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MAP Mediterranean Action Plan Med Pol Municipal wastewater treatment plants in Mediterranean coastal cities: Inventory of treatment plants in cities of between 2,000 and 10,000 inhabitants MAP Technical Reports Series No. 169 Note: The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP/MAP concerning the legal status of any State, Territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of their frontiers or boundaries. Responsibility for the preparation of this document was entrusted to WHO/MED POL (Dr. G. Kamizoulis, WHO/MED POL Senior Scientist). Note: Les appellations employées dans ce document et la présentation des données qui y figurent n’impliquent de la part du PNUE/PAM aucune prise de position quant au statut juridique des pays, territoires, villes ou zones, ou de leurs autorités, ni quant au tracé de leurs frontières ou limites. La responsabilité de l’élaboration de ce document a été confiée à l’OMS/MED POL (Dr. G. Kamizoulis, OMS/MED POL Spécialiste Scientifique Principal) © 2008 United Nations Environment Programme / Mediterranean Action Plan (UNEP/MAP) P.O. Box 18019, Athens, Greece. © 2008 Programme des Nations Unies pour l’environnement / Plan d’action pour la Méditerranée (PNUE/PAM) P.O. Box 18019, Athènes, Grèce. ISSN 1011-7148 (Paper) 1810-6218 (Online) This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP/MAP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. This publication cannot be used for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without permission in writing from UNEP/MAP. Le texte de la présente publication peut être reproduit en tout ou en partie à des fins pédagogiques et non lucratives sans autorisation spéciale de la part du détenteur du copyright, à condition de faire mention de la source. Le PNUE/PAM serait reconnaissant de recevoir un exemplaire de toutes les publications qui ont utilisé ce matériel comme source. Il n’est pas possible d’utiliser la présente publication pour la revente ou à toutes autres fins commerciales sans en demander au préalable par écrit la permission au PNUE/PAM. For bibliographic purposes this volume may be cited as: UNEP/MAP-MED POL/WHO: Municipal wastewater treatment plants in Mediterranean coastal cities: inventory of treatment plants in cities of between 2,000 and 10,000 inhabitants. MAP Technical Reports Series No. 169, UNEP/MAP, Athens, 2008. Pour des fins bibliographiques, citer le présent volume comme suit: UNEP/MAP-MED POL/WHO: Municipal wastewater treatment plants in Mediterranean coastal cities: inventory of treatment plants in cities of between 2,000 and 10,000 inhabitants. MAP Technical Reports Series No. 169, UNEP/MAP, Athens, 2008. The thematic structure of the MAP Technical Series is as follows: • Curbing Pollution • Safeguarding Natural and Cultural Resources • Managing Coastal Areas • Integrating the Environment and Development La Série des rapports techniques du PAM est présentée avec la structure suivante : • Maîtriser la Pollution • Sauvegarder le Patrimoine Naturel et Culturel • Gérer les Zones Côtières de Manière Durable • Intégrer l’Environnement et le Développement - i - TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................i RESUME EXECUTIF ...............................................................................................................ii PREFACE ...............................................................................................................................iii PART I......................................................................................................................................1 1. ΑΒOUT THE STUDY ..................................................................................................1 1.1 Historical Background of the Study..........................................................................1 1.2 Report on the Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants in the Mediterranean.........2 Coastal Cities..........................................................................................................2 1.3 Methodology and Procedures of the present Study.................................................3 2. MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER IN THE MEDITERRANEAN .........................................3 2.1 Characteristics of Municipal Wastewater in the Mediterranean ...............................3 2.2 Impacts of Nutrients .................................................................................................4 2.3 Impacts of Pathogens ..............................................................................................5 2.4 Municipal Wastewater Treatment ............................................................................6 2.5 Wastewater Discharge into the Sea.........................................................................6 3. RESULTS ACHIEVED ................................................................................................7 3.1 Brief Summary of Data Collection............................................................................7 3.2 Constraints Encountered .........................................................................................7 3.3 General Considerations on the Contents of the Tables ...........................................8 3.4 General Tables and Graphs.....................................................................................9 4. COUNTRY FACTS....................................................................................................10 4.1 Albania ...................................................................................................................10 4.2 Croatia ...................................................................................................................10 4.3 Cyprus....................................................................................................................10 4.4 Egypt......................................................................................................................10 4.5 France....................................................................................................................11 4.6 Greece ...................................................................................................................11 4.7 Israel ......................................................................................................................11 4.8 Italy ........................................................................................................................11 4.9 Lebanon .................................................................................................................12 4.10 Libya ......................................................................................................................12 4.11 Malta ......................................................................................................................12 4.12 Montenegro............................................................................................................12 4.13 Slovenia .................................................................................................................12 4.14 Morocco .................................................................................................................13 4.15 Spain......................................................................................................................13 4.16 Syria.......................................................................................................................13 4.17 Tunisia ...................................................................................................................13 4.18 Turkey....................................................................................................................13 5. CONCLUSIONS OF THE PRESENT STUDY...........................................................14 PART II...................................................................................................................................15 MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES...................................................15 PART III..................................................................................................................................82 GRAPHS PRESENTING THE CURRENT SITUATION WITH RESPECT TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN ...............................82 List of MAP Technical Reports / Liste des rapports techniques du PAM.......................89 - ii - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Municipal wastewater, either untreated or subjected to various treatments, is discharged directly into the immediate coastal zone through outfall structures of various lengths. Alternatively, it reaches the sea due to seepage caused by leaks in the sewerage systems. Municipal sewage carries increased loads of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, and a heavy load of micro-organisms, including bacterial and viral pathogens. Generally, in cities, sewage discharged directly into the public sewerage system, contains a variety of chemical wastes, originating from both households and industrial installations. In the year 1999,