5161 ...... 29 Bridge, Blue Ridge Parkway, VDHR No. 080-5161-0188 ...... 29 Barn, VDHR No. 080-5161-0341 ...... 31 Wimmer Farm, VDHR No. 031-5045 ...... 31 Bent Mountain Rural Historic District, VDHR No. 080-5677 ...... 31 House, VDHR No. 080-5677-0001 ...... 36 House, VDHR No. 080-5677-0002 ...... 38 House, VDHR No. 080-5677-0003 ...... 39 Farm, VDHR No. 080-0047 ...... 39 Barn, VDHR No. 080-0050 ...... 40 Bent Mountain Elementary School, VDHR No. 080-0322 ...... 40 Rosemont, VDHR No. 080-0323 ...... 43 Thompson Grove Primitive Baptist Church, VDHR No. 080-0326 ...... 44 House, VDHR No. 080-0487 ...... 44 House, VDHR No. 080-0490 ...... 49 House, VDHR No. 080-0493 ...... 49 House, VDHR No. 080-0494 ...... 51 Logan Place Farm, VDHR No. 080-0495 ...... 51

iii Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Store/Service Station, VDHR No. 080-0496 ...... 54 House, VDHR No. 080-0497 ...... 54 House, VDHR No. 080-0498 ...... 58 House,VDHR No. 080-0527 ...... 58 Store, VDHR No. 080-0528 ...... 59 House, VDHR No. 080-0529 ...... 59 House, VDHR No. 080-0530 ...... 60 Bridge #1093 Over Mill Creek, VDHR No. 080-5004 ...... 60 Lawrence Cemetery, VDHR No. 080-5326 ...... 61 Board-and-Batten Cabin, VDHR No. 080-5630 ...... 61 House, VDHR No. 080-5631 ...... 62 House, VDHR No. 080-5653 ...... 62 Service Station, VDHR No. 080-5654 ...... 63 House, VDHR No. 080-5655 ...... 63 Store, VDHR No. 080-5656 ...... 64 House, VDHR No. 080-5657 ...... 64 Farm, VDHR No. 080-5658 ...... 65 House, VDHR No. 080-5659 ...... 65 House, VDHR No. 080-5660 ...... 66 House, VDHR No. 080-5661 ...... 66 Farm, VDHR No. 080-5662 ...... 67 House, VDHR No. 080-5663 ...... 67 Storage Facility, VDHR No. 080-5664 ...... 68 House, VDHR No. 080-5665 ...... 68 Lawrence Memorial United Methodist Church, VDHR No. 080-5666 ...... 69 House, VDHR No. 080-5667 ...... 69 Barn, VDHR No. 080-5668 ...... 72 House, VDHR No. 080-5669 ...... 72 House, VDHR No. 080-5681 ...... 75 Mount Olivet Baptist Church, VDHR No. 031-0019 ...... 75 House, VDHR No. 080-0488 ...... 76 House, VDHR No. 080-0489 ...... 76 Log House, VDHR No. 080-0491 ...... 76 House, VDHR No. 080-0516 ...... 81 Little Hope Primitive Baptist Church,VDHR No. 080-0580 ...... 81 House, VDHR No. 031-5087 ...... 82 Elijah Henry House, VDHR No. 080-5297 ...... 82 Bowman-Schilling Cemetery, .VDHR No. 080-5312...... 84 Henry-Willet Cemetery, VDHR No. 080-5324...... 84 House, VDHR No. 080-5670 ...... 85 House, VDHR No. 080-5671 ...... 85 House, VDHR No. 080-5672 ...... 85 House, VDHR No. 080-5673 ...... 86 House, VDHR No. 080-5674 ...... 86

iv Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

WDBJ Television/WSLQ-FM Radio Transmitting Facility, VDHR No. 080-5675 ...... 86 WSLC-FM Radio Transmitting Facility, VDHR No. 080-5676 ...... 89 House, VDHR No. 080-5680 ...... 90

V. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 91

REFERENCES ...... 99

APPENDIX A: MAPS SHOWING LOCATIONS OF RESOURCES APPENDIX B: RESOURCE SITE PLANS AND PHOTOGRAPHS APPENDIX C: RESUMES FOR PRINICPAL INVESTIGATOR AND AUTHOR

v

Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. MVP Route Through Virginia ...... 2 Figure 2. MVP Route Through Roanoke and Floyd Counties ...... 3 Figure 3. Route of the Great Wagon Road Through the Project Area Shown on a 1751 Map . 14 Figure 4. 1848 Map of Roanoke County Internal Improvements ...... 17 Figure 5. Map & Profile of the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, 1856...... 18 Figure 6. The Bent Mountain Area in 1864...... 21 Figure 7. Map of the Blue Ridge Parkway Historic District Through Roanoke County ...... 30 Figure 8. Map Showing Location of Barn (080-5161-0341) ...... 32 Figure 9. Preliminary Boundary for Proposed Bent Mountain Historic District ...... 37 Figure 10. Map Showing Location of Bent Mountain School (080-0322)...... 4 Figure 11. Map Showing Location of Thompson Grove Primitive Baptist Church (080-0326) . 45 Figure 12. Map Showing Location of Federal-Style House (080-0487) ...... 471 Figure 13. Map Showing Location of House (080-0490) ...... 50 Figure 14. Map Showing Location of House (080-0494) and Logan Place Farm (080-0495) .... 52 Figure 15. Map Showing Location of Store/Service Station (080-0496) and House (080-0497) 55 Figure 16. Map Showing Location of Lawrence United Methodist Church (080-5666) ...... 70 Figure 17. Map Showing Location of House (080-5669) ...... 73 Figure 18. Map Showing Location of House (080-0488) ...... 77 Figure 19. Map Showing Location of House (080-0491) ...... 80 Figure 20. Map Showing Location of Elijah Henry House (080-5297) ...... 83 Figure 21. Map Showing Location of WDBJ Television/WSLQ-FM Radio Transmitting Facility, (080-5675) ...... 87

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Previously Recorded Resources in Roanoke and Floyd Counties APE for Historic Resources ...... 7 Table 2. Resources Identified During Survey ...... 25 Table 3. List of Potentially Contributing Resources in the Proposed Bent Mountain Historic District ...... 34 Table 4. Summary and Survey Findings and Recommendations ...... 93

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

Photograph 1. Barn in Blue Ridge Parkway Historic District (080-5161-0341), View West ... 42 Photograph 2. Bent Mountain Elementary School (080-0322), View East ...... 43 Photograph 3. Thompson Grove Primitive Baptist Church (080-0326), View North ...... 46 Photograph 4. Federal-Style House (080-0487), View West ...... 48 Photograph 5. House (080-0494) Facing Southeast ...... 53

vii Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Photograph 6. Outbuildings on North Side of Driveway of House (080-0494) Facing Southeast ...... 53 Photograph 7. Store/Service Station (080-0496), West Side, View East ...... 56 Photograph 8. Façade of House (080-0497), View South ...... 57 Photograph 9. Façade of Lawrence United Methodist Church (080-5666), View Northeast .... 71 Photograph 10. House (080-5669), View Southeast ...... 74 Photograph 11. South Side of House (080-0488), View North ...... 78 Photograph 12. Southwest Corner of House (080-0488), View East ...... 78 Photograph 13. Log House (080-0491), View Unknown ...... 79 Photograph 14. WDBJ Television/WSLQ-FM Radio Transmitting Facility, (080-5675), View West-Northwest ...... 88

viii Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

I. INTRODUCTION

New South Associates, Inc. (New South) conducted a Phase I reconnaissance level architectural survey for the Virginia segment of the Mountain Valley Pipeline under contract to Tetra Tech, Inc. on behalf of Mountain Valley Pipeline, LLC. A 105-mile corridor through Pittsylvania, Franklin, Roanoke, Craig, Montgomery and Giles counties was surveyed between May and November 2015. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) has assigned the project Docket #CP-16-10-000. The project is being reviewed under the Virginia Department of Historic Resources (VDHR) file #2014-1194.

Description of Undertaking

The Mountain Valley Pipeline (MVP) project (Project) is an interstate natural gas pipeline system that spans approximately 301 miles from northern West Virginia to southern Virginia. Because the project will require a Certificate of Convenience and Necessity from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), the undertaking is required to comply with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended.

The Project will be constructed and owned by Mountain Valley Pipeline, LLC, which is a joint venture of EQT Midstream Partners, LP; NextEra US Gas Assets, LLC; Con Edison Gas Midstream, LLC; WGL Midstream; Vega Midstream MVP LLC; and RGC Midstream, LLC. EQT Midstream Partners will operate the pipeline and own a majority interest in the joint venture. The pipeline will transport natural gas from the Marcellus and Utica shale plays to markets in the Appalachian Mid- and South Atlantic regions of the United States. The pipeline will be up to 42 inches in diameter and consist of buried and aboveground pipeline. The pipeline will require 50 feet of permanent, cleared easement. An additional 75-foot temporary easement will be required during construction.

The Virginia segment of the Project is 105 miles in length (Figure 1). The pipeline will extend the Equitrans transmission system in Wetzel County, West Virginia, to Transcontinental Gas Pipeline Company’s Zone 5 compressor station 165 in Pittsylvania County, Virginia.

The Roanoke County segment of the Project is 9.4 miles in length (Figure 2). It begins at the Franklin/Roanoke County line just east of the Blue Ridge Parkway and south of the unincorporated community of Bent Mountain. From here, the APE for historic architecture travels northwest to the Montgomery County line southeast of Lafayette.

The APE for historic architectural resources for Roanoke County includes a small area of Floyd County. This area includes approximately 9.4 miles in length and encompasses 8,941 acres in Roanoke County and 226 acres in Floyd County. The survey was conducted in May, June and November 2015. In total, 64 architectural resources were identified during field survey and recorded in the online database Virginia Cultural Resources Information System (V-CRIS), 61

1 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia Figure 1. MVP Route Through Virginia Through Route 1. MVP Figure 15 Miles 7.5 MVP Route 0 0 500 1,000Kilometers

2 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia FranklinCounty Roanoke County Callaway (1964) Bent Mountain (1983) Floyd County Check (1965) Elliston (1973) Figure 2. MVP Route Through Roanoke and Floyd Counties Through Route 2. MVP Figure County Lines 7.5-Minute QuadBoundary Montgomery County 0 1 2 Miles 0 100 200Kilometers APE Proposed Pipeline Route Pilot (1984) Ironto (1973) Source: Basemap ESRITopographic (2010)

3 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia resources in Roanoke County and three resources in Floyd County. Thirty-four of these resources were previously recorded and had existing VDHR site identification numbers. Thirty- were newly recorded resources, and each was assigned a site identification number by VDHR. Maps showing resource locations are contained in Appendix A.

Area of Potential Effects

The Area of Potential Effects (APE) for historic architectural resources (including historic structures, districts, landscapes and cemeteries) consists of geographical areas where the pipeline may have direct or indirect effects. Direct effects may occur where the pipeline crosses the boundary of a National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) listed or eligible property. Indirect effects may occur outside NRHP boundaries but still have the potential to affect historic resources. Indirect effects include the introduction of visual, audible, or atmospheric elements that are incompatible with a resource’s historic character. In the case of the Project in Roanoke County, indirect effects would primarily be visual ones, where the pipeline or cleared easement would be visible from a listed or eligible property and diminish the special qualities that qualify the resource for the NRHP.

The APE for historic architectural resources for the Project is comprised of, at a minimum, a 450-foot corridor centered on either side of the pipeline along the 98-mile Virginia route. Tetra Tech, New South, and the VDHR developed the APE at a meeting on April 21, 2015. The width was determined by adding 75 feet to either side of the 300-foot direct effects APE for archaeology. In some areas, the APE for indirect effects expands beyond 450 feet to take into account the longer viewing distances that exist at higher elevations. In the expanded areas, the APE is up to one mile on either side of the pipeline. The expanded APE is based on a view shed and elevation analysis produced by Tetra Tech, which took into account topography and current land use around the pipeline and predicted areas that were likely to have views of it (Marshall 2015). In general, the APE is narrower in the eastern counties and widens in response to topography as the pipeline travels west.

Approach

New South, Tetra Tech and the VDHR agreed upon a survey approach for the Project at a meeting in April 2015. Survey reporting would be presented by county. The first county reports were to be Phase I, or reconnaissance, level survey reports containing a broad historical context and basic data collected for each resource over 50 years of age within the APE for historic architecture. The Phase I reports would identify resources that merited additional study to determine NRHP eligibility. The subsequent Phase II level survey reports would present additional information collected on potentially eligible resources and evaluate them against the NRHP Criteria.

4 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

New South, Tetra Tech and VDHR agreed that resources identified during the Phase I survey would be documented according to VDHR’s Guidelines for Conducting Historic Resources Survey in Virginia. A Phase I survey is a broad visual inspection or cursory examination of historic resources in a specific geographical area, in this case the 98-mile long APE for historic architectural resources. Only exterior documentation is required in a reconnaissance-level survey; exterior photographs and site plans are made and this data is linked with an electronic V- CRIS record. Phase I level survey data is not usually sufficient to evaluate individual resources for listing in the NRHP. Phase I survey data informs subsequent work by identifying resources in need of in-depth Phase II level study. Phase I data is also used to detect resources, that while not individually eligible for the NRHP, may be component parts of larger historic districts. At VDHR’s request, New South paid close attention to resource clusters that should most appropriately be evaluated as rural historic districts.

Phase II level, or intensive survey, involves a more in-depth look at the resources recommended in the phase I report for additional study. The Phase II study recommends a resource's eligibility for listing in the NRHP. Intensive-level survey of buildings involves documentation of interior spaces and features. Interior photographs, adequately depicting interior spaces and important features, are required. Property-specific background research may be conducted to establish a building’s place within its historic context and to compare it with similar properties within the geographical area. Background research may include the collection of oral histories, deed research and examining sources held in local repositories.

5 6 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

II. LITERATURE SEARCH, FIELD METHODS AND EVALUATION CRITERIA

The purpose of the Phase I reconnaissance level survey was to record all properties within the APE for historic architectural resources that are 50 years old or older, or appear to meet NRHP Criteria Consideration G, for properties less than 50 years of age, and to make recommendations for NRHP eligibility or additional work.

An architectural and historic background literature search of the APE for historic architectural resources was conducted. It was noted that Roanoke County was comprehensively surveyed for historic architecture in 1992-1993, and Floyd County has not been comprehensively surveyed. Thirty-four (34) resources were previously recorded within the APE for historic architectural resources (Table 1).

Table 1. Previously Recorded Resources in Roanoke and Floyd Counties APE for Historic Resources

VDHR No. Name Location Date 031-0019 Mount Olivet Baptist Church West Side of Floyd Highway Circa 1880: (U.S. Route 221) .15 Miles South of 2005 Route 644, Copper Hill, Floyd County 031-5045 Wimmer Farm Blue Ridge Parkway, Circa 1900 Bent Mountain, Floyd County 080-0047 Farm 11272 Rocky Road (Route 144), Circa 1920 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0050 Barn 10935 Bottom Creek Road (Route 607), Circa 1920 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0322 Bent Mountain Elementary School 10148 Tinsley Lane (Route 711), 1917 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0323 Rosemont 10106 Bottom Creek Road (Route 607), Circa 1908 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0326 Thompson Grove Primitive Baptist 10210 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1900 Church (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0487 House 10721 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1850 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0488 House 8566 Poor Mountain Road (Route 612), Circa 1900 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0489 House 8215 Poor Mountain Road (Route 612), Circa 1900 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0490 House 8701 Poor Mountain Road (Route 612), Circa 1820 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0491 Log House 8315 Willet Lane (Route 786), Circa 1880 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0493 House 10000 Tinsley Lane (Route 711), 1951 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0494 House 10808 Bottom Creek Road (Route 607), Circa 1910 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County

7 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Table 1. Previously Recorded Resources in Roanoke and Floyd Counties APE for Historic Resources

VDHR No. Name Location Date 080-0495 Logan Place Farm 11082 Mountain Top Drive Circa 1880 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0496 Store/Service Station 11018 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1920 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0497 House 11010 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1895 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0498 House 11005 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1890 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0516 House 7388 Cove Hollow Road, Elliston, Circa 1900 Roanoke County 080-0527 House 10396 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1880; (U.S. Route 221), 1920 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0528 Store 10402 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1920 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0529 House 11018 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1910 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0530 House 10793 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1940 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0580 Little Hope Primitive Baptist Church 7424 Cove Hollow Road, Elliston, 1911 Roanoke County 080-5004 Bridge #1093 over Mill Creek Bent Mountain Road Circa 1932 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5161 Blue Ridge Parkway Historic District Blue Ridge Parkway, 1935-1987 Bent Mountain, Roanoke, Franklin, and Floyd Counties 080-5161-0188 Bridge, Blue Ridge Parkway, Spanning Milepost 135.98, 1958 Callaway Road (Route 602) Blue Ridge Parkway, Roanoke County 080-5161-0341 Barn Blue Ridge Parkway, Circa 1920 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5297 Elijah Henry House 8443 Poor Mountain Road (Route 612), Circa 1840 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5312 Bowman-Schilling Cemetery 8376 Willett Lane (Route 786), 1925-1952 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5324 Henry-Willet Cemetery Poor Mountain Road (Route 612), 1897-1957 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5326 Lawrence Cemetery South Side Of Cobble Trail, 1891-1995 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County

8 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Table 1. Previously Recorded Resources in Roanoke and Floyd Counties APE for Historic Resources

VDHR No. Name Location Date 080-5630 Board-and-Batten Cabin 11210 Bottom Creek Road (Route 607), Circa 1930 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5631 House 11410 Rocky Road (Route 144), Circa 1920 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County

In addition to gathering information on previously recorded resources, the background search collected a second category of data - potential historic resources not recorded in Virginia Cultural Resources Information System (V-CRIS). Potential historic resources were identified through a review and analysis of online historical maps. Repositories consulted included the Library of Congress, the Library of Virginia, and the David Rumsey Map Collection; the Historical Map Collection, Office of Coast Survey (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration); My Topo Historical Maps; and The National Map, Historical Topographic Map Collection (Turco 2015:Appendix D). Additional potential resources were identified though a comparison of mid-twentieth-century and current U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) quadrangle maps. Based on the data gathered during the literature search, Geographic Information System (GIS) field maps were generated depicting the locations of previously recorded and potential historic resources within the APE.

During the Phase I reconnaissance investigation phase, New South architectural historians drove public rights-of-way to visit each resource or potential resource denoted on the literature search maps. Documentation was limited to building exteriors visible from public rights-of-way. In general, the historians worked from east to west. Extant resources were recorded in a New South generated field survey database loaded onto Motorola Model S cellular phones. Data collected included physical descriptions, locational data, photographs, and site plans for each resource. Information collected during fieldwork was used to update existing VDHR site records and to create records for newly identified architectural resources. Printed V-CRIS database entries for each identified resource including site maps and photographs are in Appendix B. When a resource is listed or recommended eligible for listing, photographs are included in the property description of this report.

Architectural historians did not enter onto private property nor did they drive down private roads. Therefore, a number of resources in each county which were not visible from the public rights- of-way were inaccessible and the architectural history team could not confirm their presence and/or condition during the course of fieldwork. Inaccessible resources were handled in two ways: either by proxy survey, conducted by Tetra Tech’s or New South’s archaeological field teams on behalf of the New South architectural historians, or desktop survey. The archaeological field teams observed architectural resources such as building ruins and cemeteries within the

9 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

300-foot direct effects APE. These were recorded in field notes and photography and shared with the architectural history team. New South architectural historians obtained site record numbers from the VDHR, entered the data into V-CRIS, and created site records for these architectural properties that the archaeologists observed. Jointly produced site records are indicated in the “property notes” field of V-CRIS. These site files include aerial site photographs in place of sketched site plans if plans were not available.

New South Historians Ellen Turco, David Price and Robbie Jones, and field assistant Caroline Bradford, conducted the fieldwork. Ms. Turco served as Principal Investigator. Ms. Turco, Mr. Price and Mr. Jones meet or exceed the standards established for Historian and Architectural Historian by the U.S. Secretary of the Interior. Resumes are included in Appendix C.

NRHP Evaluation Criteria

Each of the surveyed properties was evaluated for their eligibility for listing in the NHRP. Cultural resources are evaluated based on criteria for NRHP eligibility specified in the Department of Interior Regulations 36 CFR Part 60: National Register of Historic Places. Cultural resources can be defined as significant if they “possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association,” and if they are 50 years of age or older and:

A) are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history (history); or

B) are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past (person); or

C) embody the distinctive characteristic of a type, period, or method of construction or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that components may lack individual distinction (architecture); or

D) have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history (archeology).

Ordinarily, cemeteries; birthplaces or graves of historical figures; properties owned by religious institutions or used for religious purposes; structures that have been moved from their original locations; reconstructed historic buildings; properties primarily commemorative in nature; and properties that have achieved significance within the past 50 years are not considered eligible for the NRHP. However, such properties will qualify if they are integral parts of historic districts that do meet the criteria or if they fall within the following categories:

Criteria Consideration A: a religious property deriving primary significance from architectural or artistic distinction or historical importance; or

10 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Criteria Consideration B: a building or structure removed from its original location but which is significant primarily for architectural value, or which is the surviving structure most importantly associated with a historic person or event; or

Criteria Consideration C: a birthplace or grave of a historical figure of outstanding importance if there is no other appropriate site or building directly associated with his productive life; or

Criteria Consideration D: a cemetery which derives its primary significance from graves or persons of transcendent importance, from age, from distinctive design features, or from association with historic events; or

Criteria Consideration E: a reconstructed building when accurately executed in a suitable environment and presented in a dignified manner as part of a restoration master plan, and when no other building or structure with the same association has survived; or

Criteria Consideration F: a property primarily commemorative in intent if design, age, tradition, or symbolic value has invested it with its own historical significance; or

Criteria Consideration G: a property achieving significance within the past 50 years if it is of exceptional importance.

11 12 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

III. HISTORIC CONTEXT

Settlement to Society (1607-1750)

English explorers and traders first ventured into western Virginia and the vicinity of Roanoke and Floyd counties in the last half of the seventeenth century. Historians credit the fur trader Abraham Wood as the first European to explore western Virginia in 1654, followed by John Lederer who explored the Roanoke River (also called the Staunton River) region in 1669. These and other explorations stimulated the interests of other traders who journeyed into the area to search for opportunities in the fur trade (Hyland and Otten 2008). The first explorers of the Roanoke Valley were Thomas Marlin and John Salling, who arrived in the early eighteenth century. They journeyed south through the Great Valley of Virginia, crossed the James River and proceeded on to the Roanoke River to the location of present-day Salem (Jack and Jacobs 1912).

Small settlements soon formed along the Valley of Virginia, which in 1734 prompted the organization of Orange County to include Virginia’s entire western domain. Four years later, in 1738, the area west of the Blue Ridge was incorporated into the new county of Augusta. Increased interest in trade and the first trickle of settlement in backcountry Virginia resulted in clashes between settlers and Native American groups in the region. By the first decades of the eighteenth century, most Native Americans were pushed out of the region by warfare, disease, and expanding English settlements. Soon, the only native presence in the region was transient populations of Cherokee and Iroquois (Hyland and Otten 2008).

Virginia encouraged settlement in its new counties through amended land and tax laws which promoted speculation. Prominent colonists and families were granted large tracts of land, provided they established permanent settlements with two years. Large land grants in the 1740s known as the Wood’s River Grant and Borden’s Grant prompted the arrival of Scots-Irish settlers in the region. New land policy was coupled with the 1738 act to grant religious toleration to frontier settlers, which attracted large numbers of Presbyterians, Quakers, and German Baptists to western Virginia. These people moved south into the area from Pennsylvania along the Great Wagon Road that led from Philadelphia through the Great Valley of Virginia, and brought with them split log building techniques. The Great Wagon Road is illustrated in the project area in the 1751 Fry and Jefferson map of Virginia (Figure 3) (Hyland and Otten 2008).

Colony to Nation (1750-1789)

Despite enticements by the colonial government, few settlers had established land claims in the Roanoke Valley by the 1750s, though there was some settlement in the upper reaches of the James (Fluvanna) River to the north as shown in the map in Figure 3. Settlement was slow due to rising tensions with the French and their Native American allies who threatened attacks on backcountry settlements. During the French and Indian War (1754-1763), the western reaches of

13 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Figure 3. 1751 Map of the Project Area (Fry and Jefferson 1751)

14 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Virginia were contested territory as England and France battled for control of the region and settlers were either killed or fled their homes to return east. Fortifications such as blockhouses were built in the Roanoke Valley to protect fledgling settlements, including Fort Vause located south of Salem and Fort Lewis west of Salem (Hyland and Otten 2008).

Following the end of the French and Indian War, settlement in western Virginia increased and led to the creation of Botetourt County in 1769 from the southern portion of Augusta County. The new county was named for Lord Botetourt, a provincial governor of Virginia, and included all of present southwestern Virginia located west of the Blue Ridge. It had no fixed western boundary (Jack and Jacobs 1912). The first U.S. census in 1790 recorded a total population of 10,524 in Botetourt County, of whom 1,259 were enslaved people.

Early National Period (1789-1830)

Settlement proceeded slowly in the Roanoke Valley section of Botetourt County due to its lack of navigable waterways and few roads. The Roanoke River flows from its headwaters in the Ridge and Valley province southeast through the Piedmont before emptying into the Albemarle Sound in North Carolina. The river was not navigable nor suitable for transportation of bulk goods to market. As Thomas Jefferson described it, the “Roanoke, as far as it lies within the state, is nowhere navigable, but for canoes, or light bateaux; and, even for these in such detached parcels as to have prevented the inhabitants from availing themselves of it at all” (Hyland and Otten 2008). With no way to get goods to market, the area’s few settlers relied on subsistence agriculture for a living.

Road improvements during the late eighteenth century led to the establishment of the Roanoke Valley’s first towns. The town of Salem was surveyed in 1802 and lots were divided for potential buyers. The town was officially established in 1806 by an act of the state legislature, and was later incorporated in 1836. In 1817, the Salem and Lynchburg Turnpike was built through the town, providing a much needed outlet for local agricultural and extractive industries including timber harvesting, milling, and iron ore mining and production. An 1835 gazetteer of Virginia reported that at the time of its incorporation, Salem contained 70 houses, 6 stores, 3 taverns, 3 churches (Methodist, Presbyterian, and Baptist), 3 schools, 3 mills, and 1 tanyard. The population included 260 white people and 90 African-Americans for a total of 350 people (Martin 1835). The village grew to 450 people by 1845 and was the valley’s largest community with banks, two spring resorts, and a college (Martin 1835; Whitwell and Whitwell 1982).

The village of Big Lick (later called Roanoke City) developed later and more slowly than Salem due to a lack of navigable water or roads. The 1835 gazetteer noted Big Lick as a post office location but did not mention its population, houses, stores, or any other information. The village was named for its location at an area that featured several salt licks created by the mineral-laden waters of small springs that had attracted animals and their Native American hunters since the prehistoric era. Big Lick was identified on maps from the colonial era through the mid- nineteenth century (Whitwell and Whitwell 1982).

15 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Antebellum Period (1830-1860)

In 1831, the General Assembly created Floyd County out of Montgomery County. The new county was named after then Governor, and Montgomery County native, John Floyd. The county seat, located in the central part of the county, was first called Jacksonville, after President Andrew Jackson; however, the name was changed to Floyd in 1896. In 1840, the population was 4,453. Seven percent, or 320 of those residents, were enslaved (Houston 1996:8). By 1860, the population almost doubled to 8,236, 475 of whom were enslaved and 16 of whom were free blacks (Houston 1996:8)

Population growth in the area was large enough that Roanoke County was created from Botetourt County in 1838 and Salem was named the county seat. Claudius Crozet’s 1848 “Map of Internal Improvements of Virginia” in Figure 4 shows the county’s slowly improving transportation system at the time, with four turnpikes under construction. The county’s agricultural potential was described by Henry Howe, who visited the valley in 1843 and remarked that “Much of the soil of the county, particularly on the Roanoke River in the vicinity of Big Lick, is of almost unequaled fertility and productive in hemp, wheat, and tobacco” (Howe 1852). The county’s first census in 1840 totaled 5,499, including 3,842 white people, 1,553 enslaved people, and 101 free people of color. The county’s slave and free black population, while small in comparison to Tidewater or Piedmont counties to the east, formed a significant part of the labor system in antebellum Roanoke County. Alternately, slave owners were a tiny minority in Floyd County, consisting of 116 slaveholders in 1860. Enslaved people worked almost exclusively in the tobacco fields. Yeoman farmers raised wheat, rye, oats, and buckwheat. Slave owners held an outsized share of the economic and political power, but the majority of free Floyd County residents were poor and suffered during the Civil War. Many residents were only passive supporters of the Confederacy.

Significant growth and change in the Roanoke Valley came with the construction of the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, which extended from Lynchburg to Bristol, a distance of just over 200 miles. The railroad was incorporated in 1848 in Lynchburg and a line was completed to Big Lick in 1852 and to Salem by 1855. The 1856 “Map & Profile of the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad” in Figure 5 shows the route of the railroad and its geographic relationship to Salem, Big Lick, and the Roanoke River. The railroad connected farmers and consumers in the county to Lynchburg and other more established marketplaces. The Virginia and Tennessee was incorporated into the Norfolk & Western Railway system following the Civil War (Hyland and Otten 2008). The former rural crossroads villages of Big Lick and Salem received an influx of people, which caused the population to double between 1840 and 1860. In 1860 the population of the two villages was comprised of 8,048 whites and 2,643 enslaved people (U.S. Census Bureau 1860).

16 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Figure 4. 1848 Map of Roanoke County Internal Improvements (Crozet 1848)

17 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Figure 5. Map & Profile of the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, 1856 (Blackford 1856)

18 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

The Civil War (1861-1865)

Roanoke County only saw mild skirmishing during the Civil War but it did play a role in the Confederate war effort. The county produced several companies of infantry and artillery, including the Salem Flying Artillery, the Roanoke Grays, the Dixie Grays, and the Roanoke Guards, which fought in the General Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia and in the Western armies (Jack and Jacobs 1912). During the war, Roanoke County hosted important supply points for the Confederate army, especially for the shipment of pig iron from furnaces in the surrounding mountains and regional agricultural produce. The Virginia and Tennessee Railroad was a target for Union raids and the railroad bridge over the New River near Radford was destroyed (Hyland and Otten 2008).

Floyd County voted to secede from the Union on May 23, 1861. However, there was great discord among the residents on the issue. A substantial portion of Floyd County’s white, non- slaveholding population did not strongly support the Confederate cause, and as the war progressed and food and other shortages ensued, these ideological divisions became more problematic for the community. Some Floyd County residents refused to enlist and openly resisted the Confederate cause. As early as 1861, Floyd County Confederates began deserting their posts and returning home. By 1864, the trickle of deserting soldiers had turned into a “stampede” and Jefferson Davis sent in Confederate General John Echols to subdue the “uprising” of Unionists (Dotson, Jr. 1997:31).

Reconstruction and Growth (1865-1917)

The Civil War left Roanoke County impoverished as land prices plummeted and the county’s enslaved population was freed, eliminating a major source of labor from the agricultural economy. Soon, however, the recovery of the railroad and transportation improvements drew additional people and economic activity to the county that led to recovery and growth. By 1874, population growth in Big Lick was large enough that the community incorporated as a town one square mile in size (Hyland and Otten 2008).

The railroad industry dominated the history of Roanoke County’s recovery after the war and well into the twentieth century. In 1879, the Enoch W. Clark Company, a Philadelphia-based banking and investment firm, bought the Shenandoah Valley Railroad. It followed this with the purchase of the bankrupt Virginia and Tennessee Railroad in 1881. The company renamed the line the Norfolk & Western Railway and worked with local residents to locate the new headquarters at the junction of the two railroads located at Big Lick. In 1882, Big Lick annexed adjoining land and changed its name to Roanoke. The Norfolk & Western Railway purchased additional land in Roanoke for a steam locomotive and railcar manufacturing plant, offices, a hotel, worker housing, and right-of-way for building branch lines from Roanoke to the coalfields of southwestern Virginia. The rail line profited from shipments of coal to Tidewater ports, and stimulated the economic recovery of agriculture in the county (Hyland and Otten 2008).

19 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

The city of Roanoke boomed during the late nineteenth century as the railroads spurred industrial growth and attracted skilled workers and managers to the town. The investment of capital from banks outside the region made it a shining example of the “New South.” The city’s population grew from approximately 5,000 in 1884 to 26,000 in 1902. Salem’s population also increased, especially after local promotions by the Salem Improvement Company in the 1890s offered 900 acres of land for development in addition to street and infrastructure improvements to attract industry (Whitwell and Whitwell 1982).

While the towns of Roanoke and Salem grew in the post-bellum period, much of the outlying areas in the county remained rural and agricultural. The APE for historic architecture passes through the rural southwest corner of the county and the community known as Bent Mountain. Located in a broad upland plateau above Roanoke at approximately 2,700 feet above sea level, Bent Mountain was drained by Bottom Creek, which flowed in a southwestern direction on its circuitous route down the mountain and into the Roanoke River. Bent Mountain was settled later than the valley portion of the county as there were no good roads into the area until the late- nineteenth century (Figure 6). The 1856 map of Roanoke County shown in Figure 3 shows that the southwestern part of the county at that time had no improved roads or turnpikes.

An 1864 historic map of Roanoke County reveals the Bent Mountain Turnpike (now U.S. 221) was built by that year and hosted a handful of residents along its course, including a property labeled “Bent Plantation” and that of T. Price. A school house is labeled “Sch Ho” near its southern end just north of Floyd County. Branching from the turnpike were unimproved secondary roads, including Bottom Creek Road that led to farms and sawmills along Bottom and Mill creeks. Other residents of the area shown on the map included the Craggeds, Hodges, Prices, and Terrys, who operated a sawmill on Bottom Creek.

Bent Mountain’s early landholdings were gradually subdivided into smaller farms in the late- nineteenth century. Areas that were depicted as forested in 1864 were cleared for farms, livestock pastures, and some of the largest and most productive apple orchards in southwestern Virginia. Bent Mountain’s soil was also well-adapted to wheat, rye, corn, and buckwheat, and in the twentieth century, truck vegetable crops like cabbage and potatoes (Jack and Jacobs 1912). Today, Bent Mountain continues to be characterized by its rural landscape of agriculture. Prominent community buildings in the area include the 1917 brick Bent Mountain Elementary School (080-0322) and the 1947 Lawrence United Methodist Church (080-5666).

Due to the limited number of slaves in Floyd County, its citizens were not dependent upon slave labor, and the economy did not have to make a significant adjustment to its loss after the war. Floyd County did undergo the same social and institutional changes that characterized the difficult Reconstruction period across the South. Additional land was added to Floyd County in 1870 from Franklin County, which raised the population to 9,483. By 1880, the population was 13,255 (Houston 1996:10). Agriculture in Floyd County included beef cattle, orchard crops, tobacco, corn, rye, oats, buckwheat, potatoes and sweet potatoes, and “fine grasses” such as

20 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Figure 6. The Bent Mountain Area in 1864 (Source: Library of Congress)

21 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia clover, red top, and blue grasses (Houston 1996:14). After 1900, acreage in corn and potatoes declined, as did tobacco as processors shifted to different varieties. By about 1920, tobacco production had ceased almost completely. The county’s modest mining industry extracted gold, copper, lead, iron, manganese, arsenopyrite, asbestos, and soapstone (a common local building material). Mining did not develop fully in part because the nearest rail connections were in Montgomery County at Blacksburg and Christiansburg.

World War I to World War II (1917-1945)

The expansion of public utilities, construction, commercial development, and railroad and transportation expansion drove Roanoke’s economic growth in the early twentieth century. The rural farmlands surrounding the city continued to produce orchard crops, grains, and livestock. The city of Roanoke grew in size as it annexed adjacent areas such as Weaver Heights in 1926. Automobile ownership encouraged the suburbanization of the valley and introduced the development of roadside restaurants and architecture such as The Coffee Pot on U.S. 221 in southwest Roanoke (Hyland and Otten 2008).

With fewer urban areas, Floyd County did not experience the same growth as Roanoke County in the 1917-1945 time period. Floyd County continued to be somewhat hobbled economically by its lack of improved roads and rail infrastructure. In 1930, there were still no paved roads traversing Floyd County. The first real efforts at road improvement took place in the late 1930s. The county’s economy remained primarily agricultural, however livestock production, particularly dairy farming, overtook crop farming as the predominant source of income for local farmers. Floyd County farmers sold milk to the numerous regional processors who drove the countryside to collect milk, while crop farmers still had to transport their yields to Roanoke. Mining increased as a result of the demands for various metals for military use during the two world wars. Arsenopyrite, used to make arsenic, was mined in in the eastern part of the county. Despite an abundance of forested land, the lumber industry remained modest due to poor roads and the continuing lack of rail depots.

The economic effects of the Great Depression had substantial impact on Virginia and in Roanoke and Floyd counties. Prominent examples of New Deal work programs in Virginia include the establishment of Shenandoah National Park along with its scenic byway, Skyline Drive, and construction of the Blue Ridge Parkway (080-5161) which brought needed work opportunities to both counties and introduced travelers to the arts, crafts, and blue grass music of Floyd County. The APE for historic architecture crosses the Blue Ridge Parkway in southwest Roanoke County at Bent Mountain. Construction of the Parkway included the construction of four Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) work camps along its route. Additionally, the Washington National Forest was established in 1933, followed by the Jefferson National Forest in 1936. The project corridor crosses the Jefferson National Forest in both Giles and Montgomery counties (Hyland and Otten 2008).

22 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

The New Dominion 1945 to Present

In the post-World War II period, Roanoke County developed into the largest metropolitan area in southwest Virginia. In 1950, the population of Roanoke County was 41,486 with an additional 91,921 living in the independent City of Roanoke. By 2010, the population of the county was 92,376 people with an additional 97,032 living in the City of Roanoke and 24,802 in the City of Salem (U.S. Census Bureau 2010).

The county’s growth in the latter half of the twentieth century is due to the development of Roanoke into the region’s premier center for manufacturing, trade, and transportation. The Norfolk and Western Railway and Interstate 81 traverse the county, continuing its history as a major commercial crossroads. Following in the footsteps of the Norfolk and Western Railway’s renowned history of manufacturing steam locomotives and rail cars, Roanoke grew into a major center of transportation manufacturing in the twentieth century, with firms like Norfolk Southern and Volvo producing new diesel-electric rail cars as well as passenger cars and heavy trucks. The county also embraced advanced manufacturing of industrial and consumer goods, with companies drawing engineers and managers from nearby universities like Virginia Tech. In recent decades, Roanoke has grown into a major center for the outdoor recreation industry. Access to a number of nearby public recreation areas like the Blue Ridge Parkway, Appalachian Trail, and Smith Mountain Lake has made Roanoke County home to outdoor equipment manufacturers, outfitters, and distribution companies (Roanoke Regional Partnership 2014).

In 1950, the population of Floyd County was 11, 351. By 2014, the population was 15,428 (U.S. Census Bureau 2010). From 1950-1990, the population decreased despite an influx of hippies and counter culture devotees who moved to Floyd County in the 1960s and 1970s attracted by its remoteness and natural beauty. These transplants lived on small farms and communes and produced art and handicrafts for which the area continues to be known. Today, the county is a destination for tourists seeking outdoor recreation and the cultural arts, including bluegrass music, arts and crafts, and handcrafted foods and beverages. In addition to the number of residents engaged in cottage industries, the largest employers are Floyd Memorial Hospital and Health Services, the Floyd County Consolidated School System, and the electronic connector manufacturer Samtec, Inc.

23 24 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

IV. RESULTS OF THE PHASE I SURVEY

Description of APE

Roanoke and Floyd counties straddle both the Ridge & Valley and the Blue Ridge provinces of southwestern Virginia. The physical and historic heart of the counties is the broad Roanoke Valley, which is framed on the east and south by the Blue Ridge Mountains and on the west by the Allegheny Mountains. Between these mountain ranges, the broad and rolling valley fans out around the headwaters of the Roanoke River, which flows southeast through the Virginia piedmont before emptying into the Albemarle Sound of North Carolina. The valley is located at the southern end of the Shenandoah Valley, also called the Great Valley of Virginia that runs north and south through the western part of the state. Surrounded by Montgomery, Craig, Botetourt, Bedford, Franklin, and Floyd counties, Roanoke encompasses 251 square miles with elevations that range from 880-3,960 feet above sea level.

The APE for historic architectural resources is located in Roanoke County’s mountainous southwestern corner. Forty acres of the APE for historic architectural resources extends into the northeast tip of Floyd County. The APE for historic architectural resources runs through the center of Bent Mountain, an unincorporated community located on a broad plateau southwest of the City of Roanoke at an elevation of approximately 2,700 feet above sea level. Bent Mountain is a rural agricultural community composed of farms that typically include a main house and outbuildings such as barns and sheds, and often small family cemeteries, surrounded by agricultural fields and woodlands. U.S. Route 221, also called Bent Mountain Road, passes in a north-south direction through the community and is lined with many older homes and roadside businesses. Many of Bent Mountain’s historically significant buildings and farms are located to the west of U.S. Route 221 along Tinsley Lane and Bottom Creek Road.

Survey Results

The current survey identified 64 resources within the APE for historic architectural resources (Table 2) including 34 previously recorded resources (see Table 1). Individual property descriptions are contained in this section. Overall route maps showing the location of each recorded resource is included in Appendix A. Photographs and site plans for each resource are included in Appendix B. Resources recommended for additional study are denoted in the text.

Table 2. Resources Identified During Survey

VDHR No. Name Location Date 080-5161 Blue Ridge Parkway Historic District Blue Ridge Parkway, 1935-1987 Bent Mountain, Roanoke, Franklin, and Floyd Counties 080-5161-0188 Bridge, Blue Ridge Parkway, Spanning Milepost 135.98, 1958 Callaway Road (Route 602) Blue Ridge Parkway, Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5161-0341 Barn Blue Ridge Parkway, Circa 1920 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County **Shaded cells indicate those within potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

25 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Table 2. Resources Identified During Survey

VDHR No. Name Location Date 031-5045 Wimmer Farm Blue Ridge Parkway, Circa 1900 Copper Hill, Floyd County 080-5677 Bent Mountain Rural Historic District Bent Mountain Road, Circa (U.S. Route 221), 1850-1900 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5677-0001 House 11070 Bottom Creek Road, (Route 607), Circa 1850 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5677-0002 House 10518 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1950 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5677-0003 House 10388 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1954 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0047 Farm 11272 Rocky Road (Route 144), Circa 1920 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0050 Barn 10935 Bottom Creek Road (Route 607), Circa 1920 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0322 Bent Mountain Elementary School 10148 Tinsley Lane (Route 711), 1917 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0323 Rosemont 10106 Bottom Creek Road (Route 607), Circa 1908 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0326 Thompson Grove Primitive Baptist Church 10210 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1900 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0487 House 10721 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1850 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0490 House 8701 Poor Mountain Road (Route 612), Circa 1820 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0493 House 10000 Tinsley Lane (Route 711), 1951 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0494 House 10808 Bottom Creek Road (Route 607), Circa 1910 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0495 Logan Place Farm 11082 Mountain Top Drive, Circa 1880 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0496 Store/Service Station 11018 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1920 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0497 House 11010 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1895 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0498 House 11005 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1890 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0527 House 10396 Bent Mountain Road Circa (U.S. Route 221), 1880;1920 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0528 Store 10402 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1920 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0529 House 10632 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1910 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County **Shaded cells indicate those within potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

26 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Table 2. Resources Identified During Survey

VDHR No. Name Location Date 080-0530 House 10793 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1940 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5004 Bridge #1093 Mill Creek, Bent Mountain Road Circa 1934 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5326 Lawrence Cemetery South Side Of Cobble Trail, 1891-1995 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5630 Board-and-Batten Cabin 11210 Bottom Creek Road (Route 607), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5631 House 11410 Rocky Road (Route 144), Circa 1920 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5653 House 10664 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1945 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5654 Service Station 10661 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1950 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5655 House 10710 Bent Mountain Road 1963 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5656 Store 10799 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1930 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5657 House 10808 Bent Mountain Road 1941 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5658 Farm 10864 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1920 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5659 House 11041 Clover Hill Road (Route 602), Circa 1955 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5660 House 11062 Clover Hill Road (Route 602), Circa 1930 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5661 House 11028 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1920 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5662 Farm 11072 Rocky Road (Route 144), Circa 1920 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5663 House 11135 Rocky Road (Route 144), Circa 1920 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5664 Storage Facility 10222 Bottom Creek Road (Route 607), Circa 1950 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5665 House 10146 Bottom Creek Road (Route 607), 1962 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5666 Lawrence Memorial United Methodist Tinsley Lane (Route 711), 1947 Church Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5667 House 9970 Tinsley Lane (Route 711), Circa 1940 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5668 Barn 10146 Bottom Creek Road (Route 607), Circa 1940 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5669 House 120 Cobble Lane, Circa 1890 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County

27 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Table 2. Resources Identified During Survey

VDHR No. Name Location Date 080-5681 House 11091 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1920 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 031-0019 Mount Olivet Baptist Church West Side Of Floyd Highway Circa 1880: (U.S. Route 221) 0.15 Miles South Of 2005 Route 644, Copper Hill, Floyd County 080-0488 House 8566 Poor Mountain Road (Route 612), Circa 1900 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0489 House 8215 Poor Mountain Road (Route 612), Circa 1900 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0491 Log House 8315 Willet Lane (Route 786), Circa 1880 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0516 House 7388 Cove Hollow Road, Circa 1900 Elliston, Roanoke County 080-0580 Little Hope Primitive Baptist Church 7424 Cove Hollow Road, 1911 Elliston, Roanoke County 031-5087 House 9925 Floyd Highway (U.S. Route 221), Circa 1900 Copper Hill, Floyd County 080-5297 Elijah Henry House 8443 Poor Mountain Road (Route 612), Circa 1840 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5312 Bowman-Schilling Cemetery 8376 Willett Lane (Route 786), 1925-1952 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5324 Henry-Willet Cemetery Poor Mountain Road (Route 612), 1897-1957 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5670 House 8440 Willett Lane (Route 786), Circa 1940 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5671 House 8469 Willett Lane (Route 786), Circa 1973 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5672 House 8514 Willett Lane (Route 786), Circa 1900 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5673 House 8449 Willett Lane (Route 786), Circa 1955 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5674 House 8011 Poor Mountain Road (Route 612), Circa 1880 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5675 WDBJ Television/WSLQ-FM Radio 8149 Honeysuckle Road (Route 916), 1956 Transmitting Facility Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5676 WSLC-FM Radio Transmitting Facility 8131 Honeysuckle Road (Route 916), 1956 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5680 House 11153 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1935 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County **Shaded cells indicate those within potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

28 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Blue Ridge Parkway Historic District, Blue Ridge Parkway, Bent Mountain, Roanoke, Franklin, and Floyd Counties, VDHR No. 080-5161

Located at the point where Roanoke, Franklin, and Floyd counties meet, this resource is an approximately 1.4-mile segment of the Blue Ridge Parkway located within the boundaries of the Blue Ridge Parkway Historic District (080-5161) (Figure 7). The 469-mile Blue Ridge Parkway stands as the zenith of national parkways designed by the National Park Service (NPS) and a masterwork of engineering and landscape architectural design of extraordinary scope, scale, and planning. Built between 1935 and 1987, the parkway embodies the evolution of NPS management practices and goals over five decades and pioneered a new recreational concept, the long-distance scenic rural parkway, in which designers expanded earlier parkway development strategies to a regional scale.

As an essential part of the park-to-park movement, the parkway links the Shenandoah National Park in Virginia, and the Great Smoky Mountains National Parks in North Carolina. It is an exemplary expression of the principles and practices of NPS road design, landscape naturalization, rustic architectural design, engineering, and conservation. The parkway was conceived as a multiple-purpose corridor that would fulfill a variety of social, recreational, environmental, and pragmatic functions. In addition to preserving and showcasing attractive natural scenery, the parkway was designed to display the traditional cultural landscapes of the southern Appalachian highlands, providing visitors with an idealized vision of America’s rural heritage. At frequent intervals, the parkway borders expand to provide breath-taking overlooks and encompass smaller parks, recreational areas, and historic sites.

This Blue Ridge Parkway Historic District was determined eligible for listing in the NRHP under Criteria A and C in 2008. MVP intends to bore under the Blue Ridge Parkway in an open field. The area will be returned to pre-existing conditions post construction.

Bridge, Blue Ridge Parkway, Spanning Callaway Road (Route 602), Milepost 135.98, Blue Ridge Parkway, Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-5161-0188

This resource is a two-lane bridge along the Blue Ridge Parkway that spans Callaway Road (Route 602) at milepost MVP 135.98. Owned by the NPS, the single-span rigid-frame bridge was constructed in 1958 with a reinforced concrete slab supported by vertical cast-in-place concrete abutments. The two-lane asphalt paved parkway has grassy shoulders and timber- framed guardrails backed by steel plates. Virginia Route 602 is a two-lane asphalt paved road that crosses under the bridge. There is no direct access interchange between the two roadways.

This resource is located within the boundaries of the Blue Ridge Parkway Historic District (080- 5161), which in 2008 was determined eligible for listing in the NRHP under Criteria A and C. When surveyed by the NPS in 2013, the bridge was recommended as a contributing resource within the historic district. No additional work is recommended.

29 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Figure 7. Map of the Blue Ridge Parkway Historic District Through Roanoke County

Location Overview

Agricultural Outbuilding (080-5161-0341) MVP Route Blue Ridge Parkway Historic District APE Wimmer Farm (031-5045) Historic Resource

0 2 4 Miles

0 3 6 Kilometers

Source: ESRI World Imagery Basemap (2010)

30 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Barn, Blue Ridge Parkway, Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-5161-0341

Located on the west side of the Blue Ridge Parkway near the Shaver Cemetery (033-5287), this resource is a circa 1920 barn surrounded by open fields and pastures with woods to the north (Figure 8; Photograph 1). The barn has frame construction, a gabled metal roof, vertical plank siding, and partially enclosed shed wings on the south side. The upper floor is used as a hayloft.

The barn is owned by the NPS and located within the boundaries of the Blue Ridge Parkway Historic District, which the NPS and VDHR determined is eligible for listing in the NRHP. New South Associates recommends additional research and fieldwork to determine if the barn is a contributing resource to the larger district.

Wimmer Farm, Blue Ridge Parkway, Copper Hill, Floyd County, VDHR No. 031-5045

Located on the east side of the Blue Ridge Parkway, this 106-acre farm features several outbuildings associated with a circa 1900 farmhouse that was destroyed by arson in 2008. The outbuildings include a circa 1900 frame hayshed, circa 1930 machine shed, circa 1900 cattle barn, and a circa 1900 storage shed, as well as two collapsed sheds. Owned by the NPS, the farm features mostly open pasture with a creek meandering north of the buildings. A 2011 NPS survey determined the buildings were vacant, deteriorated, and do not retain historic integrity.

This resource is located within the boundaries of the Blue Ridge Parkway Historic District (080- 5161), which in 2008 was determined eligible for listing in the NRHP under Criteria A and C. In 2011, the NPS and VDHR determined the Wimmer Farm was non-contributing to the historic district. No additional work is recommended under Section 106.

Bent Mountain Rural Historic District, Bent Mountain Road (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-5677

Bent Mountain is a rural community that was established in the early nineteenth century after the initial settlement period of Roanoke County. By the late nineteenth century, Bent Mountain was renowned for its apple orchards and other farm products that traveled to market in Roanoke down the Bent Mountain Turnpike, now U.S. Route 221. Today, Bent Mountain is characterized by its rural agricultural landscape that features late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century homes, barns, and other outbuildings, as well as well-preserved community buildings like the 1917 Bent Mountain School and 1947 Lawrence Memorial United Methodist Church.

31 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Figure 8. Map Showing Location of Barn (080-5161-0341)

Location on MVP Route

Barn (080-5161-0341)

MVP Route APE Proposed Bent Mountain Rural Historic District Blue Ridge Parkway Historic District Historic Resource

0 200 400Feet Bent Mountain Quadrangle 0 60 120 Meters

Sources: ESRI Resource Data 2014

32 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Photograph 1. Barn in Blue Ridge Parkway Historic District (080-5161-0341), View West

33 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

New South Associates recommends additional architectural survey and background research in the Bent Mountain area of Roanoke County to evaluate its eligibility for listing in the NRHP as a rural historic district (Figure 9). Based on the initial reconnaissance survey for this project, Bent Mountain exhibits the physical characteristics of a potential rural historic district, including a concentration of buildings that are united historically by their geography, dates of construction, construction materials, and function. Out of 64 total resources surveyed in this project’s APE for historic architecture in Roanoke County, 42 of them are located in the proposed Bent Mountain Historic District (Table 3 and listed in italics in the inventory list following the table). Bent Mountain contains many more historic farms and other buildings outside of the APE for historic architecture that may contribute to a potential district. The proposed district boundary depicted in Figure 9 represents a broad geographical area in which historic architectural and landscape features associated with the development of the rural Bent Mountain community may be present. The proposed boundary was drawn to encompass the flat, fertile valley between Bent Mountain to the east and northeast and Poor Mountain to the northwest, and also to include the mountain slopes that would be visible from the valley and would form the viewshed. The proposed district boundary is a starting place for additional survey work and the boundary of a future NRHP district, if determined eligible during a Phase II investigation, may not coincide with the boundary as shown in Figure 9. The proposed rural historic district may be eligible for listing in the NRHP at the local level of significance under Criterion A in the area of Settlement and under Criterion C in the area of Architecture.

All resources in the proposed Bent Mountain Historic District are shown on Figure 9. If a resource was determined to be individually eligible, an individual resource map was also created.

Table 3. List of Potentially Contributing Resources in the Proposed Bent Mountain Historic District

VDHR Name Location Date Survey # 080-0047 Farm 11272 Rocky Road (Route 144), Circa 1920 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0050 Barn 10935 Bottom Creek Road (Route 607), Circa 1920 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0322 Bent Mountain Elementary 10148 Tinsley Lane (Route 711), 1917 School Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0323 Rosemont 10106 Bottom Creek Road (Route 607), Circa 1908 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0326 Thompson Grove Primitive 10210 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1900 Baptist Church (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0487 House 10721 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1850 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0490 House 8701 Poor Mountain Road (Route 612), Circa 1820 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0493 House 10000 Tinsley Lane (Route 711), 1951 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County

34 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Table 3. List of Potentially Contributing Resources in the Proposed Bent Mountain Historic District

VDHR Name Location Date Survey # 080-0494 House 10808 Bottom Creek Road (Route 607), Circa 1910 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0495 Logan Place Farm 11082 Mountain Top Drive, Circa 1880 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0496 Store/Service Station 11018 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1920 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0497 House 11010 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1895 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0498 House 11005 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1890 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0529 House 10632 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1910 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5326 Lawrence Cemetery South Side Of Cobble Trail, 1891-1995 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0527 House 10396 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1880; (U.S. Route 221), 1920 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0528 Store 10402 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1920 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-0530 House 10793 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1940 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5004 Bridge #1093 Mill Creek, Bent Mountain Road Circa 1934 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5630 Board-and-Batten Cabin 10210 Bottom Creek Road (Route 607), Circa 1930 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5631 House 11410 Rocky Road (Route 144), Circa 1920 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5653 House 10664 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1945 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5677-0001 House 11070 Bottom Creek Road, (Route 607), Circa 1850 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5677-0002 House 10518 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1950 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5677-0003 House 10388 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1954 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5654 Service Station 10661 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1950 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5655 House 10710 Bent Mountain Road 1963 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5656 Store 10799 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1930 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County

35 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Table 3. List of Potentially Contributing Resources in the Proposed Bent Mountain Historic District

VDHR Name Location Date Survey # 080-5657 House 10808 Bent Mountain Road 1941 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5658 Farm 10864 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1920 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5659 House 11041 Clover Hill Road (Route 602), Circa 1955 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5660 House 11062 Clover Hill Road (Route 602), Circa 1930 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5661 House 11028 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1920 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5662 Farm 11072 Rocky Road (Route 144), Circa 1920 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5663 House 11135 Rocky Road (Route 144), Circa 1920 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5664 Storage Facility 10222 Bottom Creek Road (Route 607), Circa 1950 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5665 House 10146 Bottom Creek Road (Route 607), 1962 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5666 Lawrence Memorial United Tinsley Lane (Route 711), 1947 Methodist Church Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5667 House 9970 Tinsley Lane (Route 711), Circa 1920 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5668 Barn 10146 Bottom Creek Road (Route 607), Circa 1940 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5669 House 120 Cobble Lane, Circa 1890 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5681 House 11091 Bent Mountain Road Circa 1920 (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County

The resources contained within the proposed Bent Mountain Historic District are listed below in italics (as shown in Figure 9).

House, 11070 Bottom Creek Road (Route 607), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-5677-0001

This mid-nineteenth-century frame dwelling sits in the 90-degree bend in Bottom Creek Road in the rural Bent Mountain community. The house is on the east side of the road and faces west. The dwelling is in a clearing on a 9.4-acre parcel with a wooded hillside to the south and open fields north and east of it. The Logan Place Farm (080-0495) is located just east of the subject resource. A white picket fence surrounds the house. A modern side-gable, two-bay garage with a metal roof is north of the house. On the northern boundary of the property is a pole barn with a metal side-gable roof. Other outbuildings are positioned behind the house and not visible from

36 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Figure 9. Preliminary Boundary for Proposed Bent Mountain Historic District

MVP Route Proposed Bent Mountain Rural Historic District APE Blue Ridge Parkway Historic District Location Overview County Line Surveyed Resource 0 0.5 1 Miles 080-0490 0 0.75 1.5 Kilometers

080-5667

080-0493

080-0323 080-5004 Roanoke County 080-5668 080-5665 080-5666

080-5664 080-0322

080-5326 080-5669 080-0494 080-5677-0002 080-0326 080-0495 080-5654 080-5653 080-0050 080-5655 080-0529 080-5677-0003 080-5677-0001 080-0487 080-0528 080-0530 080-0527 080-5631 080-5656 080-5657 080-0047 080-5658

031-5630 080-5660 080-5662 080-5659 080-5663 080-5661

080-0498 080-5681

080-0497 031-5086

080-5680 Franklin County 031-5087

080-0496 080-5161-0188 031-0019 Floyd County

Source: ESRI Resource Data 2014

37 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia the public right-of-way but can be identified on aerial maps and bird’s-eye images. These include a wood frame shed with a side-gable roof and asphalt shingles, a dilapidated wood frame shed with a metal shed roof, and a playhouse on stilts with a front-gable metal roof.

The one-and-a-half story side-gable house has a wrap-around hipped-roof porch supported by turned posts. A later, one-story side ell projects from the north elevation. Shed additions, or perhaps an enclosed porch, are on three sides of the ell. Several types of windows are present including fixed six-light replacement windows on the upper story of the main block, a more recent picture window under the porch, and fixed eight-light windows in the ell sheds. The siding type could not be determined with certainly, but it appears to be wood weatherboards or cement boards. The house rests on a continuous stone foundation, which may be veneer, and has a metal roof. A brick chimney flue rises from the south wall of the ell.

This resource consists of a mid-nineteenth-century house with later additions and modern alterations such as newer windows and possible replacement siding and stone veneer. The house does not possess individual architectural significance. The resource is not known to have associations with events or persons significant in the past. For these reasons, the property is recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

House, 10518 Bent Mountain Road (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County VDHR No. 080-5677-0002

This brick Cape Cod-style house is situated on the southeast side of Bent Mountain Road in the rural Bent Mountain community. It is situated on a rise above the road, set in a suburban-style lawn, with two concrete block garages southwest of the house. The 9.4-acre parcel also includes a modern wood playhouse northeast of the house and an unidentified post-2011 square building northeast of the smaller square garage (no photograph).

This one-and-a-half story brick Cape Cod-style house dates from circa 1950. It has twin gabled dormers, a side porch with an upper balcony, and a Colonial Revival entry flanked by paired six- over-six vinyl replacement windows. The front door is also a replacement and the trim and soffits are covered with vinyl siding. Exterior end chimneys are on each end of the house. The house rests on a continuous brick foundation and has an asphalt shingle roof.

The resource is an example of a common mid-twentieth-century house type, the Cape Cod dwelling. The house’s historic appearance has been altered by the installation of modern vinyl trim and the removal of the original window sashes and front doors. The dwelling is an altered example of the Cape Cod form and the house is not known to have associations with events or persons significant in the past. Therefore, the resource is recommended not individually eligible to the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

38 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

House, 10388 Bent Mountain Road (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County VDHR No. 080-5677-0003

This house faces northwest on the southeast side of side of Bent Mountain Road, just south of Old Shilling Road, in the rural Bent Mountain community. A paved “pull-off” in front of the house leads to a parking pad under a detached modern metal carport on the east side of the house. The 0.58-acre parcel also includes a small, enclosed, prefabricated metal shed at the southeast corner of Bent Mountain Road and Old Shilling Road (no photograph).

This symmetrical, two-story brick Minimal Traditional house was built around 1954. The house has a side-gable roof and a sunroom with a shed-roof on the west side. A brick exterior end chimney is on the west end. Above the original glazed and paneled central entry is a slightly projecting gabled second story bay sheathed in vertical siding, in contrast the house’s brick exterior walls. The bay has one six-over-six window. The four other façade windows are eight- over-eight. The house rests on a poured concrete foundation and has an asphalt shingle roof.

The house is a notable example of an intact and nicely finished Minimal Traditional-style house. However, its design does not elevate it to the level needed for NRHP eligibility under Criterion C. The house does not embody distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction. It is not known to have associations with events or persons significant in the past. Therefore, the resource is recommended not individually eligible to the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

Farm 11272 Rocky Road (Route 144), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-0047

Located on the west side of Rocky Road is this five-acre property that includes a circa-1920 American Foursquare house, two sheds, and a barn. The house faces southeast toward agricultural fields on the east side of the road. The two-story house has a metal pyramidal roof with two hipped dormers. The foundation was not visible. It has a one-story wraparound porch with square wood posts, replacement vinyl siding, one-over-one vinyl windows, and replacement doors. Northwest of the house are a transverse crib barn, a concrete block gable roofed shed, and a frame shed with a shed roof. All of the outbuildings have metal roofs.

The resource is an example of a common early twentieth-century house type, the American Foursquare dwelling. The house has been altered by the installation of modern vinyl siding over the original siding material and the removal of the original window sashes and doors. Due to its lack of materials integrity, the dwelling is not an intact example of the American Foursquare. The extant outbuildings are not examples of any particular building type or construction

39 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia technique and are not significant independent of the main dwelling. The buildings as a group do not strongly convey rural or agricultural life and the property is not known to have associations with events or persons significant in the past. For these reasons, the farm is recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

Barn 10935 Bottom Creek Road (Route 607), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County VDHR No. 080-0050

This barn is located on the west side of Bottom Creek Road in a pasture. Bottom Creek flows along the east side of the pasture. The barn is situated about 250 feet from the road on a 9.8-acre parcel. Approximately 550 feet northwest of the barn is a modern house (circa 2005). The house could not be photographed due to its distance from the road.

This circa 1920 three-level frame barn has a modified gambrel roof covered with metal sheathing and vertical board siding. There is a livestock opening on the northeast side and a band of five rectangular window openings on the southeast side. The shed addition noted in the 1971 VDHR survey file is not visible on aerial photographs of the structure.

The barn is a typical early twentieth-century barn with a modified gambrel roof line. While it appears to be intact, it lacks individual distinction for its architecture. It does not appear to be associated with a larger complex of agricultural buildings. Therefore, the barn is recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, and C. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

Bent Mountain Elementary School, 10148 Tinsley Lane (Route 711), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-0322

The 1917 Bent Mountain Elementary School is located on an approximately eight-acre parcel on the east side of Tinsley Lane in Bent Mountain (Figure 10; Photograph 2). A branch of the Roanoke County Public Library and the Bent Mountain Community Center occupies the building today. The one-story brick building consists of two gabled sections connected by parapeted flat roofed sections. At the northwest corner of the school is a recent brick addition, compatible in design with the original structure, which serves as the entry vestibule to the library that is housed in the former gymnasium. Originally, the south side of the building served as the main entrance. The south side, symmetrical in its arrangement, has a central recessed arched entrance with a pair of half-light doors topped with a fan shaped transom. The entrance is flanked by two sets of five double-hung six-over-six windows, which are used throughout the building. The brick exterior

40 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Figure 10. Map Showing Location of Bent Mountain School (080-0322)

Location on MVP Route

Bent Mountain Elementary School (080-0322)

MVP Route APE Proposed Bent Mountain Rural Historic District Historic Resource

0 400 800 Feet

0 120 240 Meters

Sources: ESRI Resource Data 2014

41 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Photograph 2. Bent Mountain Elementary School (080-0322), View East

42 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia consists of a row of alternating header and stretcher courses of brick every four rows, with additional X-shaped patterns on principal elevations. The building sits on a continuous poured concrete foundation.

The 1917 Bent Mountain School is a well-preserved Colonial Revival style school building with good integrity. Rural schools typically served as important social and educational centers within their communities. The Bent Mountain School may possess significance in the areas of education, community development and architecture. New South Associates recommends further research and an intensive survey in order to make a NRHP eligibility determination for this property.

Rosemont 10106 Bottom Creek Road (Route 607), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-0323

Located on a 3.3-acre parcel on the southwest corner of the intersection at Bottom Creek Road and Tinsley Lane, “Rosemont,” is a circa 1908 Queen Anne style house and outbuildings on a landscaped lot with mature hardwood and evergreen trees. The house faces east toward the agricultural fields. The outbuildings include three gable roof frame sheds and a gable roof wood barn. The 2.5-story Queen Anne style house has a complex, hipped asphalt shingle roof topped by a wood "widow's walk" platform. There are two hipped-roof dormers in the roof. The east facing one has a three part Palladian window with dentils. The house has a vinyl sided exterior and a continuous molded concrete block foundation. There is a one-story wraparound porch with a metal roof, Ionic columns, and a central pedimented entrance. The entry has sidelights and a transom and is framed by engaged columns. There is a mixture of single and paired double-hung vinyl replacement windows throughout the house, and a section of fixed pane windows in a sunroom on the south corner of the second floor facade. There are two interior brick chimneys.

Rosemont maintains the complex massing and stylistic details (the wrap-around porch, widow’s walk and Palladian window) that characterize the Queen Anne style of architecture. However, the house’s integrity has been diminished by the installation of vinyl siding and replacement vinyl windows. As a result, Rosemont does not retain key exterior materials (siding and windows) that date from its period of construction. The extant domestic dependencies are not examples of any particular building type or construction technique and are not significant independent of the main dwelling. The property is not known to have associations with events or persons significant in the past. For these reasons, the property is recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

43 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Thompson Grove Primitive Baptist Church 10210 Bent Mountain Road (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County VDHR No. 080-0326

This frame church is located at the southeast corner of the intersection of Bent Mountain Road and Ivy Ridge Road (Route 708) on a 1.2-acre parcel (Figure 11; Photograph 3). The church is set in a clearing of trees. The front faces southwest. There are two brick, shed-roofed privies on the site, one for men and one for women. The men’s privy is south of the church and the women’s privy sits on a rise east of the church and is accessed by a set of concrete steps.

This circa 1900 church is a simple vernacular building with a rectangular form and front-gable roof with a pedimented roofline. The central double-leaf paneled entry doors are surmounted by a two light transom. A semi-octagonal bay projects from the rear elevation. The windows are double-hung two-over-two sashes. The original siding is covered with vinyl. The church rests on a continuous stone foundation and has a metal roof.

This resource is a moderately well preserved example of a turn of the twentieth-century rural church. The only alteration observed was the application of vinyl siding. This change erodes the resource’s potential eligibility under NRHP Criterion C, for architecture, but it is not known if the building may possess significance under Criteria A or B. New South Associates recommends further research and an intensive survey in order to make an individual NRHP eligibility determination for this property. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

House, 10721 Bent Mountain Road (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-0487

Located on the west side of Bent Mountain Road is a 10.5-acre parcel that contains this circa 1850 brick Federal style house (Figure 12; Photograph 4). There is also a garage and a large barn in an agricultural field to the south. The house is approached by a circular driveway and is surrounded by woods. The house has a side-gable metal roof and a brick exterior. A one-story partial width front porch shelters a central entrance with sidelights and a transom. The windows are original double-hung six-over-six sashes. A two-story, weatherboard, gable roof ell projects from the rear elevation. The property was posted with “no survey” signs so the photography for this resource was limited.

This circa 1850 Federal style brick house is associated with the nineteenth-century settlement of the Bent Mountain community and has excellent integrity. New South Associates recommends additional architectural survey and background research to evaluate this property’s NRHP eligibility under Criterion C.

44 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Figure 11. Map Showing Location of Thompson Grove Primitive Baptist Church (080-0326)

Location on MVP Route

Thompson Grove Primitive Baptist Church (080-0326)

MVP Route APE Proposed Bent Mountain Rural Historic District Historic Resource

0 200 400Feet

0 60 120 Meters

Sources: ESRI Resource Data 2014

45 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Photograph 3. Thompson Grove Primitive Baptist Church (080-0326), View North

46 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia HistoricDistrict MVP MVP Route BlueRidge Parkway HistoricDistrict MountainRural APE ProposedBent HistoricResource 0 200 400Feet0 60 120 Meters House (080-0487) Figure 12. Map Showing Location of Federal-Style House (080-0487) Figure Location onMVP Route Sources:ESRI Resource Data 2014

47 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Photograph 4. Federal-Style House (080-0487), View West

48 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

House, 8701 Poor Mountain Road (Route 612), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-0490

Located on the east side of Poor Mountain Road is this circa 1820 two-story, single-pile dwelling with a central passage and a gable roof (Figure 13). The house has a log core with frame additions. The building stands on a continuous masonry foundation. The building features a two-story rear extension and four, one-story, enclosed, shed-roof additions and porches. Vinyl siding and soffits have been applied to the exterior. The roofing consists of asphalt shingles. Two brick chimney stacks pierce the roof at the ridge line. The façade features a full-width, one- story, shed-roof front porch, a projecting polygonal bay window and doorway, and a center gable. The five-bay-wide front porch features a balustrade and squared wood posts. Concrete steps with flanking knee walls lead up to the porch. The fenestration consists of non-original, one-over-one, double-hung, wood sash windows and metal storm windows. Outbuildings include a shed-roof kennel, a frame garage, a pole barn, a gambrel roof stable barn, two gable roof sheds, two gable roof barns, and a 1.5-story secondary dwelling. The property also contains a cemetery with 11 marked gravestones.

This resource was not accessible to the architecture field team; therefore, no photographs were taken. The description above was taken from V-CRIS.

VDHR determined this property potentially eligible to the NRHP in 2008 under Criterion A in the area of Agriculture despite its diminished integrity due to the addition of vinyl siding and other architectural alterations. New South Associates recommends further research and an intensive survey to make an NRHP eligibility determination for this property.

House, 10000 Tinsley Lane (Route 711), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-0493

This house is located on a 0.47-acre parcel on the east side of Tinsley Lane in Bent Mountain. It is a 1.5-story gambrel-roof house built in 1951 that is vacant and in deteriorated condition. It has vinyl siding, replacement vinyl windows, and a concrete block foundation. A frame, front gable shed with an asphalt shingle roof is situated east of the house.

This resource is a typical example of a mid-twentieth-century house form. This particular example lacks distinctive architectural features and historic materials integrity. It is not known to have associations with events or persons significant in the past. The resource is recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

49 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Figure 13. Map Showing Location of House (080-0490)

Location on MVP Route

House (080-0490)

Bent Mountain Quadrangle

MVP Route APE Proposed Bent Mountain Rural Historic District Historic Resource

0 200 400Feet

0 60 120 Meters

Sources: ESRI Resource Data 2014

50 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

House, 10808 Bottom Creek Road (Route 607), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-0494

Located on the east side of Bottom Creek Road is this 56-acre property containing a circa 1910 farmhouse and four outbuildings (Figure 14; Photographs 5 and 6). The main house is a two-story building with a metal side-gable roof and weatherboard siding. The foundation is not visible. It has a one-story, hipped-roof wraparound porch. The window types are not visible. The outbuildings are arranged on the north side of the entry drive and include a one-story side-gable secondary residence, two wood frame barns, and a shed.

This is a good example of an early twentieth-century farm with a collection of buildings that possess good integrity. New South Associates recommends further research and an intensive survey in order to make an individual NRHP eligibility determination for this property.

Logan Place Farm, 11082 Mountain Top Drive, Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-0495

Located east of Bottom Creek Road along Mountain Top Drive, a private road, is this farm that contains a circa 1880 house with outbuildings on a 118-acre parcel (Figure 14). The two-story I- house has a T-shaped plan with a side-gable roof, weatherboard exterior, and a stone foundation.

The three-bay façade features a Colonial Revival-style wraparound wood porch with Roman Doric columns. There is millwork and a decorative vent in the end gables. There is a central brick chimney and a central brick flue. The house has a side porch and an enclosed rear porch. Outbuildings on the property include a one-story frame secondary dwelling, a corncrib, a barn, a springhouse, and a shed. The resource is not accessible from the public right-of-way and was documented by Tetra Tech during the archaeological survey and was previously surveyed and entered into V-CRIS in 1991 (no photographs).

Based on the V-CRIS-survey file, this property appears to be a good example of an early twentieth-century farm with a collection of buildings that have good integrity. New South Associates recommends further research and an intensive survey in order to make a NRHP eligibility determination for this property.

51 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Figure 14. Map Showing Location of House (080-0494) and Farm (080-0495) MVP Route Historic District Mountain Rural APE Proposed Bent Historic Resource Historic District Blue Ridge Parkway 0 2000 400Feet 60 120 Meters Location on MVP Route

House (080-0494) House (080-0497) Store/Service Station (080-0496)

Logan Place Farm (080-0495)

MVP Route APE Proposed Bent Mountain Rural Location on MVP Route Historic District Historic Resource

0 200 400Feet

0 60 120 Meters Sources: ESRI Resource Data 2014

Sources: ESRI Resource Data 2014

52 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Photograph 5. House (080-0494) Facing Southeast

Photograph 6. Outbuildings on North Side of Driveway of House (080-0494) Facing Southeast

53 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Store/Service Station 11018 Bent Mountain Road (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-0496

This circa 1920 vacant country store faces west on the east side of Bent Mountain Road (Figure 15; Photograph 7). An associated house (080-5661) is situated south of the store. This one-story building has a metal front-gable roof, weatherboard exterior, and a continuous poured concrete foundation. The main section of the building has a gable front porch with square wood posts, and a central half-light entrance door flanked by two double-hung one-over-one wood windows. There is an interior central concrete block chimney. North of the main gables section is a series of shed roofed additions containing two garage bays with one sliding door and one set of hinged garage doors.

This store is a well-preserved example of an early twentieth-century roadside store or service station that retains good integrity. New South Associates recommends further research and an intensive survey in order to make a NRHP eligibility determination for this property.

House, 11010 Bent Mountain Road (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-0497

This resource is located at the southeast corner of the intersection of Bent Mountain Road and Clover Hill Road on a 0.72-acre parcel (Figure 15; Photograph 8). The circa 1895 two-story vernacular house consists of a small four-room front section, a two-story rear ell, and a one-story side wing appended to the east side of the ell. The house has side gable metal roofs, interior brick chimneys, weatherboard siding, and two-over-two double-hung windows in the two-story front section. The bottom portion of the side wing is covered with a metal sheet. Windows of the ell were not observed; the windows of the side wing appear to be four-over-four and one- over-one sashes. A full-width, single-story front porch has a metal shed roof and protects an offset front entrance serving what may be a hall-parlor floor plan. East of the dwelling is a detached frame and concrete block garage positioned with its gable end to Clover Hill Road.

This resource appears to be an unusual example of a late nineteenth-century vernacular farmhouse. New South Associates recommends further research and an intensive survey in order to make a NRHP eligibility determination for this property.

54 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia MVP MVP Route HistoricDistrict MountainRural APE ProposedBent HistoricResource HistoricDistrict BlueRidge Parkway 0 2000 400Feet 60 120 Meters House (080-0497) Store/Service Station (080-0496) Location onMVP Route Figure 15. Map Showing Location of Store/Service Station (080-0496) and House (080-0497) 15. Map Showing Location of Store/Service Figure Sources:ESRI Resource Data 2014

55 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Photograph 7. Store/Service Station (080-0496), West Side, View East

56 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Photograph 8. Façade of House (080-0497), View South

57 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

House, 11005 Bent Mountain Road (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-0498

Located on the west side of Bent Mountain Road, this resource is a circa 1890 two-story Folk Victorian-style house with a hipped asphalt shingle roof with a decorative front gable, a center bay shed porch on square brick posts, and brick exterior end chimneys. The foundation was not visible and the overall massing of the house could not be determined due to tree cover. The exterior appears to be brick veneer. The porch shelters a central entrance flanked by sidelights. The house has been significantly altered with brick veneer, partially enclosed windows, and replacement six-over-six and nine-over-nine sash vinyl windows. The house is bordered on the west by pastures and includes a large horse barn southeast of the house. The circa 1950-1975 rectangular barn has a flared metal gable roof.

The resource is a turn-of-the-twentieth-century Folk Victorian-style house. The house has been extensively altered by the installation of a modern brick veneer exterior and the removal of the original window sashes. Due to these changes the house is does not convey a historic time period. Due to the loss of materials integrity, house is recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

House 10396 Bent Mountain Road (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County VDHR No. 080-0527

This house is located on the south side of Bent Mountain Road in the rural Bent Mountain community. The south end of the property borders the Blue Ridge Parkway Historic District and National Park. The 49-acre parcel consists of a flat cleared area on the south side of Bent Mountain Road, and a hilly wooded area adjacent to the Blue Ridge Parkway. The house sits approximately 1,000-feet from the road at the back edge of the field. A frame barn was observed west of the dwelling. Four other outbuildings were observed only in aerial photos and appear to be gable-roofed sheds. Also on this parcel close to the road is a frame store (080-0528).

This house appears to be abandoned. Its distance from the road right-of-way made it impossible to fully document. The description below contains information from the 1991 VCRIS entry.

This resource is a circa 1920 two-story hipped-roof dwelling with a full-façade hipped roof front porch and a hipped roof dormer. The overhanging roof eaves display exposed rafter tails, a design element typically found on Craftsman-style buildings. The front porch is supported by narrow square posts on brick piers. The siding type, window sash configuration, roof covering and foundation type could not be determined. The 1991 VCRIS entry states there is a circa 1900 rear ell. Tax records state the ell may date from circa 1880.

58 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

The resource is an example a rural farmhouse with Craftsman design elements such as the hipped roofline, the dormer, the exposed rafter ends and the brick porch piers. Craftsman-inspired houses are found in great numbers in both rural and urban areas across the state. This particular example lacks distinctive architectural, design, and construction features that sufficiently embody the style. It is not known to have associations with events or persons significant in the past. Therefore, the resource is recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

Store 10402 Bent Mountain Road (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County VDHR No. 080-0528

This abandoned store building is located on the south side of Bent Mountain Road in the rural Bent Mountain community. The store faces northwest and is very close to the road. It shares a 49-acre parcel with a Craftsman House (080-0527). A frame shed covered with vertical board siding and an asphalt shingle roof is southwest side of the store.

This circa 1920 one-story, front-gable, frame store building has a central entry flanked by fixed four-light display windows. A flat-roofed canopy with scrolled metal supports on low brick piers shelters the entry. A two-part shed addition with a secondary entry projects from the northeast side of the store. The windows on the sides of the building are replacement two-over- two sashes. The store is covered with weatherboard siding, has a metal roof and rests on concrete block foundation.

This resource is an unremarkable example of an early twentieth-century rural commercial building. The store does not embody distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction. It is not known to have associations with events or persons significant in the past. It is recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, and C. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

House, 10632 Bent Mountain Road (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-0529

Located on the east side of Bent Mountain Road, this 57.8-acre property contains a circa 1910 Folk Victorian-style farmhouse and several outbuildings. Facing west at the base of a wooded hill, the two-story, gable-and-wing frame house has a metal roof, two interior brick chimneys, a rear shed wing, and a partial-width one-story front screened porch. The siding type could not be determined, but it appears from a distance to be non-original replacement siding. The windows are the original two-over-two double-hung sashes, which are paired in the second story, side gable section. The property has a concrete block springhouse/cellar, two modern metal sheds, and a garage.

59 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

The property is an unremarkable example of a twentieth-century domestic complex. The house has been altered with modern siding and the outbuildings are not exemplary examples of any particular building type or construction technique. The buildings as a group do not strongly convey rural or agricultural life and the property is not known to have associations with events or persons significant in the past. The resource is recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

House, 10793 Bent Mountain Road (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County VDHR No. 080-0530

Located on the west side of Bent Mountain Road is this 8.8-acre parcel containing an east-facing house, a small frame storage shed west of it and a gabled frame barn with a metal roof and an enclosed side shed north of the house. The house faces an open field on the east side of Bent Mountain Road. The circa-1940 one-story, rectangular dwelling has a front-gable asphalt shingle roof, asbestos siding, a concrete block foundation and a variety of double-hung window configurations. A small shed-roofed porch on square posts is at the southwest corner of the building and a stone exterior chimney is at the northeast corner.

The house is an unremarkable example of a modest mid-twentieth-century dwelling. The house does not embody distinctive characteristics of a type, period or method of construction. It is not known to have associations with events or persons significant in the past. The resource is recommended not individually eligible to the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

Bridge #1093 Over Mill Creek Bent Mountain Road (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County VDHR No. 080-5004

This bridge carries U.S. Route 221 over Mill Creek just north of the intersection with Route 690 in the rural Bent Mountain community. The area surrounding the bridge is cleared for agricultural use.

This single-span, two-lane concrete slab bridge was erected around 1932. On each side of the bridge is cork railing consisting of three square posts and linked by two horizontal rails.

This bridge was recommended not eligible for the NRHP by Historic Structures Task Group in 1995. This bridge is a common type found across Virginia. It does not possess significant design or construction features and is not known to have associations with events or persons

60 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia significant in the past. Therefore, the resource is recommended not individually eligible to the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

Lawrence Cemetery, South Side of Cobble Trail, Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-5326

The survey team was not able to locate Lawrence Cemetery based on the locational information contained within V-CRIS. The cemetery was surveyed by VDHR in 1998 and described as a large community cemetery with at least 101 graves. Identified graves included 28 with inscribed markers, 61 with uninscribed fieldstone markers, and 12 unmarked graves identified on the basis of ground surface depressions. All of the identified graves ranged in orientation from 77 to 103 degrees east of north. Other graves may be present. Graves are enclosed by a deteriorated post and wire mesh fence. The site is covered with mowed grass and historic plantings including periwinkle, yucca, boxwoods, white pine, cedar, oak and hickory trees. The cemetery was assigned a temporal period based on the 1891 through 1995 range of death dates inscribed on observed headstones. However, the presence of uninscribed fieldstone markers and unmarked graves may reflect an earlier use of the site. The cemetery is marked on the 1973 USGS Elliston map sheet and identified as the “Lawrence Cem.”

Based on the data contained within the survey file, the cemetery does not appear to exhibit distinctive funerary artistic work or possess notable design features, nor is it known to be associated with a particular historic event or persons of transcendent importance. Therefore, the cemetery does not meet NRHP Criterion Consideration D and is recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

Board-and-Batten Cabin 11210 Bottom Creek Road (Route 607), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County VDHR No. 080-5630

This house is located in a rural setting in a wooded area at the intersection of Bottom Creek Road and Rocky Road. It is situated inside a bend of Mill Creek, which runs south of it, in an overgrown lowland. The privy noted north of the cabin in 2013 VCRIS entry was not observed.

The resource is estimated to date from the 1930s and was probably used as a hunting lodge. This abandoned and deteriorated one-story, multi-part, side-gable, frame house is sheathed in board- and-batten siding. The house rests on stone piers and has an asphalt shingle roof. The roof is partially collapsed in some areas. There is a brick chimney flue on the ridge and a concrete block flue at the rear. A porch at the rear is screened and there is a shed with double doors attached at the rear. The front porch noted in the 2013 VCRIS entry could not be observed from the right-of-way.

61 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

This resource was recommended not eligible for the NRHP by VDHR in 2013. Due the poor condition of the resource, the house is recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C. Due to its condition, the resource would not likely contribute to a potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

House, 11410 Rocky Road (Route 144), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-5631

This house with adjacent barns is located on a 32-acre parcel that straddles a bend on the north and south sides of Rocky Road. The house is west of a hillside and is surrounded by wooded hills. The 1.5-story circa-1920 house faces east. It has a side-gambrel form roof with front- gable dormer, a one-story full-length engaged porch, originally a wraparound but now enclosed on the north and south ends. There are two entrances at either end of the façade; both have replacement doors. The house has original two-over-two double-hung windows, and a circa 1960 picture window on the north elevation. Vinyl siding covers the exterior walls and obscures the foundation. An interior central brick chimney projects from the roof. A small front gable shed is situated south of the house, a deteriorated two-story gable-roof barn is located south shed, and a one-story gable-roof barn with vertical wood sheathing is located on the north side of Rocky Ridge Road across from the house.

This house is an unremarkable example of a modest circa 1920 dwelling. The house does not embody distinctive characteristics of a type, period or method of construction. The house’s historic appearance has been altered by the installation of modern vinyl siding and the enclosure of the porch. The house is not known to have associations with events or persons significant in the past. For these reasons the house is recommended not individually eligible to the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

House, 10664 Bent Mountain Road (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County VDHR No. 080-5653

Located on the southeast side of Bent Mountain Road, this circa 1945 1.5-story Cape Cod-style house features a side-gable asphalt shingle roof, two gabled front dormers, exterior end and interior central brick chimneys, brick veneer, and a brick foundation. The main entrance is protected by a center-bay porch supported by square wood columns on brick piers. A one-story side-gable wing projects from the north elevation and a flat-roofed carport extends from the rear. The house has been remodeled with replacement windows and doors, vinyl siding on the dormers and porch, and an enclosed porch addition to the side wing. The 1.9-acre property contains a two-door frame shed south of the dwelling and a one-bay garage with a side shed wing.

62 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

The resource is an example of a common mid-twentieth-century house type, the Cape Cod dwelling. The house’s historic appearance has been altered by the installation of modern vinyl siding, the removal of the original window sashes and doors, and the enclosure of the porch. The dwelling is a heavily altered example of the Cape Cod form and the house is not known to have associations with events or persons significant in the past. Therefore, the resource is recommended not individually eligible to the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

Service Station, 10661 Bent Mountain Road (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-5654

Located on the west side of Bent Mountain Road, this complex consists of a service station and retail market. Both buildings date from the middle of the twentieth century and are abandoned. The parcel is bordered on the west by encroaching woods. The service station is at the southwest end of the property and the market is northeast of it. The service station is a one-story rectangular building with a flat roof, stucco exterior, and a concrete foundation. The interior contains a sales room and office at the north end and an automobile service bay with garage doors at the south end. The retail market has a metal side-gable roof, stone veneer exterior walls, a full-length unsupported shed porch, and a central entrance flanked by boarded windows. Behind this building are two modern sheds.

This property contains two roadside commercial buildings. This type of resource was commonly found along transportation corridors in the mid-twentieth-century. These particular examples are architecturally unremarkable and are not known to be associated with a specific person, event or historical trend. Therefore, these resources are recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

House, 10710 Bent Mountain Road (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-5655

This 1963 Ranch house sits on 0.76-acre parcel on the east side of Bent Mountain Road. The house faces northwest and is surrounded by a grassy lawn with a hill rising gently to the east. The house has a side-gable roof covered with asphalt shingles and a brick exterior with vinyl trim in the gable ends. The foundation is not visible. An offset interior slab chimney projects from the roofline. The windows are horizontal metal sliders and a picture window is placed north of the recessed front entry. A modern prefabricated shed is situated in the northeast corner of the property.

63 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

The resource is an example of a popular mid-twentieth-century house type, the Ranch, which is found in great numbers in both rural and urban areas across the state. This particular example lacks distinctive architectural, design, and construction features that sufficiently embody the Ranch style. It is not known to have associations with events or persons significant in the past. The resource is recommend not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

Store, 10799 Bent Mountain Road (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-5656

This vacant store is situated on the west side of Bent Mountain Road. The store appears to have a central circa 1930 section, which may have been built as a service station. Additions have been built onto the north and south sides of the central section. The original portion has a side gable roof with a front-gable wing, vinyl siding, and the foundation is not visible. It has an interior end brick chimney and double hung six-over-six wood windows. The two additions on either end date to circa 1950 and circa 1980 and feature a variety of design and building materials. South of the store is a gambrel roofed shed with an overhanging front gable.

This resource is a common early to mid-twentieth-century building type that lacks architectural distinction, has low integrity and is in poor condition. It is not known to have associations with events or persons significant in the past. It is recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, and C. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

House, 10808 Bent Mountain Road (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-5657

This circa 1941 house and garage are located on a one-acre parcel on the east side of Bent Mountain Road. A hill east of the house slopes up to a pasture. The one-story dwelling has a metal side-gable roof with clipped end gables, vinyl siding, and a poured concrete foundation. On the west side is a central entrance covered by a gabled entry porch and flanked by two vinyl double-hung replacement windows. There is a rear gable-roof addition on the east elevation, and a small side gabled wing on the north elevation. The one-story, one-bay garage has an asphalt front-gable roof and vinyl siding. In the pasture east of the house are two gabled barns, both painted red and covered in vertical boards. Both have metal roofs and one barn has a foundation of concrete blocks. The other foundation was not visible.

The house is an unremarkable example of a modest mid-twentieth-century dwelling. The house does not embody distinctive characteristics of a type, period or method of construction, and the installation of vinyl siding has obscured or removed the original siding material. The extant

64 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia outbuildings are not examples of any particular building type or construction technique and are not significant independent of the main dwelling. The buildings as a group do not strongly convey rural or agricultural life and the property is not known to have associations with events or persons significant in the past. For these reasons, the resource is recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

Farm, 10864 Bent Mountain Road (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-5658

Located on the east side of Bent Mountain Road is this 11.65-acre farm contains a main house and outbuildings surrounded by farm fields to the west and woods to the east. The 1.5-story house displays Tudor Revival influences, which date the house to the 1930s; however, the dimensions and form of the main block suggest it may be an earlier log dwelling. The house faces northwest and has a side-gable metal roof with a decorative front gable and a brick façade chimney. There is an offset projecting entry vestibule with a shed stoop porch. The house has a weatherboard exterior a concrete block foundation. The house has one-over-one double-hung windows throughout, which may be replacements. Outbuildings include a modern one-bay front gable garage with an enclosed side shed and a gable-roof barn with an enclosed side shed, a metal roof and vertical board siding.

The house is an unremarkable example of a 1930s dwelling, which displays restrained Tudor Revival influences in the form of the steeply pitched front gables and the façade chimney. The garage and barn are not significant examples of any particular building type or construction technique and are not architecturally or historically significant independently of the house. The property is not known to have associations with events or persons significant in the past. For these reasons, the resource is recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

House, 11041 Clover Hill Road (Route 602), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-5659

Located on the south side of Clover Hill Road, this circa 1955 one-story U-plan Ranch house features a shallow hipped asphalt shingle roof, brick veneer walls and foundation, and an interior brick slab chimney. Windows are two-over-two horizontal sashes, with a picture window west of the entry. A metal porch roof supported by metal posts shelters the entry and picture window. Bordered by rolling grassy field on all sides, the house sits on a seven-acre parcel with a one- bay, front-gable, concrete block garage to the south.

65 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

The resource is an example of a popular mid-twentieth-century house type, the Ranch, which is found in great numbers in both rural and urban areas across the state. This particular example lacks distinctive architectural, design, and construction features that sufficiently embody the Ranch style. It is not known to have associations with events or persons significant in the past. The resource is recommend not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

House, 11062 Clover Hill Road (Route 602), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-5660

Located on the north side of Clover Hill Road, this circa 1930 1.5-story vernacular house features a steeply pitched side gable metal roof and a variety of siding materials and window types. This resource has been altered with several additions and renovations. The house is also deteriorated and in poor condition. The 1.3-acre wooded parcel has several small sheds.

The house is an unremarkable example of a modest mid-twentieth-century dwelling. The house does not embody distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction. The house has been altered by the application of a number of modern siding materials. It is not known to have associations with events or persons significant in the past. Due its lack of architectural significance, loss of materials integrity, and poor condition, the resource is recommended not individually eligible to the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

House, 11028 Bent Mountain Road (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-5661

Located on the east side of Bent Mountain Road, this circa 1920, 1.5-story Craftsman-style house features a side-gable asphalt shingle roof, front-gable dormer, an interior central brick chimney, and a concrete block foundation. The house has been altered with vinyl siding and modern replacement doors and windows. The full-width inset front porch, supported by tapered wood columns on brick piers, protects an off-center front entrance marked by an arched gable over the porch steps. There are no outbuildings.

The resource is an example of a common early twentieth-century house type, the Craftsman Bungalow. The house has been altered by the installation of modern vinyl siding over the original siding material and the removal of the original window sashes. The dwelling is a heavily altered example of the Craftsman Bungalow style. The house is not known to have associations with events or persons significant in the past. The resource is recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

66 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Farm, 11072 Rocky Road (Route 144), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-5662

Located on the south side of Rocky Road, this circa 1920 vernacular duplex farmhouse is currently undergoing renovation. The property is bordered on the south by a wooded hillside and on the west by farm fields. The main house has an asphalt shingle side-gable roof, vinyl siding, and a new concrete block foundation. It has an exterior end concrete block chimney and double- hung vinyl windows. There are two entrances on the façade, which is covered by a one-story full-length porch that is under construction. The 1.8-acre property also contains a secondary dwelling, south of the main house, and a deteriorated concrete block barn. The secondary dwelling appears to be used for storage and has a shallow-pitched, metal front-gable roof and one-story enclosed front porch or addition. The exterior is clad with weatherboards and the foundation is not visible. A mixture of window types is present including six-over-six and nine- over-nine sashes.

This resource is an early twentieth-century farm consisting of two dwellings and a barn. The integrity of the primary house has been diminished by the installation of vinyl siding, replacement vinyl windows and a new foundation. The extant outbuildings are not examples of any particular building type or construction technique and are not significant independent of the main dwelling. The buildings as a group do not strongly convey rural or agricultural life and the property is not known to have associations with events or persons significant in the past. For these reasons, the property is recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

House, 11135 Rocky Road (Route 144), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-5663

Located on the north side of Rocky Road, this heavily altered circa 1920 house faces south and is bordered by woods on the north and west. The house is composed of two sections: a two-story vinyl sided I-house and a one-story gable-front-and-wing section. The exterior is sheathed in vinyl siding and stone veneer. It has an asphalt roof and a concrete block foundation. The 0.5- acre parcel also contains a concrete block shed northeast of the house.

This resource is a typical example of an early twentieth-century house that lacks distinctive architecture and historic integrity. The resource is recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C.

The resource is a turn-of-the-twentieth-century I-house with no discernable style. The house has been extensively altered by the installation of vinyl siding, a modern stone veneer exterior, and the removal of the original window sashes. Due to these changes, the house is unable to convey

67 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia a historic time period. Due the loss of materials integrity, the house is recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

Storage Facility, 10222 Bottom Creek Road (Route 607), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-5664

Located on the south side of Bottom Creek Road is this circa 1950 road maintenance storage facility owned by the Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation. The 0.60-acre parcel contains five buildings, including two administrative buildings, two metal storage buildings, and a loading/unloading structure. The two asphalt shingle hipped-roof concrete block administrative buildings flank the entrance drive at the north end of the property. These buildings have metal casement windows and central wood entrance doors, and concrete block foundations. South of the administration buildings is a shed-roof metal shed with four bays, and a gable-roof metal garage with sliding bay doors. On the east side of the property is an open loading and unloading structure with three bays. The site is paved with gravel and has a metal access gate across the entrance.

This resource contains a group of typical mid-twentieth-century infrastructure and storage buildings used to store road maintenance materials by the Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation. The facility is not associated with important historic events or people and does not possess distinctive architecture. It is recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

House, 10146 Bottom Creek Road (Route 607), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-5665

Located on the south side of Bottom Creek Road is this circa 1962 Ranch house (080-5665) and a recently built garage. The house faces north and is surrounded by mature hardwood trees with pastures to the south. The brick Ranch has a side-gable metal roof, an exterior end chimney and concrete block foundation. On the north side is a recently constructed wood gable-front partial- width front porch with a metal roof. Adjacent to the front entry is a tripartite picture window. Other windows are original two-over-two double-hung sashes. The seven-acre parcel also contains a side-gable three-bay garage west of the house.

The resource is an example of a popular mid-twentieth-century house type, the Ranch, which is found in great numbers in both rural and urban areas across the state. This particular example lacks distinctive architectural, design, and construction features that sufficiently embody the Ranch style. The original façade has been altered by the recent addition of a new gabled front

68 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia porch. The property is not known to have associations with events or persons significant in the past. For these reasons, the resource is recommend not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

Lawrence Memorial United Methodist Church, Tinsley Lane (Route 711), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-5666

Located on the east side of Tinsley Lane is the 1947 Lawrence Memorial United Methodist Church (Figure 16; Photograph 9). The church faces west toward residential homes on the west side of the street. Bent Mountain School is located immediately south of the church and open fields are on the north, east and west sides. The church parking lot is located north of the building. The one-story church has a combination of Mission style and Gothic Revival style elements. It has a front-gable asphalt shingle roof with a Mission-influence parapet wall, a brick exterior, and a continuous brick foundation. The central entrance has replacement metal double doors set in a Gothic-arched entryway with a stained glass window in the arch. There are original Gothic stained glass windows spaced regularly along the north and south side elevations. Each side elevation is divided into five bays by brick buttresses. The side-gable brick parish hall addition on the church’s east elevation gives the overall building an L-shaped plan.

This is a well-preserved mid-twentieth-century Gothic Revival church with good integrity. The recently built parish hall addition has a complimentary design that does not detract from the original building. New South Associates recommends further research and an intensive survey in order to make a NRHP eligibility determination for this property.

House, 9970 Tinsley Lane (Route 711), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-5667

This house is located on a 1.5-acre parcel on the east side of Tinsley Lane in Bent Mountain. The circa 1920 1.5-story bungalow has a metal side-gable roof with a front-facing gabled dormer and an engaged porch with square posts and shed rear addition. The house is sheathed in vinyl exterior siding and sits on a concrete block foundation. The windows are six-over-six double- hung wood sash. There is an interior central brick chimney. Outbuildings include a gable roof, two-bay concrete block garage, a prefabricated shed, and a shed-roof barn.

69 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Figure 16. Map Showing Location of Lawrence United Methodist Church (080-5666)

Location on MVP Route

Lawrence Memorial United Methodist Church (080-5666)

MVP Route APE Proposed Bent Mountain Rural Historic District Historic Resource

0 200 400Feet

0 60 120 Meters

Sources: ESRI Resource Data 2014

70 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Photograph 9. Façade of Lawrence United Methodist Church (080-5666), View Northeast

71 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

The resource is an example of a common early twentieth-century house type, the Craftsman Bungalow. The house has been altered by the installation of modern vinyl siding over the original siding material. The dwelling is an altered example of a Craftsman Bungalow. The extant outbuildings are not examples of any particular building type or construction technique and are not significant independent of the main dwelling. The buildings as a group do not strongly convey rural or agricultural life. The property is not known to have associations with events or persons significant in the past. Therefore, the resource is recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, and C. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

Barn 10146 Bottom Creek Road (Route 607), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-5668 Situated southeast of the 1962 Ranch house (080-5665) at the same address, this frame barn is partially situated on the same parcel and partially on a separated legal parcel that fronts Tinsley Lane. This barn is located in a pasture and is surrounded by a fenced pen. The circa 1940 frame barn has a gambrel roof line and a shed on the west side. The walls are sheathed with wood planks and the roof is clad with metal.

The barn is a typical mid-twentieth-century barn with a gambrel roof line. While it appears to be intact, it lacks individual distinction for its architecture. It does not appear to be associated with a larger complex of agricultural buildings. Therefore, the barn is recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, and C. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

House, 120 Cobble Lane, Bent Mountain, Roanoke County VDHR No. 080-5669 This resource is a vacant historic house in a modern residential subdivision called Stoneridge at Bent Mountain (Figure 17; Photograph 10). The circa 1890 house is located on a 4.7-acre parcel and is surrounded by encroaching vegetation that obscures its construction details. It appears to date to the late nineteenth century but further research may date it to the antebellum period. The house is two stories high with a side-gable metal roof, weatherboard exterior, and the foundation is not visible. Other details are not visible from the public right-of-way.

Since the property could not be accessed and the details are not clear, New South Associates recommends further research and an intensive survey in order to make a NRHP eligibility determination for this property. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

72 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Figure 17. Map Showing Location of House (080-5669)

Location on MVP Route

House (080-5669)

080-0527

MVP Route APE Proposed Bent Mountain Rural Historic District Historic Resource

0 200 400Feet

0 60 120 Meters

Sources: ESRI Resource Data 2014

73 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Photograph 10. House (080-5669), View Southeast

74 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

House 11091 Bent Mountain Road (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-5681

Located on the west side of Bent Mountain Road, this circa 1920 American Foursquare-style house features a pyramidal asphalt shingle roof, front facing gambrel roof dormer, and a brick foundation. The two-story house has a one-story wraparound porch supported by square wood posts on brick piers. The house has been altered with vinyl siding and modern replacement doors and windows. Bordered by woods to the west, the 1.5-acre parcel includes a shed to the southwest and a modern prefabricated carport to the rear.

The resource is an example of a common early twentieth-century house type, the American Foursquare. The house has been altered by the installation of modern vinyl siding over the original siding material and the removal of the original window sashes and front entry door. Due to its lack of materials integrity, the dwelling is not an intact example of the American Foursquare. The resource is recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C. Additional study is recommended to determine if the resource may contribute to the potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

Mount Olivet Baptist Church West Side of Floyd Highway (U.S. Route 221) .15 Miles South of Route 644 , Copper Hill, Floyd County VDHR No. 031-0019

This church is on the east side of Floyd Highway on a 1.1-acre parcel. The church faces northeast and has a paved parking lot on the northeast and northwest sides. A prefabricated frame storage shed with a gambrel roof is situated southeast of the church.

Mount Olivet Baptist Church was originally a circa 1880, L-plan, Italianate-style building that has been heavily altered with vinyl siding, replacement windows and a vestibule addition with a columned porte cochere on the front and an education wing addition on the southeast side. The vestibule obscures the original façade and the patterned shingles noted in the 1971 VDHR survey file. The church does retain its original gable end returns and decorative eave brackets. The building sits on a modernized concrete foundation and is covered by a metal roof. A brick exterior chimney flue rises at the intersection of the “L” of the original section.

Mount Olivet Baptist Church is a heavily altered Italianate church. The additions, particularly the vestibule addition that covers the original façade, and the vinyl siding have eroded the building’s materials integrity to such a degree that it no longer conveys its historic appearance, and any important associations with events or people in the past are lost. For these reasons, the church is recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, and C.

75 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

House 8566 Poor Mountain Road (Route 612), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-0488 This circa 1900 house is located on a three-acre parcel on the north side of Poor Mountain Road across from Bottom Creek (Figure 18; Photographs 11 and 12). The house is set in a clearing and is bordered by a wooded hillside on the north and east. There is a shed-roof frame garage west of the house at the end of an unpaved driveway. The 1.5-story square-notched log house is surmounted by a side-gable roof and has a one-story gabled rear ell with shed porches on the east and west sides. The roof is metal. The foundation was not visible. There is an enclosed front porch or addition on the façade. The main block has a central brick chimney and the ell has an exterior end chimney. The walls are of the dwelling are exposed logs, with weatherboards in the gable ends and board-and-batten siding under the enclosed porch. The windows are six-over-six sashes (material not determined) and there is a multi-light picture window set in the south wall of the enclosed front porch.

The VDHR recommended that the property was potentially eligible for listing on NRHP under Criterion C in 2008. New South Associates recommends further research and an intensive survey to make an NRHP eligibility determination for this property.

House 8215 Poor Mountain Road (Route 612), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-0489

Located on a 10-acre parcel on the west side of Poor Mountain Road, this circa 1900 one-story, double-pile house has a hipped metal roof with a projecting interior chimney, a decorative front facing gable, and a rear shed addition. The full-width front shed porch has replacement posts, and the original windows have been replaced with one-over-one vinyl sash windows. The exterior exhibits multiple siding finishes, including wood shingles and stucco scored to resemble stone veneer on the north and east sides. The house sits in a cleared yard, surrounded by woods with a creek running along the west property line. A shed and barn documented in 1991 are no longer extant.

This resource was previously surveyed by the VDHR in 2008 and determined not eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C. No additional work is recommended.

Log House 8315 Willet Lane (Route 786), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-0491

Located at the southeast corner of the intersection of Poor Mountain Road and Willett Lane, and accessed by a long, curved unpaved driveway, this resource is a circa 1880 1.5-story vernacular log dwelling (Figure 19; Photograph 13). The resource was inaccessible and not readily visible from the right-of-way. According to a previous 2008 survey, the rectangular log house features a side

76 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Figure 18. Map Showing Location of House (080-0488)

Location on MVP Route

House (080-0488)

MVP Route APE Proposed Bent Mountain Rural Historic District Historic Resource

0 200 400Feet

0 60 120 Meters

Sources: ESRI Resource Data 2014

77 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Photograph 11. South Side of House (080-0488), View North

Photograph 12. Southwest Corner of House (080-0488), View East

78 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Photograph 13. Log House (080-0491), View Unknown

79 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Figure 19. Map Showing Location of House (080-0491)

Location on MVP Route

House (080-0491)

House (080-0490)

MVP Route APE Proposed Bent Mountain Rural Historic District Historic Resource

0 200 400Feet

0 60 120 Meters

Sources: ESRI Resource Data 2014

80 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia gable asphalt shingle roof, two-bay façade, hewn log walls with V-notching, exterior end stone chimney, shed roof front porch, board and batten shutters, small gabled rear entry, six-over-six double-hung windows, and a solid stone foundation.

This resource was previously surveyed in 2008 by GAI consultants and determined by the VDHR to be eligible for listing in the NRHP under Criterion C at the local level as a well- maintained example of a late nineteenth-century vernacular log house. The NRHP boundary follows a 50-foot radial buffer around the building, including a stand of trees.

House 7388 Cove Hollow Road, Elliston, Roanoke County VDHR No. 080-0516

This circa 1900 dwelling sits very close to the roadbed on the east side of Cove Hollow Road on a 1.8-acre parcel. The front of the house faces northwest. An unpaved driveway is south of the house. On the north side of the driveway is a shed-roofed concrete pump house and a modern prefabricated shed. On the south side of the driveway is a two-level outbuilding with a poured concrete foundation, vertical plank siding and a metal roof.

This circa 1900 two-story, three-bay I-house has a full-façade hipped roof porch supported by narrow square posts and a replacement balustrade. There is a one-story ell with an engaged porch. The house is covered with vinyl siding and the original windows have been removed and replaced with one-over-one vinyl sashes. There is also a replacement front door. The house sits on foundation that is obscured by metal sheets; the porch foundation, which is visible, is concrete block. The roof is covered with sheet metal.

This resource is an unremarkable and altered example of a turn of the twentieth-century I-house. The house does not embody distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction. It is not known to have associations with events or persons significant in the past. It is recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, and C.

Little Hope Primitive Baptist Church 7424 Cove Hollow Road, Elliston, Roanoke County VDHR No. 080-0580

Little Hope Primitive Baptist Church sits on a 1.5-acre parcel on the north side of Cove Hollow Road. A creek runs near the west and north property lines. The parcel contains the 1911 frame historic church, a 1997 gabled brick church, a circa 2000 picnic pavilion, and two shed-roofed privies of corrugated aluminum adjacent to the creek.

81 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

The 1911 church is a rectangular building with the entry in the front gable end that faces the road. The windowless façade has a paneled central entry door, likely a replacement, and a stoop. There are two window openings on each side of the building and one in the rear. Paneled shutters cover the windows. Vinyl siding covers the exterior walls and eaves. The church rests on a stone foundation that has been repaired with concrete and brick infill. The roof is covered with metal.

Little Hope Primitive Baptist Church is typical of the simple houses of worship erected by the Primitive Baptists. However, the vinyl siding obscures the original siding and erodes the historic integrity of the resource. Due the loss of materials integrity, the church is recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C.

House 9925 Floyd Highway (U.S. Route 221), Copper Hill, Floyd County VDHR No. 031-5087

This vacant house is on the west side of Floyd Highway just south of the Floyd-Roanoke County line on a seven-acre parcel. The site is overgrown with woods and no driveway access or outbuildings were observed.

Trees virtually obscure the view of the house from the road. It appears to be a frame, one-story, side-gable dwelling, circa 1900. There is a front-gable wing with a three-sided bay projection with one-over-one window sashes. The house retains its weatherboarding siding. It was not possible to determine the roof materials or foundation type. The property appears to have been abandoned for some time and the house is in poor condition.

This resource is a poorly preserved example of a Folk Victorian-style house. The house lacks architectural significance and integrity. It is not known to have associations with events or persons significant in the past. The resource is recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C.

Elijah Henry House 8443 Poor Mountain Road (Route 612), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-5297

Located off the west side of Poor Mountain Road, this resource is a circa 1840 two-story vernacular I-house that is not visible or accessible from the road (Figure 20). The house is on the west side of Bottom Creek and accessed via a bridge. The three-bay, side-gable house has a metal roof, exterior end brick chimneys, a full-width single-story shed roof front porch, six-over- six double-hung windows, and a solid stone foundation. According to a previous 2009 VDHR survey, the hall-parlor house may have begun as a 1.5-story log house that was raised a half-story with timber frame walls. The oak logs feature V-notching and the interior has some hand-planed elements. The house may have been built by Elijah Henry, a relative of famous statesman Patrick Henry; Elijah had a descendant named Patrick who later owned and occupied the house until around 1970. The house has been vacant since the 1970s and has fallen into deteriorated

82 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Figure 20. Map Showing Location of Elijah Henry House (080-5297)

Location on MVP Route

Elijah Henry House (080-5297)

MVP Route APE Proposed Bent Mountain Rural Historic District Historic Resource

0 200 400Feet

0 60 120 Meters

Sources: ESRI Resource Data 2014

83 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia condition. West of the house is a circa 1910 log outbuilding constructed of round logs with saddle notching and overhanging front roof. The resource is not accessible from the public right- of-way therefore the above description is taken from V-CRIS records.

This resource consists of a circa 1840 vernacular dwelling, partially constructed of logs, with a circa 1910 log outbuilding. VDHR surveyed this property in 2009 but did not evaluate its NRHP eligibility at that time. New South Associates recommends further research and an intensive survey in order to make a NRHP eligibility determination for this property.

Bowman-Schilling Cemetery 8376 Willett Lane (Route 786), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-5312

According to 1998 VDHR survey, the site consists of a small family cemetery with four graves enclosed by a metal fence. All of the observed graves were marked with inscribed headstones dating from 1925-1952. Historic plantings include one white cedar tree, hemlock, and hydrangea. This resource was inaccessible and posted with no trespassing and no survey signage.

Based on the data contained within the survey file, the cemetery does not appear to exhibit distinctive funerary artistic work or possess notable design features, nor is it known to be associated with a particular historic event or persons of transcendent importance. Therefore, the cemetery does not meet NRHP Criterion Consideration D and is recommended not eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C. No additional work is recommended.

Henry-Willet Cemetery Poor Mountain Road (Route 612), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-5324

This resource is a family cemetery located on a wooded hill along the east side of Poor Mountain Road. The cemetery was inaccessible during the survey. According to a 1998 VDHR survey, the site consists of a small family cemetery with at least 29 graves. Observed graves included five with inscribed headstones, 18 with uninscribed fieldstone markers, one with a metal marker, and five unmarked graves identified on the basis of ground surface depressions. All of the observed graves were oriented to the east. Other graves may be present. Graves were enclosed by a deteriorating wood post and wire mesh fence. At the time of survey, the site was covered with high weeds and did not appear maintained. Historic plantings included periwinkle, lilies, hemlock, and a huge oak. Inscribed headstones dated from 1897-1957.

Based on the data contained within the survey file, the cemetery does not appear to exhibit distinctive funerary artistic work or possess notable design features, nor is it known to be associated with a particular historic event or persons of transcendent importance. Therefore, the cemetery does not meet NRHP Criterion Consideration D and is recommended not eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C. No additional work is recommended.

84 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

House 8440 Willett Lane (Route 786), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-5670

Located on the east side of Willett Lane, this circa 1940 one-story Minimal Traditional-style house features a side-gable asphalt shingle roof, vinyl siding, replacement windows, a poured concrete foundation and a shed addition along the east elevation. A wood deck was recently added to the front of the house. The 11-acre parcel also has a gable roof shed.

The house is an unremarkable example of a modest mid-twentieth-century dwelling. The house does not embody distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction. It is not known to have associations with events or persons significant in the past. The resource is recommended not individually eligible to the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C.

House 8469 Willett Lane (Route 786), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-5671

Located on the south side of Willett Lane, this resource is a circa 1973 one-story Ranch house with a side-gable asphalt shingle roof and a modern wraparound deck. The house appears to be covered with vinyl siding from a distance. Windows are horizontal sliding sash windows and there is a picture window at the southeast end of the façade. A concrete block exterior chimney flue is on the east side and the house sits on a brick foundation. The house is sited on a hilltop bordered by woods to the west and pasture and a pond to the east.

The resource is an example of a popular mid-twentieth-century house type, the Ranch, which is found in great numbers in both rural and urban areas across the state. This particular example lacks distinctive architectural, design, and construction features that sufficiently embody the Ranch style. The original façade has been altered by the recent addition of a new gabled front porch. It is not known to have associations with events or persons significant in the past. Therefore, the resource is recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C.

House 8514 Willett Lane (Route 786), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-5672

Located on the east side of Willett Lane, this resource is a circa 1900 one-story vernacular gable- and-wing dwelling with an enclosed wraparound front porch, metal roof, synthetic siding, and original six-over-six sash windows.

The resource is an unremarkable example of a turn-of-the-century vernacular gable-and-wing house. The house does not embody distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction. It is not known to have associations with events or persons significant in the past. Therefore, the resource is recommend not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C.

85 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

House 8449 Willett Lane (Route 786), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-5673

Located on the west side of Willett Lane, this resource is a circa 1955 side-gable Ranch house with an open carport at the south end. The roof is asphalt shingle and the exterior walls are stone veneered and vinyl sided. Windows are two-over-two horizontal sashes and there is a picture window at the south end of the façade. An interior central concrete block flue projects from the roof and the house sits on a concrete block basement. The house is bordered by pastures on the west and south sides.

The resource is an example of a popular mid-twentieth-century house type, the Ranch, which is found in great numbers in both rural and urban areas across the state. This particular example lacks distinctive architectural, design, and construction features that sufficiently embody the Ranch style. It is not known to have associations with events or persons significant in the past. Therefore, the resource is recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C.

House 8011 Poor Mountain Road (Route 612), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-5674

Located on the west side of Poor Mountain Road, this circa 1880 house sits on a heavily wooded lot and is not readily visible from the right-of-way. The two-story house features a side-gable, asphalt shingle roof and an exterior end stone chimney. Aerial photographs show that the house has undergone significant modern renovations and additions, including a two-story side and rear wing that is nearly triple the size of the original house. The 36-acre parcel features several outbuildings.

The resource is a circa 1880 two-story dwelling. The house has been extensively altered with non-historic additions. Due to these changes, the house is does not convey a historic time period. Due the loss of materials integrity, the house is recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C.

WDBJ Television/WSLQ-FM Radio Transmitting Facility 8149 Honeysuckle Road (Route 916), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-5675

Located on the north side of Honeysuckle Road, this resource is a commercial television and radio transmitting facility for WDBJ Television, a CBS affiliate based in Roanoke, and WSLQ- FM (99.1), also based in Roanoke (Figure 21; Photograph 14). Dating from 1956, the facility is located on top of Poor Mountain nearly 4,000 feet above sea level. The 11-acre facility features a large brick building and three metal lattice transmission towers enclosed with a chain-link

86 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Figure 21. Map Showing Location of WDBJ Television/WSLQ-FM Radio Transmitting Facility, (080-5675)

Location on MVP Route

WDBJ Television/WSLQ-FM Radio Transmitting Facility (080-5675)

MVP Route APE Historic Resource

0 200 400Feet Elliston Quadrangle 0 60 120 Meters

Sources: ESRI Resource Data 2014 Roanoke County 87 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Photograph 14. WDBJ Television/WSLQ-FM Radio Transmitting Facility, (080-5675), View West-Northwest

88 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia fence topped by barbed wire. The primary 135-foot radio transmission tower was constructed in 1965. The two shorter towers are of more recent construction, such as a 55-foot digital television transmission tower constructed in 2011, and the 121-foot radio transmission tower constructed in 2012. The Modernist-style L-shaped building features a flat roof, brick walls, masonry foundation, and one and two-story wings. A metal awning wraps from the south side to the east side. The windows of the two-story section have been replaced with one-over-one vinyl sash. HVAC equipment is mounted on the roof.

This resource is a well-preserved example of a mid-twentieth-century Modernist-style commercial television and radio transmitting facility with a historic transmission tower. New South Associates recommends further research and an intensive survey in order to make a NRHP eligibility determination for this property.

WSLC-FM Radio Transmitting Facility 8131 Honeysuckle Road (Route 916), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, VDHR No. 080-5676

Located on the north side of Honeysuckle Road, this resource is a commercial radio transmitting facility for WSLC-FM (94.9) based in Roanoke. Dating from 1956, the facility is located on top of Poor Mountain approximately 4,000 feet above sea level. Founded in 1948, the station’s call letters were WDBJ-FM from 1948-1969, WPVR-FM from 1969-2000, and WSLC-FM since 2000. From 1948-1956, the radio broadcast station and transmission tower were located on Bent Mountain before relocating to the current location on Poor Mountain in 1956. A new transmitter and antenna was installed in 1964. In 2000, the station was sold and the call letters changed to WSLC-FM with a country music format branded as “94.9 Star Country.”

The facility consists of a large modern metal building, a small brick equipment building, and two modern steel lattice transmission towers. The 69-foot tall tower was constructed in 1987 and the 121-foot tall tower in 2012. An earlier 1964 tower has been dismantled. The large building features a metal gable roof, and concrete block and metal panel walls. The small brick building has a flat roof and may date from the original 1950s period. The three-acre graveled site is enclosed by a chain link fence topped with barbed wire.

While a radio transmitting facility has been located at this site since the mid-1950s, only one structure, the small brick building, potentially dates from the period of significance. This building is not distinctive for its architecture, design or construction. The complex as a whole does not convey a historic time period. Therefore, the resource is recommended not eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C.

89 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

House 11153 Bent Mountain Road (U.S. Route 221), Bent Mountain, Roanoke County VDHR No. 080-5680

This brick Period Cottage is on the west side of Bent Mountain Road just north of the Floyd- Roanoke County line. The house faces southeast on a 2.1-acre parcel. North of the house is a front-gable, concrete block one-bay garage. North of the garage is a frame shed-roofed shed adjacent to a wire-fenced pasture with another similar shed behind the first and inside the fence, as well as a side-gable roofed shed set in the woods and up a hill behind the house to the northwest.

This circa 1935 one-and-half story side-gable brick house has a central projecting entry bay with a steeply-pitched roof, an arched entry door, and an arched gable window. South of the entry bay is a brick façade chimney. An interior brick chimney flue projects from the rear slope of the house. A shed roof porch supported by square wood posts on brick piers projects from the north elevation. The windows are eight-over-eight double-hung sashes with brick flat arches and header sills. The house rests on a continuous concrete foundation and has an asphalt shingle roof.

The resource is an example of a common mid-twentieth-century house type, the Period Cottage. This style was popular in the 1930s and 1940s and is characterized by its restrained Tudor Revival features such as façade chimneys and steeply-pitched rooflines. While this house retains integrity of materials, it lacks distinctive architectural, design, and construction features. It is not known to have associations with events or persons significant in the past. The resource is recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, or C.

90 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

V. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Sixty-four resources were recorded within the MVP historic architectural resources APE. Of the 64 resources recorded, the following 14 individual resources and one historic district containing 42 resources (see Table 3) were recommended potentially eligible for the NRHP and New South recommends Phase II study to determine NRHP eligibility:

• 080-5161-0341 • 080-0496* • 080-0322* • 080-0497* • 080-0326* • 080-5297 • 080-0487* • 080-5666* • 080-0488 • 080-5669* • 080-0490* • 080-5675 • 080-0494* • 080-5677 - Bent Mountain Historic District (includes 42 surveyed resources) • 080-0495* *both potentially individually eligible AND contribute to Bent Mountain District

Three resources have already been listed or determined eligible for listing in the NRHP, and no change is recommended in the NRHP status of these resources.

• 080-0491 • 080-5161 • 080-5161-0188

Fifteen (15) resources are recommended not eligible for the NRHP, and no further work is needed.

• 031-0019 • 080-5324 • 031-5045 • 080-5670 • 031-5087 • 080-5671 • 080-0489 • 080-5672 • 080-0516 • 080-5673 • 080-0580 • 080-5674 • 080-5312 • 080-5676 • 080-5680

Table 4. Summary and Survey Findings and Recommendations

VDHR Name Location Date NRHP Evaluation Recommendations Survey # for Additional Work 080-5161 Blue Ridge Blue Ridge Parkway, 1935- VHDR Determined None Parkway Historic Bent Mountain, Roanoke, 1987 NRE* under Criteria District Franklin, and Floyd Counties A and C 080-5161- Bridge, Blue Milepost 135.98, 1958 NPS Determined None 0188 Ridge Parkway, Blue Ridge Parkway, NRE in 2013 Spanning Bent Mountain, Roanoke County Callaway Road (Route 602) *NRE= National Register Eligible Shaded cells indicate those within potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

91 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Table 4. Summary and Survey Findings and Recommendations

VDHR Name Location Date NRHP Evaluation Recommendations Survey # for Additional Work 031-0019 Mount Olivet West Side of Floyd Highway Circa Not NRE None Baptist Church (U.S. Route 221) .15 Miles 1880; South of Route 644 , 2005 Copper Hill, Floyd County 031-5045 Wimmer Farm Blue Ridge Parkway, Circa NPS and VDHR None Copper Hill, Floyd County 1900 Determined Not NRE in 2011 031-5087 House 9925 Floyd Highway Circa Not NRE None (U.S. Route 221), 1900 Copper Hill, Floyd County 080-5630 Board-and-Batten 11210 Bottom Creek Road Circa Not Individually Phase II Study as Cabin (Route 607), Bent Mountain, 1930 NRE – May Part of Potential Roanoke County Contribute to Bent Mountain Proposed Bent Rural District Mountain Rural Historic District 080-5677 Bent Mountain Bent Mountain Road Circa Potentially NRE Phase II Study Rural Historic (U.S. Route 221), 1850- District Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 1900 080-5677- House 11070 Bottom Creek Road Circa Not Individually Phase II Study as 0001 (Route 607), Bent Mountain, 1850 NRE – May Part of Potential Roanoke County Contribute to Bent Mountain Proposed Bent Rural District Mountain Rural Historic District 080-5677- House 10518 Bent Mountain Road Circa Not Individually Phase II Study as 0002 (U.S. Route 221), 1950 NRE – May Part of Potential Bent Mountain, Roanoke County Contribute to Bent Mountain Proposed Bent Rural District Mountain Rural Historic District 080-5677- House 10388 Bent Mountain Road Circa Not Individually Phase II Study as 0003 (U.S. Route 221), 1954 NRE – May Part of Potential Bent Mountain, Roanoke County Contribute to Bent Mountain Proposed Bent Rural District Mountain Rural Historic District 080-0047 Farm 11272 Rocky Road (Route 144), Circa Not Individually Phase II Study as Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 1920 NRE – May Part of Potential Contribute to Bent Mountain Proposed Bent Rural District Mountain Rural Historic District 080-0050 Barn 10935 Bottom Creek Road Circa Not Individually Phase II Study as (Route 607), Bent Mountain, 1920 NRE – May Part of Potential Roanoke County Contribute to Bent Mountain Proposed Bent Rural District Mountain Rural Historic District *NRE= National Register Eligible Shaded cells indicate those within potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

92 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Table 4. Summary and Survey Findings and Recommendations

VDHR Name Location Date NRHP Evaluation Recommendations Survey # for Additional Work 080-0322 Bent Mountain 10148 Tinsley Lane 1917 Potentially Phase II Study Elementary (Route 711), Individually NRE – School Bent Mountain, Roanoke County May Contribute to Proposed Bent Mountain Rural Historic District 080-0323 Rosemont 10106 Bottom Creek Road Circa Not Individually Phase II Study as (Route 607), 1908 NRE – May Part of Potential Bent Mountain, Roanoke County Contribute to Bent Mountain Proposed Bent Rural District Mountain Rural Historic District 080-0326 Thompson Grove 10210 Bent Mountain Road Circa Potentially Phase II Study Primitive Baptist (U.S. Route 221), 1900 Individually NRE – Church Bent Mountain, Roanoke County May Contribute to Proposed Bent Mountain Rural Historic District 080-0487 House 10721 Bent Mountain Road Circa Potentially Phase II Study (U.S. Route 221), 1850 Individually NRE – Bent Mountain, Roanoke County May Contribute to Proposed Bent Mountain Rural Historic District 080-0490 House 8701 Poor Mountain Road Circa VDHR Determined Phase II Study (Route 612), Bent Mountain, 1820 Potentially NRE in Roanoke County 2008 -– May Contribute to Proposed Bent Mountain Rural Historic District 080-0493 House 10000 Tinsley Lane 1951 Not Individually Phase II Study as (Route 711), NRE – May Part of Potential Bent Mountain, Roanoke County Contribute to Bent Mountain Proposed Bent Rural District Mountain Rural Historic District 080-0494 House 10808 Bottom Creek Road Circa Potentially Phase II Study (Route 607), 1910 Individually NRE – Bent Mountain, Roanoke County May Contribute to Proposed Bent Mountain Rural Historic District 080-0495 Logan Place Farm 11082 Mountain Top Drive, Circa Potentially Phase II Study Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 1880 Individually NRE – May Contribute to Proposed Bent Mountain Rural Historic District 080-0496 Store/Service 11018 Bent Mountain Road Circa Potentially Phase II Study Station (U.S. Route 221), 1920 Individually NRE – Bent Mountain, Roanoke County May Contribute to Proposed Bent Mountain Rural Historic District *NRE= National Register Eligible Shaded cells indicate those within potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

93 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Table 4. Summary and Survey Findings and Recommendations

VDHR Name Location Date NRHP Evaluation Recommendations Survey # for Additional Work 080-0497 House 11010 Bent Mountain Road Circa Potentially Phase II Study (U.S. Route 221), 1895 Individually NRE – Bent Mountain, Roanoke County May Contribute to Proposed Bent Mountain Rural Historic District 080-0498 House 11005 Bent Mountain Road Circa Not Individually Phase II Study as (U.S. Route 221), 1890 NRE – May Part of Potential Bent Mountain, Roanoke County Contribute to Bent Mountain Proposed Bent Rural District Mountain Rural Historic District 080-0527 House 10396 Bent Mountain Road Circa Not Individually Phase II Study as (U.S. Route 221), 1880; NRE – May Part of Potential Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 1920 Contribute to Bent Mountain Proposed Bent Rural District Mountain Rural Historic District 080-0528 Store 10402 Bent Mountain Road Circa Not Individually Phase II Study as (U.S. Route 221), 1920 NRE – May Part of Potential Bent Mountain, Roanoke County Contribute to Bent Mountain Proposed Bent Rural District Mountain Rural Historic District 080-0529 House 10632 Bent Mountain Road Circa Not Individually Phase II Study as (U.S. Route 221), 1910 NRE – May Part of Potential Bent Mountain, Roanoke County Contribute to Bent Mountain Proposed Bent Rural District Mountain Rural Historic District 080-0530 House 10793 Bent Mountain Road Circa Not Individually Phase II Study as (U.S. Route 221), 1940 NRE – May Part of Potential Bent Mountain, Roanoke County Contribute to Bent Mountain Proposed Bent Rural District Mountain Rural Historic District 080-5004 Bridge #1903 Bent Mountain Road (U.S. Circa Not Individually Phase II Study as Route 221) Over Mill Creek, 1934 NRE – May Part of Potential Bent Mountain, Roanoke County Contribute to Bent Mountain Proposed Bent Rural District Mountain Rural Historic District 080-5326 Lawrence South Side Of Cobble Trail, 1891- Not Individually Phase II Study as Cemetery Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 1995 NRE – May Part of Potential Contribute to Bent Mountain Proposed Bent Rural District Mountain Rural Historic District 080-5631 House 11410 Rocky Road (Route 144), Circa VHDR Determined Phase II Study as Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 1920 Not Individually Part of Potential NRE in 2013– May Bent Mountain Contribute to Rural District Proposed Bent Mountain Rural Historic District *NRE= National Register Eligible Shaded cells indicate those within potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

94 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Table 4. Summary and Survey Findings and Recommendations

VDHR Name Location Date NRHP Evaluation Recommendations Survey # for Additional Work 080-5653 House 10664 Bent Mountain Road Circa Not Individually Phase II Study as (U.S. Route 221), 1945 NRE – May Part of Potential Bent Mountain, Roanoke County Contribute to Bent Mountain Proposed Bent Rural District Mountain Rural Historic District 080-5654 Service Station 10661 Bent Mountain Road Circa Not Individually Phase II Study as (U.S. Route 221), 1950 NRE – May Part of Potential Bent Mountain, Roanoke County Contribute to Bent Mountain Proposed Bent Rural District Mountain Rural Historic District 080-5655 House 10710 Bent Mountain Road 1963 Not Individually Phase II Study as (U.S. Route 221), NRE – May Part of Potential Bent Mountain, Roanoke County Contribute to Bent Mountain Proposed Bent Rural District Mountain Rural Historic District 080-5656 Store 10799 Bent Mountain Road Circa Not Individually Phase II Study as (U.S. Route 221), 1930 NRE – May Part of Potential Bent Mountain, Roanoke County Contribute to Bent Mountain Proposed Bent Rural District Mountain Rural Historic District 080-5657 House 10808 Bent Mountain Road 1941 Not Individually Phase II Study as (U.S. Route 221), NRE – May Part of Potential Bent Mountain, Roanoke County Contribute to Bent Mountain Proposed Bent Rural District Mountain Rural Historic District 080-5658 Farm 10864 Bent Mountain Road Circa Not Individually Phase II Study as (U.S. Route 221), 1920 NRE – May Part of Potential Bent Mountain, Roanoke County Contribute to Bent Mountain Proposed Bent Rural District Mountain Rural Historic District 080-5659 House 11041 Clover Hill Road Circa Not Individually Phase II Study as (Route 602), 1955 NRE – May Part of Potential Bent Mountain, Roanoke County Contribute to Bent Mountain Proposed Bent Rural District Mountain Rural Historic District 080-5660 House 11062 Clover Hill Road Circa Not Individually Phase II Study as (Route 602), 1930 NRE – May Part of Potential Bent Mountain, Roanoke County Contribute to Bent Mountain Proposed Bent Rural District Mountain Rural Historic District 080-5661 House 11028 Bent Mountain Road Circa Not Individually Phase II Study as (U.S. Route 221), 1920 NRE – May Part of Potential Bent Mountain, Roanoke County Contribute to Bent Mountain Proposed Bent Rural District Mountain Rural Historic District *NRE= National Register Eligible Shaded cells indicate those within potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

95 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Table 4. Summary and Survey Findings and Recommendations

VDHR Name Location Date NRHP Evaluation Recommendations Survey # for Additional Work 080-5662 Farm 11072 Rocky Road (Route 144), Circa Not Individually Phase II Study as Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 1920 NRE – May Part of Potential Contribute to Bent Mountain Proposed Bent Rural District Mountain Rural Historic District 080-5663 House 11135 Rocky Road (Route 144), Circa Not Individually Phase II Study as Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 1920 NRE – May Part of Potential Contribute to Bent Mountain Proposed Bent Rural District Mountain Rural Historic District 080-5664 Storage Facility 10222 Bottom Creek Road Circa Not Individually Phase II Study as (Route 607), 1950 NRE – May Part of Potential Bent Mountain, Roanoke County Contribute to Bent Mountain Proposed Bent Rural District Mountain Rural Historic District 080-5665 House 10146 Bottom Creek Road 1962 Not Individually Phase II Study as (Route 607), NRE – May Part of Potential Bent Mountain, Roanoke County Contribute to Bent Mountain Proposed Bent Rural District Mountain Rural Historic District 080-5666 Lawrence Tinsley Lane (Route 711), 1947 Potentially Phase II Study Memorial United Bent Mountain, Roanoke County Individually NRE – Methodist Church May Contribute to Proposed Bent Mountain Rural Historic District 080-5667 House 9970 Tinsley Lane (Route 711), Circa Not Individually Phase II Study as Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 1920 NRE – May Part of Potential Contribute to Bent Mountain Proposed Bent Rural District Mountain Rural Historic District 080-5668 Barn 10146 Bottom Creek Road Circa Not Individually Phase II Study as (Route 607), 1940 NRE – May Part of Potential Bent Mountain, Roanoke County Contribute to Bent Mountain Proposed Bent Rural District Mountain Rural Historic District 080-5669 House 120 Cobble Lane, Circa Potentially Phase II Study Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 1890 Individually NRE – May Contribute to Proposed Bent Mountain Rural Historic District 080-5681 House 11091 Bent Mountain Road Circa Not Individually Phase II Study as (U.S. Route 221), 1920 NRE – May Part of Potential Bent Mountain, Roanoke County Contribute to Bent Mountain Proposed Bent Rural District Mountain Rural Historic District *NRE= National Register Eligible Shaded cells indicate those within potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

96 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Table 4. Summary and Survey Findings and Recommendations

VDHR Name Location Date NRHP Evaluation Recommendations Survey # for Additional Work 080-0488 House 8566 Poor Mountain Road Circa VDHR Determined Phase II Study (Route 612), 1900 Potentially NRE in Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 2008 080-0489 House 8215 Poor Mountain Road Circa VDHR Determined None (Route 612), 1900 Not NRE Eligible in Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 2008 080-0491 Log House 8315 Willet Lane (Route 786), Circa VDHR Determined None Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 1880 NRE Eligible Under Criterion C in 2008 080-0516 House 7388 Cove Hollow Road, Circa Not NRE None Elliston, Roanoke County 1900 080-0580 Little Hope 7427 Cove Hollow Road, 1911 Not NRE None Primitive Baptist Elliston, Roanoke County Church 080-5297 Elijah Henry 8443 Poor Mountain Road Circa Potentially Phase II Study House (Route 612), 1840 Individually NRE Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5312 Bowman-Schilling 8376 Willett Lane (Route 786), 1925- Not NRE None Cemetery Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 1952 080-5324 Henry-Willet Poor Mountain Road 1897- Not NRE None Cemetery (Route 612), 1957 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5670 House 8440 Willett Lane (Route 786), Circa Not NRE None Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 1940 080-5671 House 8469 Willett Lane (Route 786), Circa Not NRE None Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 1973 080-5672 House 8514 Willett Lane (Route 786), Circa Not NRE None Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 1900 080-5673 House 8449 Willett Lane (Route 786), Circa Not NRE None Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 1955 080-5674 House 8011 Poor Mountain Road Circa Not NRE None (Route 612), 1880 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5675 WDBJ 8149 Honeysuckle Road 1956 Potentially NRE Phase II Television/WSLQ- (Route 916), FM Radio Bent Mountain, Roanoke County Transmitting Facility 080-5676 WSLC-FM Radio 8131 Honeysuckle Road 1956 Not NRE None Transmitting (Route 916), Facility Bent Mountain, Roanoke County 080-5680 House 11153 Bent Mountain Road, Circa Not NRE None (U.S. Route 221), 1935 Bent Mountain, Roanoke County *NRE= National Register Eligible Shaded cells indicate those within potential Bent Mountain Historic District.

97 98 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

REFERENCES

Blackford, William Willis 1856 Map & Profile of the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad. Ritchie & Dunnavant, Richmond, Virginia. Crozet, Claudius 1848 A Map of the Internal Improvements of Virginia, the Library of Virginia, Electronic document, www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/mapping/building/crozetip.htm, accessed September 1, 2015. Dotson, Jr., Paul R. 1997 Sisson’s Kingdom: Loyalty Divisions in Floyd County, Virginia, 1861-1865. Master’s Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia. Fry, Joshua and Peter Jefferson 1751 Map of the Most Inhabited Part of Virginia Containing the Whole Province of Maryland with Part of Pensilvania, New Jersey and North Carolina. Thomas Jefferys, London, England. Houston, Kitty 1996 Phase I Architectural Survey: Phlegar Farm Industrial Park Development, Floyd County, Virginia. Anderson & Associates, Inc. Howe, Henry 1852 Historical Collections of Virginia. Wm. R. Babcock, Charleston, South Carolina. Hyland, Matthew G. and Megan L. Otten 2008 Architectural and Historic Resources Survey Report and Effects Evaluation: Sunscape 138kV Transmission Line Project, City of Roanoke and Roanoke County, Virginia. GAI Consultants, Inc., Homestead, Pennsylvania, March. Jack, George S. and Edward Boyle Jacobs 1912 History of Roanoke County. Stone Publishers, Roanoke, Virginia. Marshall, Sydne B. 2015 Mountain Valley Pipeline Project Area of Potential Effects (APE) for Indirect Effects Draft APE for Discussion. Letter to Ellen Turco. March. Martin, Joseph 1835 A New and Comprehensive Gazetteer of Virginia and the District of Columbia. Charlottesville, Virginia.

99 Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline Roanoke County, Virginia

Mountain Valley Pipeline, LLC 2015 Mountain Valley Pipeline Project. Informative. Mountain Valley Pipeline. Electronic document, http://mountainvalleypipeline.info/, accessed June 4, 2015. Roanoke Regional Partnership 2014 Roanoke Regional Partnership - Transportation Manufacturing Business Sector in Roanoke, Virginia. Electronic document, http://www.roanoke.org/doing-business-in- roanoke/target-sectors/transportation-manufacturing.aspx, accessed July 15, 2015. Turco, Ellen 2015 Historic Architecture Literature Search for Mountain Valley Pipeline. Letter to Sydne Marshall. April. U.S. Census Bureau 1860 U.S. Federal Population, Agricultural, and Manufacturing Census. U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, D.C. 2010 U.S. Federal Population, Agricultural, and Manufacturing Census. U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, D.C. Whitwell, W.L. and Lee W. Whitwell 1982 The Architectural Heritage of the Roanoke Valley. University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.

100