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Irish Emigration in an Age of Austerity Irial Glynn, Tomás Kelly and Piaras Macéinrí

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Irish Emigration in an Age of Austerity Irial Glynn, Tomás Kelly and Piaras Macéinrí Irish Emigration in an Age of Austerity Irial Glynn, Tomás Kelly and Piaras MacÉinrí Project funded by: The Irish Research Council Hosting Institutions: Department of Geography and the Institute for the Social Sciences in the 21st Century, University College Cork. Copyright © Emigre Copyright remains with the individual authors, 2013. Cover Images: © David Monahan, 2013. Printed and bound by CityPrint.ie Table of Contents_Toc368497579 I. Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... I II. Executive summary ....................................................................................................... II Chapter 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 2. Literature Review ............................................................................................... 5 2.1 Post-independent emigration, 1930s–1960s ..................................................................... 5 2.2 Literature on Emigration in the 1980s ............................................................................ 10 2.3 Literature on current Irish emigration ............................................................................. 14 Chapter 3: Methodology ..................................................................................................... 19 3.1 Household Survey .............................................................................................................. 19 3.2 Online and Jobs Fair Surveys ........................................................................................... 26 3.3 Qualitative Interviews ........................................................................................................ 27 Chapter 4. Departure ......................................................................................................... 29 4.1 Who is Leaving ................................................................................................................... 29 4.2 Reasons for leaving ............................................................................................................ 38 4.3 Effects of emigration on those left behind..................................................................... 49 Chapter 5. Arrival ............................................................................................................... 56 5.1 Immigration Regimes ......................................................................................................... 56 5.2 Settling in ............................................................................................................................. 60 5.3 Positive and negatives of emigration ............................................................................... 65 Chapter 6. Return .............................................................................................................. 73 6.1 Historical Return ................................................................................................................ 73 6.2 Emigrants’ relationship with home .................................................................................. 77 6.3 Public and Political Discourses of Emigration .............................................................. 86 6.4 Voting Rights ...................................................................................................................... 91 6.5 Emigrants’ likelihood of Return ....................................................................................... 99 Chapter 7. Current Irish Emigration Compared .............................................................. 105 7.1 North and South Contrasted .......................................................................................... 105 7.2 Just one of the P.I.I.G.S. or a European outlier?......................................................... 109 Appendices ....................................................................................................................... 117 A1. Household Survey ........................................................................................................... 117 A2. Jobsfair Survey ................................................................................................................. 121 A3. Online Survey ................................................................................................................... 122 Table of Figures Figure 1. Emigration of Irish and non-Irish citizens from Ireland from 2006-2012 ..................... 15 Figure 2. Nationwide Typology of Census Small Areas .................................................................... 21 Figure 3. First page of Emigre Household Survey ............................................................................. 24 Figure 4. Percentage of Households having experienced emigration by cluster ............................ 30 Figure 5. Nature of regions emigrants grew up in .............................................................................. 32 Figure 6. Gender of online survey respondents ................................................................................. 33 Figure 7. Percentage Unemployed by age, 2008-2013 ....................................................................... 34 Figure 8. Education levels of emigrants ............................................................................................... 35 Figure 9. Sector of employment emigrants worked in within Ireland ............................................. 37 Figure 10. Reasons for departure of Irish emigrants, 2008-2013 ..................................................... 38 Figure 11. Employment status of emigrants before departure, 2008-2013 ..................................... 40 Figure 12. Employment status of emigrants prior to departure, 2008-2013 .................................. 41 Figure 13. Reason for emigrating for those working full-time ......................................................... 41 Figure 14. Satisfaction with career prospects before departure on a scale of 1-10 ........................ 42 Figure 15. Reasons for emigrating for those working part-time before departure ........................ 44 Figure 16. Unemployment rate in Ireland, Q1 2008-Q2 2013 .......................................................... 45 Figure 17. Reasons for departure of unemployed emigrants, 2008-2013 ........................................ 46 Figure 18. Reasons for departure of students ..................................................................................... 47 Figure 19. Perceived effects of emigration on Ireland today ............................................................ 49 Figure 20. Percentage of indviduals who have friends move abroad since 2006 .......................... 52 Figure 21. Perceived effects of emigration on local communities ................................................... 53 Figure 22. Percentage of Households that have experienced emigration since 2006 by cluster . 54 Figure 23. Perceived effects of emigration on communities based on cluster membership ........ 55 Figure 24. Status of Irish emigrants in Australia, 2008-2013 ............................................................ 58 Figure 25. Nationality of those that emigrants live with ................................................................... 61 Figure 26. Length of time taken for emigrants to source employment ........................................... 62 Figure 27. Emigrants perceived levels of acceptance by host communities ................................... 64 Figure 28. Job satisfaction amongst emigrants on a scale of 1-10 ................................................... 66 Figure 29. Emigrants’ levels of satisfaction with their salary ............................................................ 66 Figure 30. Emigrants’ levels of satisfaction with their career prospects ......................................... 67 Figure 31. Emigrants’ ratings of their quality of life at home and abroad ...................................... 68 Figure 32. Periods when Irish emigrants returned ............................................................................. 76 Figure 33. Frequency that emigrants contact their family and friends in Ireland .......................... 78 Figure 34. Frequency of return visits for emigrants based in the UK ............................................. 79 Figure 35. Frequency of visits home of Irish emigrants in selected countries ............................... 80 Figure 36. Frequency with which emigrants read Irish newspapers online .................................... 81 Figure 37. Is the government doing its best to tackle the causes of emigration? .......................... 82 Figure 38. Frequency that Irish emigrants send money home to their families in Ireland ........... 84 Figure 39. Frequency Irish emigrants send money to Ireland to pay mortgage ............................ 84 Figure 40. Household respondents' levels of agreement with the right for emigrants to vote .... 96 Figure 41. Emigrants’ levels of agreement with their right to vote .................................................. 97 Figure 42. Emigrants' levels of desire to return .................................................................................. 99 Figure 43. Emigrants' likelihood of return to Ireland .....................................................................
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