DOCSLIB.ORG

The Nuclear Test Program: Probing the Nature of the Blast

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Questions 1. Name two argument the US government used to convince the American people of the need for the nuclear weapon test program 2. What means “Duck and Cover”? 3. What was the main purpose of Operation Crossroad; what was the test site and how many tests were performed The Nuclear Test Program: probing the Nature of the Blast Blast—40-60% of total energy Thermal radiation—30-50% of total energy Ionizing radiation—5% of total energy Residual radiation (fallout)—5-10% of total energy The results of the weapons test programs Efficiency of explosion Kind and shape of blasts Blast effects, range & damage Thermal effects Radiation effects List of US atmospheric Bomb tests Operation Year Location # Crossroads 1946 Bikini Atoll 2 Sandstone 1948 Enewetak Atoll 3 Ranger 1951 Nevada Test Site 5 Greenhouse 1951 Enewetak Atoll 4 Buster-Jangle 1951 Nevada Test Site 7 Tumbler-Snapper 1951 Nevada Test Site 7 Ivy 1952 Enewetak Atoll 2 Upshot-Knothole 1953 Nevada Test Site 11 Bikini Atoll Castle 1954 6 Enewetak Atoll Teapot 1955 Nevada Test Site 14 Wigwam 1955 Pacific Ocean 1 Pacific Atolls and Nevada desert areas Project 56 1955 Nevada Test Site 4 Bikini Atoll Redwing 1956 17 Enewetak Atoll Plumbbob 1957 Nevada Test Site 30 Project 58 1957 Nevada Test Site 2 Project 58 A 1958 Nevada Test Site 2 Bikini Atoll Hardtack I 1958 Enewetak Atoll 35 Johnston Island Argus 1958 South Atlantic 3 Hardtack II 1958 Nevada Test Site 37 1961- Nougat Nevada Test Site 32 1962 Christmas Island Dominic 1962 Johnston Island 36 (with Fishbowl) Central Pacific Storax (with Sunbeam 1962- Nevada Test Site 56 and Roller 1963 Nellis Air Force Range Coaster) 316 tests until October 10, 1963; Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Classification of atmospheric tests Surface Blast: fireball in touch with surface vaporization of surface structures through blast and firestorm, immediate radioactive fallout Low Altitude Air Blast: fireball < 100,000 ft (without touching ground) generates shock waves, pressure difference artificial for large areal damage, sea battle High Altitude Air Blast: fireball > 100,000 ft (>3000m) interrupts satellite based communication through electromagnetic pulse (EMP) Surface Tests Operation Sandstone Up to 1948, all four Plutonium bombs (Trinity, Fat Man, and the two Crossroad tests ) had been identical, based on a conservative wartime design. The Sandstone test series introduced a second generation of weapon design by evaluating several new design principles. All three shots were performed on a 200ft tower level. The original Fat Man design used a solid plutonium core, surrounded by a natural uranium tamper. The Sandstone devices had a gap between tamper and core to achieve a more efficient compression of the core. They apparently retained a solid core however. The pure plutonium core was replaced by Pu-U alloy enriched in 235U. Three tests, X-Ray, Yoke, and Zebra used differently designed cores and tampers of varying thickness. Efficiency: Operation Sandstone Operation Greenhouse The Greenhouse Test Series was conducted at Enewetok Atoll in April and May of 1951. It consisted of four high yield tests - Dog, Easy , George, & Item performed on a 300ft tower altitude. Dog and Easy were proof tests of two new strategic bombs the Mk 6 and Mk 5, respectively. George & Item were the first tests of thermonuclear fusion, testing the principle of "fusion boosting", using a thermonuclear fusion reaction to inject neutrons into a fission core to boost the efficiency for fission. George 10ms George 20ms George 30ms Damage :Operation Greenhouse 10 ms Model 20 ms 30 ms 225 kT GEORGE test Operation Greenhouse Nevada Test Site Operation Plumbbob Operation Plumbbob was conducted at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) from May through October of 1957. It consisted of 29 tests. This series addressed several objectives, including tactical weapon proof tests, safety tests, and component and mockup testing for thermonuclear systems. The tests were performed at surface and low altitude levels. One important test component were military exercises involving 16,000 DOD personnel called Desert Rock VII and VIII. Hood was the largest atmospheric test ever conducted at the Nevada site. The test was performed at 1500 feet altitude. Hood was a two-stage thermonuclear device with a predicted yield of 60-80 kt. About 7 kt of the overall yield was from fusion. The test also included troop maneuvers by 2500 Marines, and air operations by 124 aircraft. Medical and Military tests: Operation Plumbbob Test Rainier Early underground test, at depth level of ~900ft In a tunnel excavated underneath Rainier Mesa The extreme heat and pressure of an underground nuclear explosion vaporizes the surrounding rock, forming a cavity. Further away, there are zones of crushed, cracked, and irreversibly strained rock. Cavity collapses forming a crater at surface Test Name Time and Date (GMT) Location Test Type Height (Ft) Yield - Actual (Predicted) Sponsor Purpose Comments Boltzmann 11:55 28-May-57 NTS, Area 7c Tower 500 12 kt (11 kt) LASL WD XW-40 boosted fission warhead test Fizzle, XW-30? boosted all-oralloy fission Franklin 11:55 2-Jun-57 NTS, Area 3 Tower 300 140 Tons (2 kt) LASL WD warhead test Lassen 11:45 5-Jun-57 NTS, Area 9a Balloon 500 0.5 Tons (600 Tons) UCRL WD Fizzle, unboosted all-oralloy small weapon design Wilson 11:45 18-Jun-57 NTS, Area 9a Balloon 500 10 kt (8 kt, 2-12 kt) UCRL WD XW-45X1 Swan test, gas-boosted composite pit Mk-15/39 primary, stockpiled device of known Priscilla 13:30 24-Jun-57 NTS, Area 5 Balloon 700 37 kt (40 kt) LASL/DOD WE yield Coulomb-A 17:30 1-Jul-57 NTS, Area 3h Surface 0 Zero (1-2 Lb) LASL ST XW-31 1-point safety test Largest atmospheric test at NTS, 2-stage Hood 11:40.00.4 5-Jul-57 NTS, Area 9a Balloon 1500 74 kt (60-80 kt) UCRL WD thermonuclear device Diablo 11:30.00.1 15-Jul-57 NTS, Area 2b Tower 500 17 kt (11-15 kt) UCRL WD 2-stage device, some thermonuclear yield John 14:00 19-Jul-57 NTS, Area 10 Rocket 18,500 1.7 kt (1.7 kt) DOD WE W-25 warhead for Genie air-to-air missile XW-35 ICBM warhead development, primary in Kepler 11:50 24-Jul-57 NTS, Area 4 Tower 500 10 kt (11 kt) LASL WD thermonuclear mockup Very small boosted plutonium device, XW-51 Owens 13:30 25-Jul-57 NTS, Area 9b Balloon 500 9.7 kt (2-10 kt) UCRL WD progenitor Listed as "slight", about 55 tons Pascal-A 8:00 26-Jul-57 NTS, Area 3j Shaft -485 LASL ST 1-point safety test (predicted 1-2 Lb) Stokes 12:25 7-Aug-57 NTS, Area 7b Balloon 1500 19 kt (10-20 kt) LASL WD XW-30 test, all oralloy gas-boosted system 1-point safety test of XW-45X1, oralloy-Pu Saturn 1:00 10-Aug-57 NTS, Area 12c Tunnel -100 Zero (100 Lb) UCRL ST composite core filled with helium; first shot fired in Ranier Mesa tunnel Nearly identical to Diablo, DT gas boosted Swan Shasta 12:00 18-Aug-57 NTS, Area 2a Tower 500 17 kt (11-15 kt) UCRL WD primary Gas boosted implosion device, possible XW-34 Doppler 12:30 23-Aug-57 NTS, Area 7 Balloon 1500 11 kt (-) LASL WD test 1-point test for upper limits of safety, similar to Pascal-B 22:35 27-Aug-57 NTS, Area 3c Shaft -500 0.3 kt (1-2 Lb) LASL ST Pascal-A Franklin Prime 12:40 30-Aug-57 NTS, Area 7b Balloon 750 4.7 kt (2 kt) LASL WD Retest of Franklin with more U-235 added to core Smoky 12:30.00.1 31-Aug-57 NTS, Area 8 Tower 700 44 kt (45-50 kt) UCRL WD TX-41 2-stage device, some thermonuclear yield Galileo 12:40 2-Sep-57 NTS, Area 1 Tower 500 11 kt (-) LASL WD Boosted fission device, exploratory test Retest of redesigned Lassen device, possible Wheeler 12:45 6-Sep-57 NTS, Area 9a Balloon 500 197 Tons (200 Tons) UCRL WD XW-51 air-to-air warhead progenitor 1-point test for upper limits of safety, similar to Coulomb-B 20:50 6-Sep-57 NTS, Area 3g Surface 0 0.3 kt (1-2 Lb, 20 Tons max) LASL ST Coulomb-A, all-oralloy gas boosted Laplace 13:00 8-Sep-57 NTS, Area 7b Balloon 750 1 kt (1.5-2 kt) LASL WD Fleegle device: all-oralloy gun-type weapon Fizeau 16:45 14-Sep-57 NTS, Area 3b Tower 500 11 kt (8-10 kt) LASL WD XW-34 test, boosted fission device Test of XW-31 variant, boosted primary in Newton 12:50 16-Sep-57 NTS, Area 7b Balloon 1500 12 kt (50-70 kt) LASL WD thermonuclear system mockup Deep underground test shot, modified W-25 Rainier 16:59.59.5 19-Sep-57 NTS, Area 12 Tunnel -899 1.7 kt (-) UCRL WE warhead Test of boosted Swan primary in W-27 Whitney 12:30 23-Sep-57 NTS, Area 2 Tower 500 19 kt (15 kt) UCRL WD thermonuclear system mockup Clean tactical 2-stage thermonuclear device, 2nd Charleston 13:00 28-Sep-57 NTS, Area 9 Balloon 1500 12 kt (less than 50-100 kt) UCRL WD stage failed to fire XW-45X1 test, boosted Swan primary and Morgan 13:00 7-Oct-57 NTS, Area 9 Balloon 500 8 kt (2-10 kt) UCRL WD Flamingo secondary Operation Upshot-Knothole 1953 This operation took place in 1953 at the Nevada Test Site.
Recommended publications

  • Worksop-Inset.Pdf

    Worksop inset map 258 151 43.3m 3 41.8m 139 74 135 ANSTON AVENUE 64 4 SOUTH VIEW 125 AVENUE HARSTOFT 54 3 LB 214 115 42 PCs 31 22 105 40 Shelter 42.4m 13 Supermarket 36 32 El Sub Sta 22 44.5m 1 12 221 81 246 69 2 103 48.2m 37 57 A N S TO N A V E N U E 54 ED & Ward Bdy 52a B L Y TH G R O V E 45 41 Key 33 45.7m 29 23 CR 2 13 STANLEY STREET STANLEY 35 25 3 234 1a3a 1 11 North Nottinghamshire College Shelter 21 5 21 217 (FE) 12 New Housing (ST18) 33 52 12 43 BLYTH ROAD 53 19 222 JA M E S S TR E E T 215 1 G A TE FO R D R O A D 2 Works CR 220 8 Proposed mixed use (Policy 17) 10 54.3m 14 I Ward Bdy 25 13 SP 6 GP 1a 17 1b 208 Shelter 2 1 Committed Housing 36 3 HOLMEFIELD CLOSE HOLMEFIELD 15 43.0m S H E P H E R D 'S A V E N U E 15 2 13 CR Norbridge Academy 29 196 (Sch) 15 PERCIVAL STREET PERCIVAL 38 New Employment (ST08) 2a 24 2 203 L Twrs W52 13 8 1 3 52.4m 10 186 11 S H E P H E R D 'S A V E N U E 34 Pit 18 Wr Pt 9 Exisiting Employment (ST11) SPs 30 12 174 SP 34a M e rry -g o -ro u n d CR 168 28 Locally important openL Twr space (ST48) W ag o n D ep o t The Chestnuts 50.0m 3 El Sub Sta SP Oak Lodge Playingfield and outdoor sportsSandhole Sidings facility (ST49) TU R N E R R O A D 40.0m 20 1 LB El Sub Sta 185 78 Ward Bdy STREET 18 1b 8 CR 1a 102 183 7 Main Green Corridor (ST41) STANLEY 90 72 MP 0.5 50.6m ED Bdy BANK El Sub Sta BLYTH ROAD Turner Road 18a SUNNY ED Bdy TU R N E R R O A D 64 SP Industrial 51.8m Minor Green Corridor (ST41) Estate 18b 54 Club 47.2m 50 Ward Bdy 48.8m 63 61 53 6 50.9m ED Bdy ED & Ward Bdy Ward & ED 49 SUNNY BANK Bowling
  • Announced United States Nuclear Tests, July 1945

    Announced United States Nuclear Tests, July 1945

    MARSHALL ISLANDS FILE TRACKING DOCUMENT Record Number: 537 1 File Name (TITLE): Document Number (ID): Addditional Information: OrMIbox: 2.V .:” CyMIbox: DOE/NV-209 (Rev.1 3) May 1993 UC-700 Announced United States Nuclear Tests July 1945 Through December 1992 Prepared by: U.S. Department of Energy Nevada Operations Office Office of External Affairs This publication supersedes DOE/NV-209 (Rev. 12). dated May 1992 This publication has been reproduced directly from the best available copy. Available to DOE and DOE contractors from: Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 (6151 5768401, FTS 626-8401 Available to the public from: National Technical Information Service U.S. Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Price: Printed Copy A05 Microfiche A01 .- _- __ - ._ _. _- --- .-. - .--- --- ---.-- .._ _.._i Announced United States Nuclear Tests July 1945 Through December 1992 This document lists chronologically and alphabetically by event name all nuclear tests conducted and announced by the United States from July 1945 through December 1992, with the exception of the GMX experiments. The 24 GMX experiments, conducted at the Nevada Test Site (NTSJ between December 1954 and February 1956, were ‘equation-of-state” physics studies that used small chemical explosives and small quantities of plutonium. Several tests conducted during Operation Dominic involved missile launches from Johnston Atoll. Several of these missile launches were aborted, resulting in the destruction of the missile and nuclear device either on the pad or in the air. On August 5, 1963, the United States and the Soviet Union signed the Limited Test Ban Treaty which effectively banned testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere.
  • Heater Element Specifications Bulletin Number 592

    Heater Element Specifications Bulletin Number 592

    Technical Data Heater Element Specifications Bulletin Number 592 Topic Page Description 2 Heater Element Selection Procedure 2 Index to Heater Element Selection Tables 5 Heater Element Selection Tables 6 Additional Resources These documents contain additional information concerning related products from Rockwell Automation. Resource Description Industrial Automation Wiring and Grounding Guidelines, publication 1770-4.1 Provides general guidelines for installing a Rockwell Automation industrial system. Product Certifications website, http://www.ab.com Provides declarations of conformity, certificates, and other certification details. You can view or download publications at http://www.rockwellautomation.com/literature/. To order paper copies of technical documentation, contact your local Allen-Bradley distributor or Rockwell Automation sales representative. For Application on Bulletin 100/500/609/1200 Line Starters Heater Element Specifications Eutectic Alloy Overload Relay Heater Elements Type J — CLASS 10 Type P — CLASS 20 (Bul. 600 ONLY) Type W — CLASS 20 Type WL — CLASS 30 Note: Heater Element Type W/WL does not currently meet the material Type W Heater Elements restrictions related to EU ROHS Description The following is for motors rated for Continuous Duty: For motors with marked service factor of not less than 1.15, or Overload Relay Class Designation motors with a marked temperature rise not over +40 °C United States Industry Standards (NEMA ICS 2 Part 4) designate an (+104 °F), apply application rules 1 through 3. Apply application overload relay by a class number indicating the maximum time in rules 2 and 3 when the temperature difference does not exceed seconds at which it will trip when carrying a current equal to 600 +10 °C (+18 °F).
  • Operation Dominic I

    Operation Dominic I

    OPERATION DOMINIC I United States Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests Nuclear Test Personnel Review Prepared by the Defense Nuclear Agency as Executive Agency for the Department of Defense HRE- 0 4 3 6 . .% I.., -., 5. ooument. Tbe t k oorreotsd oontraofor that tad oa the book aw ra-ready c I I i I 1 1 I 1 I 1 i I I i I I I i i t I REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NC I NA6OccOF 1 i Technical Report 7. AUTHOR(.) i L. Berkhouse, S.E. Davis, F.R. Gladeck, J.H. Hallowell, C.B. Jones, E.J. Martin, DNAOO1-79-C-0472 R.A. Miller, F.W. McMullan, M.J. Osborne I I 9. PERFORMING ORGAMIIATION NWE AN0 AODRCSS ID. PROGRAM ELEMENT PROJECT. TASU Kamn Tempo AREA & WOW UNIT'NUMSERS P.O. Drawer (816 State St.) QQ . Subtask U99QAXMK506-09 ; Santa Barbara, CA 93102 11. CONTROLLING OFClCC MAME AM0 ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE 1 nirpctor- . - - - Defense Nuclear Agency Washington, DC 20305 71, MONITORING AGENCY NAME AODRCSs(rfdIfI*mI ka CamlIlIU Olllc.) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (-1 ah -*) J Unclassified SCHCDULC 1 i 1 I 1 IO. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES This work was sponsored by the Defense Nuclear Agency under RDT&E RMSS 1 Code 6350079464 U99QAXMK506-09 H2590D. For sale by the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 19. KEY WOROS (Cmlmm a nm.. mid. I1 n.c...-7 .nd Id.nllh 4 bled nlrmk) I Nuclear Testing Polaris KINGFISH Nuclear Test Personnel Review (NTPR) FISHBOWL TIGHTROPE DOMINIC Phase I Christmas Island CHECKMATE 1 Johnston Island STARFISH SWORDFISH ASROC BLUEGILL (Continued) D.
  • 3: Containing Underground Nuclear Explosions

    3: Containing Underground Nuclear Explosions

    Chapter 3 Containing Underground Nuclear Explosions . CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION . 31 WHAT HAPPENS DURING AN UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR EXPLOSION 32 Microseconds . 32 Milliseconds . +. 32 Tenths of a Second . 32 A Few Seconds . 32 Minutes to Days . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ........ 32 WHY NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS REMAIN CONTAINED ... ...... SELECTING LOCATION, DEPTH, AND SPACING: . 35 REVIEWING A TEST SITE LOCATION . 37 CONTAINMENT EVALUATION PANEL . .38 CONTAINING VERTICAL SHAFT TESTS . 40 CONTAINING HORIZONTAL TUNNEL TESTS . .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ... ...... 41 TYPES OF RADIATION RELEASES . 46 Containment Failure: . 46 Late-Time Seep . 46 Controlled Tunnel Purging . 47 Operational Release . 47 RECORD OF CONTAINMENT . 47 Containment Evaluation Panel . 47 Vertical Drill Hole ’lasts . 48 Horizontal Tunnel Tests . 48 From the Perspective of Human Health Risk . 49 A FEW EXAMPLES: . 49 IS THERE A REAL ESTATE PROBLEM AT NTS? . 51 TIRED MOUNTAIN SYNDROME? . 51 HOW SAFE IS SAFE ENOUGH? . 54 Box Page 3-A. Baneberry . 33 Figures Figure Page 3-1. Formation of Stress “Containment Cage” . 35 3-2. Minimum Shot Separation for Drill Hole Tests . 38 3-3. Minimum Shot Separation for Tunnel Tests . 39 3-4. “Typical’’ Stemming Plan . 41 3-5. Three Redundant Containment Vessels . 42 3-6. Vessel I . 43 3-7. Vessel 1 Closures . 44 3-8. Tunnel Closure Sequence . 45 3-9. Typical Post-Shot Configuration . .46 3-10.4Radius of Decrease in Rock Strength . .. .. ... ... ....... 53 Table Page 3-1. Release From Underground Tests . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .......8 48 Chapter 3 Containing Underground Nuclear Explosions Underground nuclear tests are designed and reviewed for containment, with redundancy and conservatism in each step. INTRODUCTION atmospheric testing was conducted in the Christmas Island and Johnston Island area of the Pacific.
  • Experience a Lower Total Cost of Ownership

    Experience a Lower Total Cost of Ownership

    EXPERIENCE A LOWER TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP Timken® Spherical Roller Bearings are engineered to give you more of what you need. Lower Operating Temperatures Rollers are guided by cage pockets—not a center guide ring—eliminating a friction point and resulting in 4–10% less rotational torque and 5ºC lower operating temperatures.* Less rotational torque leads to improved efficiency, lower energy consumption and more savings. Lower temperatures reduce the oil oxidation rate by 50% to extend lubricant life. Tougher Protection Hardened steel cages deliver greater fatigue strength, increased wear resistance and tougher protection against shock and acceleration. Optimized Uptime Unique slots in the cage face improve oil flow and purge more contaminants from the bearing to help extend equipment uptime. Minimized Wear Improved profiles reduce internal stresses and optimize load distribution to minimize wear. Improved Lube Film Enhanced surface finishes avoid metal-to-metal contact to reduce friction and result in improved lube film. Higher Loads Longer rollers result in 4–8% higher load ratings or 14–29% longer predicted bearing life. Higher load ratings enable you to carry heavier loads. Brass Cages Available in all sizes; ready when you need extra strength and durability in the most unrelenting conditions, including extreme shock and vibration, high acceleration forces, and minimal lubrication. Increase your operational efficiencies and extend maintenance intervals. Starting now. Visit Timken.com/spherical to find out more. *All results are from head-to-head
  • ICBM Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles

    ICBM Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles

    Questions 1. What was the difference in the objectives of Operation Sandstone, and Operation Dominic 2. What differentiates a “low altitude” test from a high altitude” test? 3. Name the two delivery systems for nuclear bombs developed by the US military industry ICBM Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles Launch, flight, and delivery of a modern Minuteman III ICBM Early planning and developments Germany invested successfully in long range missile systems during WW II in the believe to invest into a crucial weapon for final victory. However, the limitations in transport capabilities were too severe to allow sufficient load on explosive material. The production was limited, 3200 V2 missiles were employed, but the final impact on the war development was negligible. Assembly site Mittelwerk The Mittelwerk V-2 factory in Nordhausen, Thuringia produced some 4,575 V-2s between August, 1944 and March, 1945—the period in which these rockets were headed for firing batterys (as opposed, earlier on, to development testing). The workers were primarily recruited from concentration camps which were constructed nearby the production facilities. Estimates of the total number of prisoners in the complex at range between 40,000 and 64,000. It is estimated that of the 60,000+ detainees employed in and around the Mittelbau complex over a 20-month period, 26,500 did not survive. Many were shot by SS commands with the advance of the US army towards Nordhausen in March 1945. The precursor of modern ballistic missiles was the German V-2, a single-stage, fin- stabilized missile propelled by liquid oxygen and ethyl alcohol to a maximum range of about 200 miles.
  • The Newsletter for America's Atomic Veterans

    The Newsletter for America's Atomic Veterans

    United States Atmospheric & Underwater Atomic Weapon Activities National Association of Atomic Veterans, Inc. 1945 “TRINITY“ “Assisting America’s Atomic Veterans Since 1979” ALAMOGORDO, N. M. Website: www.naav.com E-mail: [email protected] 1945 “LITTLE BOY“ HIROSHIMA, JAPAN R. J. RITTER - Editor July, 2011 1945 “FAT MAN“ NAGASAKI, JAPAN 1946 “CROSSROADS“ BIKINI ISLAND 1948 “SANDSTONE“ ENEWETAK ATOLL 1951 “RANGER“ NEVADA TEST SITE 1951 “GREENHOUSE“ ENEWETAK ATOLL 1951 “BUSTER – JANGLE“ NEVADA TEST SITE 1952 “TUMBLER - SNAPPER“ NEVADA TEST SITE 1952 “IVY“ ENEWETAK ATOLL 1953 “UPSHOT - KNOTHOLE“ NEVADA TEST SITE 1954 “CASTLE“ BIKINI ISLAND 1955 “TEAPOT“ NEVADA TEST SITE 1955 “WIGWAM“ OFFSHORE SAN DIEGO 1955 “PROJECT 56“ NEVADA TEST SITE 1956 “REDWING“ ENEWETAK & BIKINI 1957 “PLUMBOB“ NEVADA TEST SITE 1958 “HARDTACK-I“ ENEWETAK & BIKINI 1958 “NEWSREEL“ JOHNSON ISLAND 1958 “ARGUS“ SOUTH ATLANTIC 1958 “HARDTACK-II“ NEVADA TEST SITE 1961 “NOUGAT“ NEVADA TEST SITE 1962 “DOMINIC-I“ CHRISTMAS ISLAND JOHNSON ISLAND 1965 “FLINTLOCK“ AMCHITKA, ALASKA 1969 “MANDREL“ AMCHITKA, ALASKA 1971 “GROMMET“ AMCHITKA, ALASKA 1974 “POST TEST EVENTS“ AMCHITKA, ALASKA ------------ “ IF YOU WERE THERE, THE 1957 LAS VEGAS “MISS-NUKE” CONTEST WINNER YOU ARE AN ATOMIC VETERAN “ The Newsletter for America’s Atomic Veterans COMMANDER’S COMMENTS We will gather in Richmond, Va., on October 01, 2011 to celebrate 31 years of service to A. H. Bolin ( MN ) G. M. Everett ( MS ) honor the service and sacrifices of more Don McFarland ( WA ) W. J. Mitchell ( WA ) than 500,000 Atomic-Veterans, the majority J. C. Phillips ( AL ) M. A. Morriss ( VA ) of whom are now deceased, having carried G. D. Sherman ( ND ) R.
  • Bob Farquhar

    Bob Farquhar

    1 2 Created by Bob Farquhar For and dedicated to my grandchildren, their children, and all humanity. This is Copyright material 3 Table of Contents Preface 4 Conclusions 6 Gadget 8 Making Bombs Tick 15 ‘Little Boy’ 25 ‘Fat Man’ 40 Effectiveness 49 Death By Radiation 52 Crossroads 55 Atomic Bomb Targets 66 Acheson–Lilienthal Report & Baruch Plan 68 The Tests 71 Guinea Pigs 92 Atomic Animals 96 Downwinders 100 The H-Bomb 109 Nukes in Space 119 Going Underground 124 Leaks and Vents 132 Turning Swords Into Plowshares 135 Nuclear Detonations by Other Countries 147 Cessation of Testing 159 Building Bombs 161 Delivering Bombs 178 Strategic Bombers 181 Nuclear Capable Tactical Aircraft 188 Missiles and MIRV’s 193 Naval Delivery 211 Stand-Off & Cruise Missiles 219 U.S. Nuclear Arsenal 229 Enduring Stockpile 246 Nuclear Treaties 251 Duck and Cover 255 Let’s Nuke Des Moines! 265 Conclusion 270 Lest We Forget 274 The Beginning or The End? 280 Update: 7/1/12 Copyright © 2012 rbf 4 Preface 5 Hey there, I’m Ralph. That’s my dog Spot over there. Welcome to the not-so-wonderful world of nuclear weaponry. This book is a journey from 1945 when the first atomic bomb was detonated in the New Mexico desert to where we are today. It’s an interesting and sometimes bizarre journey. It can also be horribly frightening. Today, there are enough nuclear weapons to destroy the civilized world several times over. Over 23,000. “Enough to make the rubble bounce,” Winston Churchill said. The United States alone has over 10,000 warheads in what’s called the ‘enduring stockpile.’ In my time, we took care of things Mano-a-Mano.

  • Case I,I,Emptyset,P7.Nb

    Definitions: In[56]:= $Assumptions = w12 ≥ 0 && w13 ≥ 0 && w16 ≥ 0 && w24 ≥ 0 && w25 ≥ 0 && w36 ≥ 0 && w45 ≥ 0 && u > 0 && v > 0 && w21 ≥ 0 && w31 ≥ 0 && w61 ≥ 0 && w42 ≥ 0 && w52 ≥ 0 && w63 ≥ 0 && w54 ≥ 0 && K34 > 0 && K56 > 0 && K31 > 0 && K51 > 0 w = {{0, w12, w13, 0, 0, w16}, {w21, 0, 0, w24, w25, 0}, {w31, 0, 0, u, 0, w36}, {0, w42, u / K34, 0, w45, 0}, {0, w52, 0, w54, 0, v}, {w61, 0, w63, 0, v / K56, 0}} Out[56]= w12 ≥ 0 && w13 ≥ 0 && w16 ≥ 0 && w24 ≥ 0 && w25 ≥ 0 && w36 ≥ 0 && w45 ≥ 0 && u > 0 && v > 0 && w21 ≥ 0 && w31 ≥ 0 && w61 ≥ 0 && w42 ≥ 0 && w52 ≥ 0 && w63 ≥ 0 && w54 ≥ 0 && K34 > 0 && K56 > 0 && K31 > 0 && K51 > 0 Out[57]= {0, w12, w13, 0, 0, w16}, {w21, 0, 0, w24, w25, 0}, {w31, 0, 0, u, 0, w36}, u v 0, w42, , 0, w45, 0, {0, w52, 0, w54, 0, v}, w61, 0, w63, 0, , 0 K34 K56 In[58]:= MatrixForm[w] Out[58]//MatrixForm= 0 w12 w13 0 0 w16 w21 0 0 w24 w25 0 w31 0 0 u 0 w36 0 w42 u 0 w45 0 K34 0 w52 0 w54 0 v w61 0 w63 0 v 0 K56 Sum of rows In[59]:= d = Table[Total[w[[i, All]]], {i, 6}] d34 = Collect[Expand[d[[3]] * d[[4]] - w[[3, 4]] * w[[4, 3]]], u] d56 = Collect[Expand[d[[5]] * d[[6]] - w[[5, 6]] * w[[6, 5]]], v] u v Out[59]= w12 + w13 + w16, w21 + w24 + w25, u + w31 + w36, + w42 + w45, v + w52 + w54, + w61 + w63 K34 K56 w31 w36 Out[60]= w31 w42 + w36 w42 + w31 w45 + w36 w45 + u + + w42 + w45 K34 K34 w52 w54 Out[61]= w52 w61 + w54 w61 + w52 w63 + w54 w63 + v + + w61 + w63 K56 K56 Effective reaction rates after elimination of metabolites 5 and 6 (useful for easy differentiation w.r.to u), and the final effective reaction rate
  • The End of Nuclear Warfighting: Moving to a Deterrence-Only Posture

    The End of Nuclear Warfighting: Moving to a Deterrence-Only Posture

    THE END OF NUCLEAR WARFIGHTING MOVING TO A W E I DETERRENCE-ONLY V E R POSTURE E R U T S O P R A E L C U N . S . U E V I T A N September 2018 R E T L A Dr. Bruce G. Blair N Jessica Sleight A Emma Claire Foley In Collaboration with the Program on Science and Global Security, Princeton University The End of Nuclear Warfighting: Moving to a Deterrence-Only Posture an alternative u.s. nuclear posture review Bruce G. Blair with Jessica Sleight and Emma Claire Foley Program on Science and Global Security, Princeton University Global Zero, Washington, DC September 2018 Copyright © 2018 Bruce G. Blair published by the program on science and global security, princeton university This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial License; to view a copy of this license, visit www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0 typesetting in LATEX with tufte document class First printing, September 2018 Contents Abstract 5 Executive Summary 6 I. Introduction 15 II. The Value of U.S. Nuclear Capabilities and Enduring National Objectives 21 III. Maximizing Strategic Stability 23 IV. U.S. Objectives if Deterrence Fails 32 V. Modernization of Nuclear C3 40 VI. Near-Term Guidance for Reducing the Risks of Prompt Launch 49 VII. Moving the U.S. Strategic Force Toward a Deterrence-Only Strategy 53 VIII.Nuclear Modernization Program 70 IX. Nuclear-Weapon Infrastructure: The “Complex” 86 X. Countering Nuclear Terrorism 89 XI. Nonproliferation and Strategic-Arms Control 91 XII. Conclusion 106 Authors 109 Abstract The United States should adopt a deterrence-only policy based on no first use of nuclear weapons, no counterforce against opposing nuclear forces in second use, and no hair-trigger response.
  • Fall 2021 Lookbook Mid-Century Style Meets This-Century Ease with the Towne Collection

    Fall 2021 Lookbook Mid-Century Style Meets This-Century Ease with the Towne Collection

    Fall 2021 Lookbook Mid-century style meets this-century ease with the Towne Collection Bi-Sectional Towne Sofa Lounge Funfetti Linen Parliament Stone Mowat Raven Velvet Russet Canyon Whiskey Saddle Black Leather Leather Bi-Sectional W84 D71.5 H30 Seat H16 (in) W213 D183 H76 Seat H41 (cm) Sofa Lounge W84 D35.5 H30 Seat H16 (in) W213 D90 H76 Seat H41 (cm) Lounge W36 D33.5 H23.5 Seat H16 (in) W92 D85 H60 Seat H41 (cm) With an ode to warm Nordic minimalism and a sculptural form that can be admired from every angle, the Baltic Series is designed to harmonize with contemporary life. Baltic Chair Ottoman Frame Options Andorra Pewter Velvet Russet Natural Ash Canyon Whiskey Saddle Black Walnut Leather Leather Chair W30 D31 H31 Seat H17.5 (in) W76 D79 H79 Seat H44 (cm) Ottoman W25 D20 H17.5 (in) W64 D51 H44 (cm) Rialto Introducing Rialto - the world’s dreamiest modern sofa bed. Converts to Full Sized Bed Dawson Moon Dawson Rose Stria Haze Stria Sand Sofabed W76 D39/84 H34 Seat H18 (in) W193 D99/213 D86 Seat H46 (cm) Rialto Aero Dining Stool Counter Stool Counter Stool Bar Stool Swan & Natural Sage & Natural Black & Natural Ash Ash Ash Dining Stool W17.5 D17.5 H18 Seat H18 (in) W44 D44 H46 Seat H46 (cm) Counter Stool W19.25 D18.5 H24 Seat H24 (in) W49 D47 H61 Seat H61 (cm) Bar Stool W20 D21 H30 Seat H30 (in) W51 D53 H76 Seat H76 (cm) Aero Bar Stool Dining Stool Modello Arcade Planters (Set of 3) Swan & Blonde Sage & Blonde Black & Blonde Small Ash Ash Ash W13.5 D10 H16 (in) W34 D25 H41 (cm) Medium W15 D12 H24 (in) W38 D30 H61 (cm) Large W16.5 D14 H32.5 (in) W42 D36 H83 (cm) Bar cart W32 D19.5 H30 (in) W81 D50 H76 (cm) Swan Clay Black Construct Reversible and made from recycled plastic bottles Cargo Reverse of Versa Reverse of Cargo Versa Available rug sizes 5x8, 8x10 (ft) Pillows Puff Ravi Duo Duo (reverse side) Available pillow sizes 20x20 (in), 51x51 (cm) 20x10 (in), 51x25 (cm) Visit gusmodern.com for all available colours The Quarry Table Collection is a minimalist take on casual sophistication.