DOCSLIB.ORG

1. the Union of South Africa Was Proclaimed in 1909, Seven Years After the End Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1. the Union of South Africa Was Proclaimed in 1909, Seven Years After the End Of A Historical Overview (1909-1980s) 1. The Union of South Africa was proclaimed in 1909, seven years after the end of the Anglo Boer War. It comprised four adjacent territories – the Cape, Natal, Transvaal and the Free State – under British control. The Union government was run Westminster-style with only a few black and coloured voters in the Cape and Natal having the right to vote. 2. Black organisations protested against this and other forms of racial discrimination, even travelling to Britain to petition the lawmakers there, but they were ignored. The African National Congress (ANC) was formed in 1912 with universal adult suffrage as one of its founding principles. 3. The National Party (NP) won the election of 1948 with apartheid as its official policy. In the face of mounting pressure within the British Commonwealth, South Africa broke ties with the Commonwealth and became a Republic on 31 May 1961. The next three decades were characterised by the enactment and brutal enforcement of racial discrimination, and the violent suppression of the growing dissent among black South Africans. For this, South Africa was increasingly ostracised and isolated from the international community. 4. The Freedom Charter was adopted on 25 June 1955 at a Congress of the People in Kliptown, Soweto. The Charter called for government by and for the people, equal rights for all ethnic groups, for the country’s wealth and land to be shared by all, and for human rights for all. 2 5. At the same time domestic opposition to the apartheid government strengthened. The Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) was formed in 1959. In April 1960, the ANC and PAC were banned by the NP government. The Communist Party had already been banned earlier, and more than fifty other organisations followed. A year later, the ANC’s military wing, Mkhonto we Sizwe1 (MK) was established. 6. The famous Rivonia trial (1963-64) resulted in Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, Ahmed Kathrada, Raymond Mhlaba, Andrew Mlangeni and other ANC leaders sentenced to life imprisonment. The ANC went into exile but inside the country, black anger was smouldering. The tragic 1960 Sharpeville massacre and 1976 Soweto uprising are two of the landmarks in the struggle against apartheid. By the 1980s, with PW Botha firmly in control, the country seemed to be on the brink of civil war. The Pre-Negotiation Phase (1980s-1991) 7. Inexplicably, considering official NP policy, meetings were held from 1983 between the ANC’s exiled leadership, the Broederbond 2 and the National Intelligence Service (NIS). And in 1985, when Mandela was admitted to the Volks Hospital in Cape Town for surgery, he was visited by Justice Minister, Kobie Coetsee, who later played a central role in the secret talks that were held with the ANC prior to Mandela’s release from prison. 1 “Spear of the Nation”. 2 “League of Brothers,” A secret society of influential Afrikaner Nationalists. 3 8. In 1985, Oliver Tambo declared at the ANC’s Consultative Conference in Kabwe, Zambia, that while the war against apartheid was “a people’s war ... we cannot be seen to be rejecting a negotiated settlement in principle.” 9. A flurry of clandestine activity as well as barrier-breaking events followed from there. Business leaders met with ANC leaders in Lusaka; the Dutch Reformed Church declared in 1986 that apartheid is incompatible with Christianity; Pieter de Lange, the leader of the Broederbond met with Thabo Mbeki in New York and struggle advocate George Bizos briefed Oliver Tambo in Lusaka on Mandela’s meeting with Kobie Coetsee. In February 1986, Tambo gave Mandela the green light to talk to the government. 10. While these tentative steps toward a negotiated settlement were taken, the government did not stop its war against the ANC. On 19 May 1986, the South African Defence Force (SADF) raided ANC bases in Zambia, Zimbabwe and Botswana. 11. In July of the same year, Mandela requested a meeting with PW Botha. The meeting did not take place after Mandela refused to meet pre-conditions set by government. 12. By 1987, there was an increasing amount of “talk about talks”. In January, US Secretary of State, George Schultz, met Oliver Tambo in Washington DC to establish under what conditions the ANC would be prepared to start negotiations. In July, Frederick Van Zyl Slabbert took fifty Afrikaner dissidents to meet ANC leaders in Dakar, Senegal. In November, the first of twelve secret meetings were held between prominent Afrikaners and the ANC in England. The group included 4 Willie Esterhuyse, Attie Du Plessis, Wimpie de Klerk, and Mof Terreblanche. Thabo Mbeki led an ANC delegation which included Jacob Zuma, Aziz Pahad and Harold Wolpe. 13. While political repression continued with the banning of 17 organisations in February 1988, including the United Democratic Front (UDF) and Azanian People’s Organisation (AZAPO), Govan Mbeki was released from Robben Island in November 1987, followed by Zephania Mothopeng and Harry Gwala. 14. In March 1988, the ANC adopted its “Constitutional Guidelines for a Democratic South Africa” which was released for public debate in October of that year. In May, Kobie Coetsee mandated Niel Barnard, Mike Louw from the NIS, General Johan Willemse, the Commissioner of Prisons, and Fanus van der Merwe to pursue discussions with Mandela. 15. Mandela was treated for tuberculosis in August 1988 at Tygerberg Hospital. He was later transferred to a private clinic and was visited once again by Kobie Coetsee. In December Mandela was moved to Victor Verster prison. 16. Events of 1989 were the catalyst for the historic events that took place a year later. FW De Klerk was elected as the leader of the National Party. On 5 July, Nelson Mandela and PW Botha met for the first time, in secret. In the same month, fifty ANC leaders met 115 white South Africans in Lusaka. A month later, PW Botha resigned after a minor stroke. In August, the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) adopted the Harare Declaration which set out the basis on which negotiations with the apartheid government could take place. The Harare Declaration also laid down broad constitutional principles, including that South 5 Africa should become a united, democratic and non-racial state; that all of its people shall enjoy common and equal citizenship and nationality regardless of race, colour, sex or creed with universal suffrage for all; and that human rights, freedom and liberties shall be protected under an entrenched Bill of Rights and an independent judiciary. 17. The last “whites only” election was held in September. FW De Klerk was sworn in as the new State President on 20 September, armed with a mandate to pursue constitutional reform. Gerrit Viljoen from the Department of Constitutional Development and Planning focused on the process of negotiations and became the government’s chief negotiator. 18. On 12 September, a historic first meeting was held between the NIS and the ANC in Lucerne, Switzerland. The NIS delegation was made up of Mike Louw, Maritz Spaarwater and three field agents. Thabo Mbeki and Jacob Zuma represented the ANC, using the pseudonyms John and Jack Simelane. 19. FW De Klerk announced the release of the first group of political prisoners in October – Walter Sisulu, Raymond Mhlaba, Ahmed Kathrada, Andrew Mlangeni, Elias Motsoaledi, Jeff Masemola, Wilton Mkwayi and Oscar Mpetha. 20. On 13 December, Mandela and FW De Klerk met at Tuynhuys. 21. The history of South Africa changed forever on 2 February 1990 when FW De Klerk announced at the opening of Parliament the unbanning of the liberation movements, the ANC, PAC and SACP, and the release of political prisoners. On 6 11 February, Nelson Mandela walked out of prison after 27 years of incarceration. 22. While the world celebrated Mandela’s release, the ANC and the NIS continued meeting secretly in Switzerland in February and March, discussing the return of exiles and the first formal meeting between the government and the ANC on South African soil. On 21 March, Jacob Zuma, Penuell Maduna and Gibson Mkanda were smuggled into the country by the NIS to set up the talks. They were joined by Mathews Phosa and Curnick Ndlovu. 23. The two sides agreed to hold formal talks on 11 April. However, the ANC pulled out of the talks after police kill sixteen unarmed demonstrators at Sebokeng. Mandela and De Klerk met later in the month and the talks were re-scheduled for 2 May. 24. The Groote Schuur Minute was the outcome of the first formal talks between the government and the ANC which took place from 2 to 4 May at Groote Schuur Estate. It committed both sides to work towards a negotiated settlement. According to Ebrahim Ebrahim, one of the outcomes of the meeting was that, “the ANC committed itself to reviewing its policy of armed struggle.” 25. On 11 June, the ANC’s Constitutional Committee convened for the first time in South Africa. It was headed by Zola Skweyiya and had among its members: Kader Asmal, Fink Haysom, ZN Jobodwana, Brigitte Mabandla, Nat Masemola, Bulelani Ngcuka, Dullah Omar, Albie Sachs, Louis Skweyiya, Arthur Chaskalson and George Bizos. The Committee was tasked with formulating the ANC’s negotiating position. 7 26. Homeland leaders, meanwhile, no doubt worried about being left out in the cold, met with the government on 18 June to discuss pre-conditions for the negotiations. The leaders were: Mangosuthu Buthelezi (KwaZulu), Nelson Ramodike (Lebowa), Dr Hudson Ntsanwisi (Gazankulu), Enos Mabusa (kaNgwane), SJ Mahlangu (KwaNdebele), Rev. Allan Hendrickse (House of Representatives) and Dr JN Reddy (House of Delegates). 27. On 6 August, the government and the ANC held a second round of formal talks at the Presidensie in Pretoria.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Malibongwe Let Us Praise the Women Portraits by Gisele Wulfsohn
    Malibongwe Let us praise the women Portraits by Gisele Wulfsohn In 1990, inspired by major political changes in our country, I decided to embark on a long-term photographic project – black and white portraits of some of the South African women who had contributed to this process. In a country previously dominated by men in power, it seemed to me that the tireless dedication and hard work of our mothers, grandmothers, sisters and daughters needed to be highlighted. I did not only want to include more visible women, but also those who silently worked so hard to make it possible for change to happen. Due to lack of funding and time constraints, including raising my twin boys and more recently being diagnosed with cancer, the portraits have been taken intermittently. Many of the women photographed in exile have now returned to South Africa and a few have passed on. While the project is not yet complete, this selection of mainly high profile women represents a history and inspiration to us all. These were not only tireless activists, but daughters, mothers, wives and friends. Gisele Wulfsohn 2006 ADELAIDE TAMBO 1929 – 2007 Adelaide Frances Tsukudu was born in 1929. She was 10 years old when she had her first brush with apartheid and politics. A police officer in Top Location in Vereenigng had been killed. Adelaide’s 82-year-old grandfather was amongst those arrested. As the men were led to the town square, the old man collapsed. Adelaide sat with him until he came round and witnessed the young policeman calling her beloved grandfather “boy”.
    [Show full text]
  • The Quest for Liberation in South Africa: Contending Visions and Civil Strife, Diaspora and Transition to an Emerging Democracy
    Scientia Militaria, South African Journal of Military Studies, Vol 30, Nr 2, 2000. http://scientiamilitaria.journals.ac.za The Quest for Liberation in South Africa: Contending Visions and Civil Strife, Diaspora and Transition to an Emerging Democracy Ian Liebenberg Introduction: Purpose of this contribution To write an inclusive history of liberation and transition to democracy in South Africa is almost impossible. To do so in the course of one paper is even more demanding, if not daunting. Not only does "the liberation struggle" in South Africa in its broadest sense span more than a century. It also saw the coming and going of movements, the merging and evolving of others and a series of principled and/or pragmatic pacts in the process. The author is attempting here to provide a rather descriptive (and as far as possible, chronological) look at and rudimentary outline to the main organisational levels of liberation in South Africa since roughly the 1870' s. I will draw on my own 2 work in the field lover the past fifteen years as well as other sources • A wide variety of sources and personal experiences inform this contribution, even if they are not mentioned here. Also needless to say, one's own subjectivities may arise - even if an attempt is made towards intersubjecti vity. This article is an attempt to outline and describe the organisations (and where applicable personalities) in an inclusive and descriptive research approach in See Liebenberg (1990), ldeologie in Konjlik, Emmerentia: Taurus Uitgewers; Liebenberg & Van der Merwe (1991), Die Wordingsgeskiedenis van Apartheid, Joernaal vir Eietydse Geskiedenis, vol 16(2): 1-24; Liebenberg (1994), Resistance by the SANNC and the ANC, 1912 - 1960, in Liebenberg et al (Eds.) The Long March: The Story of the Struggle for Liberation in South Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Download This Report
    Military bases and camps of the liberation movement, 1961- 1990 Report Gregory F. Houston Democracy, Governance, and Service Delivery (DGSD) Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) 1 August 2013 Military bases and camps of the liberation movements, 1961-1990 PREPARED FOR AMATHOLE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY: FUNDED BY: NATIONAL HERITAGE COUNCI Table of Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... iii Chapter 1: Introduction ...............................................................................................................1 Chapter 2: Literature review ........................................................................................................4 Chapter 3: ANC and PAC internal camps/bases, 1960-1963 ........................................................7 Chapter 4: Freedom routes during the 1960s.............................................................................. 12 Chapter 5: ANC and PAC camps and training abroad in the 1960s ............................................ 21 Chapter 6: Freedom routes during the 1970s and 1980s ............................................................. 45 Chapter 7: ANC and PAC camps and training abroad in the 1970s and 1980s ........................... 57 Chapter 8: The ANC’s prison camps ........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Bram Fischer and the Meaning of Integrity Stephen Ellman
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of North Carolina School of Law NORTH CAROLINA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND COMMERCIAL REGULATION Volume 26 | Number 3 Article 5 Summer 2001 To Live Outside the Law You Must Be Honest: Bram Fischer and the Meaning of Integrity Stephen Ellman Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj Recommended Citation Stephen Ellman, To Live Outside the Law You Must Be Honest: Bram Fischer and the Meaning of Integrity, 26 N.C. J. Int'l L. & Com. Reg. 767 (2000). Available at: http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj/vol26/iss3/5 This Comments is brought to you for free and open access by Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation by an authorized editor of Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To Live Outside the Law You Must Be Honest: Bram Fischer and the Meaning of Integrity Cover Page Footnote International Law; Commercial Law; Law This comments is available in North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation: http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj/vol26/iss3/5 To Live Outside the Law You Must Be Honest: Bram Fischer and the Meaning of Integrity* Stephen Ellmann** Brain Fischer could "charm the birds out of the trees."' He was beloved by many, respected by his colleagues at the bar and even by political enemies.2 He was an expert on gold law and water rights, represented Sir Ernest Oppenheimer, the most prominent capitalist in the land, and was appointed a King's Counsel by the National Party government, which was simultaneously shaping the system of apartheid.' He was also a Communist, who died under sentence of life imprisonment.
    [Show full text]
  • Statements from the Dock Mary
    Author : Mary Benson The Sun will Rise: Statements from the Dock by Southern African Political Prisoners Contents James April Introduction Mosioua Robert Lekota Sobukwe Maitshe Nelson Mokoape Mandela Raymond Walter Sisulu Suttner Elias Mosima Motsoaledi Sexwale Andrew Naledi Tsiki Mlangeni Martin Wilton Mkwayi Ramokgadi Bram Fischer Isaac Seko Toivo ja Toivo Stanley Eliaser Nkosi Tuhadeleni Petrus Mothlanthe 1 Introduction This collection of statements made during political trials since 1960 testifies to the high courage, determination and humanity which distinguish the struggle for liberation and for a just society in South Africa and Namibia. The earliest of the statements in the collection is by Robert Sobukwe, late leader of the Pan-Africanist Congress. It expresses a theme running through all the statements: "The history of the human race has been a struggle for the removal of oppression, and we would have failed had we not made our contribution. We are glad we made it". Nelson Mandela`s powerful statement in Pretoria`s Palace of Justice on 20 April 1964, when he and other members of the African National Congress and the Congress Alliance were in the dock in the Rivonia Trial, has become an historic document. Two years later Bram Fischer QC, the advocate who had led the Rivonia defence, was himself on trial in the same court. A large part of the statements made by these two men is reproduced here, along with less well known statements by others on trial during the 1960s. This was the period immediately after the ANC and the PAC were outlawed. The liberation movement`s long-maintained policy of non-violence was finally abandoned for sabotage and armed struggle.
    [Show full text]
  • Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report: Volume 2
    VOLUME TWO Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report The report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission was presented to President Nelson Mandela on 29 October 1998. Archbishop Desmond Tutu Ms Hlengiwe Mkhize Chairperson Dr Alex Boraine Mr Dumisa Ntsebeza Vice-Chairperson Ms Mary Burton Dr Wendy Orr Revd Bongani Finca Adv Denzil Potgieter Ms Sisi Khampepe Dr Fazel Randera Mr Richard Lyster Ms Yasmin Sooka Mr Wynand Malan* Ms Glenda Wildschut Dr Khoza Mgojo * Subject to minority position. See volume 5. Chief Executive Officer: Dr Biki Minyuku I CONTENTS Chapter 1 Chapter 6 National Overview .......................................... 1 Special Investigation The Death of President Samora Machel ................................................ 488 Chapter 2 The State outside Special Investigation South Africa (1960-1990).......................... 42 Helderberg Crash ........................................... 497 Special Investigation Chemical and Biological Warfare........ 504 Chapter 3 The State inside South Africa (1960-1990).......................... 165 Special Investigation Appendix: State Security Forces: Directory Secret State Funding................................... 518 of Organisations and Structures........................ 313 Special Investigation Exhumations....................................................... 537 Chapter 4 The Liberation Movements from 1960 to 1990 ..................................................... 325 Special Investigation Appendix: Organisational structures and The Mandela United
    [Show full text]
  • Nelson Mandela and His Colleagues in the Rivonia Trial
    South Africa: The Prisoners, The Banned and the Banished: Nelson Mandela and his colleagues in the Rivonia trial http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.nuun1969_08 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org South Africa: The Prisoners, The Banned and the Banished: Nelson Mandela and his colleagues in the Rivonia trial Alternative title Notes and Documents - United Nations Centre Against ApartheidNo. 13/69 Author/Creator United Nations Centre against Apartheid Publisher Department of Political and Security Council Affairs Date 1969-10-00 Resource type Reports Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) South Africa Coverage (temporal) 1969 Source Northwestern University Libraries Description Note.
    [Show full text]
  • AK2117-J2-3-C94-001-Jpeg.Pdf
    ■ N-V I l l .^rtv v > .;’ -**V -*• •; •• ’A-- 1.V-K - iv-f i»SKk' V ! rirt&V' ' i.v; - i , j .u«».,"y«.s -t -MyI** vi,4 ' 'f j' ''”' V': ’ 'V" *'^ ' V ylm n[_ u— r w<*''.t'f n - V “£uV*v**m m f£ S ?V~i<fc •■> J; . *:v*«'VT'^S *■?'■ ' . A' -’r ' i?y.. : l?-.v! ;• . -• ' •■ yipr ’ »• •!/*•:*.<»/• I Jim#: •* a ;^ ‘•♦■ vV v 1/' :• *'•'i ^''•'■V.V 5 • C ■’' i ■ -■ •• " l( • -■• ‘ rV? r. J >, :ii BEVSPAPEBS Sunday Times, Daily Dispatch, Finance Week. The Friend and The Satal Mercurr Becently these newspapers and publications have cone out in full support of the so-called new constitution thus becoming extensions of the state's propoganda and Ideological tools alongside the Labour Party, After careful consideration the Rational Executive Committee has referred this natter to the regional councils for final decisions. It is important that action in this regard should flow from popular feeling if it is to enjoy maximum support* The added advantage in this approach is that regional newspapers will be considered regionally. f e o ' C 4 t f * Biographies LIONEL" BEPNSTEIN • T.irmoi ’Rusty' Bernstein was b o m in 1*920. s Of middle class parents, he attended a private school in Natal, and became invol­ ved in the struggle against ^artheid fran an early age. By the late 1930s he was Secretary of the Labour Party’s League of Youth and a marcher of the Party's National Executive. After finishing his schooling, he became a part-time architectural student at Wits University.
    [Show full text]
  • Unrevised Hansard National
    UNREVISED HANSARD NATIONAL ASSEMBLY TUESDAY, 13 JUNE 2017 Page: 1 TUESDAY, 13 JUNE 2017 ____ PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY ____ The House met at 14:02. The Speaker took the Chair and requested members to observe a moment of silence for prayer or meditation. MOTION OF CONDOLENCE (The late Ahmed Mohamed Kathrada) The CHIEF WHIP OF THE MAJORITY PARTY: Hon Speaker I move the Draft Resolution printed in my name on the Oder Paper as follows: That the House — UNREVISED HANSARD NATIONAL ASSEMBLY TUESDAY, 13 JUNE 2017 Page: 2 (1) notes with sadness the passing of Isithwalandwe Ahmed Mohamed Kathrada on 28 March 2017, known as uncle Kathy, following a short period of illness; (2) further notes that Uncle Kathy became politically conscious when he was 17 years old and participated in the Passive Resistance Campaign of the South African Indian Congress; and that he was later arrested; (3) remembers that in the 1940‘s, his political activities against the apartheid regime intensified, culminating in his banning in 1954; (4) further remembers that in 1956, our leader, Kathrada was amongst the 156 Treason Trialists together with Nelson Mandela and Walter Sisulu, who were later acquitted; (5) understands that he was banned and placed under a number of house arrests, after which he joined the political underground to continue his political work; UNREVISED HANSARD NATIONAL ASSEMBLY TUESDAY, 13 JUNE 2017 Page: 3 (6) further understands that he was also one of the eight Rivonia Trialists of 1963, after being arrested in a police swoop of the Liliesleaf
    [Show full text]
  • Who Is Governing the ''New'' South Africa?
    Who is Governing the ”New” South Africa? Marianne Séverin, Pierre Aycard To cite this version: Marianne Séverin, Pierre Aycard. Who is Governing the ”New” South Africa?: Elites, Networks and Governing Styles (1985-2003). IFAS Working Paper Series / Les Cahiers de l’ IFAS, 2006, 8, p. 13-37. hal-00799193 HAL Id: hal-00799193 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00799193 Submitted on 11 Mar 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Ten Years of Democratic South Africa transition Accomplished? by Aurelia WA KABWE-SEGATTI, Nicolas PEJOUT and Philippe GUILLAUME Les Nouveaux Cahiers de l’IFAS / IFAS Working Paper Series is a series of occasional working papers, dedicated to disseminating research in the social and human sciences on Southern Africa. Under the supervision of appointed editors, each issue covers a specifi c theme; papers originate from researchers, experts or post-graduate students from France, Europe or Southern Africa with an interest in the region. The views and opinions expressed here remain the sole responsibility of the authors. Any query regarding this publication should be directed to the chief editor. Chief editor: Aurelia WA KABWE – SEGATTI, IFAS-Research director.
    [Show full text]
  • The Apartheid Divide
    PUNC XI: EYE OF THE STORM 2018 The Apartheid Divide Sponsored by: Presented by: Table of Contents Letter from the Crisis Director Page 2 Letter from the Chair Page 4 Committee History Page 6 Delegate Positions Page 8 Committee Structure Page 11 1 Letter From the Crisis Director Hello, and welcome to The Apartheid Divide! My name is Allison Brown and I will be your Crisis Director for this committee. I am a sophomore majoring in Biomedical Engineering with a focus in Biochemicals. This is my second time being a Crisis Director, and my fourth time staffing a conference. I have been participating in Model United Nations conferences since high school and have continued doing so ever since I arrived at Penn State. Participating in the Penn State International Affairs and Debate Association has helped to shape my college experience. Even though I am an engineering major, I am passionate about current events, politics, and international relations. This club has allowed me to keep up with my passion, while also keeping with my other passion; biology. I really enjoy being a Crisis Director and I am so excited to do it again! This committee is going to focus on a very serious topic from our world’s past; Apartheid. The members of the Presidents Council during this time were quite the collection of people. It is important during the course of this conference that you remember to be respectful to other delegates (both in and out of character) and to be thoughtful before making decisions or speeches. If you ever feel uncomfortable, please inform myself or the chair, Sneha, and we will address the issue.
    [Show full text]
  • SOW the WIND Contemporary Speeches
    SOW THE WIND Contemporary speeches Neville Alexander 0 Sow the Wind was first published by Skotaville Publishers. ISBN 0 947009 07 8 Copyright © Neville Alexander 1985 All rights reserved. This digital edition published 2013. © Copyright The Estate of Neville Edward Alexander 2013 This edition is not for sale and is available for non-commercial use only. All enquiries relating to commercial use, distribution or storage should be addressed to the publisher: The Estate of Neville Edward Alexander, PO Box 1384, Sea Point 8060, South Africa 1 CONTENTS Foreword 3 Preface 5 Let us unite in the year of the United Front 8 Funeral oration: Jean Naidoo 25 The national situation 30 Nation and ethnicity in South Africa 49 The role of the student in society 65 Careers in an apartheid society 79 Education and social change 87 The role of women in our society 101 ‘Let us fight against the organ-grinder’: Background to the Nkomati Accords 108 Race, ethnicity and nationalism in social science in Southern Africa 138 Education in the new dispensation 167 After the August elections 183 2 FOREWORD VERY OFTEN IN A COUNTRY’S historical development there are those who grasp a deeper sense of that movement. They, in very many ways, act as a centralising force – unifying the tentative, hesitant and emerging ideas into a single penetrating thought. Neville Alexander as a person, and his writings as a body of thought, do both these things with strength, vision and courage. The single thrust that runs through much of Neville Alexander’s writings is the dynamic relationship he perceives between the national struggle for liberation in South Africa and the future political vision.
    [Show full text]