Vol. 14, No. 9 Oct. 6, 1958 Airplanes • Missiles • Helicopters • Aircraft Engines • Spacecraft OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AIRCRAFT INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA • JET AIRLINERS: INVESTMENT IN TOMORROW

New Era Of AIR TRAVEL Industry Risks $1.6 Billion A few weeks ago, America's first j et transport was delivered to an air­ line and it is now being service tested: on cargo runs. This month, jet service will be available to the public, and passengers will be fly­ ing a t speeds which a decade ago were possible only in the latest mili­ tary aircraft. Concurrently, American manufac­ turers will be delivering their fir st turboprops, planes which combine the smooth flight characteristics of the turbojet with the economy of the propeller. The advent of these new, turbine­ powered craft will provide consider­ able benefit s. To the airlines, they will mean a greatly increased seat­ PLANES mile capacity to handle the traffic growth predicted for the next decade. (See chart on this page.) To the Heat Transfer passenger, they will mean smoother, Laboratory Dust Storms Create Severe Test more luxurious fli ght, reduced time

TechniaueI Retains in transit and elimination of much For Jet Pressurization Systems Close Tolerances of the fatigue that accompanies travel. To the defense effort, they J et plane pressurization systems to conform to engineering specifica­ A new time-savin g technique to will mean increased emergency air a re proving their reliability in vio­ tions. During one test, as much as retain close tolerances on corrugated lift, through airline assignment of lent d ust storms- created in the 25 pounds of fine dust are blown and flat steel surfaces following these planes to the Civi l Reserve Air laboratories of an aircraft and mis­ through the regulator at the rate of first- stage heat treatment has been Fleet. devised by an aircraft and mi ssile sile compa ny. .065 grams per pound of air. Massive T echnical Job These tests are designed to simu­ company. The 24--hour storms are one of a The long-awaited civil jet age in late dust satura ti on of cabin pres­ The principle is one of heat trans­ ser ies of environmental tests applied the United States involved years of surization systems. But as an added fer and tl 1e iJea is lo cool th e steel to plane parts to in sure trouble-free planning and preparation on the safety factor, normal saturation is in the minimum amount of time nec­ opera ti on in the fi eld. part of the aircraft industry, the ai r­ exceeded by as much as 100 times essary to retain tolerances. The In externa l dust tests a unit is lines and even the military serv ices, during each test. When the tests are process also eliminates wa r page and sealed in a 27-cubic-foot dust booth who coo pe rated to a great degree by completed, the components must loss o [ properties. fo r eight to twelv e hours. Dust is making available equipment, facili­ show no appreciable wear and be The dev ice used is a heat-treat s wirled a round the outsid e of the ti es and training aids to help ac­ operati ng effi ciently. cooling fixture - a 4- by 10-foot unit by blowers. Purpose of these quaint airline crews and ground per­ a lu minum plate which presses external tests is to ascertain the son nel with the techniques of han­ a ga in st a 5- by 12-foot slab and pene tration of dust into sealed units, d lin g turbine aircraft. Overhaul, Maintenance holds Hat or corrugated steel in be­ erosion on exposed surfaces and e f­ The development and construction tween, reta ining its sha pe and coo l­ fects uf contamination. To Cost $1.6 Billion of th is turbine Aeet wa s a technical in g .it simultaneously. In internal testing, a unit. such ~ s The military servi ces in Fiscal job of massive proporti ons. The When the steel is taken from the a bin pressure outflow valve, JS Year 1959 will spend a pprox ima te­ American peopl e a re, to some extent, a c . d .I d . furn ace in th e fir st-sta ge heat treat­ placed in operal.lon an sea e Jn a ly $1.6 billi on for th e overha ul a nd a wa re of thi s story, hav in g foll owed ment i l registers 1.400 degrees. dust chamber constructed by th e maintenance of their aircraft Heels. it through th e press as each suc­ Placed on the slab, the a luminum conl[J a. ny . OutHow valve s contro.l the App roximately 60 per cent of this cessiv e ste p was a nnounced. · ·eel cabin pressure by modu lat- a mount ($950 mi llion ) will be s pent plate descend s a nd within a ma tter d esll . . Still la rgely untold, however, is . tl e air floww g ou t of an a irplane with private industry, the balance in of three or fou r minutes the steel is a nother eff ort on th e part of th e air­ JOg 1 govern ment-owned facilities. - coo led to room temperature under c raft industry- the task of fin a ncin g cabin. Trend of this program has been I thi s chamber sand a nd dust the principle of hea l trans fer. 11 to wa rd greater utiliza tion of private I he design. development a nd m~nu ­ l'terall y bl asted through the unit An a ir hoist lowers and lift the 1 facili ties to obtain the economic ad­ farture of these new planes. It I S a a re · f 1 24 vressed a1r .or as ong as · vantages of savin gs on training costs aluminum plate in to position for th e ~ t ory that reHects th e confidence ~[ by co ll1 . a tim e. Length of test and 1 a nd tooling, and the operational ad­ r oo ling operation whi ch in one hour the industry in America's economtc 10 ur> a . 1 · f dust and sand for ced . rnount o va ntage of engin eerin g changes will lower the meta l's tempe rature future . a th e regul ator are measured made by the aircraft bu il ders. from 1,400 to 60 degrees. throug 11 (S ee JET AIRLI NE R, Page 3 ) PLANES

Planes is an official publication of the Aircraft Industries Association of America, Inc., the n ational trade associat.ion of the designers, developers and manufacturers of aircraft, missiles, space­ craft, their propulsion, navigation and guidance systems and other aeronautical systems and their components. The purpose of Planes is to: . . . Foster public understanding of the role of the aviatiOn m­ dustry in insuring our national security through develop- ment and production of advanced weapon systems for our A military services and allies; , . W Foster public understanding of commerc~al anti ~ eneral avi- ation as prime factors in domestic and mternatwnal travel and trade. Publication Office: 610 Shoreham Building, Washington 5, D. C. New York Office: 150 East 42nd Street, New York 17, New York. Los Angeles Office: 7660 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles 36, California. ALL MATERIAL MAY BE REPRODUCED WITH OR WITHOUT CREDIT -MATS OF CHARTS-PRODUCED IN UNITS OF STANDARD NEWS­ PAPER COLUMN WIDTHS-ARE AVAILABLE FREE UPON REQUEST Editor: Gerald J. McAllister Art Director: James J. Fisher

A TURBOJET TRANSPORT ~~S 1 1 5 FEWER POWERPLANT C - TROLS AND INSTRUMENTS T~~~ THE PISTON-POWERED P~ ' MAKING IT EASIER TO f~ y. The Taxpayer Wi••s

The aircraft and missil e i~du s tr y has a single customer for 85 per cent of its products-the Government. This basic difference betw een the aircraft and missile builders and other maj or manufacturers engend ers unique management responsibilities. The automobile industry, for example, points its product toward indi­ vidual consumers who make millions of separate decisions regarding which model to buy. Its executives invest or risk corporate funds in new models against a known market, knowing tha t their degree of suc­ cess hinges solely on these millions of individual preferences.

TO EQUAL THE SPEED OF A 4-ENGINE J ~ Aircraft and mi ssile executives, however , make their decisions to TRANSPORT, A PISTON-POWERED AIRLINER invest funds in a particular project that could succeed or fail on the. WOULD REQUIRE 30 ENGINES. basis of the preference of its single big customer. 'PLANES' These decisions by aircraft and m issile company executives directl y affect U. S. taxpayers. F or example, a competitive procurement tech­ Building Rocket Plane nique for certain types of aircraft-off-the-shelf purchasing-has been Hot and Cold Affair AIR QUOTE developed by the military services. These aircraft would be used for a variety of missions such as navigator-bombardier trainers, fi ghter­ Development of a rocket-powered "Anyo ne in the mi ssile busi· interceptor trainers, aerial photographic planes, high priority cargo and aircraft, sched ul ed to be th e fir st ness including our chi ef competi· personnel transports. This differs from the usual competiti ons for mann ed plane to reach outer space, tor, is fa ced with development­ has been li terally a "hot and cold" produ cti on problems. Those wh o combat-type aircraft, such as heavy bombers, where design studies are affair. project Sovi et long-range missile presented to the military service, a nd a winner is selected on the basis For the most part, aircraft indu s­ strength into th e mass produ cti on of design and producti on ca pability. Losers in these comFetiti ons gain try engin eers and manufacturing thousands assum e the achi eve­ only expensiv e experience. personn el have been researching ment of development obj ecti ves meth ods to withstand skin tempera­ In the off-the-shelf plan, the service states a require ment for a cer­ tures excessive of 1000 degrees Fah­ and a smoo th transition to as­ renheit. But problems of extrem e sembl y line producti on. I am tain type of aircraft, but gives no guarantee that an order will be placed cold also have to be met. sure th e Ru ssians hav e found, as after it is developed. There is the ever-present possibility that the re­ we have, that produ cti on of mi s­ One scientist wa s assigned the task quirement could change drasti cally or be abolished . of developing a fl ex ible co nnector sil es doesn't fl ow that easil y. which would not freeze and shatter " .. . Our ascendance as a Na­ Against this background, a n aircraft company must decide whether to when moved at minus 300 degrees­ ti on is not guaranteed for all fu­ invest its funds. The Air Force, in a r ecent off-the-shelf aircraft comp e· the temperature of liquid oxyge n. ture tim e. We live in a world of tition, outlined a for jet utility cargo and training planes. The probl em : The line which sup­ rapid change and swiftly advanc­ r e quir e m e r~t pli es liquid oxy ge n (LOX) to the in g techn ology. Scientific break· No Government funds were m volved. The Air Force was committed to plane prior to its "blast off" had to throu ghs have a major eff ec t on nothing m ore than a requirement. be fl exible. th e destiny of a nati on. In th e All the fin a ncial risk is assumed by the firms en cr a cred in the co mpeti­ The answer: P ~ a s ti c - a conn ec­ fi nal analysis, the an swer to tor or coupling whi ch could be easil y wheth er we will be militaril y su­ tio ns. Thr e ~ firms a r e.c ~rr e ntl y involv ed in the j e ~ u~ilit y competitions. move d and yet wo uld retam the cold perior or inferi or to some oth er They h ~v e mvestecl m1lhons of dollars, and prototypes are fl yin g. No A temperature. nati on years hence depend s on productr on contracts hav e been a wa rded, but the Air F orce bucb :et for . T l1 e method: A special plasti c ed over an alu mi num how dili gentl y and successfully Fiscal Yea r 1959 contains approxima tely $36 million for the p: ocure­ we press forwa rd in the research, was s r~F r the plastic ha? hard­ ment of th ese types. But even afte r a producti on contract is a ra rd ed, development, production , and de· 1 form. te inum was d1ssolved shifting requirements could ca use a cutback or c 11 t. ened. 1h e ~ lumo f hydrochloric acid ploym ent of the weapo ns systems ~ ance a ron. by appli catJOn arm the pl asti c. of tomo rrow."- Neil McElr oy, 11 The real winner in these competitions is the U S t , , . A , d this whi ch did not nded to the Aex­ Secretary of Defense, Sept. 2, . . . . . axpa) e1. n 1 wide open ~ o m p e t1t 10n 1n the aircra ft and missil e i ndustry is more than JVf eta! end s were J O ~o r with the use 1958. an econom rc system of procurement More inlpo ·t t ·t perior ible pl astic co.nnr by the c?mpany, . . · 1 a n , 1 mea ns su aircraft and mJss1les. of seala nt dev ise tal adh esive . as "I me whi ch act8 ' A NEW DIMENSION IN TRAVEL

Within the next few months, a miracle in ReQgraphy will occur for air t!lvele!S: ~he United States will lose one-third of 1ts SIZ~ l'iew York, In relation to Los An~eles, ~II be located near Chicago. Denver, mrelation to Washington, D. C. will be near Kansas • City, Missouri. This miracle will be. brought •bout by the time SliVed in flymg new turbojet transports, the most dra1_11atic.ad ­ vance in commercial transportation smce Passengers boarded the first scheduled air· Hne flilht in 1926. And the jet airline lraveler will fly far above the weather, Cfllising near the speed of lOIInd in silent, Vibrationless, pressurized comfort U. S. trunk carriers have ordered 279 of these aircratt_.n investment that by 1~ will be four times the value of present fliiht equipment This new dimension in travel is the result ol somnery careful planning y the air­ craft industry, thousands of engineering man-hours and theinvestmentof$1.6 billion, all based on a calculated gamble that the jet transport would sell and, In turn, earn money for the air carriers. The corporate gamble has paid off: Today, 85 per cent of the turbojet transports ordered by the JU TIME COMPUTED AT world's airlines for delivery starting this AYEitAGI SPEED OF 575 MPH1 Fall through 1961 are American models, a solid endorsement of the safe, economical PISTON TIME AT 350 MPH and comfortable transports designed by the U. S. aircraft Industry.

' PlANE$'

Jet Airliner Production To Employ 120,000 Workers

(Con tinued fr om Page 1) fli ght checks, both ex perimental and bine planes. Many of the~e suppliers th e !Ji llions. Involv ed are not only production. Also involved are the had to inve st their own funds in de­ the purchases of th e planes and their The primary llnancing program comprehensiv e certificati on proce­ velopment of new articles particu­ equipment, but large sums for involved llve companies, three build­ du res required by the Civil Aero­ larly adapted to the new high per­ ground handling equipment, termi­ in g turbojets and two turning out nautics Administration before a com­ formance aircraft. nal facilities, maintenance and train­ turboprops. Among them, they es­ in g. More than 100,000 man-hours mercial airplane is accepted as air­ timated that expenditures for re­ 600 Aircraft Ordere d o f study have gone into preparation worthy and granted permission to search, development, testi ng, facili­ The total dollar va lue of orders for the service operati on of the tm­ carry passengers. Costs of certifica­ bine planes. ti es, producti on and other miscel­ now bein g handled by the fiv e com­ tion tests alone for the three turbo­ panies a pproaches two and a quar­ Assistance from Military laneo us co~ l s totaled $1,595,300,000 j et transports are on the order of ter billion dollars for more than before the first a irplane was deli v­ $7,500,000 each. The military assistance program ered. 600 planes. This fi gure does not in­ involved a similar investment in per­ This re presented a very large in­ Huge T esti11.g Cost clude orders for engines and special sonnel time. Sin ce the spring of vestment fo r member companies of Insurance costs involved m th ese equipment which total well over a 1954, the Air Force has been con­ an industry whose earnings rate has test programs also amount lo con­ half billion doll a rs. ducting symposia on such subjects as j et know-how, airports and run­ consistently been among the lowest siderable sums. In one insta nce, in­ Of the total sa les, it is estimated ways, jet overhaul and maintenance, of all industries. It req uired diver­ surance charges ranged fr om $2,400 that some $981,000,000 will !J e spent aeromedical and oxygen equipment, with the 5,000 subcontractors, sup­ sion of considerable sum s from prior to $3,000 per fl yin g hour for the fir st ground equipment and processing of pliers and vendors, who are located a nd c urrent ea rnings, which made llv e hundred hours of th e CAA cer­ stocks and stores. In addition, USAF up onl y part of the investment. The tifica ti on program. in every state of the union. provid ed facilities and personnel for bala nce had to be provided through Data on Lest costs for one of th e This la rge scale investment on the Hi ght training of a irline crews in j et large sca le borrowings. . fiv e turbine a ircra ft are not avai l­ part of the aircraft manufacturing planes rangi ng fr om trainers to industry has a direct influence on bombers. The program a lso required con- able. H ow ever. testin g costs for the the national economy in that it. struction of new facilities not pre­ remai nin g fou r planes a re estimated Still another investment of time creates new jobs. Currently, em­ and money was made by the govern­ viously available to the five c?m­ at $114-, 300,000. ment agencies in charge of civi l pani es. In new plant, . ~r?du c twn, pl oyment directl y associated with the The investment outlay was not avi a ti on in the provision of new, development and test fa cJ!J tJ eS alone, commercia l transport programs of e by an y means confined to the !lve hi gh a ltitude a irways designed for more than $80,000,000 has been or the airframe, engine and accessory airframe man ufacturers. There were. manufacturers and their subcontrac­ max imum utilization of the speed is bein g invested. offered by the jet planes. of course, the engine manufacturers, tors totals about 90,000 people. It is This cooperative eff ort on the part 1u vestme rrt in S afety who had to foot their own bi lls for estima ted that this number wi ll rise research, development, test and pro­ of severa l segments of the aviation T hroughout tbe entire develop­ Lu about 120,000 at: peak production. wo rld wi ll brin g forth the fin est sys­ ducti on. In addition. there a re more ment. program, safety was the key ­ In additi on to th e capital outlays tem of commercial air transport in note. T his entailed further large Ill­ than 5,000 indi vidua l supp li ers. sub­ of the manufacturing industry, the hi story, a cl evelopment of impor­ vestm ents in testing of each compo- con tractors and vendors prov id ing ai rlines are, of course, making simi­ tance to the entire nation and its ·n la boratory. wind tunnel and materials and eq ui pment for the t.ur- lar large investm ents runnin g into economy. nen t 1 , Planes Are' Flown' Ice Machine Tests In Design Stage Jet Performance You've heard of "the little man who wasn' t there." Now the aircraft $10.7 A fl ying ice m achine has been built industry is tes ting "the big plane Billion by an airc ra ft compa ny to test per­ that hasn' t been built yet. " Aircraft formance o f a j e t transport under The testing device is an electronic & Missiles the wors t possible icing conditions. fli ght simulator which combines a specially " instructed" analog com­ Ope ra ti on ice machine was a success-\, puter and a new type display-projec­ - one of innumera ble tests U. S.- ~ tion scr een, which gives the simula­ built c ivil j ets must undergo prior tor visual dis play capabilities never to certificati on by the CAA. before available in the aircraft in­ The built-on ice maker consisted dustry. $4.7 Billion ---­ o f a g rid o f tubes fastened six feet Developed by a major U. S. a ir­ ahead o f No. 3 en g ine nacelle. Wa­ craft company, the a ccurate, time­ Aircraft saving tool ena bles company engi­ & Missiles ter pumped through the grid would neers to determine the fli ght char­ s pray toward the engine inlet acteristics of new designs be fore the throug h 14- horizontal bars equipped plane is built. $345 with a total of 109 s pray nozzles. It works this way: The pilot sits Million H o t en gine bleed air was circu­ in a " laboratory cockpit" facing a Missiles.,..··~--· la ted in separate tubes through the screen with a complete visual dis­ 1955 g rid, to keep the water from freez­ play of horizon and runway. By Fiscal Year -using stick, rudder pedals and con­ ing be fore it le ft the nozzles. A jet trols in the usual way, the pilot o f h ot a ir came out around each takes the airplane off and " flies" in wate r n ozzle turning the wa ter to a precise simulation of a n actual spray. fli ght. When a n a e rial test was made at A panel in the a nalog computer is 22,000 feet, in an outside air tem­ wired or "ins truc ted" according to p erature o f 20 be low zero. the spray basic characteristics of the a irpla ne turned to s uper-cooled ,;ater drop­ design being tested. This is con­ le ts be fore it struck the en gine cowl nected to the projection unit in front of the pilot. and in let g uide vanes. "Input" to this circ uit is provided Normally ice is prevented from by signals coming from the pilot forming by hot a ir which heats the controls, so tha t a display of the a ir­ cowl lip and inle t o- uide vanes. Dur­ pla ne's r esponse to pilot action ap­ ing the test the fl .;'w o f hot air was pears on the scr een. The ground r educed by ope rating the engine at glass screen shows a projecti on from idle powe r. Ice formed on the lead- an oscilloscope similar to a pi cture in g ed ges. then broke away when. on a TV picture tube. The device shows vari a ti ons in the en g ine was accele rat ed. heading, pitch, roll , lateral di splace­ Some ice went back through the ment a nd altitude. These a re shown Cameras Provide Pin-Point Accuracy Check e ng ine whe re it was che wed up by in rela ti on to the straight-line " hori­ the compressor blades and va porized. zon " across the scr een, while the Ice on the outside of the cowling runway boundaries taper toward the of Aircraft's Bombing-Navigation System was carried away by the airstream. horizon like ra il road tracks. The plane ha d pa s~e d one more By showing all the airplane r e­ A irc ra ft production today is the system. Thus, a ll pictures are ex­ test with fl yin g colors. sponses in one picture, the dis play mathema ti cal story of accuracy mul­ posed a t the sa me insta nt. The closely approximates the pilot's vie w tiplied by more accuracy. pla ne's recorder notes the instant through the windshield of a real a ir­ For example, one company has d e­ the pic tures are snapped , a nd simul­ pla ne, in contras t to previous sys­ vised a unique four-lens camera de­ ta neously r ecords information fron1 tems wh ich simulated in strument signed to check the accuracy of a the bombin g-n avigati on syste m. Knowledge of Arabic fli f! ht. s upersonic bomber's navigati on <~nd F li ght test eng in eers use the pic­ Pays Off in Lower The new simulator p rod uces a bombin rr system by photographmg tures to fi g ure the ship's la titude. clea r re presentation o f the stability the h ea~e n s during test fli ght. iong itude, velocit y. ro ll , pit ch, head­ and response of the ne w a irpla ne. P!ane, Missile Costs The plane's naviga ti on system is in g and a ltitude. They the n compa re while sti ll in th e desig n stage, a nd one of the most sophis ti cated ye t de­ this informa ti on with p erformance An a ircraft a nd missil e company g ives hi ghl y va lua ble indicati ons of ve loped- a lmost a utomati c, a nd call s o f the bombing-navigati on system a t em ployee has a nove l way o f saving its dyna mics. 13y th e fli p of a switch, fo r the most exacting tests to check any pa rticula r instant during the unus ua l situa ti ons s uc h as the loss company tin1 e and taxpayer's m oney its operation. The testin g eq uipment test fli g ht. o f a n engine a ft er takeoff can he - he uses Arabic. . must outdo th e system it self in accu· R elation o f s un and moon to simula ted. The e mployee has the responsibil­ racy. k nown obj ects on ea rth at any pa r­ it y fur etc hing mat e rial in pre para­ The camera fit s in a tin y s pa ce in ti c ular time a re known fa ctors. tion for s pot we ldin". H e must ta ke Helicopter Utilization the uppe r fu selage of the bombe r. It Thus. the d esired informa ti on is 0 I f1·0 Ill To Grow Rapidly r e pea tedl y photogra phs the four mere ly a prob lem for r educti on by I l e e tc hed a nd unma rked pa rts q uadrants of the sky. As each p hoto a mathema ti ca l compute r. the fi na l ha tch. match the m to ti ck­ A tremendous g rowth of helicoptPr is shot. the camera a ut omati call y I t's like havin g surveyors with e ts, a nd route the m to the proper ser vices is forecast d uring the nex t record · on th e negati ve the exacl tra nsit·s a board the pl a ne. a company d estin a ti on. The parts bein g e t ? h~d d ecad e. time it was shot. Also a ppea ring on t> ng in eer sa id. must be d escribed comprehensive Y A ir t ra ffi c ex pe rt- s esti ma te that by the nega ti ve is a grid by wh ich e ngi­ so tha t the re wo uld be no diflicult y 1965 the volume of civil rota ry w in g neers ran de te rmine the exac t loca­ Supersoni c 'Hot Foot' in d ete rminin g which ti cket went. landings and takeoff s alonP should ti on o f the s un a nd moon at a ny in ­ A mong the 65.000 diffe rent: part ~ With the pa rt s. . ap prox ima te _3 0 . 0~0 , 000. l:l e l ~ t in g s ta nt during a t e~ t fli ght. '1' 1 . . 1 ~ o·hsh this to 1-i xed·win g a 11·cra ft ope ra t iOns. A noth er came ra located in the that make up a U. S.-built s upe r­ le e mployee. hnd ing the ~.: . n , . ther e were a bout 25 .0?0,000 la i:dings pod. looks d irectl y at the g round. sonic fi gh ter-bombe r is a d evice to la ng uage compli ca ted a nd lung Ill keep the pilot's feet warm. It: hlows ill a king a description. resort ed. to a n d t·akeoff s in 1957 . 111 both c.t vihan And a t hi rd camf' ra moun ted in tlw a nd m ili tary o pe ra tt ons a t a irports pod shoots upward into the pla nt·. hot air on the rudde r pedals. A t a l­ h, ~ na ti ve lang ua ge. Ara bi c. winch tit udes of 50,000 feet or hi gher. a C ·i1,il Aerona llt H·s Admm­ Pictu res from this ca me ra shuw thf' resembles s hortha nd. ~e r ve d I)y ' ... '[' J · I off . . · control toWE'I'· liniesl fracti on of movenlf'nl within pi lot's feet can gel cold. despitt• . le system has rert a inly palf ' J ~ l.l a li On I I' Jl 0 1' a t' r c·lri·l·f',. c-ock pit· heate rs. The " hot foot'' dP­ wnh nevPr a pa rt lost or delayed . 96r: . Je iCOI ·' < ih e pla ne . By I .). "i e J o.ooo. noo land- ;\ II r·a me ra;; a re 1i ed I ogeth c r vice takes rare of tllf' rnld fPe i· prnh. herause of fa ilu n' to ma tch liP with opera ! 1011~. a "N, .u r<' f" re,· a,- r. throu!,!;h tllf' ~ hip' s crntra l recording l t> m. a ti c-b'l. fil l!.'' a nrl tdkf'" ·