The Minefield: an Australian Tragedy in America's Vietnam War
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Volume 5 | Issue 6 | Article ID 2447 | Jun 04, 2007 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus The Minefield: An Australian Tragedy in America's Vietnam War Greg Lockhart The Minefield: An Australian Tragedy in District of Long Dat from his enemy’s regular America’s Vietnam War units in the north and east. These were the regular units of the National Liberation Front Blinded by imperial hubris, the author vividly (or NLF) for the southern region of Vietnam shows how Australian and American forces and/or the People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN). received a bitter lesson in guerrilla warfare and The problem, however, was that Graham did the uses of technology from the NLF. not know his enemy. He did not realise that the people in Long Dat were also largely hostile to Greg Lockhart 1ATF’s presence in Phuoc Tuy. He did not realise that, led by the NLF, the people in Long In 1967 the commander of First Australian Dat would lift thousands of the mines and turn Task Force (1ATF), Brigadier Stuart Graham them back against 1ATF with horrendous, far- ordered the construction of an 11 kilometre reaching results. Amplifying the conceptual ‘barrier fence and minefield’ in Phuoc Tuy travesty of building a ‘barrier’ with his enemy Province, southern Vietnam. This ‘barrier’, on both sides of it, Graham built it with over which ran for some 11 kilometres through the 20,000 powerful M16 ‘Jumping Jack’ southern Phuoc Tuy, would constitute the landmines. biggest blunder in Australian military history since the Second World War. It would also The M16 mine was about the size of a large jam constitute a story of strategic self-destruction tin, about 10 centimetres in diameter and 12 that epitomised both Australia’s involvement in centimetres high, or 19 centimetres with the the Vietnam War and the wider Australian M605 fuze installed. With steel inner and outer imperial tradition of sending expeditions to far- casings, the mine weighed over three and a half flung wars. kilograms including about half a kilogram of TNT. To prime it, an M605 fuze (or striker) with three prongs at the top was screwed into a well in the centre of the mine. The safety pin, which prevented the fuze from being driven home in the fuze assembly, had to be withdrawn from a hole in the neck of the fuze. The mine was detonated when a small downward force was applied to the prongs---or there is a similar pull on a trip wire attached to the release pin located below the safety pin in Brigadier Stuart Graham the neck of the fuze. In Vietnam, the purpose of Graham’s ‘barrier’ With detonation either way, a plate moves was to separate and to shield Phuoc Tuy’s most across the igniter mechanism and frees the densely populated villages in the southwestern firing pin through a hole in the plate. Driven 1 5 | 6 | 0 APJ | JF downwards by a spring, the freed firing pin involved children pushing buffaloes and dogs strikes a cap which ignites a two-second delay into the field to distract the mine laying teams. fuse. This delay fuse ignites a flash cap, which One sapper, Jethro Thompson, who seems to further ignites a bag of black powder, which have trod accidentally on an M16 mine during throws the mine out of the ground with great the laying, survived at the epicenter of the blast force, simultaneously igniting a two millisecond and later catalogued his shocking injuries. delay fuse. This fuse detonates the half- There was a tremendous explosion, and kilogram of TNT when the mine is knee to waist height out of the ground---hence ‘Jumping I thought, ‘O shit!’ And that’s the Jacks’. The cast iron fragmentation body inside last thing I remember before I was the inner steel casing fragments with the force flying through the air. All the dust of the blast. The mine was usually lethal within and crap seemed to float down a 25-metre radius, was known to have killed at covering me in very slow motion. 75, and was dangerous to 200 metres. My hands were spewing blood and I could not feel my left leg … I got hit from left to right, shreds at the high thigh only attached my leg. My dick is longer than my left leg and I’m not boasting. My left hand was a mess. Lost all but the thumb and index finger. My right wrist had been badly gouged. My buttocks and right leg was badly lacerated. Left eardrum was perforated. I took a penetrating abdominal wound at the base of the flak jacket. This opened me up (Right) The M16 'Jumping Jack' Mine primed with an M106 exposing my intestines. I heard fuze, and (left) an anti-lift device consisting of an M26 someone yelling out to put the pins grenade and an M5 pressure release switch. The ensemble back in the mines near us. Then awaits installation in the mine hole to the right of the shadow at the base of the mine in May 1967. The anti-lift one bloke said, ‘we can’t, Jethro’s device would be placed in the hole first, the mine sat on got them.’ [Sergeant] Brett Nolen top of it, and the spoil packed back in the hole around the was hovering over me trying to ordnance. The prongs on the fuze would be just below the stop the flow of blood. I was hot surface and camouflaged with a light sprinkling of dirt. The M16 mine was a descendent of the German 'S' mine, and looking into the sun. which had already been built to jump in the Second World War. Improvements on the 'S' mine led to the new Ten days later in hospital, Jethro also had his generation of M16 mines initially designed and mass right hand amputated. produced in the US for use in Europe against Warsaw Pact countries in the former Soviet bloc. (Photo: courtesy Dick Beck). As the Australian sappers were being killed and mutilated laying the mines, some 30 NLF lifters As work on the laying of the minefield went on were blown to pieces during suicidal through May 1967, 13 Australian sappers were experiments to lift them. Especially as they killed and dismembered as a result ofoperated at night, their biggest problem was detonations caused by the stress of the job. finding out what caused many of the mines to This stress included fierce heat, fear, faulty detonate as they were being lifted. This was an ordnance, and enemy action that usually anti-lift device, which the Australians had fitted 2 5 | 6 | 0 APJ | JF beneath about half the mines in an attempt to From then on, The Minefield shows how the deter their enemy. Each device consisted of an indigent, lightly armed NLF guerillas in the M5 pressure release switch about the size of a south-western villages had an inexhaustible matchbox that is fitted with a detonator supply of M16 mines to turn back against the adaptor and screwed into the top of an M26 Australian task force. The far-reaching fact fragmentation grenade. If someone attempts to would be that, by inflicting hundreds of lift the mine and the anti-lift device iscasualties on 1ATF and its allies with M16 functioning properly, the lid flies openmines from the 1ATF minefield, the NLF releasing the firing pin and detonating the guerillas would defend their strategically vital grenade. southwestern area in Phuoc Tuy against Australian incursions. How did Brigadier Graham so badly misread his enemy? Under great pressure he personally faltered: he failed to heed warnings from his subordinates that anti-lift devices would not be enough to secure the mines in the ground from a determined enemy and made an irrational decision. Yet the book explains that the pressures bearing down on him were a function of fundamental flaws in Australian government A sapper in a carrying team at work in the Australian policy. Graham’s decision was accommodated minefield in May1967. The mines were laid in clusters of and, even, incited by the institutionalized three. The pattern of three mine clusters is visible. The ignorance about Vietnam that was an essential clusters were arranged in rows, with two rows in a strip requirement for the government to prosecute and three strips in the field. There were mine-hole digging the war. Conditioned by the Australian imperial teams as well as separate mine arming and mine carrying teams. The work of the three kinds of teams had to be view of the world and its far-flung conducted like clockwork and with great concentration, expeditionary tradition, neither Graham nor his especially in the arming phase, which was particularly superiors in Canberra could ever comprehend dangerous when anti-lift devices were employed. Some 13 that the people living in Long Dat would sappers were killed and wounded in the laying. (Photo: courtesy Graham Moon). perceive them to be invaders. The histories of Long Dat District thus recount From the 1950s, the Australian government the story of how a combat engineer named oratory instinctively followed the US Hung Manh had an unexpected reprieve after government’s emphasis on the ‘domino theory’, being ceremoniously sent off (with drinks) on a according to which the downward thrust of likely suicide mission to the minefield. The Asian communism threatened the countries of crucial detail: ‘the grenade beneath the mine South-East Asia and Australia. ButThe did not detonate because the detonator was Minefield demonstrates how, in Australia, such damp.’ The mechanism of the anti-lift device strident official rhetoric about the communists was studied.