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TE WHANAKETANGA O NGĀI TAMARĀWAHO: the Evolution of Hapū Identity

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TE WHANAKETANGA O NGĀI TAMARĀWAHO: the Evolution of Hapū Identity TE WHANAKETANGA O NGĀI TAMARĀWAHO: The Evolution of Hapū Identity Melissa Derby A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) 2016 Faculty of Te Ara Poutama MIHI Ko Tākitimu tōku waka. Ko Mauao, ko Puwhenua ōku maunga. Ko Te Awanui tōku moana. Ko Waimapu, ko Kopurererua ōku awa. Ko Ngāti Ranginui tōku iwi. Ko Ngāi Tamarāwaho tōku hapū. Tēnā koutou, tēnā koutou, tēnā koutou katoa. i ABSTRACT Many hapū and iwi in New Zealand are moving from a time dominated by a struggle to have historical grievances resulting from breaches of the Treaty of Waitangi (1840) addressed, to an era of economic development and political reconstitution. As these communities continue to evolve in response to various social and economic forces, an increased awareness within hapū and iwi relating to issues of the constitution of their identity has emerged. The purpose of this research is to examine the hapū of Ngāi Tamarāwaho, and the changing nature of its identity from the traditional (pre-colonial) era through the colonisation (colonial) era to the contemporary (post-colonial) era. Attention will be focused on the impact of the socio-historical process of colonisation on hapū identity, drawing on role theory, social identity theory and situated identity theory as a means of interpreting the construction and evolution of Ngāi Tamarāwaho identity. Consideration is given to the impact of socio-historical context on identity. The narratives of eight members of Ngāi Tamarāwaho are analysed to determine how the identity of the hapū has evolved from the traditional era to the contemporary era. The findings reveal that the socio-historical contexts of the three phases of time considered in this thesis influence the identity of Ngāi Tamarāwaho, which evolved in response to the phenomena evident in each era. One of the conclusions reached in this study is that given the events that unfolded in New Zealand, particularly in the colonisation era, it is necessary to consider the multiple and hybrid sites of identification that exist for many members of different tribal groups, and to challenge static and essentialist notions of identity. ii CONTENTS MIHI ........................................................................................................................................ i ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... ii ATTESTATION OF AUTHORSHIP ................................................................................ iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................................... iv CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1 1.1 Positioning the Research ....................................................................................... 1 1.2 Notes on Terminology .............................................................................................. 2 1.3 The Research Setting ................................................................................................ 3 1.4 Methodological Approaches .................................................................................. 5 Applying the Theory to the Case Study ............................................................................ 9 About the Participants .......................................................................................................... 13 Procedure .................................................................................................................................. 17 Analysis ....................................................................................................................................... 18 Ethical Considerations .......................................................................................................... 18 1.5 Thesis Structure ....................................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER TWO: THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ............................................ 21 2.1 The Social Construction of Identity ................................................................... 22 Role Theory ............................................................................................................................... 23 Social Identity Theory ........................................................................................................... 24 Situated Identity Theory ...................................................................................................... 26 2.2 Identity and Socio-Historical Contexts ............................................................ 28 2.3 Ethnic Identity .......................................................................................................... 29 2.4 Indigenous Identity ................................................................................................. 31 Traditional Indigenous Identity ........................................................................................ 32 Indigenous Identity and Colonisation ............................................................................. 37 Contemporary Indigenous Identity ................................................................................. 42 2.5 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 49 CHAPTER THREE: THE TRADITIONAL ERA ............................................................ 52 3.1 The Construction of Māori Identity ................................................................... 53 Traditional Expressions of Whakapapa ......................................................................... 54 Traditional Expressions of Te Reo me ngā Tikanga .................................................. 61 Traditional Expressions of Mana Whenua .................................................................... 63 3.2 The Construction of Ngāi Tamarāwaho Identity .......................................... 66 Traditional Expressions of Whakapapa ......................................................................... 67 Traditional Expressions of Mana Whenua .................................................................... 71 Traditional Expressions of Te Reo me ngā Tikanga .................................................. 73 3.3 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 75 CHAPTER FOUR: THE COLONISATION ERA ............................................................ 76 4.1 The Socio-Historical Context of the Colonisation Era ................................. 77 4.2 The Impact of Colonisation on Māori Identity ............................................... 84 4.3 The Ngāi Tamarāwaho Relationship with Colonisation ............................ 86 Ngāi Tamarāwaho and the Church Missionary Society ........................................... 87 Ngāi Tamarāwaho and the Crown .................................................................................... 89 Assault on Ngāi Tamarāwaho Mana Whenua .............................................................. 90 The Socio-Economic Profile of Ngāi Tamarāwaho ..................................................... 93 4.4 The Impact of Colonisation on Ngāi Tamarāwaho Identity ................... 103 4.5 Summary .................................................................................................................. 108 CHAPTER FIVE: THE CONTEMPORARY ERA ....................................................... 111 5.1 Contemporary Expressions of Mana Whenua ............................................ 112 The Role of the Treaty Settlement Process ................................................................ 112 5.2 Contemporary Expressions of Whakapapa ................................................. 121 State Definitions of Ngāi Tamarāwaho ........................................................................ 121 The Corporatisation of Ngāi Tamarāwaho................................................................. 125 The Urban/Tribal Dynamic .............................................................................................. 131 5.3 Contemporary Expressions of Te Reo me ngā Tikanga ........................... 134 5.4 Summary .................................................................................................................. 141 CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION ..................................................................................... 143 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................. 151 GLOSSARY ....................................................................................................................... 170 APPENDIX 1: Participant information sheet ...................................................... 173 APPENDIX 2: Interview questions ......................................................................... 181 APPENDIX 3: Participant consent form ................................................................ 182 ATTESTATION OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person (except where explicitly defined
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