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Geothermal Systems of the Yellowstone Caldera Field Trip Guide

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Geothermal Systems of the Yellowstone Caldera Field Trip Guide DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. 3 , GEOTHERMAL SYSTEt6 OF THE YELLOWSTONE CALDERA GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES COUNCIL September 6, 7, 8, 1980 Field Trip Guide 1 J Duncan Foley I Dennis L. Nielson Clayton R. Nichols 0 1Earth Science Laboratory 2Depa rtment of €ne rgy University of Utah Research Institute Division of Geotheml Energy Salt Lake City, UT Idaho Falls, ID d J 0 c TABLE CONTENTS 0. OF Page INTRODUCTION ............................ 1 DAY 1 WEST YELLOWSTONE TO CANYON ................ 4 W Virginia Cascades .................. 12 DunravenPass .................... 15 Canyon ....................... 16 Sour Creek Dome Overlook .............. 18 Nud Volcano ..................... 19 u DAY 2 CANYON TO OLD FAITHFUL .................. 22 Calcite Springs ................... 24 Mammoth ....................... 29 Roaring Mountain .................. 32 Norris ....................... 32 )I DAY 3 OLD FAITHFUL TO WEST YELLOWSTONE ............. 35 Upper Geyser Basin ................. 37 Fountain Paint Pots ................. 37 Firehole River Drive ................ 39 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................... 40 ylr REFERENCESCITEO 41 TABLES 10 1 Geologic and Surficial Geologic Map References ...... 3 2 Age Estimates for Glacial Activity in Yellowstone .... 5 3 Chemical Analyses of Yellowstone Waters ......... 20 i Drilling results, Upper Geyser Basin and Vicinity 36 SQ 4 . FIGURES 1 Field Trip Route Map ................... 2 0 2 Diagrammatic relations among Quaternary volcanic units . 6 3 Hypothetical cross section, showing relationships of vent and alluvial facies rocks .............. 17 4 Hypothetical cross section showing facies relationships 0 of two vent complexes .................. 17 I 5 Sectidn through Norris Basin drill holes ......... 34 c, The starting point for this road log is the west entrance to Yellowstone National Park. To reach the entrance from the West Yellowstone Airport, drive out of the airport, turn right (south) on Hwy. 287, and proceed to the stop sign near the old railroad station (which is now a museum). Turn left (east) at this intersection, and proceed to the entrance. Daily routes and stops are outlined in Figure 1 u Geothermal studies are proceeding on two fronts in the West Yellowstone area. High-temperature resources for the generation of electricity are being sought in the Island Park area, and lower temperature resources for direct I applications, primarily space heating, are being explored for near the town of West Ye1 1owstone . u Potential electric geothermal development in the Island Park area has been the subject of widespread publicity over fears of damage to thermal features in Yellowstone Park, At the time of writing this guide (June, 1980), companies have applied for geothermal leases in the Island Park area, but these leases have not yet been granted by the U, S. Forest Service. The c, Senate is now discussing a bill that would regulate geothermal development in Island Park; outcome of this debate will determine the course of action on the 1ease appl i cati ons The Island Park area was the site of two cycles of caldera activity, with major eruptions at 2.0 and 1.2 million years ago. The U.S. Geological Survey (Smith and others, 1978) estimates that 16,850 x 1018 joules of energy may remain in the system. Geothermal resources suitable for direct applications are being sought in the West Yellowstone vicinity by the Montana Bureau of Mnes and Geology, under funding from the U. S. Department of Energy. West Yellowstone has a Q mean annual temperature of 1-20C. Research thus far suggests that basement rocks in the vicinity am at a depth of about 600 m and are probably similar to the rocks exposed north of Hebgen Lake, where Precambrian, Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks have been mapped. A few sites with anomalously warm water have been identified near the town. Work is continuing on this project. 4w Our fi nt stop will be at Vi rginfa Cascades, about 30 miles east of the park entrance. Along this drive, there will be time to look at The Geologic Story of Yellowstone National Park (Keefer, 1971).and the geologic map of the park (U.S.G.S., 1972a), which are contained in this packet. A few copies of , the surficial geologic map (U.S.G.S., 1972b) are also available for viewing. An article on the volcanic evolution of Yellowstone (Christiansen, unpub.) 1s in your packet. Geoghysical data and interpretations for the Yellowstone area as are presented in the report from Scientific American (Smith and Christiansen, 19801, which is also contained in your packet. The road log is adapted primarily from U. S. Geological Survey Geologic and Surficial Geologic quadrangle mapping. Lithologic 'and outcrop descrip- tions have been drawn from these maps, To avoid repetitious citation of ad sources, Table 1 has been included in this log to allow readers to consult the original sources. Quotations not from map texts are referenced in the traditional manner, 1 I iv i . 1yJ W Roosevelt To Cook8 J To 80281 To Quake( Y Y 8 '; L., FIGURE 1 GEOTHERMAL RESOUUCES COUNClL YELLOWSTONE CALOEUA FIELD TRIP * SEPTEMBEP 88 1980 A Geologic and Surfici a1 Geologic Map References w MILES QUADRANGLE BEDROCK SURF ICI AL NAME a1 1 USGS 1972a Y --- Day 1 0a0-4a1 West Yellowstone -0- Wal drop, 1975a b' 6.0-19-4 Madison Junction Christiansen and Blank, 1974a Waldrop and Pierce, 1975 20.7-38.4 Norris Junction Christiansen, 1975 Richmond and Waldrop, 1975 39.4-40.4 Canyon Village Christiansen and Blank, 1975 Richmond 1977 '0 41.0-48.0 Tower Junction Prostka and others, 1975 Pierce, 1974 49.4-72 .6 Canyon Vi11 age see above see above Day 2 e 5-24 -0 Tower Junction above see above 24.0-55.2 Mammoth --- Pierce, 1973 59.3-67.1 Norris Junction see above see above 0 68.4-86.9 Madison Junction see above see above 86.9-89.7 Old Faithful Chri st iansen and B1 ank , 1974b Wal drop 1975b quDay 3 0-2 Old Faithful see above see above ~ -9 I 2.9-27 -8 Madison Junction see above see above 27 -8-33.8 West Ye1 1owstone --- see above tu I 3 10 Potassium-Argon dates reported in this guide were calculated using pre-1977 decay constants. To compare with more recent dating, multiply the 0 dates given herein by 1.025. I Glacial activity has been sepa ed into Bull Lake and Pinedale times Estimates for the ages of the ice are.given in Table 2. DAY 1 - WEST YELLOWSTONE TO CANYON I Distance Cumulative I Mi 1 eage 1 0 0 t the west entrance to the Pa s a1 1uvial gravel ly sand, deposited in 'U the Pinedale-Bull Lake interglacial interval in the West Ye1 1owstone Basi n. i # The tremendous umber of dead pine trees in this area is due to n infestation of the Mountain Pine Beetle, which 11s the trees by cutting the w circulation of sap. Many trees in the Island Park area to the south have been killed by the beetle, and the infestation is now moving northeast into tone National Park. 2 illustrates the relations among the .w. Quaternory volcsnic units in the park. it is not comprehensive, the figuE does trate some of the more important stratig I re1 ati ons . I Nore than 10,000 thermal features have been ,o catalogued within Yellowstone Park. In addition to the heat phenomena associated with hot springs and geysers, the waters have a beneficial effect i- of i nc reasi ng aquat i c product i vi ty The Mad1 son and Fi =hole rivers have some of the best t rout fishing in the country. Many of the streams in 42 the Park have normal productivity upstream fmm thermal features, but support a wider variety of aquatic life after the hot waters have mixed with the river waters. There are also a few sites where the opposite effect is true, thermal springs reduce st ream p roducti vity y3 Yellowstone is an area of general high elevation and high precipitation. This implies that, especially for areas to the west and south, it is an area of regional groundwater recharge. 2 02 2 02 The Madison River is visible on the north side of W the highway. The river here flows along outwash sand and gravel from Pinedale glaciers. Pinedale outwash fans form the deposits away from the TABLE 2 Age estimates for Glacial Activity in Yellowstone (in thousands of years) PSL Shomhone Loke tutf MembertO.lB) POC Obmldlon Creek Member Seuond voloonlo oytlo MP Meso folts tuff t1.Z) PML Motlard Loke Mernber(O.6- 0.83) OI TN Sediments ondimsotts PUB Upper Bomln Memom (0.6-0.53) ot Tho Norrowe (1.6) OS Osprey Borolt LEC Lewl@Cowon Rkyollte MR Madison River Basolt flr.1 voloonlooycle HR Huckldbetry Rldae Tuff (2.0) SLF Swan ~okePlot eosait BC Rhyolte of Brood Creek FR Follm Rlver Bosolt JB dunctlon Butte Boeolt(2.0) ML Bosolt of Morlpoma Loko LAC Lava Creek futf (0.6) UF Undlne Folle Boeolt (to.?) MJ Mount Jockson Rhyolite (0.79-0.64) FIGURE 2.
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