Nitin Singhania Harrappan art and Architecture 1. Important Sites Harappa River Ravi Six grannaries Lingam, yoni and mother goddess (Terracotta) dog chasing beer in bronze red stand torso Mohenje Daro Indus river Citadel, great bath and great granaries Bearded priest Dancing girl (bronze) Pashupati seal Post cremation burial Lothal (Manchester of Indus valley) Gujarat, naval trade Chess Konmapak Bead factory (Also at Chunu daro) Dholvira Gujrat Giant water reservoir Stadium and advertisement boards Rakhingadi Harayana Largest site Terracotta bricks Ropar Sutlaj copper axe Balathal and Kalibagan Rajasthan Bangle factory Bones of camel Banawali Harayana Dried Saraswati river Only city with Radial streets Barley grains Alamgirpur UP, Yamuna Wastern most site Blade ans ceramic items 2. Architecture City Rectangular grid pattern of city Dwelling house, public buildings and public baths Burnt mud bricks of standarized dimension and gypsum mortar Uprised citadel and lower city In lower parts quarters may be for working class Do not have large monumental structure like temple or palaces Loosely covered advance drainage system 3. Sculpture Seals Mostly rectangular seals mostly made up of steatite(other shape as well) [Commercial or communication purpose] Pictorographic script on seals (bidirectional) No evidences of cow Use of seals as Amulets Used for educational purpose Pashupati seal is Statite seal [Horn headgear surrounded by Elephant, tiger, rhino and buffalo and antelopes ] Figure and pottery Compare to bronze terracotta is less Painted pottery known as red black pottery Wheel made wears Perforated pottery for straining liquid Ornaments and cloths Cotton and woolen (Spoon by rich and poor alike) Different hair styles Remember amulets were at right hand always Mauryan Art and Architecture 1. Court art Palaces @ Capital Pataliputra and Kumarhar (Ashoka) Wood principal material Pillars Symbol of state or commemorate victories Propagate imperial sermon as well Made up of Chunar stand stone (Monolith) Shaft -> Capital -> Abacus -> Final animal Lauria Nandagarh pillar @ Champaran Satyamev Jayate from Mundaka Upanishd Stupa Vedic tradition Burial mounds Harmika -> Yasti -> Chatri Core made up of unburnt bricks while outer with burnt [Covered with thick layer of plaster] Medhi and Toran decorated with wooden structure The empty seat was meant to indicate the meditation of the Buddha 2. Popular art Caves Used as Viharas Highly polished finish and decorated gateways Sculpture Decorative purpose Related to all three religion All Jain tirthankars associated with Yakshi Pottery Northern black polished ware [ Iron Age Indian culture Beginning of metallic money Post Mauryan (Art of sculpture reached its climax) 1. Rock Cut caves Chaitya - Prayer halls Vihara - Residential Udyagiri Khandagiri Caves - Odisha, King Kharvela (Jain); Famous for Hathigumpha inscription (Brahmi script); Ranigupmha caves are double storied Stupas - Shunga dynasty introduced torans (hellenstic influence) Bharhut sculpture - early Indian sculpture of the Shunga period that decorated the great stupa[Green Schist] 2. Sculpture Gandhar Mathura Amaravati Indo Greek Indigenously developed Indigenously developed Bluish gray standstone Red spotted sand stone White Marbal later mud and Stucco All three religion Buddhist Mainly Buddhist Kushana Rurals Satvahana Kushana Rurals Mathura and Kankalitila Krishna Godavari North West frontier (Jain) region Buudha - Spiritual state, Buudha - Delighted, Narrative art, Jataka fewer ornaments, half shaven head, Padmasana, tales closed eyes, protuberance tight dress, protuberance 3. Greek Roman Art Idealistic style of Greeks reflected marble Realism Use of concrete Mural paintings 4. Various Mudras of Buddha Bhumisparsh Associated with blue Buddha (Akshobhya Calling earth witness of truth Dhyan Mudra Spritual perfection Used by Buddha during final meditation under Bodhi tree Vitarka Mudra Teaching and discussion Circle as constant flow of energy Abhaya Mudra Used by Buddha immediately after enlightenment Strength and inner security Dharmachakkra Mudra Turning wheel of Dharama @ First sermon of Sarnath [Wheel] Anjali Mudra Namste For Bodhisatva Uttarbodhini Mudra Supreme enlightenment Perfection Shakyamuni buddha (Liberator of Naga) Varad Mudra Charity, compassion or granting Karan Mudra Spiderman Help to remove negative thoughts or sickness Vajra Mudra Knowledge Korea and Japan Gupta age (Golden period of architecture) [Earlier Gupta were Busshist] 1. Architecture Caves Ajanta [200 Bc to 650 AD] Buddhist Mural paintings Patronage of Vakataka King Harisena Fresco painting (Tempera) Outline in red and Absence of blue color Mahaparinirvana, Naga King and his consort, Dying princess and flying apsara Ellora [5-11 Centurry AD] Buddhist (12), Hindu(17) and Jain(5) Patronage of Rashtrkuta king Krishna I Vishvakarma cave (Buddhist) Ravan ki Khai Kailash temple [Sculpture of Ravana shaking Kailash] (Sola Somwar) Dhumar Lena, Rameshwar temple Jain - Indra Sabha and Jaganath Sabha Bagh Caves [6 th Century AD] - MP; Buddhist [Similar to Ajanta] Juagadh Caves - Upar Kot (Citadel) Udyagiri Caves - MP; Varah Structure (Vishnu) Note : Gupta period Saw decline in Stupas [but Dhamek Stupa @ Sarnath is example] Sculpture [Saranath school] Cream colored sand stone lacked neckedness Use of metal decorated halo Sultanganj Buddha Dashavtar Vishnu temple Devgarh (600 AD) - Vishnu reclining on Seshnag found at 2. Important Edicts Sohgaura Edicts - Famine relief efforts Ashokan Edicts 1. First tangible evidences of Buddhism 2. Social and Moral precepts 3. Ashoka - Devanampiyadasi [Inscription @ Maski] Rummindei pillar edicts - Ashokas visit to Lumbini Allahabad pillar/ Prayag Prashasti - Conquest of Chandragupta written by Harisena [Other three Ashokan and Jahangir] Mehrauli iron pillar - Chandrgupta II conquest of Vanga Kalsi inscription - Ashokas human approach to internal administration Aihole inscription - First capital of Chalukyas; Defeat of Harsha by Pulakeshin II and Pallavas; Shifting capital to Badami Temple Architecture Nagara Style Nagara School Panchayatan Presence of assembly halls or Mandap No water tanks Images of Ganga, Yamuna No water tank Upraised platform Do not have elaborated boundary walls Pillared approach Latin Sikhara/ Rekha Prasad - Inward to point Phamsana - Slope upward on straight line Valabhi - Vaulted chamber Sikhara -> Amalak -> Kalash Vertical Plains - Rathas Odisha School Exterior wall lavishly decorated Interior walls were plain No use of pillar Sikhara known as Rekha deol Mandapa known as Jagmohan Ground plan is square Boundary wall (Cyclone) ex. Sun temple of Konark Khajuraho Chandela rulers Both interior and exterior walls lavishly decorated Sandstone Garbhgrih -> Mandapa -> Ardh Mandapa Panchayatan style High platform Solanki Style / Maru Gujara style Solanki rulers Temple walls devoid of carving Garbhgrih connected to Mandap both internally and externally Torans Step tank known as surya kund wooden carving variety of material Most east facing (Westerlies can kill them) Modhera sun temple The shrines of the temples were of three kind Sandhara type (with pradakshinapatha) Nirandhara type (without pradakshinapatha) Sarvatobhadra (which can be accessed from all sides) South Indian Style / Pallava Mahendra group Temple known as Mandapa Pallava Rock cut temples Narsimha group (mahabalipuram) Rock cut with separate Ratha's Biggest Dharmaraj and smallest Draupadi Dravidian architecture is successor of Dharmaraj Ratha Descent of Ganga and Arjuna's penance or Bhagiratha's penance (Not a painting) Mahishasurmardini Mandapa Rajsimha group Real structure temple Shore temple Mahabalipuram Nandivarman group Similar to Dravida style Chola Art / Dravidian Style High boundary walls without any raised platform Gopuram Panchayatn style Stepped pyramid - Viman [Octagonal crowning element - Sikhara] Only one Viman Tubular tunnel Antarala Water tank Brihadeshwara Temple - Shiva temple of Tanjavur Chola Sculpture/ Nataraj Nataraja [Ravan Phadi cave Aihole] (Ardhanari Nateshwar) Damaru - Sound of creation Eternal fire - Destruction Dancing on dwarf - Ignorance and ego of individual Snake - Kundalini power Nimbus of glowing light - time Other schools Nayaka School / Madurai school Prakaram - Huge corridors around garbhgrih largest gopuram (reached its climax) Intricate carving Meenakshi temple, Madurai Vesara school Chalukyan rulers, Rashtrkut rulers and Hoysala rulers Hybridised style Emphasis on Viman and Mandpa Open ambulatory passageway Curvilinear shikhara and square base [Nagara style] Intricate carving, Design of Vimana and terraced shikhara [Dravidian style] Ladkhan temple @ Aihole Vijayanagara school Combined feature of Chola, Hoysala, Pandyas, Chalukyas Highly decorated wall Gopurams to all the sides Monolithic rock pillars with mythical creature Yali (Horse) Kalyan Mandapa - Central Mandapa Concept of secular building inside temple Boundaries Lotus Mahal, Vittalsami temple, Virupaksha temple @ Hampi Rock cut idol of Narsimha on shesha @ Hampi Hoysala school [1050-1300 AD] Karnataka Belur, Halebid and Sringeri Multiple shrine built around central pillared hall Star plan known as Stellate plan [No Panchayat keep Hausala] Soft sope stone (Chlorite schist) Emphasis on decoration through sculptures All chambers had Shikhara Upraised platform known as Jagati wall and stairs in zig zag pattern Pala and Sena School Bengal Pala - Buddhist ruler of Mahayan tradition + Sena - Hindu (Hence influence of both religion) curve or sloping roof (like