Notes

Introduction

1 Pat Cooke, ‘Letter to the Irish Times’, 5 April 2006. 2 Editorial response to Pat Cooke’s letter, 5 April 2006. 3 See http://www.irishtimes.com/focus/easterrising/monday/. Accessed June 2010. 4 Sunniva O’Flynn, ‘Letter to the Irish Times’, 8 April 2006. 5 Tanya Kiang, ‘Letter to the Irish Times’, 12 April 2006. 6 O’Flynn, 8 April 2006. 7 Raphael Samuel, Theatres of Memory: Past and Present in Contemporary Culture (London: Verso, 1994), p.25. 8 Pierre Nora, quoted by John Gillis, ‘Memory and Identity: The History of a Relationship’, Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity, ed. John R. Gillis (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), p.8. 9 As Conor McCarthy argues, in the 1960s ‘modernistion became a narrative in terms of which the “imagined community” of the Republic understood itself and envisioned its future.’ Modernisation, Crisis and Culture in Ireland, 1969–1992 (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2000), p.30 10 See Jeanne Sheehy, The Rediscovery of Ireland’s Past: The Celtic Revival 1830–1930 (London: Thames and Hudson, 1980). 11 Lady Augusta Gregory, Selected Writings, eds. Lucy McDiarmid and Maureen Waters (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1995), p.311. 12 W.B. Yeats, ‘The Man and the Echo’, Yeats’s Poems, ed. A. Norman Jeffares (Basingstoke: Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan, 1989), p.469. 13 See Joep Leerssen for a discussion of the Ordnance Survey and its representa- tion in Translations, in Remembrance and Imagination (Cork: Cork University Press, 1996), pp.102–3. 14 For a critical discussion of Riverdance see Aoife Monks, Comely Maidens and Celtic Tigers: Riverdance and Global Performance, Goldsmiths Performance Research Pamphlet (London: Goldsmiths, 2007). 15 Ruth Barton has named this genre ‘Irish heritage cinema’. See Barton, ‘From History to Heritage: Some Recent Developments in Irish Cinema’, Irish Review, v.20–1 (1997), 41–56. 16 Mary Daly, ‘History à la carte? Historical commemoration and modern Ireland’, Commemorating Ireland: History, Politics, Culture, ed. Eberhard Bort (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2004), p.36. 17 Daly, p.39. 18 Margaret Kelleher, ‘Hunger and History: Monuments to the Great Irish Famine’, Textual Practice, 16.2 (2002), 249–76. 19 Kelleher, 261. 20 Cormac Ó Gráda, ‘After the Famine Fever’, Irish Times, 19 May 2001. 21 Brian Friel, Dancing at Lughnasa (London: Faber, 1990), p.1. Further refer- ences to the play will be in parentheses in the text.

171 172 Notes

22 Paul Ricoeur, ‘Memory and Forgetting’, in Questioning Ethics: Contemporary Debates in Philosophy, eds. Richard Kearney and Mark Dooley (London and New York: Routledge, 1999) 5–11; 10. 23 Ricoeur, p.9. 24 Speech given by Bertie Ahern at the opening of an exhibition on 1916 at the National Museum, 9 April 2006. Printed in the Irish Times, 10 April 2006, p.6. Ahern singled out the 1916 Proclamation of the Republic, the 1937 Constitution, Treaty of Rome in 1972, and the Good Friday Agreement of 1998, as the ‘four cornerstones of independent Ireland in the 20th century’. 25 See Anne Dolan for a discussion of the ways in which the civil war have been commemorated historically and locally, in particular the focus on the figure of Michael Collins. Dolan, Commemorating the Irish Civil War: History and Memory, 1923–2000 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). Also worth noting is the forthcoming book from the research project ‘The Dead of the Irish Revolution 1916–1921’, by Eunan O’Halpin and Daithi O Corrain. 26 The full title of the Mahon Tribunal is ‘The Tribunal of Inquiry into Certain Planning Matters and Payments’, set up in 2003 to address corruption in planning processes. 27 Kevin Whelan, ‘Between Filiation and Affiliation: The Politics of Postcolonial Memory’, in Ireland and Postcolonial Theory, eds. Clare Carroll and Patricia King (Cork: Cork University Press, 2003), pp.92–108; p.93.

1 Past Traumas: Representing Institutional Abuse

1 Judge Sean Ryan, in a statement predating the hearing at which Ahern gave testimony, 7 May 2004. Cited in Bruce Arnold, ‘What was the real reason for Bertie’s apology to State’s abuse victims?’, Sunday Independent, 18 February 2007. 2 Constitution of Ireland, Article 41.1.1–41.1.2. 3 Following the Taoiseach’s apology in 1999, the government proposed a ref- erendum on strengthening the rights of the child in the Constitution. This referendum has not been carried out, though in 2009 there were proposals published for the 28th Amendment to the Constitution on the rights of children. 4 See Timothy O’Grady ‘Presentation to the Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse’, 12 May 2005, Vol. No. 57, Joint Committee on Education and Science. O’Grady calls attention to the fact that the government had been aware of allegations of abuse since at least 1982. 5 States of Fear, prod. Mary Raftery, RTÉ (1999). 6 Mannix Flynn, Nothing to Say (Dublin: Ward River Press, 1983), Paddy Doyle, The God Squad: A Remarkable True Story (Dublin: Raven Arts Press, 1988); Mavis Arnold and Heather Laskey, Children of the Poor Clares (Belfast: Appletree Press, 1985). Doyle continues to comment on the emerging story and treatment of abuse on his website ‘The God Squad’ at www.paddydoyle. com, while Mannix Flynn has written for the stage (including James X a stage play which addresses industrial and reform schools, first produced Notes 173

at the Project Arts Centre, Dublin in 2002), and produced art installations which reflect on the issue of abuse in Irish society. 7 Heather Laskey ‘Programme Note’ Stolen Child, Archive of Play Programmes, Dublin City Library, Pearse Street. 8 Mary Drennan, You May Talk Now (Cork: OnStream Publications, 1994). Dear Daughter – about the survivor Christine Buckley, narr. Bosco Hogan, dir. Louis Lentin, Crescendo Concepts for RTÉ, 22 February 1996. 9 Gerardine Meaney, ‘The Sons of Cuchulainn: Violence, the Family, and the Irish Canon’, Éire-Ireland, 41:1&2 (2006), 242–61; 253. 10 Mary Raftery and Eoin O’Sullivan, Suffer the Little Children: The Inside Story of Ireland’s Industrial Schools (New York: Continuum, 1996), pp.189–95. 11 Mary Raftery, Letter to the Irish Examiner, 30 August 2000. 12 Raftery and O’Sullivan, p.79. Diarmaid Ferriter, ‘Air Brushing of Abused Suffering from Records’, Irish Times 23 September 2005. 13 The Report of the Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse (Ryan Report), 2009, Volume 4, Chapter 1. This is the rationale behind the play being chosen as one part of the ‘Darkest Corner’ series of plays staged at the Peacock Theatre as the National Theatre’s response to the Ryan Report. 14 Raftery and O’Sullivan, p.385. 15 Ryan Report, Volume 1, Chapter 6. 16 Brother Michael Reynolds, evidence to the Investigation Committee of the Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse, cited in Diarmaid Feriter (2005). 17 These comments are made in the Report specifically in relation to St Conleth’s Reformatory School in Daingean, Co. Offaly: the Department of Education ‘knew that its rules were being breached in a fundamental way’ but ‘would not interfere’. Ryan Report, Volume 1, Chapter 15. 18 See The Report of the Commission of Investigation, Dublin Catholic Archdiocese, 2009, Part One, Chapter One, p.4. 19 Justice Mary Laffoy, Letter to Mr Dermot McCarthy, Secretary General, printed in Irish Times, 8 September 2003. 20 Timothy O’Grady, ‘Presentation to the Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse’, 12 May 2005, Vol. No. 57, Joint Committee on Education and Science. 21 The Ryan Report states that ‘in excess of 800 individuals were identified as physically and/or sexually abusing the witnesses as children’, Executive Summary, Volume 1, Chapters 7, 9 and 13–18. Mannix Flynn, ‘We can’t get on with our lives. It’s just not that easy’, Irish Times, 21 May 2009, p.14. 22 Paul Ricoeur, ‘Memory and Forgetting’, in Questioning Ethics: Contemporary Debates in Philosophy, eds. Richard Kearney and Mark Dooley (London and New York: Routledge, 1999), pp. 5–11; 10. 23 Mary Raftery, ‘Report a monument to a society’s shame’, Irish Times 21 May 2009, p.18. 24 As Joan Burton, in a speech to the Dáil in January 2010 reported: ‘Just before Christmas last year, the Justice for Magdalene group met senior officials in the Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform. At that meeting, Mr. James Martin, an assistant secretary at the Department, stated that after the passage of the Criminal Justice Act 1960, the State routinely placed women on remand in the Magdalene institutions and paid a capitation grant for each woman so referred. I welcome the admission by the Department that women were routinely referred to various Magdalene asylums via the Irish 174 Notes

court system in an arrangement entered into by members of the Judiciary and the four religious congregations operating Magdalene laundries in the State. Women were also placed in Magdalene laundries “on probation” by the Irish court system, in some cases for periods of up to three years.’ Dáil Debates, 21 January 2010, http://www.kildarestreet.com/debates/?id= 2010-01-21.467.0 (accessed February 2010). 25 John Waters, ‘A stick to beat the past with’, Irish Times 20 October 2003. 26 States of Fear, Episode 1. For a discussion of the Kennedy report, see Raftery and O’Sullivan, pp.378–82. 27 Ryan Report, Volume III, Chapter 2. 28 Dear Daughter, dir. Louis Lentin, Crescendo Concepts (1996). 29 States of Fear, Episode 1. 30 States of Fear, Episode 1. 31 In the follow-up book, Suffer the Little Children, Raftery and O’Sullivan include ‘testimony’, or narratives, from twenty-one institutions, many of whom were interviewed as part of States of Fear. The book and programme also refer to a further number of industrial schools and more modern care homes, such as Madonna House. 32 Ryan Report, Volume 1, Chapter 1. 33 Patrick McCabe interviewed by Alan Riding, ‘Challenging Ireland’s Demons with a Laugh’, New York Times, 29 March 1998, p.18. 34 Neil Jordan, ‘Production Notes for “The Butcher Boy”’, unpublished, pp.3–4. Irish Film Archive. 35 See also Martin McLoone, Irish Film: The Emergence of a Contemporary Cinema (London: British Film Institute, 2000), p.217. 36 Patrick McCabe, The Butcher Boy (London: Picador, 1992), p.4. Future refer- ences to the novel will be in parentheses in the text. 37 Neil Jordan, The Butcher Boy (Geffen Pictures, 1997). 38 James M. Smith, ‘Remembering Ireland’s Architecture of Containment: “Telling” Stories in The Butcher Boy and States of Fear’, Éire-Ireland, 36.3–4 (2001), 111–30; 125. 39 Ruth Barton, Irish National Cinema (London: Routledge, 2004), p.146. 40 Jordan (1997). 41 Aisling Walsh, Song for a Raggy Boy (Fantastic Films, 2003); Patrick Galvin, Song for a Raggy Boy (Dublin: Raven Arts Press, 1991). 42 Raftery, Suffer the Little Children, p.298. 43 See http://www.offalyhistory.com/articles/160/1/Daingean-Reformatory-sent- to/Page1.html (accessed February 2010). 44 Ryan Report, Volume 1, Chapter 15. 45 Patrick Galvin, Song for a Poor Boy (Dublin: Raven Arts Press, 1990). 46 ‘Long Synopsis’ in ‘Production Notes for Song for a Raggy Boy’, unpublished and unpaginated, Irish Film Archive. 47 See, for example, the reporting of boys kissing each other, Patrick Galvin, The Raggy Boy Trilogy (Dublin: New Island Books, 2002), p.169. 48 Patrick Galvin, ‘On the Film ... Song for a Raggy Boy’, in ‘Production Notes for Song for a Raggy Boy’, unpublished and unpaginated. See also ‘Sun Shines on Galvin’s Raggy Boy’, Patrick Galvin interviewed by Ciaran Carty, Sunday Tribune 16 February 2003, p.3. 49 ‘Long Synopsis’ in ‘Production Notes for Song for a Raggy Boy’. Notes 175

50 Eva Gore-Booth, ‘Comrades, to Con’, printed in The Prison Letters of Countess Markievicz (London: Virago, 1987), p.128. 51 ‘Long Synopsis’ in ‘Production Notes for Song for a Raggy Boy’. 52 See note 24. 53 Though, as James M. Smith argues in his book-length study of the asylums, the State was ‘an active agent and willing partner in the operation of the nation’s Magdalen laundries’, James M. Smith, Ireland’s Magdalen Laundries and the Nation’s Architecture of Containment (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2007), p.47. 54 Patricia Burke Brogan, Eclipsed (Knockeven: Salmon Publishing, 1994), p.31. Further references to the play will be in parentheses in the text. 55 Mary Norris interviewed by Patsy McGarry, ‘Revisiting the Nightmare’, Irish Times, 5 October 2002. 56 James M. Smith takes issue with this film, arguing that women never gave birth in Magdalen Laundries and thus this is a conflation of the laundries with Mother and Baby homes, which were temporary homes for unwed mothers. See Smith (2007) p.224, note 12. 57 For a discussion on the founding of Magdalen asylums in the 18th century, as refuges to ‘rescue’ unmarried mothers or ‘penitent’ women, see Maria Luddy, Prostitution and Irish Society 1800–1940 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp.77–92; and in the 19th century, the establish- ment and running of convent asylums, pp.93–114. 58 Patsy McGarry, ‘Revisiting the Nightmare’, Irish Times, 5 October 2002. 59 Elizabeth Butler-Cullingford characterises the scene as one of ‘gothic hor- ror’, objecting to the heavy-handed tone, in ‘“Our Nuns are Not a Nation”: Politicizing the Convent in Irish Literature and Film’, Éire-Ireland 41.2 (2006), 9–39; 27. 60 Aisling Walsh, Sinners (BBC Northern Ireland, 2002). 61 Gerry McCarthy, ‘Washing Catholic Ireland’s Dirty Laundry’, Sunday Times, 20 October 2002, pp.6–7; p.6. 62 For a discussion of the use of ballad in The Magdalene Sisters – in particular the priest’s song, which deals with incest and is thus both unsuitable for a wedding yet also an apt context for the rape that occurs, see James M. Smith (2007), pp.142–3, and Elizabeth Butler-Cullingford (2006), p.25. 63 Ryan Report, ‘Conclusions: Emotional Abuse’, Volume 5, number 43. 64 Mannix Flynn, ‘We can’t get on with our lives. It’s just not that easy’, Irish Times, 21 May 2009, p.14. 65 Emer O’Kelly, ‘The new Magdalene whitewash’, Sunday Independent, 15 September 2002. 66 Michael Dwyer, ‘School of Scandal’, Irish Times, 10 October 2003. 67 Barton (2004), p.145. 68 Sinéad O’Connor, Universal Mother (Chrysalis/EMI Records, 1994). 69 O’Connor’s song has been identified by Richard Haslam as a key use of the ‘child-nation motif’. See Richard Haslam, ‘A Race Bashed in the Face: Imagining Ireland as a Damaged Child’, ‘Special Issue: Ireland 2000’, Jouvert, 4.1 (1999), 1–28; 13. 70 Diarmaid Ferriter, ‘Suffer Little Children? The Historical Validity of Memoirs of Irish Childhood’, Childhood and Its Discontents, eds. Joseph Dunne and James Kelly (Dublin: Liffey Press, 2002), pp.69–106; p.102. 176 Notes

71 Diarmaid Ferriter, ‘A world of pain laid bare’, Sunday Business Post, 31 May 2009. 72 Elizabeth Butler-Cullingford (2006), p.37. 73 This is thus why Smith’s argument that Sinners distorts the picture of the Magdalen Laundries is so important to acknowledge also. 74 Tom Dunne, ‘Penitents’, The Dublin Review, VI (Winter 2001–2), 74–82; 82. 75 The DVD in the United States, however, also includes the documentary ‘Sex in a Cold Climate’, enabling the viewer to confirm the reality of The Magdalene Sisters by watching real-life testimonies. 76 Also, see Smith for discussion of Gerard Mannix-Flynn’s extallation ‘“Call Me By My Name”: Requiem for Remains Unknown, 1899–1987’, which commemorated these Magdalen women whose graves were exhumed, their remains cremated, and reinterred at Glasnevin cemetery in 1993, and memorialised in St. Stephen’s Green in 1996, Smith (2007), pp.177–82. 77 Brogan’s speech was reported in ‘“Magdalen women” memorial unveiled’, Lorna Siggins, Irish Times, 11 March 2009. 78 Michael O’Brien described his experiences of abuse in St Joseph’s Industrial School in Clonmel on Newstalk Radio, and RTÉ’s Questions and Answers, on 25 May 2009. His comments on Questions and Answers were printed in full in the Irish Times, ‘Ex-Mayor tells of abuse’, 27 May 2009, p.9. O’Brien also decried the operation of the Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse, argu- ing that he was treated as a ‘liar’ and interrogated when giving evidence. 79 Brian Cowen speaking in the Dáil, 11 June 2009. 80 Mary Raftery, No Escape, unpublished manuscript courtesy of The Abbey Theatre. 81 The membership of the committee includes Paddy Doyle and Bernadette Fahy as representatives of the survivors of abuse. The budget for the memo- rial is €500,000.

2 The Remembered Self: Irish Memoir, Past and Present Selves

1 Nuala O’Faolain, Are You Somebody? The Life and Times of Nuala O’Faolain (Dublin: New Island Books, 1996) p.4. 2 The Late Late Show, RTÉ, broadcast 18 October 1996. 3 See O’Faolain’s ‘Afterword’ in which she discusses the public response to the book, pp.189–206. 4 Liam Harte, ed., Modern Irish Autobiography: Self, Nation and Society (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), ‘Introduction’, p.1. 5 Edel Coffey, ‘The Sins of Our Writers’, Sunday Tribune, 17 March 2002. 6 Frank McCourt, Angela’s Ashes (London: Harper Collins, 1996), p.1. 7 McCourt (1996), p.390. 8 Hugo Hamilton, The Speckled People (London: Fourth Estate, 2003), p.1. Further references to the memoir will be in parentheses in the text. 9 John McGahern, Memoir (London: Faber and Faber, 2005), p.9. Further refer- ences to the memoir will be in parentheses in the text. 10 Nuala O’Faolain (1996), p.130. Further references to the memoir will be in parentheses in the text. Notes 177

11 Dermot Healy, The Bend for Home: A Memoir (London: Harvill Press, 1996), p.3. Further references to the memoir will be in parentheses in the text. 12 Seamus Deane, Reading in the Dark (London: Jonathan Cape, 1996), p.126. Further references to the novel will be in parentheses in the text. 13 Seamus Deane, quoted in ‘The Deane of Studies Faces Identity Crisis’, by Helen Meany, The Irish Times 10 September 1996. 14 Nuala O’Faolain, Almost There: The Onward Journey of a Dublin Woman (London: Michael Joseph, 2003), p.36. 15 O’Faolain (1996), p.102. 16 Nuala O’Faolain, quoted in ‘I Am Somebody: The Very Real Face of Nuala O’Faolain’, http://www.iol.ie/resource/ga/archive/1996/Nov28/news/17. html (accessed July 2009).

3 The Exiled Past: The Return of the Irish Emigrant

1 ‘The Quarrel’, 2003, directed by John Brown. This advert was the first of Guinness’s ‘Things That Matter’ campaign. 2 Mary Robinson, ‘“Cherishing the Irish Diaspora” Address to the Houses of the Oireachtas by President Mary Robinson, On a Matter of Public Importance’, 2 February 1995. Available on the Oireachtas website: http:// www.oireachtas.ie/viewdoc.asp?fn=/documents/addresses/2Feb1995.htm (accessed February 2010). 3 Eavan Boland, ‘The Emigrant Irish’, in The Journey and Other Poems (Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1986). 4 Inauguration speech by President Mary McAleese, 11 November 1997. Available on the Áras an Uachtaráin website: http://www.president.ie/index. php?section=5&speech=6&lang=eng (accessed February 2010). 5 One public exploration of this issue was the Prime Time programme Ireland’s Forgotten Generation on the role of the Irish in London and the financial contribution they made to the Irish economy (RTÉ, 22 December 2003). 6 Mary P. Corcoran, ‘The Process of Migration and the Reinvention of Self: The Experiences of Returning Irish Emigrants’, Éire-Ireland, 37.1–2, (2002), 175–91; 176. 7 Matthew J. O’Brien, ‘Transatlantic Connections and the Sharp Edge of the Great Depression’, in New Directions in Irish American History, edited by Kevin Kenny (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003), p.91. 8 Piaras Mac Éinrí, ‘Some Recent Demographic Developments in Ireland’, Études Irlandaises, 21.1 (1997), 145–64; 152. See Jimmy Murphy’s play Picture of Paradise for an account of those who were still forced, despite the booming economy, to emigrate. Published in The Dazzling Dark: New Irish Plays, ed. Frank McGuinness (London: Faber and Faber, 1996). 9 Corcoran (2002), p.177. Of course, the economic conditions in Ireland have shifted again since 1998 and migration levels are returning to the pattern of higher emigration and lower immigration. As the CSO states, there has been a ‘resumption of net outward migration for the first time since 1995’. ‘Annual Population and Migration’, September 2009. Available at www.cso.ie. 10 In 1994 there were 362 people seeking asylum, in 1998 there were 4,626 people seeking asylum, and in 2002 11,634 people applied for asylum. 178 Notes

In 1991–1999 there were 344,700 immigrants to Ireland, and 282,100 emi- grants from Ireland. Source: CSO, Dublin (www.cso.ie). 11 Corcoran (2002), p.177. Over 67,000 former emigrants returned to Ireland between 1991–1996, with most returning to the greater Dublin area or the west, Richard C. Jones, ‘Multinational Investment and Return Migration in the 1990s: A County Level Analysis’, Irish Geography 36.2 (2003), p.157. 12 Corcoran (2002), p.179. 13 Ireland underwent what some have called a ‘social revolution’ causing dif- ficulties for returnees. See Mac Einrí for an overview. 14 Corcoran (2002), pp.189–90. 15 Corcoran (2002), p.178. 16 Fiona McCann, ‘There’s no place like home’, The Irish Times, 24 February 2007, Saturday Magazine section. 17 Breda Gray, ‘Breaking the Silence: Emigration, gender and the making of Irish cultural memory’, University of Limerick, Department of Sociology Working Paper Series, Working Paper WP2003–02, 20 pages, see p.8. 18 Corcoran (2002), p.178. 19 Robinson, ‘Cherishing the Irish Diaspora’. 20 In the film adaptation of Keane’s play, the outsider figure is re-imagined as an Irish-American. The Field, directed by Jim Sheridan (Granada Television and Sovereign Pictures, 1990). 21 Bernard MacLaverty, Grace Notes (London: Jonathan Cape, 1997). 22 Colm Toibin, Brooklyn (London: Viking, 2009). 23 See also, for example, Mary Lavelle by Kate O’Brien (London: Virago, 2006; 1936), Edna O’Brien, Girls in Their Married Bliss (London: Phoenix, 2007; 1964), and John McGahern’s Amongst Women (London: Faber, 1990). Barbara Freitag discusses the trope of return in Irish literature, but almost none of the characters she identifies as returnees are central characters. See Freitag, ‘Come Back to Erin? The Returned Emigrant in Anglo-Irish Literature’, Journal of Irish Literature, 21.3 (1992), 34–48. 24 Many of the same issues of integration pertain for these new immigrant groups also, as represented in recent drama such as Hurl, written by Charlie O’Neill and produced by Barabbas in 2003. 25 This is in contrast to the real-life returnees who find that after a year they settle back into Ireland, see Corcoran (2002), pp.178–9. 26 Dermot Bolger, The Lament for Arthur Cleary (London: Methuen, 2000), p.17. Further references to the play will be in parentheses in the text. 27 Timothy O’Grady and Steve Pyke, I Could Read the Sky (London: Harvill Press, 1997), p.93. 28 O’Grady and Pyke, p.150. 29 Anne Devlin After Easter (London: Faber and Faber, 1996), p.28. Further references to the play will be in parentheses in the text. 30 Tom Murphy, The Wake (London: Methuen, 1999), p.76. 31 Tom Murphy, The House (London: Methuen, 2000), pp.101–2. Further refer- ences to the play will be in parentheses in the text. 32 Declan Hughes, Shiver (London: Methuen, 2003), p.5. Further references to the play will be in parentheses in the text. 33 Fintan O’Toole, ‘Reviews’, The Irish Times, 1 April 2003. 34 Fintan O’Toole, ‘The Ex-Isle of Erin: Emigration and Irish Culture’, in Location and Dislocation in Contemporary Irish Society: Emigration and Irish Notes 179

Identities, edited by Jim Mac Laughlin (Cork: Cork University Press, 1997), pp.158–78; p.169.

4 Embodied Memory: Performing the 1980–1 Hunger Strikes

1 For a discussion of commemorative strategies in relation to Bloody Sunday, see Brian Conway’s book-length study Commemoration and Bloody Sunday: Pathways of Memory (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010). 2 Bobby Sands was MP for Fermanagh and South Tyrone, Kieran Doherty TD for Cavan-Monaghan. Both men were elected while on hunger strike in 1981. 3 Bill Rolston, Politics and Painting: Murals and Conflict in Northern Ireland (New Jersey: Associated University Presses, 1991), p.79. 4 ‘Strike at the Heart’, Mic Moroney, Magill, October 2001, 46–9; 47. Moroney notes that the commemorations of the strike were ‘far more muted’ in Dublin than in Belfast (47). 5 Anne Devlin, Ourselves Alone (London: Faber, 1986), p.39. 6 Luke Gibbons, Transformations in Irish Culture (Cork: Cork University Press, 1996), p.174. 7 The work was first exhibited at the British School at Rome and later at the show ‘From Beyond the Pale’ at the Irish Museum of Modern Art in 1994. It has also been included in exhibitions in London, Los Angeles and Mexico City and is now in the collection of the Arts Council of Northern Ireland. 8 Some Mother’s Son, directed by Terry George from a script by George and Jim Sheridan (Castle Rock Entertainment, 1996). 9 H3, directed by Les Blair, written by Laurence McKeown and Brian Campbell (Metropolitan Films, 2001). 10 Moroney (2001), 48. 11 Silent Grace, written and directed by Maeve Murphy (Crimson Films, 2001). 12 Hunger, directed by Steve McQueen, from a script by McQueen and Enda Walsh (Blast! Films, 2008). 13 Lee Henry, ‘Chronicles of Long Kesh’, 18 December 2008, available at: http://www.culturenorthernireland.org/article.aspx?art_id=2417 (accessed February 2010). 14 Mike Casey, Review of Some Mother’s Son, Film Ireland, August/September 1996, 35. 15 McKeown’s background is mentioned in every article and review of the film, and is prominently discussed in the film’s ‘Production Notes’, unpublished, Irish Film Archive. 16 See the interviews with Steve McQueen, Laura Hastings-Smith and Robin Gutch, DVD Extras, Hunger. 17 Interview with Steve McQueen, DVD Extras, Hunger. 18 Silent Grace was filmed on location in Dublin’s Kilmainham Gaol. 19 Maeve Murphy, interviewed by Donald Clarke, ‘Grace Under Pressure’, Irish Times, 2 July 2004, C6. 20 Richard Hamilton’s piece ‘The citizen’ was created in response to the World in Action 1980 documentary on the prison protests. It now belongs to Tate Gallery, London. 180 Notes

21 Marie Gavagan, interviewed by Marina Cantacuzino, ‘The forgotten protes- tors’, Guardian, 9 February 2004. 22 Mary Corcoran, Out of Order: The Political Imprisonment of Women in Northern Ireland 1972–1998 (Devon; Portland: Willan Publishing, 2006), p.178; p.179. 23 Allen Feldman comments on this distinction between the cell as a relatively safe and private zone, versus the dangerous public spaces where prison offic- ers had total control, Formations of Violence: The Narrative of the Body and Political Terror in Northern Ireland (Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press, 1991), p.209. 24 As McKeown says in relation to writing H3: ‘we have made the staff more humane than was the case’ in the interest of representing the ‘human ele- ment’ of the guards. Interview with Laurence McKeown, Brian Campbell and Les Blair, ‘A World in 10’ x 8’’, Tony Keily and Mark Venner, Film Ireland, October/November 2001, 24–6; 25. 25 There is also an attempt at balance by representing one of the riot prison guards as young and upset at the brutal implementation of the mirror search and forced washing – this scene is extremely affecting because of its violence and lack of humanity. However, it fails entirely in its attempt to make the guard a sympathetic figure, his tears at the conflict in no way parallel what is going on. This is by far the least successful element of the film. 26 See Andy White, ‘Those Riverdance feet’, Irish Times 25 September 1996, 14. 27 Martin Lynch, Chronicles of Long Kesh, unpublished script, p.38. All further references to the play will be in parentheses in the text. 28 Jason Solomons interview with Laura Hastings-Smith, DVD Extras, Hunger. 29 David Beresford, Ten Men Dead: The Story of the 1981 Irish Hunger Strike (London: Harper Collins, 1987), p.33. 30 Guy Westwell, ‘Silent Grace’, Sight and Sound, March 2004, 60. 31 H3 ‘Production Notes’, p.2, Irish Film Archive. 32 In this flashback sequence, Hunger shows circling birds, flying up from the treetops, perhaps an oblique reference to the lark twisted and imprisoned in barbed wire familiar in Sands’ drawings and writings, and from murals. For an example of this image used in a Belfast mural, see Rolston (1991), p.82. 33 Margaret Thatcher, quoted in David Beresford (1987), p.275. 34 Corcoran (2006), p.171. 35 As Bobby Sands says in H3, it is ‘our only option’. 36 Fintan O’Toole, ‘“Hunger” fails to wrest the narrative from the hunger strik- ers’, Irish Times, 22 November 2008, B8. This view is reinforced by Maud Ellmann’s book on anorexia and fasting, which also considers the 1981 hunger strike, see Maud Ellmann, The Hunger Artsists: Starving, Writing and Imprisonment (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993). 37 In these reviews the film’s story is ascribed to 1981: ‘Dirty War’, Irish Times, 2 July 2004, C9; ‘Silent Grace’, Sight & Sound, March 2004, 60; ‘Silent Grace’, Film Ireland, July/August 2004, 34. While Donald Clarke sets the film in ‘the early 1980s’, ‘Grace Under Pressure’, Irish Times, 2 July 2004, C6. 38 Martin Lynch, quoted by Henry (2008). 39 Part of ‘Billy’s Museum’ and the Keeper installation can be viewed at: http:// www.lit.ie/dunsmore/LONGK/billy.htm (accessed February 2010). 40 McGrath’s work can also be compared to Donovan Wylie’s photographic exploration of the Maze site, many of the images from which are published in The Maze, Donovan Wylie and Louise Purbrick (London: Granta Books, Notes 181

2004). Wylie’s work also documents the destruction of the Maze and his later 2008 exhibition as part of ‘Belfast Exposed’ shows the reintegration of the prison spaces with the outside world (http://www.belfastexposed.org/ exhibitions/index.php?show=past&year=2000&exhibition=69). One current possibility for the future of the Maze prison site is as a centre for conflict and reconciliation. 41 Hugh Linehan, ‘Making a good story of the North’, Irish Times, 28 July 2001, B5. 42 Steve McQueen interviewed by Donald Clarke, ‘It’s just a film … that’s all it is’, Irish Times, 1 November 2008, B6.

5 In Memoriam: Remembering the Great War

1 Fran Brearton, The Great War in Irish Poetry: W.B. Yeats to Michael Longley (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), p.4. 2 Keith Jeffery, ‘Irish Prose Writers of the First World War’, in Modern Irish Writers and the Wars, ed. Kathleen Devine (Gerrard’s Cross: Colin Smythe, 1999) 1–17; p.2. 3 Brearton (2003), p.35. 4 See www.shotatdawncampaginirl.org (accessed February 2010). 5 See, for example, David Fitzpatrick, ed., Ireland and the First World War (Dublin: Trinity History Workshop, 1986); Philip Orr, The Road to the Somme: Men of the Ulster Division Tell Their Story (Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 1987); Terence Denman, Ireland’s Unknown Soldiers: The 16th (Irish) Division in the Great War, 1914–1918 (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1992); Myles Dungan, Irish Voices from the Great War (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1995); Thomas P. Dooley, Irish Men or English Soldiers? (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1995); Thomas Hennessey, Dividing Ireland: World War I and Partition (London & New York: Routledge, 1998); Keith Jeffery, Ireland and the Great War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). In 2005 Sebastian Barry pays tribute to many of these works as ‘pioneering’, stating that A Long Long Way ‘could not have been written without them’, Barry, ‘Acknowledgments’, A Long Long Way (London: Faber, 2005). These kinds of factual histories are necessary precursors for the imaginative remembrance of the war by those who do not have first-hand experience. 6 Frank McGuinness, Observe the Sons of Ulster Marching Towards the Somme in Frank McGuinness: Plays One (London: Faber, 1996), p.97. Further references to the play will be in parentheses in the text. 7 See Neil Jarman’s discussion of the different types of Orange parade in Material Conflicts: Parades and Visual Displays in Northern Ireland (Oxford, New York: Berg, 1997), pp.116–17. 8 For a comparative discussion of this issue, see Guy Beiner, ‘Between Trauma and Triumphalism: The Easter Rising, the Somme, and the Crux of Deep Memory in Modern Ireland’, Journal of British Studies, 46.2 (2007), 366–89. 9 Beiner (2007), 380. Fran Brearton also argues that this is a ‘grossly exagger- ated’ story, see Brearton (2003), p.32. 10 Christina Reid, Tea in a China Cup in Christina Reid: Plays One (London: Methuen, 1997), p.24. Further references to the play will be in parentheses in the text. 182 Notes

11 Christina Reid, My Name, Shall I Tell You My Name? in Christina Reid: Plays One (London: Methuen, 1997), p.257. Andy and Andrea’s competing answers can be further added to: the website of the South Belfast Friends of the Somme Association list the reason for the short trousers as being because of the heat in July in France. Further references to the play will be in parentheses in the text. 12 Brearton (2003), p.175. 13 For a discussion of the decline in Orange Order membership see Jarman (1997), pp.94–5. However, Jarman is clear in pointing out that membership of the Orange Order is still politically important and Orange marches still a central part of Unionist culture. 14 Frank McGuinness, ‘Introduction’, Frank McGuinness: Plays One (London: Faber & Faber, 1996), p.x. 15 Sebastian Barry, The Steward of Christendom (London: Methuen, 1996), p.vii. Further references to the play will be in parentheses in the text. 16 In fact, Barry re-names his great-grandfather from John Dunne to Thomas Dunne. See Elizabeth Butler-Cullingford, ‘Colonial Policing: The Steward of Christendom and The Whereabouts of Eneas McNulty’, Éire-Ireland 39.3–4 (Fall/ Win 2004), 11–37; 14. 17 R.F. Foster, Modern Ireland 1600–1972 (London: Penguin, 1988), p.472. George Boyce, The Sure Confusing Drum: Ireland and the First World War (University College of Swansea, 1993). 18 Philip Roberts and Max Stafford-Clark, Taking Stock: The Theatre of Max Stafford Clark (London: Nick Hern Books, 2007), p.194. Of course there is another version of the Presidential story, that Robinson did indeed come backstage, but said instead ‘It’s not really the sort of play you can talk about … you don’t mind if I just go home?’, Donal McCann quoted by Barry, The Steward, p.xv. 19 Roberts and Stafford-Clark (2007), p.193. 20 For more on Dunne’s role in the Lockout see Elizabeth Butler-Cullingford’s discussion of the play, Cullingford (2004), 15. 21 Max Stafford-Clark, in Roberts and Stafford-Clark, p.189. 22 Nicholas Grene, The Politics of Irish Drama: From Boucicault to Friel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p.244. 23 Sebastian Barry, A Long Long Way (London: Faber, 2005), p.21. Further refer- ences to the novel will be in parentheses in the text. 24 There are moments when the Irish political oppositions within the army come to the surface, as in the boxing match between the Ulsterman William Beatty and the Southerner Miko Cuddy. The match starts out antago- nistically, with each side of supporters trying to outdo each other and a ‘brief melée of soldiers, broken up quickly by some watchful NCOs’ (197). Typically, Willie is not directly involved and reports the ‘pungent remarks’ with some objectivity. Moreover the narrative retreats away from this un-sanctioned violence quickly, back towards a general consensus and ‘hor- ror-struck happiness’. Tellingly, however, it is the southerner, Cuddy, who wins the bout ‘against all the odds’ (199). 25 John Cowan, interviewed by Eddie Doyle, Sunday Business Post, 23 October 1994, ‘Agenda’, p.26. 26 Grene (1999), p.258. Notes 183

27 Mary McAleese, speech, ‘Messines Peace Tower, Belgium, 11 November, 1998’, available at www.president.ie/index.php?section=5&speech=172 &lang=eng (accessed February 2010). 28 The Irish National War Memorial at Islandbridge was built in the 1930s, but not officially opened until 1994. Its placement at Islandbridge, on the outskirts of Dublin, aptly illustrates the marginalisation of remembrance of the Great War in Irish culture and society. For a discussion of this, see Jane Leonard, pp.99–114; and Anne Rigney, ‘Divided Pasts: A Premature Memorial and the Dynamics of Collective Remembrance’, Memory Studies, vol. 1 (2008), 89–97. Leonard, ‘The Twinge of Memory: Armistice Day and Remembrance Day Sunday in Dublin since 1919’, in Richard English and Graham Walker (eds) Unionism in Modern Ireland: New Perspectives on Politics and Culture (London: Macmillan, 1996). 29 Brearton (2003), p.35; p.30. 30 Jarman (1997), p.130. 31 This ban is in response to protests by the Garvaghy Road Residents Association and is imposed by the Parades Commission, which was established in 1997. The ban has resulted in dramatic and protracted stand-offs near Drumcree Church as Orangemen insist on their right to parade down the road. 32 Harvey Cox, quoting one Orange protestor, ‘Keeping Going: Beyond Good Friday’, The Long Road to Peace in Northern Ireland: Peace Lectures from the Institute of Irish Studies at Liverpool University (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2000), pp.153–68; p.153. 33 The Democratic Unionist Party argued to have the Parades Commission abolished, while Sinn Féin insisted on its retention. 34 Brian Cowen, ‘A Decade of Commemorations Commemorating Our Shared History’. Speech by An Taoiseach, Mr Brian Cowen TD, Institute for British-Irish Studies, UCD, 20 May 2010. Available at www.taoiseach.gov.ie (accessed May 2010).

6 Haunted Pasts: Exorcising the Ghosts of Irish Culture

1 Bertie Ahern, Speech at the Opening of Croppies’ Acre Memorial Gardens, 22 November 1998. Reported in ‘Croppies’ Acre is dedicated by Taoiseach as a 1798 memorial’, Alison O’Connor, Irish Times 23 November 1998, p.14. 2 See Gemma Reid, ‘Redefining Nation, Identity and Tradition: The Challenge for Ireland’s National Museums’, in Ireland’s Heritages: Critical Perspectives on Memory and Identity (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005) pp.205–22; p.211. 3 The history of 1798 is still a contested history, see for example: Kevin Whelan, The Fellowship of Freedom: United Irishmen and 1798 (Cork: Cork University Press, 1998). Whelan’s narrative of 1798 is broadly in line with the Irish government’s emphasis of unity and non-sectarian ideals in the United Irishmen. For reactions against this narrative see, for example, R.F. Foster, ‘Remembering 1798’, in The Irish Story: Telling Tales and Making it up in Ireland (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001); and Tom Dunne, Rebellions: Memoir, Memory and 1798 (Dublin: Lilliput Press, 2004). 4 Anthony Roche, ‘Ghosts in Irish Drama’, More Real Than Reality: The Fantastic in Irish Literature and the Arts, eds. Donald E. Morse and Csilla Bertha (New York; London: Greenwood Press, 1991) pp.41–66; p.63. 184 Notes

5 Christopher Morash, A History of Irish Theatre 1601–2000 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p.263. 6 Marina Carr, The Mai in Marina Carr: Plays One (London: Faber and Faber, 1999) p.182. Further references to the play will be in parentheses in the text. 7 Marine Carr, Portia Coughlan in Marina Carr: Plays One (London: Faber and Faber, 1999), p.255. Further references to the play will be in parentheses in the text. 8 As Colin Davis argues, the only thing greater than the fear of ghosts is the fear that we have been deserted by the dead. See Davis, Haunted Subjects: Deconstruction, Psychoanalysis and the Return of the Dead (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), pp.158–9. 9 Marina Carr, By the Bog of Cats… in Marina Carr: Plays One (London: Faber and Faber, 1999), p.276. Further references to the play will be in parentheses in the text. 10 Conor McPherson, The Weir in Plays: Two (London: Nick Hern Books, 2004), p.24. Further references to the play will be in parentheses in the text. 11 Clare Wallace, Suspect Cultures: Narrative, Identity & Citation in 1990s New Drama (Prague: Literraria Pragensia, 2006), p.67. 12 See Vic Merriman for a discussion of the disjuncture between Irish drama and reality, in ‘Decolonisation Postponed: The Theatre of Tiger Trash’, Irish University Review Autumn/Winter 1999 (29.2): 305–17. 13 Davis (2007), p.3. 14 See Kathleen Brogan for a discussion of ghosts as an ‘imaginative recupera- tion of the past’, Cultural Haunting: Ghosts and Ethnicity in Recent American Literature (Virginia: University of Virginia Press, 1998) p.4. 15 Davis (2007), pp.2–3. Davis also uses the trope of carnivalesque to illustrate the temporary suspension of normal rules in order that these rules be recon- firmed at the end of the haunting. 16 Morash (2002), p.259. 17 Into the West, directed by Mike Nichols, from a script by Jim Sheridan (Channel Four Films, 1992). 18 Stewart Parker, Pentecost in Plays Two (London: Methuen, 2000), p.200. Further references to the play will be in parentheses in the text. Bibliography

Ahern, Bertie, ‘Speech at the Opening of Croppies’ Acre Memorial Gardens, 22 November 1998’ in ‘Croppies’ Acre is dedicated by Taoiseach as a 1798 memorial’, Alison O’Connor, Irish Times, 23 November 1998, p.14. Ahern, Bertie, ‘Speech at the opening of an exhibition on 1916 at the National Museum’, 9 April 2006, Irish Times, 10 April 2006, p.6. Arnold, Bruce, ‘What was the real reason for Bertie’s apology to State’s abuse victims?’, Sunday Independent, 18 February 2007. Arnold, Mavis and Heather Laskey, Children of the Poor Clares (Belfast: Appletree Press, 1985). Ascherson, Neal, ‘The centralisation of memorials and memory’ in Commemorating Ireland: History, Politics, Culture, ed. Eberhard Bort (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2004). Barry, Sebastian, The Steward of Christendom (London: Methuen, 1996). Barry, Sebastian, A Long Long Way (London: Faber, 2005). Barry, Sebastian, The Secret Scripture (London: Faber and Faber, 2008). Barton, Ruth, ‘From History to Heritage: Some Recent Developments in Irish Cinema’, Irish Review, v.20–1 (1997), 41–56. Barton, Ruth, Irish National Cinema (London: Routledge, 2004). Beiner, Guy, ‘Commemorative Heritage and the Dialectics of Memory’ in Mark McCarthy (ed.) Ireland’s Heritages: Critical Perspectives on Memory and Identity (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005). Beiner, Guy, ‘Between Trauma and Triumphalism: The Easter Rising, the Somme, and the Crux of Deep Memory in Modern Ireland’, Journal of British Studies, 46.2 (2007), 366–89. Bennett, Jill, ‘The Aesthetics of Sense-Memory: Theorising trauma through the visual arts’ in Susannah Radstone and Katharine Hodgkin (eds) Regimes of Memory (London and New York: Routledge, 2003). Beresford, David, Ten Men Dead: The Story of the 1981 Irish Hunger Strike (London: Harper Collins, 1987). Blair, Les (dir.), H3, script by Laurence McKeown and Brian Campbell (Metropolitan Films, 2001). Boland, Eavan, The Journey and Other Poems (Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1986). Bolger, Dermot, The Lament for Arthur Cleary (London: Methuen, 2000). Bort, Eberhard (ed.), The State of Play: Irish Theatre in the Nineties (Trier: WVT Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier, 1996). Bort, Eberhard (ed.), Commemorating Ireland: History, Politics, Culture (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2004). Boyce, George, The Sure Confusing Drum: Ireland and the First World War (University College of Swansea, 1993). Boyce, George D., ‘“No lack of ghosts”: memory, commemoration and the state in Ireland’ in Ian McBride (ed.), History and Memory in Modern Ireland (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).

185 186 Bibliography

Brady, Ciaran (ed.), Interpreting Irish History: The Debate on Historical Revisionism 1938–1994 (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1994). Brearton, Fran, The Great War in Irish Poetry: W.B. Yeats to Michael Longley (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003). Brogan, Kathleen, Cultural Haunting: Ghosts and Ethnicity in Recent American Literature (Virginia: University of Virginia Press, 1998). Brogan, Patricia Burke, Eclipsed (Knockeven: Salmon Publishing, 1994). Brogan, Patricia Burke, ‘The Magdalen Experience’ in Patricia Kennedy (ed.) Motherhood in Ireland (Cork: Mercier Press, 2004). Brown, John, dir., ‘The Quarrel’ (2003). Brown, Terence, Ireland: A Social and Cultural History 1922–2002 (London: Harper Perennial, 2004). Burke, Peter, Varieties of Cultural History (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1997). Burke, Peter, ‘Performing History: The Importance of Occasions’, Rethinking History, 9.1 (2005), 35–52. Burton, Joan, speech to the Dáil, Dáil Debates, 21 January 2010, http://www. kildarestreet.com/debates/?id=2010-01-21.467.0 (accessed February 2010). Buse, Peter and Andrew Stott (eds), Ghosts: Deconstruction, Psychoanalysis, History (Basingstoke and New York: Macmillan/St. Martin’s Press – now Palgrave Macmillan, 1999). Byrne, Michael, ‘Daingean Reformatory’, available at: http://www.offalyhistory. com/articles/160/1/Daingean-Reformatory-sent-to/Page1.html (accessed February 2010). Campbell, Brian, Lawrence McKeown and Felim O’Hagan, Nor Meekly Serve My Time (Belfast: Beyond the Pale Publications, 1994). Canavan, Tony, ‘The poppy my father wore: the problems facing Irish national- ists in commemorating the two world wars’ in Commemorating Ireland: History, Politics, Culture, ed. Eberhard Bort (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2004). Cantacuzino, Marina, ‘The forgotten protestors’, Guardian, 9 February 2004. Carr, Marina, By the Bog of Cats… in Marina Carr: Plays One (London: Faber and Faber, 1999). Carr, Marina, Portia Coughlan in Marina Carr: Plays One (London: Faber and Faber, 1999). Carr, Marina, The Mai in Marina Carr: Plays One (London: Faber and Faber, 1999). Caruth, Cathy, Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative and History (Baltimore; London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996). Casey, Mike, ‘Review of Some Mother’s Son’, Film Ireland, August/September 1996, 35. Clarke, Donald, ‘Grace Under Pressure’, Irish Times, 2 July 2004, C6. Clarke, Donald, ‘It’s just a film … that’s all it is’, Irish Times, 1 November 2008, B6. Climo, Jacob J. and Maria G. Catell (eds), Social Memory and History: Anthropological Perspectives (Walnut Creek; Oxford: AltaMira Press, 2002). Coffey, Edel, ‘The Sins of Our Writers’, Sunday Tribune, 17 March 2002. Connerton, Paul, How Societies Remember (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989). Conway, Brian, ‘Local conditions, global environment and transnational dis- courses in memory work: The case of Bloody Sunday (1972)’, Memory Studies, 1.2 (2008), 187–210. Bibliography 187

Corcoran, Mary P., ‘The Process of Migration and the Reinvention of Self: The Experiences of Returning Irish Emigrants’, Éire-Ireland, 37.1–2, (2002), 175–91. Corcoran, Mary, Out of Order: The Political Imprisonment of Women in Northern Ireland 1972–1998 (Devon; Portland: Willan Publishing, 2006). Coulter, Colin and Steve Coleman (eds), The End of Irish History? Critical Reflections on the Celtic Tiger (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003). Cowen, Brian, ‘A Decade of Commemorations Commemorating Our Shared History’. Speech by An Taoiseach, Mr Brian Cowen TD, Institute for British Irish Studies, UCD, 20 May 2010. Available at www.taoiseach.gov.ie (accessed May 2010). Cox, Harvey, ‘Keeping Going: Beyond Good Friday’ in Marianne Elliott (ed.) The Long Road to Peace in Northern Ireland: Peace Lectures from the Institute of Irish Studies at Liverpool University (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2000). Crooke, Elizabeth, ‘The Construction of Community Through Heritage in Northern Ireland’ in Mark McCarthy (ed.) Ireland’s Heritages: Critical Perspectives on Memory and Identity (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005). Cullingford, Elizabeth Butler, Ireland’s Others: Gender and Ethnicity in Irish Literature and Popular Culture (Cork: Cork University Press, 2001). Cullingford, Elizabeth Butler, ‘Colonial Policing: The Steward of Christendom and The Whereabouts of Eneas McNulty’, Éire-Ireland 39.3–4 (Fall/Win 2004), 11–37. Cullingford, Elizabeth Butler, ‘“Our Nuns are Not a Nation”: Politicizing the Convent in Irish Literature and Film’, Éire-Ireland, 41.2 (2006), 9–39. Daly, Mary, ‘History à la carte? Historical commemoration and modern Ireland’, Commemorating Ireland: History, Politics, Culture, ed. Eberhard Bort (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2004). Davis, Colin, Haunted Subjects: Deconstruction, Psychoanalysis and the Return of the Dead (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007). Dawson, Graham, Making Peace with the Past? Memories, Trauma and the Irish Troubles (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007). Deane, Seamus, ‘Merciless Ireland: Angela’s Ashes by Frank McCourt’, Guardian, 12 December 1996, T12. Deane, Seamus, Reading in the Dark (London: Jonathan Cape, 1996). Denman, Terence, Ireland’s Unknown Soldiers: The 16th (Irish) Division in the Great War, 1914–1918 (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1992). Devlin, Anne, Ourselves Alone (London: Faber, 1986). Devlin, Anne, After Easter (London: Faber and Faber, 1996). Dolan, Anne, Commemorating the Irish Civil War: History and Memory, 1923–2000 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). Dooley, Thomas P., Irish Men or English Soldiers? (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1995). Doyle, Eddie, Sunday Business Post, 23 October 1994, ‘Agenda’, p.26. Doyle, Paddy, The God Squad: A Remarkable True Story (Dublin: Raven Arts Press, 1988). Drennan, Mary, You May Talk Now (Cork: OnStream Publications, 1994). Dungan, Myles, Irish Voices from the Great War (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1995). Dunne, Tom, ‘Penitents’, The Dublin Review, VI (Winter 2001–2), 74–82. Dunne, Tom, Rebellions: Memoir, Memory and 1798 (Dublin: Lilliput Press, 2004). 188 Bibliography

Dunsmore, Amanda, Keeper (2000). Dwyer, Michael, ‘School of Scandal’, Irish Times, 10 October 2003. Ellmann, Maud, The Hunger Artsists: Starving, Writing and Imprisonment (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993). Fahy, Bernadette, Freedom of Angels: Surviving Goldenbridge Orphanage (Dublin: O’Brien, 1999). Falkenstein, Len, ‘Critical remembering: reading nostalgia in contemporary Irish drama and film’, Canadian Journal of Irish Studies, (1999), 264–76. Feldman, Allen, Formations of Violence: The Narrative of the Body and Political Terror in Northern Ireland (Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press, 1991). Fentress, James and Chris Wickham, Social Memory (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992). Ferriter, Diarmaid, ‘Suffer Little Children? The Historical Validity of Memoirs of Irish Childhood’ in Joseph Dunne and James Kelly (eds) Childhood and Its Discontents (Dublin: Liffey Press, 2002). Ferriter, Diarmaid, The Transformation of Ireland: 1900–2000 (London: Profile, 2004). Ferriter, Diarmaid, ‘Air Brushing of Abused Suffering from Records’, Irish Times, 23 September 2005. Ferriter, Diarmaid, ‘A world of pain laid bare’, Sunday Business Post, 31 May 2009. Ferriter, Diarmaid, Occasions of Sin: Sex and Society in Modern Ireland (London: Profile, 2009). Fitzgerald, Emily Mark, ‘Commemoration and the Performance of Irish Famine Memory’ in Sara Brady and Fintan Walsh (eds) Crossroads: Performance Studies and Irish Culture (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009). Fitzpatrick, David, ‘Commemoration in the Irish Free State: a chronicle of embarrassment’ in Ian McBride (ed.), History and Memory in Modern Ireland (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001). Fitzpatrick, David (ed.), Ireland and the First World War (Dublin: Trinity History Workshop, 1986). Flynn, Gerard Mannix, Nothing to Say (Dublin: Ward River Press, 1983). Flynn, Mannix, ‘We can’t get on with our lives. It’s just not that easy’, Irish Times, 21 May 2009, p.14. Foster, R.F., Modern Ireland 1600–1972 (London: Penguin, 1988). Foster, R.F., The Irish Story: Telling Tales and Making it up in Ireland (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001). Frawley, Oona, Irish Pastoral: Nostalgia and Twentieth-Century Irish Literature (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2005). Freitag, Barbara, ‘Come Back to Erin? The Returned Emigrant in Anglo-Irish Literature’, Journal of Irish Literature, 21.3 (1992), 34–48. Friel, Brian, Faith Healer (London: Faber, 1980). Friel, Brian, Translations (London: Faber, 1981). Friel, Brian, Dancing at Lughnasa (London: Faber, 1990). Galvin, Patrick, ‘On the Film … Song for a Raggy Boy’ in ‘Production Notes for Song for a Raggy Boy’, unpublished and unpaginated, Irish Film Archive. Galvin, Patrick, Song for a Poor Boy (Dublin: Raven Arts Press, 1990). Galvin, Patrick, Song for a Raggy Boy (Dublin: Raven Arts Press, 1991). Ganguly, Keya, ‘Migrant Identities and the Constructions of Selfhood’, Cultural Studies, 6.1 (1992), 29–50. Bibliography 189

George, Terry, Some Mother’s Son, script by Terry George and Jim Sheridan (Castle Rock Entertainment, 1996). Gibbons, Luke, Transformations in Irish Culture (Cork: Cork University Press, 1996). Gillis, John R., ‘Memory and Identity: The History of a Relationship’ in John R. Gillis (ed.) Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996). Grainge, Paul, ‘Introduction’ in Paul Grainge (ed.) Memory and Popular Film (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003). Green, Ann, ‘Individual Remembering and “collective memory”: theoretical pre- suppositions and contemporary debates’, Oral History, 32 (2004), 35–44. Gregory, Lady Augusta, Selected Writings, eds. Lucy McDiarmid and Maureen Waters (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1995). Grene, Nicholas, The Politics of Irish Drama: Plays in Context from Boucicault to Friel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). Guerin, Frances and Roger Hallas (eds), The Image and the Witness: Trauma, Memory and Visual Culture (London and New York: Wallflower Press, 2007). Hamilton, Hugo, The Speckled People (London: Fourth Estate, 2003). Harte, Liam, ‘History Lessons: Postcolonialism and Seamus Deane’s Reading in the Dark’, Irish University Review, 30.1 (2000), 149–62. Harte, Liam, ‘Introduction, in Liam Harte (ed.) Modern Irish Autobiography: Self, Nation and Society (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007). Haslam, Richard, ‘A Race Bashed in the Face: Imagining Ireland as a Damaged Child’, ‘Special Issue: Ireland 2000’, Jouvert, 4.1 (1999), 1–28. Healy, Dermot, The Bend for Home: A Memoir (London: Harvill Press, 1996). Hennessey, Thomas, Dividing Ireland: World War I and Partition (London & New York: Routledge, 1998). Henry, Lee, ‘Chronicles of Long Kesh’, 18 December 2008, available at: http://www. culturenorthernireland.org/article.aspx?art_id=2417 (accessed February 2010). Hirsch, Marianne and Valerie Smith, ‘Feminism and Cultural Memory: An Introduction’, Signs, 28.1 (2002), 1–19. Hodgkin, Katherine and Susanna Radstone (eds), Memory, History, Nation: Contested Pasts (London and New York: Routledge, 2003). Hughes, Declan, Shiver (London: Methuen, 2003). Huyssens, Andreas, Present Pasts: Urban Palimpsests and the Politics of Memory (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003). Jarman, Neil, Material Conflicts: Parades and Visual Displays in Northern Ireland (Oxford, New York: Berg, 1997). Jeffery, Keith, ‘Irish Prose Writers of the First World War’ in Kathleen Devin (ed.) Modern Irish Writers and the Wars (Gerrard’s Cross: Colin Smythe, 1999). Jeffery, Keith, Ireland and the Great War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). Johnson, Nuala, Ireland, the Great War and the Geography of Remembrance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). Jordan, Neil, ‘Production Notes for “The Butcher Boy”’, unpublished, pp.3–4. Irish Film Archive. Jordan, Neil (dir.), The Butcher Boy (Geffen Pictures, 1997). Keily, Tony and Mark Venner, ‘A World in 10’ x 8’’, Film Ireland, October/ November 2001, 24–72. 190 Bibliography

Kelleher, Margaret, ‘Hunger and History: Monuments to the Great Irish Famine’, Textual Practice, 16.2 (2002), 249–76. Kirby, Peadar, Luke Gibbons and Michael Cronin (eds), Reinventing Ireland: Culture and the Celtic Tiger (London: Pluto, 2002). Laffoy, Justice Mary, ‘Letter to Mr Dermot McCarthy, Secretary General’, Irish Times, 8 September 2003. Landsberg, Alison, ‘Prosthetic memory: the ethics and politics of memory in an age of mass culture’ in Paul Grainge (ed.) Memory and Popular Film (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003). Lanters, José, ‘Reading the Irish future in the Celtic past: T.W. Rolleston and the politics of myth’ in Laurence McBride (ed.) Reading Irish Histories (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2003). Laskey, Heather, ‘Programme Note for Stolen Child’, Archive of Play Programmes, Dublin City Library, Pearse Street. Leerssen, Joep, Remembrance and Imagination: Patterns in the Historical and Literary Representation of Ireland in the Nineteenth Century (Cork: Cork University Press, 1996). Leerssen, Joep, ‘Monument and trauma: varieties of remembrance’ in Ian McBride (ed.), History and Memory in Modern Ireland (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001). Lentin, Louis (dir.), Dear Daughter, narr. Bosco Hogan (Crescendo Concepts for RTÉ, 1996). Leonard, Jane, ‘The Twinge of Memory: Armistice Day and Remembrance Day Sunday in Dublin since 1919’ in Richard English and Graham Walker (eds) Unionism in Modern Ireland: New Perspectives on Politics and Culture (London: Macmillan, 1996). Linehan, Hugh, ‘Making a good story of the North’, Irish Times, 28 July 2001, B5. Lonergan, Patrick, Theatre and Globalization: Irish Drama in the Celtic Tiger (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009). Longley, Edna, ‘Northern Ireland: commemoration, elegy, forgetting’ in Ian McBride (ed.), History and Memory in Modern Ireland (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001). Luddy, Maria, Prostitution and Irish Society 1800–1940 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007). Lynch, Claire, Irish Autobiography: Stories of Self in the Narrative of a Nation (Bern: Peter Lang, 2009). Lynch, Martin, Chronicles of Long Kesh, unpublished script (2009). McAleese, Mary, ‘Inauguration speech by President Mary McAleese’, 11 November 1997. McAleese, Mary, ‘Speech at Messines Peace Tower, Belgium, 11 November, 1998’, available at www.president.ie/index.php?section=5&speech=172&lang=eng (accessed February 2010). McBride, Ian, ‘Introduction: memory and national identity in modern Ireland’ in Ian McBride (ed.), History and Memory in Modern Ireland (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001). McCabe, Patrick, The Butcher Boy (London: Picador, 1992). McCann, Fiona, ‘There’s no place like home’, The Irish Times, 24 February 2007, Saturday Magazine section. McCarthy, Conor, Modernisation, Crisis and Culture in Ireland, 1969–1992 (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2000). Bibliography 191

McCarthy, Gerry, ‘Washing Catholic Ireland’s Dirty Laundry’, Sunday Times, 20 October 2002, pp.6–7. McCourt, Frank, Angela’s Ashes (London: Harper Collins, 1996). Mac Éinrí, Piaras, ‘Some Recent Demographic Developments in Ireland’, Études Irlandaises, 21.1 (1997), 145–64. McGahern, John, Amongst Women (London: Faber, 1990). McGahern, John, Memoir (London: Faber, 2005). McGarry, Patsy, ‘Revisiting the Nightmare’, Irish Times, 5 October 2002. McGuinness, Frank, Observe the Sons of Ulster Marching Towards the Somme in Frank McGuinness: Plays One (London: Faber, 1996). McIntosh, Gillian, The Force of Culture: Unionist Identities in Twentieth-century Ireland (Cork: Cork University Press, 1999). MacLaverty, Bernard, Grace Notes (London: Jonathan Cape, 1997). McLoone, Martin, Irish Film: The Emergence of a Contemporary Cinema (London: British Film Institute, 2000). McPherson, Conor, The Weir in Plays: Two (London: Nick Hern Books, 2004). McQueen, Steve (dir.), Hunger, script by Steve McQueen and Enda Walsh (Blast! Films, 2008). Markievicz, Countess, The Prison Letters of Countess Markievicz (London: Virago, 1987). Meaney, Gerardine, ‘The Sons of Cuchulainn: Violence, the Family, and the Irish Canon’, Éire-Ireland, 41:1&2 (2006), 242–61. Meany, Helen, ‘The Deane of Studies Faces Identity Crisis’, The Irish Times 10 September 1996. Monks, Aoife, Comely Maidens and Celtic Tigers: Riverdance and Global Performance, Goldsmiths Performance Research Pamphlet (London: Goldsmiths, 2007). Morash, Christopher, Writing the Irish Famine (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995). Morash, Christopher, A History of Irish Theatre 1601–2000 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002). Moroney, Mic, ‘Strike at the Heart’, Magill, October 2001, 46–9. Murphy, Jimmy, Picture of Paradise Frank McGuinness (ed.) The Dazzling Dark: New Irish Plays, (London: Faber, 1996). Murphy, Maeve (dir.), Silent Grace (Crimson Films, 2001). Murphy, Tom, The Wake (London: Methuen, 1999). Murphy, Tom, The House (London: Methuen, 2000). Ní Laoire, Caitríona, ‘“Coming Home”: a geography of recent return migration to the Republic of Ireland’, available on the ‘Narratives of Migration and Return’ website: http://migration.ucc.ie/nmr/ (accessed February 2010). Nichols, Mike (dir.), Into the West, script by Jim Sheridan (Channel Four Films, 1992). Nora, Pierre, Realms of Memory, volume one, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996). O’Brien, Edna, Girls in Their Married Bliss (London: Phoenix, 2007; 1964). O’Brien, George, ‘Memoirs of an Autobiographer’ in Liam Harte (ed.) Modern Irish Autobiography: Self, Nation and Society (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007). O’Brien, Kate, Mary Lavelle (London: Virago, 2006; 1936). O’Brien, Kathleen, ‘Language, Monuments, and the Politics of Memory in Quebec and Ireland’, Éire-Ireland, 38.1–2 (2003), 141–60. 192 Bibliography

O’Brien, Matthew, ‘Transatlantic Connections and the Sharp Edge of the Great Depression’ Kevin Kenny (ed.) New Directions in Irish American History (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003). O’Brien, Michael, ‘Ex-Mayor tells of abuse’, Irish Times, 27 May 2009, p.9. O’Connor, Sinéad, Universal Mother (Chrysalis/EMI Records, 1994). O’Faolain, Nuala, Are You Somebody? The Life and Times of Nuala O’Faolain (Dublin: New Island Books, 1996). O’Faolain, Nuala, Almost There: The Onward Journey of a Dublin Woman (London: Michael Joseph, 2003). Officer, David, ‘“For God and for Ulster”: the Ulsterman on the Somme’ in Ian McBride (ed.), History and Memory in Modern Ireland (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001). Ó Gráda, Cormac, ‘After the Famine Fever’, Irish Times, 19 May 2001. O’Grady, Timothy ‘Presentation to the Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse’, 12 May 2005, Vol. No. 57, Joint Committee on Education and Science. O’Grady, Timothy and Steve Pyke, I Could Read the Sky (London: Harvill Press, 1997). O’Kelly, Emer, ‘The new Magdalene whitewash’, Sunday Independent, 15 September 2002. Olick, Jeffrey K., The Politics of Regret: On Collective Memory and Historical Responsibility (New York: Routledge, 2007). Olney, James, Memory and Narrative: The Weave of Life Writing (Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press, 1998). O’Mahony, Patrick and Gerard Delanty (eds), Rethinking Irish History: Nationalism, Identity and Ideology (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001). Orr, Philip, The Road to the Somme: Men of the Ulster Division Tell Their Story (Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 1987). O’Toole, Fintan, ‘The Ex-Isle of Erin: Emigration and Irish Culture’ in Jim MacLaughlin (ed.) Location and Dislocation in Contemporary Irish Society: Emigration and Irish Identities (Cork: Cork University Press, 1997). O’Toole, Fintan, ‘Reviews’, The Irish Times, 1 April 2003. O’Toole, Fintan, ‘“Hunger” fails to wrest the narrative from the hunger strikers’, Irish Times, 22 November 2008, B8. Parker, Alan (dir.), Angela’s Ashes (David Brown Productions, 1999). Parker, Stewart, Pentecost in Plays Two (London: Methuen, 2000). Pennebaker, James and Dario Paex and Bernard Rimé (eds), Collective Memory of Political Events: Social Psychological Perspectives (Mahweh, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997). Radstone, Susannah (ed.), Memory and Methodology (Oxford and New York: Berg, 2000). Radstone, Susannah and Katharine Hodgkin, ‘Regimes of Memory: An Introduction’ in Susannah Radstone and Katharine Hodgkin (eds) Regimes of Memory (London and New York: Routledge, 2003). Raftery, Mary (prod.), States of Fear (RTÉ, 1999). Raftery, Mary, Letter to the Irish Examiner, 30 August 2000. Raftery, Mary, ‘Report a monument to a society’s shame’, Irish Times, 21 May 2009, p.18. Raftery, Mary and Eoin O’Sullivan, Suffer the Little Children: The Inside Story of Ireland’s Industrial Schools (New York: Continuum, 1996). Bibliography 193

Reid, Christina, My Name, Shall I Tell You My Name? in Christina Reid: Plays One (London: Methuen, 1997). Reid, Christina, Tea in a China Cup in Christina Reid: Plays One (London: Methuen, 1997). Reid, Gemma, ‘Redefining Nation, Identity and Tradition: The Challenge for Ireland’s National Museums’ in Mark McCarthy (ed.) Ireland’s Heritages: Critical Perspectives on Memory and Identity (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005). Ricoeur, Paul, ‘Memory and forgetting’ in Richard Kearney and Mark Dooley (eds) Questioning Ethics: Contemporary Debates in Philosophy (London and New York: Routledge, 1999). Riding, Alan, ‘Challenging Ireland’s Demons with a Laugh’, New York Times, 29 March 1998, p.18. Rigney, Anne, ‘Portable Monuments: Literature, Cultural Memory, and the Case of Jeanie Deans’, Poetics Today, 25.2 (2004), 361–96. Rigney, Anne, ‘Plenitude, Scarcity and the Circulation of Cultural Memory’, Journal of European Studies, 35.1 (2005), 209–26. Rigney, Anne, ‘Divided Pasts: A premature memorial and the dynamics of collec- tive remembrance’, Memory Studies, 1 (2008), 89–97. Roberts, Philip and Max Stafford-Clark, Taking Stock: The Theatre of Max Stafford Clark (London: Nick Hern Books, 2007). Robinson, Mary, ‘“Cherishing the Irish Diaspora” Address to the Houses of the Oireachtas by President Mary Robinson, On a Matter of Public Importance’, 2 February 1995. Roche, Anthony, ‘Ghosts in Irish Drama’ in Donald E. Morse and Csilla Bertha (eds) More Real Than Reality: The Fantastic in Irish Literature and the Arts (New York and London: Greenwood Press, 1991). Roche, Anthony, Contemporary Irish Drama (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009). Rolston, Bill, Politics and Painting: Murals and Conflict in Northern Ireland (Rutherford, New Jersey: Associated University Presses, 1991). Rokem, Freddie, Performing History: Theatrical Representations of the Past in Contemporary Theatre (Iowa: University of Iowa Press, 2000). Samuel, Raphael, Theatres of Memory: Past and Present in Contemporary Culture (London and New York: Verso, 1994). Sheehy, Jeanne, The Rediscovery of Ireland’s Past: The Celtic Revival 1830–1930 (London: Thames and Hudson, 1980). Sheridan, Jim (dir.), The Field (Granada Television and Sovereign Pictures, 1990). Siggins, Lorna, ‘“Magdalen women” memorial unveiled’, Irish Times, 11 March 2009. Slater, Eamonn and Michel Peillon (eds), Memories of the Present (Dublin: IPA, 2000). Smith, James M., ‘Remembering Ireland’s Architecture of Containment: “Telling” Stories in The Butcher Boy and States of Fear’, Éire-Ireland, 36.3–4 (2001), 111–30. Smith, James M., Ireland’s Magdalen Laundries and the Nation’s Architecture of Containment (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2007). Terdiman, Richard, Present Past: Modernity and the Memory Crisis (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1993). 194 Bibliography

The Report of the Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse (Ryan Report), 2009. The Report of the Commission of Investigation, Dublin Catholic Archdiocese (Murphy Report), 2009. Toibin, Colm, Brooklyn (London: Viking, 2009). Walker, Brian, Dancing to History’s Tune: History, Myth and Politics in Ireland (Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies, Queen’s University of Belfast, 1996). Wallace, Clare, Suspect Cultures: Narrative, Identity & Citation in 1990s New Drama (Prague: Literraria Pragensia, 2006). Walsh, Aisling (dir.), Sinners (BBC Northern Ireland, 2002). Walsh, Aisling (dir.), Song for a Raggy Boy (Fantastic Films, 2003). Waters, John, ‘A stick to beat the past with’, Irish Times 20 October 2003. Westwell, Guy, ‘Silent Grace’, Sight and Sound, March 2004, 60. Whelan, Kevin, The Fellowship of Freedom: United Irishmen and 1798 (Cork: Cork University Press, 1998). Whelan, Kevin, ‘Between Filiation and Affiliation: The Politics of Postcolonial Memory’ in Clare Carroll and Patricia King (eds) Ireland and Postcolonial Theory (Cork: Cork University Press, 2003). Whitehead, Anne, Trauma Fiction (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004). Yeats, W.B., Yeats’s Poems, ed. A. Norman Jeffares (Basingstoke: Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan, 1989). Index

Abbey Theatre, 11, 21, 50, 147 H3, 104, 105, 108, 109–10, 114ff., abortion referendums, 156 118, 120 Ahern, Bertie, 14–15, 18–19, 22–3, 27, ‘Blanket Protest’, chapter 4 passim 51, 149, 152–3, 172 n.24 ‘Bloody Sunday’ (1972), 100 alienation, 80 Boland, Eavan, 79 amnesia, 15, 22, 71, 129, 140, 142, Bolger, Dermot, 83–7, 97 145, 153 A Dublin Quartet, 84 Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985), 139 In High Germany, 97 anti-nostalgia, 7–11, 43–5, 54ff., 65, A Lament for Arthur Cleary, 83–7, 90, 77, 95, 98 91, 93, 96 Armagh, 103 The Parting Glass, 97 Armagh prison, 102, 105, 108, 114, Bourke, Sean, 32 120, 122 Bowen, Elizabeth, 54 Arnold, Mavis Boyce, George, 140 Children of the Poor Clares, 19 Boyne, battle of, 131ff. Artane Industrial School, 21, 50–1 Boy’s Town orphanage (USA), 21 Ascendancy, 93 Brearton, Fran, 127, 149 Ashe, Thomas, 101 Brogan, Patricia Burke, 20, 36–43, asylum see political asylum 48, 49 audience, role of, 4, 10, 14, 25, 41, Eclipsed, 20, 36–43, 48 43, 48, 50–1, 63, 88, 112, 121, Brown, Terence, 148 142, 164 Bruce, Nichola, 83, 86, 98 autobiography, chapter 2 passim I Could Read the Sky, 83, 86–7, 90, 93, 96, 98 Barry, Sebastian, 128, 140–5, 181 Buckley, Christine, 25 n.5 Burton, Joan, 173 n.24 A Long Long Way, 128, 140–5, 146 Butler-Cullingford, Elizabeth, 46–7, Prayers of Sherkin, 140 175 n.59 The Secret Scripture, 140 Byrne, Gay, 53 The Steward of Christendom, 128, 140–7 Campbell, Brian Barton, Ruth, 31, 45–6, 171 n.15 The Laughter of Our Children, 105 BBC, 20, 36, 139 ‘Caoineadh Airt Ui Laoire’, 84 BBC Northern Ireland, 39 Cardiff, Jack, 1 Beadle, J.P., 137 Carr, Marina, 154–60 Beiner, Guy, 181 n.8 By the Bog of Cats, 155–60, 165, Belfast, 103, 105 166, 167 Belfast Agreement (1998), 149 The Mai, 155–7, 165 Bellaghy, 105 Portia Coughlan, 155–60, 165 ff. ‘Big House’, 93 Casey, Mike, quoted 107 Black, Cathal catharsis, 24–5, 48, 145, 170 Our Boys, 19 Cavan, 69–70, 76 Blair, Les, 104 ceasefire, see Peace Process

195 196 Index

Celtic Tiger, 11, 43, 54–6, 80, 94, Dolan, Anne, 172 n.25 97, 99 Dowling, Joe, 12 child abuse, 2, 4, 13, chapter 1 passim, Doyle, Paddy 19, 172 n.6, 176 n.81 162, 167, 169 The God Squad, 19 childhood, 3, 45, chapter 2 passim Drennan, Mary Christian Brothers, 19ff. You May Talk Now, 20 civil rights, 113 Dublin Catholic Archdiocese, 22 Civil War (Ireland), 15 Dublin Municipal Library, 148 Clinic, The (RTÉ), 163 Duff, Ann-Marie, 39, 40 Cold War, 31 Dunne, Thomas, 140ff. Collins Barracks, 128, 152ff. Dunne, Tom, 48 commemoration/memorialisation, Dunne, Willie, 140ff. 1, 3, 9–10, 49–51, chapter 5 Dunsmore, Amanda passim, 152ff., 170 Billy’s Museum, 123–4 Commission of Investigation (Dublin Dwyer, Michael, 44–5 archdiocese) see Murphy Report Commission to Inquire into Child Easter 1916 see Rising Abuse, 4, 19ff., 43–4, 176 n.78 Education, Department of, 19ff., 26, 44 Constitution, Irish, 18–19, 172 n.24 Ellmann, Maud, 180 n.36 Corcoran, Mary, 109, 120 ‘Emerald Gems of Ireland’, 43 Cork Film Festival, 47 emigration, 2, 4, chapter 3 passim Cowan, John, 147–8 Ervine, David, 123 Cowen, Brian, 23, 50, 150 exile, 4, 58, chapter 3 passim, 97 Croppies’ Acre, 152 ff., 168 exorcism, 16–17, 35, 89, chapter 6 cultural identity, 6, 8, 79ff., 133–4, passim 136, 138 culture and remembrance, 4–6, 8, 13, Fahy, Bernadette, 176 n.81 15–16, 20, 47, 98, 150 fairies, 160–5 culture as resistance, 110 Famine, Great Boston memorial, 9 Dáil Éireann, 23, 152 commemoration of, 8–11, 14, 46, Daingean Reformatory, 32 58, 79 Daly, Mary, 9 commodification of, 10 ‘Darkest Corner’ play series, 20, 50–1 Fassbender, Michael, 106 Davis, Colin, 166, 184 n.8 feminism, 67 Dead Poets Society, 36 Ferriter, Diarmaid, 21, 46 Deane, Seamus, 54, 71–3, 76 Fianna Fáil, 15 Reading in the Dark, 54, 71–3, 75, 76 Fine Gael, 15 Derry, 103, 105 Fitzgerald, Michael, 101 de Valera, Éamon, 6, 141 Flanagan, Mgr Edward, 21 Devlin, Anne, 83, 87ff., 103 Flynn, Mannix, 19, 23, 27, 44, 50–1, After Easter, 83, 87–91, 96, 98, 99 173 n.6, 176 n.76 Ourselves Alone, 103 James X, 50–1 Diaspora, 8, 9, 78ff., 99 Nothing to Say, 19 Dictionary of Irish Biography, 54 Padded Cell and Other Stories, 51 ‘Dirty Protest’, chapter 4 passim Ford, John, 1, 82 documentary theatre, 50–1 The Quiet Man, 82 Doherty, Kieran, 101, 179 n.2 Young Cassidy, 1–2 Index 197

Foster, R.F., 140 Healy, Dermot, 54, 68–71, 75, 76, 86 Foucault, Michel, 120 The Bend for Home, 54, 68–71, 74, French Revolution, 6 75, 76–7 Friel, Brian, 7, 11–13, 82, 86, 154 Heaney, Seamus, 95 Dancing at Lughnasa, 11–13, film High Park Convent, 49 of 12 history as images, 2 Faith Healer, 86, 154 as trauma, 151 The Loves of Cass McGuire, 82 homecomings, 79, 91–3 Phildelphia, Here I Come!, 82 Home Rule, 128, 134, 143 Translations, 7 Hughes, Declan Shiver, 83, 94–5 Gaelic Revival, 6 Hughes, Francis, 102, 105 Gallery of Photography, 2 Hume, John, 124 Gallipoli, 128 hunger strikes, 5, chapter 4 passim Galvin, Patrick Song for a Raggy Boy, 20, 32–6 iconography, 103 Gate Theatre, 12 insecurity, 94, 97–8 see also George, Terry, 104 uncertainty, instability Some Mother’s Son, 104–7, 108, 111, instability, 86 see also uncertainty, 112, 115–16, 117, 119 insecurity Getty Images, 1–2 Institute for British-Irish Studies, 150 ghosts, 16, 117, 129–30, 139ff., institutional abuse, chapter 1 passim chapter 6 passim internment, 100 Gibbons, Luke, 104 IRA, chapter 4 passim Gillespie, Rowan, 10 Irish Film Archive, 1 Glen, Iain, 33 Irish Financial Services Centre, 10 Glenroe (RTÉ), 163 Irish Life Writing Archive, 54 Goldenbridge Orphanage, 25, 50–1 Irish Literature Prize, 55 Good Friday Agreement, 122ff., 149, Irish Museum of Modern Art, 179 n.7 172 n.24 Irish National War Memorial, 15, Gore-Booth, Eva, 36 128ff., 149, 183 n.28 ‘Great War’ see World War 1 Irishness, 79 Gregory, Lady Irish Times, 1–2, 53, 55 Kathleen ni Houlihan, 6 International Fiction Prize, 55 Grene, Nicholas, 142, 148 Guinness, 78 Jarman, Neil, 149, 181 n.7 Jeffery, Keith, 127 Hamilton, Hugo, 54, 66, 67, 74, Johnson, Richard, 21, 50–1 75, 76 The Evidence I Shall Give, 21, 50–1 The Sailor in the Wardrobe, 54 Jones, Robert, 12 The Speckled People, 54, 55, 59–62, Jordan, Neil 67, 74 ff. The Butcher Boy, 20, 27–32 Hamilton, Richard, 109, 179 n.20 July Twelfth, 135, 146, 149–50 Harte, Liam, 54 Hartmann, Erich, 2 Kavanagh, John, 40 Haslam, Richard, 175 n.69 Keane, John B. Hastings-Smith, Laura, 113 The Field, 82, 178 n.20 H-Blocks see Maze prison Kelleher, Margaret, 9 198 Index

Kennedy Report (1970), 21, 24 McGuinness, Frank Kerry Babies case, 156 Observe the Sons of Ulster Marching Kiang, Tanya, 2 Towards the Somme, 128, 129–35, Kilmainham Gaol, 1 137, 139, 146, 147–8, 150 King, Martin Luther, 113 McGuinness, Martin, 124 McGuire, Martin, 21 McKeown, Laurence, 105, 179 n.15, Laffoy, Judge Mary, 23 180 n.24 Landscape, 43, 65, 78, 95, 98, 119, The Laughter of Our Children, 105 154ff., 167–70 MacLaverty, Bernard Laskey, Heather Grace Notes, 82–3 Children of the Poor Clares, 19 McPherson, Conor, 154, 160–5 Late Late Show (RTÉ), 52–3, 55 The Seafarer, 164 Leersen, Joep, 171 n.13 Shining City, 164 Lentin, Louis, 20 The Weir, 160–3, 164 ff., 169 Dear Daughter, 20, 25–7, 45 McQueen, Steve, 104, 106, 126 Letterfrack Industrial School, Hunger, 104, 106, 107, 111, 113, 50–1 114, 115–17, 118–19, 120ff. 126 Limerick, 57ff. McSorley, Gerard, 117 liminality, 154, 163 MacSwiney, Terence, 100–1 Linehan, Hugh, 124 Madonna House Report (1996), 21 Literary Revival, 6, 8 Magdalen laundries, 20, 24, 27, 36–43, Lockout (Dublin, 1913), 141, 48, 49 143 Magdalen Memorial plaque, 49 Long Kesh see Maze prison Mahon Tribunal, 15–16, 172 n.26 Lovett, Ann, 156 Martin, Micheál, 27 Lynch, Martin, 104, 122–3 martyrs/martyrdom, 6, 100, 117, 133 Chronicles of Long Kesh, 104, 106, see also sacrifice 110 ff., 114, 118, 122 Mason, Patrick, 12 Maze prison, chapter 4 passim McAleese, Mary, 79, 149 Meaney, Gerardine, 21 McCabe, Pat, 20, 27–32 Medea, 158 The Butcher Boy, 20, 27–32, 43 media in Ireland, 55ff. film of, 20, 27–32 mediation, 4, 11, 54, 61, 107, 133 McCann, Donal, 182 n.18 memoir, 4, chapter 2 passim McCarthy, Conor, 6, 171 n.9 and fiction, 71–3 McCourt, Frank, 46, 66, 74, 75 memorialisation see commemoration Angela’s Ashes, 46, 54, 56–9 memory as identity, chapter 2 passim, film of Angela’s Ashes, 55, 58–9 89, 98–9 Teacher Man, 54 communal, 131, 166 ’Tis, 54 and ethical remembering, 4, 13–15, McCreesh, Raymond, 102 20, 23, 51, 153, 167, 170 McElwee, Tom, 105 and Ireland, Introduction passim McGahern, John, 54, 62–6, 74, 75, 76, and narrative, 87 178 n.23 as trauma, 166–7 Amongst Women, 178 n.23 tyranny of, 145ff. Memoir, 54, 62–5, 74, 75 Mercier, Paul McGrath, Dara, 123–4 Homeland, 93–4 Deconstructing the Maze, 123 Merriman, Vic, 184 n.12 Index 199

Messines (Belgium), 128, 149 O’Brien, Kate ‘misery literature/memoir’, 46 Mary Lavelle, 178 n.23 Molloy, M.J. O’Brien, Michael, 49 The Wood of the Whispering, 82 O’Casey, Sean 1, 54 Morash, Christopher, 154, 167 O’Connor, Frank, 54 mothers, 75–6, 156 O’Connor, Pat 8, 12 Mullan, Peter, 20, 36–7, 47–8 Circle of Friends, 8 The Magdalene Sisters, 20, 36–48 Dancing at Lughnasa, 12 Murphy, Jimmy O’Connor, Sinéad, 31, 46 Picture of Paradise, 177 n.8 Ó Criomhthain, Tomás Murphy, Joseph, 101 An tOileánach, 54 Murphy, Maeve, 104 O’Donoghue, Sr Helena, 26 Silent Grace, 104, 105–6, 107, 108–9, O’Faolain, Nuala, 52–5, 65–8, 72, 74, 110 ff., 114–16, 117, 122 75–6 Murphy Report, 22ff., 47, 169 Almost There, 54, 67–8 Murphy, Tom, 82, 83 Are You Somebody?, 52–3, 65–8, Conversations on a Homecoming, 82 74, 75–6 A Crucial Week in the Life of a Office of Public Works, 152 Grocer’s Assistant, 82 O’Flynn, Sunniva, 1 The House, 83, 91–3, 98 Ó Gráda, Cormac, 10 The Wake, 83, 90–1, 99 O’Grady, Timothy, Murphy, Judge Yvonne, 22 I Could Read the Sky, 83, 86 myth/mythology, 74, 93, 103, 124, O’Hara, Patsy, 102 127, 132, 155, 157, 163, 168 O’Keeffe, Batt, 22 instability of, 133, 138 O’Kelly, Emer, 44 Old Limerick Journal, 32 naming, 139ff. O’Neill, Charlie Napier, Philip, 103–4 Hurl, 178 n.24 narrative/narration, 2, 6, 15, 24, 28, oral memory, 5, 75, 81 46, 53ff., 68, 81, 85, 128, 143, Orangeism/Orange Order, 131, 134–6, 151, 166, 169 139, 149–50, 182 n.13 and memory, 87 Ordnance Survey, 7, 171 n.13 National Graves Association, 152 O’Riordan, Stephen National Library, 153 The Forgotten Maggies, 48 National Museum, 14–15, 128, 152 O’Rourke, Timothy, 23 National 1798 Commemoration O’Rowe, Mark Committee, 152 Terminus, 154 Nichols, Mike O’Sullivan, Eoin Into the West, 154, 167–70 Suffer the Little Children, 21 Nora, Pierre, 6 O’Toole, Fintan, 95, 97, 121 Northern Ireland, 5, 8, 14, 71–3, 87, Out of Joint theatre company, 140 89, chapter 4 passim Northern Ireland Assembly, 150 Paisley, Revd Ian, 124 nostalgia, 7–8, 11, 31, 65, 80, 98 parades, 135, 139, 146, 149–50 Parades Commission, 183 n.31 Obama, Barack, 113 Parker, Alan Oblates of Mary Immaculate, 32 Angela’s Ashes, 55, 58 O’Brien, Edna Parker, Stewart, 154, 167–70 Girls in Their Married Bliss, 178 n.23 Pentecost, 167–70 200 Index past as trauma, 3, 5, 7, 14, 16, Reynolds, Br Michael, 22 chapter 1 passim, 74, 131 Ricoeur, Paul, 14–15, 16 see also and identity, 67 memory, ethical Peace Process, 14, 15, 124, 128, 148, Rising (1916), 1–2, 6, 14, 100, 127, 151, 153 132, 143, 149 Peacock Theatre, 20, 50–1 ritual, 4, 146, 150–1 Pearse, Padraic, 100, 132, 135 Riverdance, 7–8, 112, 171 n.14 Penal laws, 153 Robinson, Mary, 3, 49, 78ff., 99, 141 performance, 3–5, 49, 79, 85, 87, 93, Roche, Anthony, 154 chapter 4 passim Rooney, Hugh, 109 political asylum, 80, 177–8 n.10 Royal Dublin Fusiliers, 142 Presbyterians, 153 Royal Irish Academy, 54 Presley, Elvis, 43 Ryan Report (Judge Sean Ryan), 21–4, Prime Time (RTÉ), 20, 22, 177 n.5 chapter 1 passim, 169 Proclamation of Irish Republic (1916), 49, 172 n.24 sacrifice, 6–7, 116, 119, 124, 135ff. Programme for Economic Expansion Sands, Bobby, chapter 4 passim, 179 (1959), 80 n.2, 180 n.32 Progressive Unionist Party, 123 Sayers, Peig Project Arts Centre, 50 Peig, 54 Pure Mule (RTÉ), 163 Scarva, battle of, 131–2, 146 Pyke, Steve, self, formation of, chapter 2 passim I Could Read the Sky, 83, 86 Sex in a Cold Climate (Channel 4), 37 Shankill Road (Belfast), 147 Queen’s University Belfast, 81 Sheridan, Jim, 8, 104, 178 n.20 quest, 72, 76, 115, 119, 142 My Left Foot, 8 Quinn, Aidan, 33 Shure, Robert, 9 Simpson, Katy, 27 Radio Telefís Éireann, 19, 20, 27, Sinn Féin, 104, 117, 147 42–3, 128 Sisters of Mercy, 26 Raftery, Mary, 21, 24, 26, 50–1 Smith, James, 30, 175 n.53, n.56 No Escape, 50–1 Smurfit, Norma, 9–10 Suffer the Little Children, 21 Somme, battle of, 15, chapter 5 Rebellion (1798), 6, 8, 152–3 passim bicentenary of, 9 Somme Heritage Centre, 128, 132, reconciliation, 135ff., 149, 151, 153 149–50 Redmond, John, 142 South Belfast Friends of the Somme Reid, Christina, 128, 135–40 Association, 182 n.11 My Name, Shall I Tell You My Name?, Spring, Dick, 147 128, 135–40, 142, 145–6, 148 Springfield, Dusty, 43 Tea in a China Cup, 128, 135–40 Stafford-Clark, Max, 140ff. remembrance, Introduction passim, States of Fear (RTÉ), 19ff., 26–7, 20–25, 87 see also culture 42–3, 45 Republic of Ireland (1948), 15 storytelling, 75 Residential Institutions Redress Board, stream of consciousness, 69–70 19, 24 Suffragettes, 101, 106, 117–18 revenants, 154 Sunday Business Post, 147 Reynolds, Albert, 147 supernatural, 5, 16, 72, 88 Index 201

Survivors of Institutional Abuse University College Cork, 81 Ireland, 49 University College Dublin, 54 Synge, J.M. The Playboy of the Western World, 21 Vanek, Joe, 12 Vatican, 23 television, role of, 36–43, 163 victims/victimisation, 112–14, 124 Thatcher, Margaret, 107, 118, 119–21, 139 Wallace, Clare, 162 ‘Tir na nÓg’, 167–70 Walsh, Aisling, 20, 32–6 Tóibín, Colm Sinners, 20, 37, 43–4 Brooklyn, 83 Song for a Raggy Boy, 20, 32–6, 44 Tone, Wolfe, 152–3 Walsh, Enda, 106 tradition, 97–8, 150 Washing Away the Stain (BBC), 36 trauma, 2–5, 14, chapter 1 passim Waters, John, 24 as entropy, 16–17 Westrell, Guy, quoted 116 and history, 8–9, 15, 43–5, 151 Whelan, Bill, 112 of loss/separation, 159, 165 Whelan, Kevin, 16 and motherhood, 156 Wilkins, Mike, 49 release of, 170 women’s rights, 67 and remembrance, 14, chapter 2 World War One, 5, 13, 15, chapter 5 passim passim of return, 82, 99 World War Two, 59 of war, 135ff. Would You Believe? (RTÉ), 128 Treaty of Rome (1972), 172 n.24 writing and memory, chapter 2 Trimble, David, 124 passim Troubles (Northern Ireland), 14, 71–3 Wylie, Donovan, 180 n.40 dramatisation of, 104–7 Tynan, Kathleen, 54 X-case, 156

UDA, 118 Yeats, W.B., 6, 54, 101, 154 Ulster Museum, 153 Kathleen ni Houlihan, 6 uncertainty, 62 The King’s Threshold, 101 Unionism, 127ff., 147 Ypres, battle of, 143–4